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Integrated Marine Multi-Agent Command and Control SystemCommon View of the Battlespace at any access node
An experimental US Marine Corps command and control (C2) decision-support system
developed for the Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory (MCWL) jointly by the CAD
Research Center (Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo), the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Cal Tech,
Pasadena), the Spawar Systems Center (San Diego), the Navy Research Laboratory
(NRL, Stennis Space Center), and SRI International (Menlo Park).
IMMACC
S CADRCCADResearchCenter
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What is IMMACCS? The IMMACCS (Integrated Marine Multi-Agent Command and ControlSystem) agent-based C2 decision-support system will be tested by the SPMAGTF of the Marine Corps
Warfighting Laboratory during Urban Warrior in 1999. Urban Warrior is the second Advanced
Warfighting Exercise (AWE) of the US Marine Corps Sea Dragon program. The functional objectives
of IMMACCS include: acommon view of the battlespace; and, near real-timesituation awareness at
all access nodes. IMMACCS incorporates several kinds of computer-based agents that monitor events
in the battlespace to warn the user of unfavorable conditions and arising opportunities, assist the userin analysis and planning tasks, select appropriate weapons for fire missions, and deconflict targets.
The principal components of IMMACCS include: an internal Object Model of battlespace entities such
as friendly and enemy assets, urban infrastructure elements, environmental phenomena, and operational
events; an Agent Engine capable of reasoning about the currentcommon view of the battlespace and
severalplanning views, concurrently; a Shared Net communication system that provides subscription-
based object-serving facilities; a graphical browser-type user-interface; translators to selected existing
C2 software applications; and, additional communication and visualizing facilities that provide a nec-
essary level of redundancy in case of system failure.
What is new about IMMACCS? IMMACCS embodies four major design concepts:object repre-sentation; user-computercollaboration;problem solving tools rather than predetermined solutions;
and, integration ofplanning, execution and training capabilities within one system. Fundamental to
IMMACCS is the concept of high level internal representation of real world objects. For a computer
system to provide meaningful decision-support facilitiesthe system must have some understanding ofthe information that it is processing. For this reason IMMACCS incorporates an Object Model that
describes battlespace entities such as tanks, aircraft, supplies, bridges, buildings, roads, rivers, friendly
and enemy units, civilians, and so on, in terms ofbehavioral characteristics and relationships to each
other. For example, in legacy systems the interaction of the user with whatever is currently displayed
on a computer screen is limited to a small number of predefined operations because the entire picture
(or overlay) displayed on the screen, regardless of complexity, is presented to the user as a single
object. In IMMACCS every entity in the picture (e.g., road, tank, building, etc.), as well as intangible
OBJECT INSTANCESTORE(OIS)
INCON/TBIS
2-D VIEWERVIEW
2-D VIEWERVIEW
2-D VIEWERVIEW
2-D VIEWERVIEW
EXTERNALSYSTEM
EXTERNALSYSTEM
EXTERNALSYSTEM
AGENTSESSION
INFRA-STRUCTUREOBJECTS(OODBMS)
AGENTSESSION
AGENTSESSION
AGENTSESSION
AGENTSESSION
IMMACCSAGENT ENGINE
SHARED NET
IMMACCSOBJECT BROWSER
BROWSER
BROWSER
BROWSER
AGENTSESSION
AGENTSESSION
INFRA-STRUCTUREFEATURES
(NIMA)
OBJECT INSTANCESTORE(OIS)
IMMACCSOBJECT MODEL
AGENTSESSION
AGENTSESSION
AGENTSESSION
IMMACCS MODE
BROWSER
TRANSLATOR(IMMACCS)
OBJECT INSTANCESTORE(OIS)
INCON/TBIS
EXTERNALSYSTEM
EXTERNALSYSTEM
EXTERNALSYSTEM
2-D VIEWERVIEW
2-D VIEWERVIEW
2-D VIEWERVIEW
2-D VIEWERVIEW
TRANSLATOR(INCON/TBIS)
AGENTSESSION
AGENTSESSION
AGENTSESSION
AGENTSESSION
IMMACCSAGENT ENGINEIMMACCSOBJECT BROWSER
BROWSER
BROWSER
BROWSER
AGENTSESSION
AGENTSESSIONBROWSER
BACKUP MODE
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entities such as weather, attack, defense, and so on, are represented as real world objects. Therefore, the
user interacts with a computer display that consists of hundreds of real world entities (objects) that all
have some understanding of each others nature, interests and objectives, and a great deal of under-
standing of their own behavior and capabilities. All IMMACCS components share this Object Model
and are therefore able to communicate with each other and the users in a common language.
Since IMMACCS has some understanding of the content of the data streams that flow through its com-
ponents, it can incorporate software modules (i.e., agents) with reasoning and similarly intelligent
capabilities. These agents perform many kinds of functions such as monitoring events that occur in the
battlespace, evaluating current conditions, identifying conflicts, proposing and evaluating alternativecourses of action, and pursuing the interests of specific entities such as groups or individual persons
and any other data objects included in the IMMACCS Object Model (IOM).
The primary purpose of IMMACCS is to assist its human users by collaborating with them, rather than
automating the decision making process. In this respect IMMACCS provides a partnership between
complementary human and computer capabilities. While the computer excels in high speed parallel
computing and data management tasks, the human user brings powerful conceptualization, abstraction,
learning and intuition capabilities into the partnership.
IMMACCS recognizes that naturally occurring problem situations cannot be predefined accurately.
Experience has shown that predetermined problem solutions in legacy computer systems seldom applyin their totality to real world situations. Therefore, IMMACCS has been designed as a set of collabora-
tive tools that can be applied dynamically both by users and the system itself to the current problem sit-
uation. These tools are equally applicable to planning, execution and training scenarios, and can be
applied in each of these areas simultaneously. Thus users are able to continuously adapt to changing
conditions in the battlespace by instituting dynamic re-planning and re-training operations.
Information
AccessInformation
Statement Publication SupportInformation
TargetInformation
OperationInformation
Definition
Annex Appendix Enclosure Operation Document Section Tab
Operation Plan Operation Order
2
ForecastInformation
Message
SALUTE
PositionReport
GraphicSignatureReport
ShiftFire BDA CFF Request
Medevac Resupply
Patrol
Acronym
AtmosphericForecast
AstronomicForecast
ClimaticForecast
4
Asset
POL
Ammunition Guided Munitions Unguided Munitions
LethalAmmunition
Non-LethalAmmunition
Missile Torpedo
Hand Grenade
Lethal Weapon Non-Lethal Weapon
Crew-ServedWeapon
PersonalWeapon
Jammer Countermeasure
Decoy Chaff
Munitions Equipment
Communication SensorWeaponNavigation
GuidanceSystem
SightSystem
Cartridge
BatonRound
Pyrotechnics
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IMMACCS Paradigm Shifts
Paradigm 1 -Information Representation: Whereas existing software systems process data largely as textstreams, numeric values, or text objects, in IMMACCS information is processed as knowledge in terms of real
world objects with characteristics that describe their behavior and capabilities, and associations that describe
their relationships with each other. The IMMACCS Object Model (IOM) is comprehensive in content containing
friendly and enemy assets (i.e., weapons, supplies, equipment, munitions, personnel, organizations, etc.), the nat-
ural environment (atmospheric, climatic, astronomic, ocean, lakes, rivers, etc.), the artificial environment (mine-fields, buildings, utilities, transportation systems, etc.), events, views, and other battlespace entities. The IOM is
compiled into a library that is used by each system component, and may be easily extended without compromis-
ing the integrity of individual system components. The existance of this common language allows computer-
based agents to reason about real world events and present their suggestions utilizing explanation facilities.
Paradigm 2 -System Integration: Unlike past confederations of linked legacy systems with predefined dataflow paths, IMMACCS is an integrated system of components with object-based knowledge-passing facilities.
Each component shares the common language represented by the IOM library and utilizes the subscription ser-
vices that the Shared Net object-serving communication system makes available to its clients.
Paradigm 3 -Inter-System Communication: IMMACCS utilizes Internet-based communication among itssystem components through subscription and query services. As information that is of interest to a particular
Shared Net client becomes available the client is notified and can then retrieve the information from the Shared
Net. To optimize performance a caching mechanism (configurable by the client) is employed. In addition to
these automatic information updates, clients may seek other specific information by sending queries to the
Shared Net.
OBJECT-BASED (IOM) SHARED NET
IMMACCS COMMUNICATION
IMMACCS COMPONENTWITH IOM LIBRARY
PROXY(cache)
AUTOMATIC INFORMATION'PUSH' BASED ON SUBSCRIPTION INTEREST-BASED
SUBSCRIPTION PROFILE
QUERIES
ALERTS
COMPONENT (A)(with IOM library)
COMPONENT (B)(with IOM library)
COMPONENT (C)(with IOM library)
COMPONENT (D)(with IOM library)
COMPONENT (E)(with IOM library)
INTEGRATED IMMACCS COMPONENTS
OBJECT-BASED (IOM) SHARED NET
CONFEDERATION OF LINKED LEGACY SYSTEMS
SYSTEM (A)(meaningless text streams)
SYSTEM (B)(unique text
objects)
SYSTEM (E)(meaningless text
streams)
SYSTEM (D)(real-world objects
without relationships)
SYSTEM (C)(unique text objects)
LEGACY SYSTEM COMMUNICATION
LEGACY SYSTEM (E)WITH DATA PROCESSED AS
(MEANINGLESS) TEXT STREAMS
DATATRANSLATION
DATATRANSLATION
DATATRANSLATION
DATATRANSLATION
LIMITED DATA FLOWFROM/TO SYSTEM (B)
LIMITED DATA FLOWFROM/TO SYSTEM (A)
LIMITED DATA FLOWFROM/TO SYSTEM (D)
LIMITED DATA FLOWFROM/TO SYSTEM (C)
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Paradigm 4 -System Architecture: IMMACCS overcomes the inflexibility and fragility of stove-piped lega-cy systems that rely on hardwired and predefined data channels, by employing an open architecture. In this open
architecture object-based application components may be freely added or deleted without jeopardizing the
integrity of the entire system.
Paradigm 5 - Information Integration: In IMMACCS, the fragmented views of the battlespace that have inthe past been spread over several legacy application systems, are combined into onecommon view of the battle-
space that may be viewed by any authorized user on one computer screen at any access point.
Paradigm 6 - Information Understanding: Whereas in existing legacy systems views of the battlespace arerepresented as bitmaps that must be filtered and interpreted by the user, in IMMACCS all views are represented
as interactive real world objects with internal meaning to the system. Therefore, the IMMACCS environment
can support computer-based agents capable of reasoning about events in the battlespace and providing analysis
and interpretation assistance to the human decision makers.
IMMACCS ARCHITECTURE
OBJECT-BASED (IOM)APPLICATIONCOMPONENT
OBJECT-BASED (IOM)APPLICATIONCOMPONENT
OBJECT-BASED (IOM)APPLICATIONCOMPONENT
OBJECT-BASED (IOM)APPLICATIONCOMPONENT
OBJECT-BASED (IOM)APPLICATIONCOMPONENT
LEGACY SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE
SYSTEM (B)(unique text objects)
SYSTEM (A)(meaningless text streams)
SYSTEM (D)(real-world objects
without relationships)
SYSTEM (C)(unique text
objects)
SYSTEM (E)(meaninglesstext objects)
LAPTOP
IMMACCS
WORKSTATION
ECOC
LAPTOP
PDA
PDA
COMMONBATTLESPACE
PICTURE
LAPTOP
LEGACY SYSTEMS
WORKSTATION
COC
WORKSTATION
FRAGMENTEDVIEWS OF
BATTLESPACE
LAPTOP
IMMACCS
CONTINUOUS DECISION-SUPPORT FROM
IMMACCS AGENTS
SERVICEAGENT
SERVICEAGENT
SERVICEAGENT
SERVICEAGENT
SERVICEAGENT
MENTORAGENT
MENTORAGENT
LEGACY SYSTEMS
UNFILTERED DATAWITHOUT
DECISION-SUPPORT
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Paradigm 7 - Real World Responsiveness: Within the IMMACCS decision making environment users andexpert agents collaborate with computer-based decision-support tools to address unconstrained, naturally occur-
ring, real world problem situations. This represents a major advance over legacy systems that typically provide
predetermined solution sequences to a limited set of preconceived problems that may occur in a different form in
the real world. In IMMACCS the emphasis is placed on providing the user with tools to interact directly with the
computer to solve problems.
IMMACCS Agents: The IMMACCS Agent Engine automatically initiates an Agent Sessionwhenever any user creates a new View. These Agent Sessions execute in parallel and may comprise
any combination of the following kinds of agents: Monitor Agents that monitor events in the battle-
space; Service Agents that have deep knowledge in narrow domains and provide expert services to
other agents and users; Planning Agents that specialize in planning tasks; Mentor Agents that represent
the interests of particular objects in the battlespace; and, Coordination Agents that identify collabora-
tive conflicts.
Object Command Language: IMMACCS incorporates an Object Command Language (OCL)that allows users to store OPLAN and OPORD information in IMMACCS. This information serves as
context for Agent Sessions in their respective View centered analysis, planning, servicing and coordi-
nation tasks. During mission analysis and planning stages the OCL provides powerful search and
reporting capabilities in support of the Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB) process.
IMMACCS Team Acknowledgments: The IMMACCS project is sponsored by the MarineCorps Warfighting Laboratory, Quantico (VA) with design and development responsibilities assigned as
follows: overall design concept, Agent Engine, Object Model, Object Browser, and Object Command
Language (CAD Research Center, Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, CA); Shared Net and Object Instance
Store (JPL, Pasadena, CA); objectified infrastructure (NRL, Stennis Space Center, MS); 2-D Viewer
and Backup System (SRI International, Menlo Park, CA); legacy system Translator(s) and SystemEngineering Integration (Spawar Systems Center, San Diego, CA).
CAD Research Center, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
Telephone: (805) 756-2841/1310 FAX: (805)756-7567 E-mail: jpohl@calpoly.edu
http://www.cadrc.calpoly.edu
IMMACCS
USER
AGENT
AGENT
USER
USER
USER
USERUSER
USER
AGENT
AGENT
AGENT
AGENT
AGENT
AGENT
AGENT
AGENT
AGENT
AGENT
PROBLEMSITUATION
PROBLEMSITUATION
PROBLEMSITUATION
PROBLEMSITUATION
USERS AND EXPERTAGENTS COLLABORATE
SPONTANEOUSLY TO SOLVECHANGING PROBLEMS
LEGACY SYSTEMS
LIMITED SET OF SOLUTIONSTO AN UNLIMITED UNIVERSE
OF PROBLEM SITUATIONS
SOLUTIONA
SOLUTIONB
SOLUTIONC SOLUTION
D
SOLUTIONE
SOLUTIONA
SOLUTIONE
SOLUTIONB
SOLUTIONC
USER
USER
USER
USERUSER
USER
USER
USER
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