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1. -
. .T . .
. 2n2,n,. ,(n=1)212=2,(n=2)222=8,(n=3)232=18, (n=4)242=32...
. : s2, p6, d10 f14,., 1 s, 2 s p, 3 s,pd,4s,p,df,...
, n,...,..s p . , ,6(6C),1s22s2p2,4,2 s p. 14 (14Si) 1s22s2p63s2p2 . .
,,n3,
2 .:
fd. ,..4s5s3d 4d . , 21Sc [Ar]3d14s2, 22Ti [Ar]3d24s2 ... 30Zn 3d. , 31Ga, 4p.
:
2 10 18 36 54 86 1182 2 6 2 6 2 10 6 2 10 6 2 14 10 6 2 14 10 61s 2s p 3s p 4s 3d
He Ne Ar Kr X4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d
e R X7p
n
1 , (s2p6)He.
, , . . : , ,[1s1],,He,[1s2]. ,Li,Be, B, C, N, O, F Ne, .
5f 6d 7s 4f 5d 6s 6p 4d 5s 5p 3d 4s 4p
3s 3p 2s 2p 1s
1..
I. 3,Ne,[1s22s2p6]. : Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl Ar. :[1s22s2p63s2p6] s p .
, 18, d.(Kr) [Ar]3d104s2p6 (Xe),[Kr]4d105s2p6. d. s.
, f 4 5 d 5 6 . , 57La, [Xe]5d16s2 , ,58C,[Xe]4f26s24f14,,71Lu,[Xe]4f145d16s2.(). 5d.,Ra,[Xe]4f145d106s2p6.
,,Ac, () .
2. . .(Li,Na,K)s1.(Mg,Ca,Ba)s2. (F,Cl,Br,I) s2p5. (He, Ne, Ar, Kr), s p, s2p6,He1s2.2. -
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. ,(g)
I. 9.(s)(l).
mol. molg6,0231023 ( Avogadro1). , 1mol() 6,0231023 g. , I mol()6,0231023 g. .. 1 mol (O2) 6,0231023 ,216g=32g.,,n,mol,m (g), (g/mol): mn
M (1) ,
Avogadro, . , .
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.. ( 2 6C H N ) (O2) (CO2), (H2O) (N2). : 2 7C H N+O2CO2+H2O+N2. , 2,7/2. [(222+7)/2]/2=15/4. , 2 : 2 7 2 2 2 2152C H N + O 4CO + 7H O + N2 .
. : A B C Da b c d ,
1o,Avog;adro1g., 126 C 66,Avogadro 126 C 12 g 126 C , 126 C 12. 168 O 16,16g166,02310236,0231023.
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..(g i)/(100mlmix). , 95 % W/V 100 ml 95g.
(ppm). 30ppmCr3+30gCr3+1.000.000g=1000 kg = 1t 30 mg Cr3+ 1 kg ,30mgCr3+1l.
. , (mol) i (mol). mol
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Mikgi/kmoli,Mii.,M,1000molMkg. ..32kgO2/kmolO228kg2/kmol2.
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