1 Pertemuan 2 PENGGUNAAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI Matakuliah: H0402/PENGELOLAAN SISTEM KOMPUTER Tahun:...

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Pertemuan 2PENGGUNAAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI

Matakuliah : H0402/PENGELOLAAN SISTEM KOMPUTER

Tahun : 2005

Versi : 1/0

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Learning Outcomes

Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa

akan mampu :

• Mengidentifikasikan penggunaan teknologi informasi yang ada saat ini

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Outline Materi

• Informasi pada perusahaan

• Managerial support system

• E-commerce system

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• Interorganizational Systems– e-Business applications

• B2C – link businesses with their end consumers

• B2B – link businesses with other business customers or suppliers

• Electronic data interchange (EDI) systems

APPLICATION AREAS

Informasi pada perusahaan

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APPLICATION AREAS• Intraorganizational Systems

– Enterprise systems – support all or most of the organization

– Managerial support systems – support a specific manager or group of managers

Informasi pada perusahaan

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CRITICAL CONCEPTSBatch Processing versus Online Processing

Batch Processing – group (or batch) of transactions are accumulated, then processed all at one time

Informasi pada perusahaan

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Batch Processing versus Online Processing

Online Processing – each transaction is entered directly into computer when it occurs

CRITICAL CONCEPTS

Informasi pada perusahaan

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• Interactive system – a fully functional online system where computer quickly provides a user response

• In-line system – provides for online data entry, but processing of transactions deferred for batch processing

Batch Processing versus Online Processing

CRITICAL CONCEPTS

Informasi pada perusahaan

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• Functional information systems – information systems framework based on organization’s primary business functions

Functional Information Systems

ExampleBusiness Functions

Production Marketing Accounting Personnel Engineering

CRITICAL CONCEPTS

Informasi pada perusahaan

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• Vertically integrated information system – serves more than one vertical level in an organization or industry

Vertical Integration of Systems

CRITICAL CONCEPTS

Top Management

Long-term trend analysis

Middle Management

Weekly data analysis to track slow-moving items

and productive salespeople

Produce invoices

Capture initial sales data

Example Sales System

Informasi pada perusahaan

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• Distributed systems – mode of delivery where processing power is distributed to multiple sites, which are then tied together via telecommunication lines

– Client-server system – a type of distributed system where processing power is distributed between a central server computer and a number of client computers (usually PCs)

Distributed Systems and Client/Server Systems

CRITICAL CONCEPTS

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Client/Server Systems

• Handles user interface

• Accesses distributed services through a network

Client

• Runs on bigger machine

• Handles data storage for applications …– Databases– Web pages– Groupware

Server Middleware

• Software to support clients and server interaction– Microsoft

Windows 2003 Server

– Novell NetWare– UNIX, Linux

CRITICAL CONCEPTSInformasi pada

perusahaan

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Client/Server Systems• Two-tier configuration

• Three-tier configuration

Client

Server

Client

Application Server

Database Server

CRITICAL CONCEPTS

Informasi pada perusahaan

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• Fat client/thin server – most processing done on client

• Thin client/fat server – most processing done on server

Note:• Web and groupware servers usually thin clients• Database servers usually thin servers

Client/Server Systems

CRITICAL CONCEPTS

Informasi pada perusahaan

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DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS

• Designed to assist decision makers with unstructured problems

• Usually interactive• Incorporates data and

models• Data often comes from

transaction processing systems or data warehouse

Managerial support system

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DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS

Three major components

Managerial support system

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DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS

• Specific DSSs – actual DSS applications that directly assist in decision making

• DSS generator – a software package used to build a specific DSS quickly and easily

– Examples: Microsoft Excel or Lotus 1-2-3

DSS generator

DSS model 1

DSS model 2

DSS model 3

used to create

Managerial support system

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• Type of DSS to support a group rather than an individual

• Specialized type of groupware• Attempt to make group meetings more

productive• Now focus on supporting team in all its

endeavors, including “different time, different place” mode – virtual teams

GROUP SUPPORT SYSTEMS

Middle managers spend 35%, and top managers

spend 50-80% of time in meetings!

Managerial support system

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GISs – systems based on manipulation of relationships in space that use geographic data

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

– Early GIS users:

• Natural resource management• Public administration• NASA and the military• Urban planning• Forestry• Map makers

Managerial support system

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Business Adopts Geographic Technologies

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

– Business uses:• Determining site locations• Market analysis and planning• Logistics and routing• Environmental engineering• Geographic pattern analysis

Managerial support system

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• Approaches to representing spatial data:

– Raster-based GISs – rely on dividing space into small, uniform cells (rasters) in a grid

– Vector-based GISs – associate features in the landscape with a point, line, or polygon

– Geodatabase model – uses object-oriented data concepts

What’s Behind Geographic Technologies

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Managerial support system

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• Questions geographic analysis can answer:

– What is adjacent to this feature?

– Which site is the nearest one?

– What is contained within this area?

– Which features does this element cross?

– How many features are within a certain distance of a site?

What’s Behind Geographic Technologies

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Managerial support system

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EXECUTIVE INFORMATION SYSTEMS/BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS

Where does EIS data come from?– Filtered and summarized transaction data (internal)– Collected competitive information (internal and external)

EISs – a hands-on tool that focuses, filters, and organizes an executive’s information so he or she can make more effective use of it

Managerial support system

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EXECUTIVE INFORMATION SYSTEMS/BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS

• Executive information system (EIS):– Delivers online current information about business conditions

in aggregate form

– Easily accessible to senior executives and other managers

– Designed to be used without intermediary assistance

– Uses state-of-the-art graphics, communications and data storage methods

Managerial support system

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• Knowledge management (KM):

– Set of practical and action-oriented management practices

– Involves strategies and processes of identifying, creating, capturing, organizing, transferring, and leveraging knowledge to help compete

– Relies on recognizing knowledge held by individuals and the firm

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Managerial support system

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• Knowledge management system (KMS):

– System for managing organizational knowledge

– Technology or vehicle that facilitates the sharing and transferring of knowledge so that valuable knowledge can be reused

– Enable people and organizations to enhance learning, improve performance, and produce long-term competitive advantage

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Managerial support system

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

• Six areas:• Natural languages• Robotics• Perceptive systems • Genetic programming • Expert systems • Neural networks

AI – the study of how to make computers do things that are currently done better by people

Most relevant for managerial support

Managerial support system

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Expert systems – attempt to capture the expertise of humans in a computer program

EXPERT SYSTEMS

• Knowledge engineer: – A specially trained systems analyst who works closely

with one or more experts in the area of study

– Tries to learn about how experts make decisions

– Loads information (what learned) into module called knowledge base

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EXPERT SYSTEMS

Figure 7.6 Architecture of an Expert System

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EXPERT SYSTEMS

• Approaches:

– Buy a fully developed system created for a specific application

– Develop using a purchased expert system shell (basic framework) and user-friendly special language

– Have knowledge engineers custom build using special-purpose language (such as Prolog or Lisp)

Obtaining an Expert System

Managerial support system

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• Standford University’s MYCIN – to diagnose and prescribe treatment for meningitis and blood diseases

• General Electric’s CATS-1 to diagnose mechanical problems in diesel locomotives• AT&T’s ACE to locate faults in telephone cables• Market Surveillance software – to detect insider trading • FAST software – for credit analysis, used by banking industry• Nestle Food’s developed system to provide employees information on pension

fund status

EXPERT SYSTEMS

Examples of Expert Systems

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Neural networks – attempt to tease out meaningful patterns from vast amounts of data

• Process:1. Program given set of data2. Program analyzed data, works out correlations, selects variables to create

patterns3. Pattern used to predict outcomes, then results compared to known results4. Program changes pattern by adjusting variable weights or variables themselves5. Repeats process over and over to adjust pattern6. When no further adjustment possible, ready to be used to make predictions for

future cases

NEURAL NETWORKS

Managerial support system

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NEURAL NETWORKS

Managerial support system

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VIRTUAL REALITY

Virtual reality – use of a computer-based system to create an environment that seems real to one or more senses of users

• Non-entertainment categories:– Training– Design– Marketing

Managerial support system

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Training U.S. Army to train tank crews

Amoco for training its drivers

Duracell for training factory workers on using new equipment

Design Design of automobiles

Walk-throughs of air conditioning/ furnace units

Marketing Interactive 3-D images of products (used on the Web)

Virtual tours used by real estate companies or resort hotels

VIRTUAL REALITY

Managerial support system

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Training U.S. Army to train tank crews

Amoco for training its drivers

Duracell for training factory workers on using new equipment

Design Design of automobiles

Walk-throughs of air conditioning/ furnace units

Marketing Interactive 3-D images of products (used on the Web)

Virtual tours used by real estate companies or resort hotels

VIRTUAL REALITY

Managerial support system

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VIRTUAL REALITY

(Courtesy of Homestore, Inc. Copyright © 2004 Homestore, Inc.)

Managerial support system

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E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES

Electronic commerce – the electronic transmission of buyer/seller transactions and related information between individuals and businesses or between two or more businesses that are trading partners

E-Commerce System

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E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES

• Will we see continued growth in e-commerce (Internet) applications?

• Consider Metcalfe’s Law:

The value of a network to each of its members is proportional to the number of other users, expressed as (n2 – n) / 2

– There are increasing returns to be gained as more organizations and people use the Web

E-Commerce System

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E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES

Commercial History of the Internet

E-Commerce System

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E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES

• Improvements for online sales or auction bidding

• New channels for customer service• Collection of clickstream metrics and

personal data from Web site users• Acceptance of Web “cookies” stored on

user’s hard drive to enable customization of Web sites

• Web browser improvements with multimedia

Technologies for B2C Applications

E-Commerce System

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E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES

Technologies for B2B Applications• Most important technological advance for

B2B applications – XML markup language– Now have accepted standards– Can be used for a flexible, low-entry form of EDI

Electronic data interchange (EDI) – proprietary applications for communicating with trading partners based on agreed-upon standards for business document transmission

E-Commerce System

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E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIESTechnologies for B2B Applications• EDI Benefits:

– Reduced cycle times for doing business– Cost savings for automated transaction handling

and elimination of paper documents– Improved interfirm coordination and reduced

interfirm coordination costs

• EDI Constraints:– Start-up coordination challenges (EDI standards

agreement and legal issues)– Start-up and ongoing IT costs

E-Commerce System

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E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES

Technologies for B2B Applications

• Prediction:– Web forms using XML and extranet applications

will continue to grow!

E-Commerce System

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E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES

• Potential constraint to e-commerce: lack of security for Internet transactions

• Issues:– How to control access to a computer that is

physically networked to the Internet– How to ensure that security of a given

communication is not violated

Technologies for IT Security

E-Commerce System

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E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES

How to control access to a computer that is physically networked to the Internet?

• Use of a firewall – devices that sit between the Internet and an organization’s internal network to block intrusions from unauthorized users and hackers

How to ensure that security of a given communication is not violated?

• Encryption – based on two decoding keys and mathematical principles for factoring a product into its two prime numbers, where one key codes a message and the other decodes it

Technologies for IT Security

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Figure 8.2 E-Commerce Framework

(Adapted from Applegate, Holsapple, et al. 1996; Kalakota and Whinston, 1996)

E-Commerce System

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<< CLOSING>>

• Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

• Managerial Support System

• E-Commerce system

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• APPLICATION AREAS• CRITICAL CONCEPTS• MANAGERIAL SUPPORT SYSTEM• E-COMMERCE SYSTEM

PENGGUNAAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI