˘ˇˆ - 東京女子大学opac.library.twcu.ac.jp/opac/repository/1/5335/TeikoOHTSUKA... · tence...

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���� !" #$%&'()*�+(�,-./0�1�2 Gimson’s

Pronunciation of English 3Revised by A. Cruftenden, 2008, 45 Gimson6

(2008: 104)�/"7��89 !�:;<=>?��=�"�:@� 5*�

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4. /i/� /I/�������������� �����

(1) /i/� /I/����������

/i/��������� (1980: 24�25)�� �������� ��

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/i/����`������B��K� Gimson (2008: 106�107)5a�b

!Zc�de?,�

The front of the tongue raised to a height slightly below and behind

the front close position; the lips are spread; the tongue is tense, with

the side rims making a firm contact with the upper molars. (106)

fg�B />/����`������h� X�QL���,�

The short RP vowel />/ is pronounced with a part of the tongue

nearer to centre than to front raised just above the close-mid

position; the lips are loosely spread; the tongue is lax (compared

with the tension for /i:/), with the side rims making a light contact

with the upper molars. (107)

ijk������l�m�n�o�pqS high. low.B "#� front

. back.�r���B As��h� X�tKYuv,�

�217�

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w� �xy��#0 Ladefoged (1993: 191)�z����uv/0#14

� 3 International Phonetic Alphabet (1989)�H

�218�

The quality of a sound such as a vowel depends upon its overtone

structure. Putting this another way, we can say that a vowel sound

contains a number of di#erent pitches simultaneously. There is the

pitch at which it is actually spoken and there are the various

overtone pitches that give it its distinctive quality. We distinguish

one vowel from another by the di#erences in overtones that are

audible.

����� pitch����� ����������������

�� pitch����� !��� �"���#� (overtone)�$%�

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fgP Ladefoged (2005: 41�43)�h�&,�ij*���)

As we saw when we first discussed formants, the first formant has a

low pitch for i (heed), a high pitch for (hod), and a low pitch again

for u (who’d). This is the opposite of what the tongue does (high in

heed, low in hod, and high again in who’d). So if we want to make a

chart that shows both the vowel formants and an approximation of

the tongue positions, we have to make the scale for the first formant

go downwards, with low values at the top and high values at the

�219�

bottom.�� We also saw that the second formant is high for i (heed)

and lower for u (who’d). Tongue is in the front of the mouth for i

(heed) and the back in u (who’d).�� So it is apparent that the

frequency of the second formant is related to something else as well

as tongue position. The answer is that a major part of the lowering

of the second formant is due to the increase in lip rounding.

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� 4 NS (Female) Please believe that sweet peas and beans aregood to eat.

� 5 NS (Female) Eat them at least twice a week.

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20 � 1�1 ������������

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littlelittle bit.bit.” “ItIt keeps her fitfit, slimslim, and trimtrim.” �,� />/�"� F1�-.�

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Ashby, M and Maidment, J. (2007) Introducing Phonetic Science. New York, Cam-

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bridge University Press.Catford, J. C. (1977) Fundamental Problems in Phonetics. Edinburgh, Edinburgh

University Press.Clark, J, Yallop, C. and Fletcher, J (2007) An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonol-

ogy. Carlton, Blackwell Publishing.Cruttenden, A. (Revised). (2008) Gimson’s Pronunciation of English. London.

Hodder Education.Davenport, M. and Hannahs, S. J. (1998) Introducing Phonetics and Phonology.

London, Arnold.Dale, P and Poms L. (2005) English Pronunciation Made Simple. New York,

Longman.Fant, G. (1973) Speech Sounds and Features, Massachusetts, The MIT Press.�� � (2007) ������� �������� ��������� (2009) �� ���!"���#$� %&'()*+�Holland, V. M. and fisher, F. P. (eds.) (2008) Visualization of Speech patterns for

language Learning The path of Speech Technologies in Computer AssistedLanguage Learning from Research toward Practice.

,-./0�� �12 345/06789:; (1983) �<=>?@���A�BC?DB� EFG<HIJKLML B. NOPQ/RSTUV N KWXWY (The Speech Chain by Peter B. Denes and Elliot N Pinson: 1963)&Z()*+�

[\]^_ (1980) ���?`a� bc defgh.i (2j���Ladefoged, P. (1993) A Course in Phonetics. Orlando, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,

Inc.Ladefoged, P. (2007) Phonetic Data Analysis. Carlton, Blackwell Publishing.Ladefoged, P. (2005) Vowels and Consonants. Orlando, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Lodge, K. (2009) A Critical Introduction to Phonetics. London, Continuum.

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