الباب الاول

1/11433 / 2012 ... 404 / 6 1 (General Introduction) 1 - 1 (Goal and domain) . : - . . . . . :1 . .2 . .3 . .4 . .5 . .6 . .7 . .8 . .9 . .01 . . ... 404 / 6 1433 / 2012 2/1 .1 - 2 ( Definitions ) (ASHRAE Fundamentals) . . 1] 2 [ . (ozone) : O3. . (retrofitting) : . ( ) (reclamation) : . . (recovery) : . . (recycling) : )( . . (ozonedepletionOD) : . (absorption) : . . (drop-inreplacement) : . 3/11433 / 2012 ... 404 / 6 (atmosphericlifetime) : . (azeotrope) : . (Montrealprotocol) : 1987 1985 . (CFC 11, 12, 113, 114, 115) (2402, 1301,1211) . . 1990 1992 1995 1997 1999 2007 . (generator) . (GreenhouseGasesGHG) : . ( ) . . ( ) (HaloCarbonsHC): . . (HydroCarbons-HC) :. (ultravioletradiation-UV) : . UV B 280 320 nm . ... 404 / 6 1433 / 2012 4/1 ( ) (HydroFluoroCarbonsHFC) : . . (intercooling) : . (latent heat) : )(. (halogens) :. (adsorption) : . (United Nations Environmental Program UNEP) : 1972 . (airconditioning) : . . (high pressure side) : . ( lowpressureside : ) . (compressor) : )( . (condenser) :. (hermetic compressor) : ) ( . ( open compressor : ) ( ) . (absorber) : . . 5/11433 / 2012 ... 404 / 6 (absorptionsolution) : (refrigerant) (absorbent) . . - . ) ( (accumulator) :. )( (cascadesystem) : . (CFCs) : . (Coefficient of Performance COP) : ( . ) (heat pumps) ( . ) (coil) : . (condensing unit) : (receiver) . ) ( (flash inter-cooler) : (flashgas) . )( (hydrochlorofluoro carbonsHCFC): . . (receiver) : .. (ozone depleting potential ODP) : R-11 . R-11 . (ozone depleting substance ODS) : ... 404 / 6 1433 / 2012 6/1 (CFC) (HCFC) . (ozonelayer) : . 12 40 . )( (per fluoro carbons PFC) : . (phase out) : . (refrigerant) : . . (refrigerationdetector) : . (refrigeration system) : ) ( )(.)( (refrigeration) : . (semi hermetic compressor) : ) ( . )( . (sub-cooler) : . (super-heater) ( : flooded evaporator) . 7/11433 / 2012 ... 404 / 6 (tonofrefrigerationTR) : ( 2000 ( 0oC 24 . (1TR=12000Btu/h=3.516kW) . 3.516 kW 24 . )( (transitionalsubstance) : . (vaporcompressionrefrigerationcycle) : . . (water-chiller) : ) ( 5oC 7oC . (zeotrope) : )( . . (R-4XX) ISP 817 . ... 404 / 6 1433 / 2012 8/1 1 - 3 Air-conditioning A/C American National Standard Institute ANSI American Refrigeration Institute ARI American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning EngineersASHRAE Chlor Fluoro Carbon CFC Coefficientof Performance COP Hydro Carbon HC Hydro Chlor Fluoro Carbon HCFC High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter HEPA Filter Hydro Fluoro Carbon HFC Ozone Depleting Potential ODP Ozone Depleting Substance ODS Green House Gas GHG ) ( Global Warming GW ) ( Global Warming Potential GWP Refrigerant R Ton of Refrigeration TR Ultra Violet UV United Nation Environmental ProgramUNEP United Nation Industrial OrganizationUNIDO 1 - 4 (Applications of refrigeration ) 1748 . 1851 1880 1904 . 9/11433 / 2012 ... 404 / 6 (CFCs) .1 - 4 / 1 (Domestic units) (split air conditioner) . . 35W 375 W 3000 W (floor standing spilt units) 5000W . . (CFCs) . HFC- 134a CFC-12 . :1 . .2 . . 3 . . . . . . ( hermetic compressor) [ 2 ] . . . ( on- off) . ... 404 / 6 1433 / 2012 10/1 1 - 4 / 2 (Air conditioning) . ( . ) (comfortairconditioning) ) ( (industrialair conditioning) 3oC 10 oC [ 3 .] . . (heatpump) 38oC -70 oC [ 3 : .]1 . . 2 . . 3 . .4 . . )( . 10 700 . ) ( . 11/11433 / 2012 ... 404 / 6 1 - 4 / 3 (Food manufacturing) (colloids) . . (aspiration) . . -20 oC . . [ 3 .] . 20 oC . (freezingequipment) [3] :1 . ( ) (air blast freezing) . 2 . (contactfreezing) : .3 . (immersionfreezing) : (brine). 4 . (cryogenic freezing) : 60 oC . [3] . 1 - 4 / 4 (Refrigerated and cooled transport) . ... 404 / 6 1433 / 2012 12/1 . [ 3 ] :1 . . 2 . . 3 . . 4 . . :1 . 13 oC 21 oC . 2 . 0 oC 5 oC . 3 . -2 oC 0 oC . 4 . 18 oC . 6.1 13.7 2.4 . . . . . . .1 - 4 / 5 (Refrigerated and cooled storage) . 0 oC . 0 oC . -18 oC -23 oC -29 oC . : 1 . -2 oC -3 oC .2 . 0 oC . 13/11433 / 2012 ... 404 / 6 3 . .4 . -23 oC -29 oC . 5 . -23 oC -29 oC -18 oC . . 90 % . 90 % . 3 . . 1 - 4 / 6 (Industrial processes) . . . 1 - 4 / 6 / 1 (Pharmaceuticals industry) . ( ) . . . . . . . 1 . . ... 404 / 6 1433 / 2012 14/1 2 . .3 . . 4 . .5 . . 6 . . 7 . .8 . . 9 . . 10 . )( . 11 . . . 1 - 4 / 6 / 2 (Manufacturing industries) . . ( 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 )( 4 ) . . . :1 . . 2 . 0 % 100 .%3 . . 4 . . 5 . ( 1 ) ( 2 )( 3 ( ) (( glycol)6 . ( .) 15/11433 / 2012 ... 404 / 6 7 . ( compound) (cascade) . .1 - 4 / 6 / 3 (Electronic industries) ( integrated circuit) . . . . . . . (HighefficiencyparticulateairHEPA-filters) . 1 - 4 / 7 (Other applications) .

. . . . (cascade) . -40 oC -80 oC (hypothermia) . ... 404 / 6 1433 / 2012 16/1 . : ( 37 oC 28 oC ( ) 28 oC 20 oC ( ) 20 oC 0 oC .) ( ) ( .) . ( cryogenic surgery) . [ 5,4 . ] . . 21 oC . 12 oC . 1000 kW 7oC . 150 25mm . . 1 - 4 / 6 / 2 . . (halogenatedhydrocarbons) . . -50 oC . (glycols) . .