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AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªgRxex‡`i
RvZxq m‡¤§jb 2009
m‡¤§j‡b Dc ’vwcZ cÖeÜ
WweDwfG wgjbvqZb, avbgwÛ, XvKv
2-3 A‡±vei 2009
m¤úv`bv
W. dviRvbv Bmjvg
RvwKi †nv‡mb
AwgZ iÄb †`
Av‡qvRK ms ’v
cvU©bviwkc Ae DB‡gb Bb GKkb (cvIqv) Ges
bvMwiK D‡`¨vM
mn-Av‡qvRK ms ’v
fvmgvb bvix kªwgK Dbœqb †K›`ª
gy³ wkï I bvix kªwgK †dvivg
`wjZ bvix †dvivg
euvP‡Z wkL bvix
2
MZ 2-3 A‡±vei 2009 cvU©bviwkc Ae DB‡gb Bb GKkb (cvIqv) Ges bvMwiK
D‡`¨vM-Gi †h․_ Av‡qvR‡b AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªgRxex‡`i m‡¤§jb 2009 AbywôZ
nq| m‡¤§j‡bi wewfbœ Awa‡ek‡b Dc¯vwcZ cÖeÜmg~n wb‡q Ges AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ
wb‡q c~‡e©i †jLv wKQy cÖeÜ GB MÖ‡ši Rb¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| †h¸wji mgš‡q G
msKjbwU cÖKvwkZ nj| G msKj‡b AcÖvwZôvwbK kªgLvZ, Zvi aiY, A_©bxwZ‡Z
Ae`vb, G Lv‡Z AvBb I bxwZgvjv msµvš wPÎ, bMi cwiKíbvq AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ I
kªwgK‡`i evm¯vb msµvš cÖeÜ, AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªwgK‡`i g‡a¨ msMVb I mgevq
M‡o †Zvjvi Ae v wK, Rjevqy cwieZ©b I cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z
kªgRxex‡`i cÖevn †Kgb, M„nkªwgK wb‡qvM, mvgwRK myi¶v I G msµvš bxwZgvjv
cÖm‡½ cÖeÜ, cwiQbœZv Kg©x, wbg©vY kªwgK I †nv‡Uj kªwgK‡`i †kvfb Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek
welqK Ges wek¦vq‡bi d‡j AcÖvwZôvwbKLv‡Z †h mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv •Zwi n‡q‡Q †m
welqK cÖeÜ G msKj‡b cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
Avgiv †Póv K‡iwQ †jL‡Ki wbR¯^ gZvgZ AweK…Z †i‡LB cÖKvk Ki‡Z| Avkv Kwi
msKjbwU AbymwÜrm y Ges ms‡e`bkxj cvVK‡`i AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ m¤ú‡K© M‡elYv I
KvR Ki‡Z AvMÖnx K‡i Zzj‡Z m¶g n‡e| Avgiv GI AvkvKwi †mB AvMÖn GB
AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªgRxex gvbyl‡`i Rxe‡b BwZevPK cwieZ©‡b mnvqK n‡e|
me‡k‡l hviv cÖeÜ cvVv‡bvmn bvbvfv‡e G msKjb cÖKv‡k Avgv‡`i‡K mn‡hvwMZv
K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i mevi cÖwZ Avgv‡`i K…ZÁZv iBj|
cÖKvkK
cvU©bviwkc Ae DB‡gb Bb GKkb (cvIqv) Ges bvMwiK D‡`¨vM
cÖKvkKvj: Ryb 2010
MÖš’¯Z¡
cvU©bviwkc Ae DB‡gb Bb GKkb (cvIqv) Ges bvMwiK D‡`¨vM
evwo bs 8/14, eK-we, jvjgvwUqv, XvKv-1207, evsjv‡`k|
mnvqZvq: One World Action, UK
cÖ‛Q` I AjsKiY: wgVy Avn‡g`
wcÖ›Uvi
†P․ayix wcÖ›Uvm© GÛ mvcvB
48/G/1, evÇvbMi †jb, wcjLvbv, XvKv-1205
g~j¨: 200 UvKv
ISBN: 978-984-33-1623-3
3
gyLeÜ
cvU©bviwkc Ae DB‡gb Bb GKkb (cvIqv) Ges bvMwiK D‡`¨vM †h․_fv‡e
ÔAcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªgRxex‡`i RvZxq m‡¤§jb-2009Õ Av‡qvRb K‡i A‡±vei
gv‡mi ïiæ‡Z| yB w`be¨vcx GB m‡¤§j‡b 30wU cÖeÜ Dc¯vwcZ nq hvi
welqe ‧ cÖvwZôvwbK A_©bxwZi aviYvqb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i kªgRxex‡`i Kg©‡¶Î,
mvgvwRK •elg¨, AmnvqZ¡, msKU, wbh©vZb, mgm¨vi cvkvcvwk kªgRxex‡`i
AwaKvi, AvBbx myi¶v, ivR‣bwZK AwfÁvb, †UªW BDwbqb, wewfbœ mvgvwRK
g~j¨‡eva Øviv Awc©Z •elg¨ AvµvšÍ †ckv †hgb-†h․b Kg©, M„nkªg, cwiQbœZv
Kg©, ¶z`ª †nv‡Uj †ióz‡i›U Ges kªwgK‡`i KvR ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| wek¦vqb, bMivqb,
Rjevqy cwieZ©b Gi mv‡_ AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z wbqwgZ kªgRxex‡`i AvšÍ:m¤úK©
I we‡kwlZ nq|
cÖeܸ‡jv msKwjZ MÖš wnmv‡e cÖKv‡ki †h †h․_ cÖ‡Póv ÔcvIqvÕ Ges ÔbvMwiK
D‡`¨vMÕ wb‡q‡Q Zv A‡bK w`K †_‡KB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| m‡¤§j‡b Dc¯vwcZ
cÖeܸ‡jv‡Z AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ I kªgRxex gvbyl‡K wN‡i †h wPšvfvebvi
cÖwZdjb N‡UwQj Zv †hb Kv‡ji †mªv‡Z nvwi‡q bv hvq| GKB mv‡_ wPšÍvwe`,
bxwZwba©viK, ivRbxwZwe`, eyw×Rxex, gvbevwaKvi Kg©x, mswkó ms¯vmg~n I
kªgRxex gvbyl¸‡jvI G wb‡q fv‡eb Ges kªgRxex‡`i Kj¨v‡Y Zv cÖ‡qvM K‡ib
GB msKj‡bi ZvwË¡K Av‡jvPbv, Z_¨mg~n †m‡¶‡Î cÖ‡Yv`bv †hvMv‡e Ges w`K
wb‡ ©kbv w`‡e e‡j Avgvi aviYv|
msKjbwU AcÖvwZôvwbK kªgRxex‡`i Dci GKwU c~Y©v½ I mvwe©K wPÎ cÖYqb
Ki‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q| GB LvZ‡K †`‡ki me©e„nr LvZ wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ AR©‡bi c_
wb‡ ©kbvI Av‡Q| G Lv‡Z RwoZ kªgRxex‡`i Kg©Rxe‡bi mgm¨v, msMÖvg Ges
Gi mgvav‡bi w`‡K „wó wbewÜZ n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki mKj kªgRxex bvMwiK‡`i cÖvq Avwk fvM gvbyl cÖvwZôvwbK
Kg©‡¶‡Îi evB‡i †_‡K Zv‡`i †eu‡P _vKvi msMÖvg K‡i _v‡Kb| GB e„nr
Rb‡Mvôx cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gvi evB‡i ¶z`ª e¨emv, wk¶v, †mevg~jK, K…wl KvR,
e¨w³MZ †mevLv‡Z Kg©iZ †_‡K wb‡R‡K Ges cwievi‡K wUwK‡q ivLvi msMÖv‡g
wb‡qvwRZ|
4
GLv‡b †g․wjK cÖkœwU n‡jv hw` AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ me©e„nr LvZ n‡q _v‡K Ges
RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z Gi Ae`vb `„k¨gvb, Zvn‡j Gi ¯^xK…wZ Ges kªgRxex‡`i
AwaKvi †Kb my „p Ae¯vq `vov‡e bv? †Kb Kibv? G cÖ‡kœi DËi †LuvRvi Ges
Gi mgvav‡bi Dcvq †ei Kivi mgq G‡m‡Q| kªgRxex‡`i msMwVZ nevi †Kvb
weKí bvB| ivóª G ev¯ eZv‡K Gwo‡q †h‡Z cv‡ibv Ges GwU †evSv‡bvi `vwqZ¡
kªgRxex msMVbmg~‡ni mK‡ji|
mvgvwRK ¯^xK…wZ, gZv`‡k©i weKvk, AcÖvwZôvwbK kªg‡¶‡Î KvVv‡gvMZ
cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g G‡K AwaKZi Kvh©Kwi Kiv Ges m‡e©vcwi AcÖvwZôvwbK
Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªgRxex gvby‡li Rxe‡bi mvwe©K ¸YMZ gvb Dbœqb mvab Kiv,
mK‡ji •bwZK `vwqZ¡| GB msKjb AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ I kªgRxex gvby‡li
eyw×e„wËK m¤ú` wnmv‡e MY¨ n‡e e‡jB Avgvi wek¦vm|
W. dviRvbv Bmjvg
AvnevqK, m‡¤§jb cÖ¯‧wZ KwgwU
Aa¨vcK, Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq
5
m~PxcÎ
AbvbyôvwbK A_©bxwZ I bMi`wi`ª‡`i Ae`vb: GKwU we‡klYag©x ch©v‡jvPbv
9
W. FZv Avdmvi
kªgRxex‡`i Rb¨ mvgvwRK myi¶v †Kb Ri‚wi 21
wiRIqvbyj Bmjvg
AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ bvix kªwg‡Ki AwaKvi myi¶vq †UªW
BDwbq‡bi f~wgKv 25
Aveyj †nvmvBb
.
Informal Sector in Bangladesh: A Strategic
Framework for Development 33
Abdul Hye Mondol
•elg¨, eÂbv I evsjv‡`‡ki AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi bvix kªwgK 45
wPiiÄb miKvi
RvZxq A_©bxwZi AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z Kg©Rxex bvixi f~wgKv 56
Lvb †di‡`․mi ingvb
evsjv‡`‡k kªwg‡Ki AwaKvi, †cÖw¶Z I ev¯—eZv 63
G¨vW‡fv‡KU g‡bvqvi †nv‡mb
XvKv kn‡i AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z bvix-kªgRxex: GKwU mgx¶v cÖwZ‡e`b 68
gvRnvij Bmjvg, mykvš miKvi, ev‡iK †nv‡mb wgVy
evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK ev¯—eZv Ges AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ 72
ivRy Avn‡g`
wiKkv D‡‛Q` bq, myôz e¨e¯’vcbv Ri‚wi 79
Avwgbyj Bmjvg myRb I gvid ingvb
nKvi‡`i A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK Ae`vb Ges †ckvMZ wbivcËv 90
gvid ingvb
ivóª, cuywRi ¯^v_© Ges kªg AvB‡bi Uvbv‡cv‡ob:
wÎgyLx msK‡U evsjv‡`k ivóª 100
AvjZvd cvi‡fR
6
AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi bvix kªwg‡Ki AvBbx myi¶v 102
•mq` myjZvb DwÏb Avn¤§`
ivR‣bwZK AwfÁvb I msMVbB AwaKvi cÖwZôvi g~j nvwZqvi 105
g‡bvqvi †gv dv
evsjv‡`‡k bvix kªwg‡Ki †UªW BDwbq‡b m¤ú„³Zv:
†Km wbg©vY I PvZvj kªwgK 111
gyRxeyj Avbvg, G. wU. Gg. mvBdzjvn †g‡n`x Ges W. †iRIqvb †nv‡mb f~uBqv
ÒAvgivI gvbylÓ PvB evuPvi gZ AwaKvi 136
†gv: †gv vdv Kvgvj
Rjevqy cwieZ©b I bM‡i kªg cÖevn e„w×: msK‡Ui bZzb iƒc 139
G we Gg Avwbmy¾vgvb
Rjevqy cwieZ©b, ev¯‘P~¨wZ I AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z m¯—v kªgcÖevn: Ab¨vh¨
myweav‡fvM ebvg AwaKviwfwËK b¨vh¨ mgvavb 141
†gv: Lvwj` †nvmvBb
Rjevqy cwieZ©b, bMivqb Ges AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ 146
gvRnvij Bmjvg
AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ wn‡m‡e †nvg IqvK©vi cwiw ’wZ Ges
†nvg IqvK© Kb‡fbkb 177 148
G¨vW‡fv‡KU †Kvwnb~i †eMg
M„nkªwgK wb‡qvM: mvgvwRK myi¶v I bxwZgvjv 153
eyׇ`e wek¦vm
ÒRvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z M„n¯’vjx Kv‡Ri Ae`vb Ges g~j¨vqbÓ 162
bvRbxb Kwei
M„nkªwgK wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iv‡a cwiev‡ii f~wgKv 165
kvnbvR mygx I w`jviv †iLv
†h․bKgx© I Zv‡`i AwaKvi Av‡›`vjb 172
mvbwR`v kkx
cwi‛QbœZvKg©xi †ckv I Rxeb: gvbevwaKvi cwiw¯’wZ 178
†gvt Aveyj evmvi
7
†nv‡Uj †i÷z‡i›U kªwgK‡`i Ae ’v: Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ KiYxq 184
nvmvb gvngy Lvb
wek¦vqbt AcÖvwZôvwbK wkíLvZ 191
Avmjvg Lvb
wek¦vqb I AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZt mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv 195
cÖ`xc Kzgvi ivq
wek¦vqb I AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ: mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv 201
Avmv`-DR-Rvgvb Avmv`
wek¦vq‡bi Là‡i evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q: eû kªgRxexi fvM¨ wech©q 205
AwgZ iÄb †`
9
AbvbyôvwbK A_©bxwZ I bMi`wi ª‡`i Ae`vb:
GKwU we‡klYag©x ch©v‡jvPbv
W. FZv Avdmvi
AbvbyôvwbK A_©bxwZ I bMi `wi`ª‡`i Ae`vb:
AbvbyôvwbK LvZ ej‡Z Avgiv wK eywS? AvšR©vwZK kªg ms¯v (AvBGjI) 1993
mv‡j Informal sector †K Gfv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Q: Informal sector G Drcv`b
cÖwµqv AZ¨š ¶z`ª cwim‡i Ggbfv‡e P‡j †hLv‡b mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvi evûj¨
†bB ej‡jB P‡j, Avi †mB m‡½ kªg I cuywRi •Øi_ Luy‡R cvIqv fvi Ges
kªwg‡Ki wb‡qvM eûjvs‡k †Kvb Pzw³i gva¨‡g ev AvbyôvwbKfv‡e nq bv| eis
e¨w³MZ ev cwievi wKsev mvgvwRK m¤úK© ej‡qi wfwˇZ G ai‡bi kªg I
kªwg‡Ki Ae¯vb| cvwievwiK D‡`¨v‡Mi b¨vq Informal sector Gi †h ¯vei
m¤úwË Zv D‡`¨v³vi e¨w³MZ, †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi bq GLv‡b †h †Kvb ai‡bi
wewb‡qvM wKsev †jb‡`b meB D‡`¨v³vi bv‡g n‡q _v‡K| †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi bv‡g
nq bv| †ewki fvM †¶‡Î cÖwZôvb wKsev D‡`¨v³vi Avq-e¨‡qi c„_KxKiY yiƒn
e¨vcvi| myZivs (RvwZms‡Ni RvZxq Avq wbic‡bi cÖwµqv e¨eüZ) K‡qKwU
•ewkó¨ Øviv Avgiv †mvRv fvlvq Informal sector ej‡Z hv eywS Zv n‡jv:
1| LvZ wfwËK ev †Kvb ai‡bi wbeÜb QvovB Lvbv Øviv cwiPvwjZ GK ev
GKvwaK D‡`¨vM;
2| G¸‡jv ¯wb‡qvwRZ D‡`¨vM wnmv‡e GKKfv‡e wKsev †h․_fv‡e GKB
cwiev‡ii m`m¨ wKsev GKvwaK cwiev‡ii m`m¨ Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq
3| GB D‡`¨vM wb‡qvM memgq LÊKvjxb n‡q _v‡K|
AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Zi wKQz wPÎ
Kg©ms¯v‡bi †¶‡Î Informal sector Gi f~wgKv e¨vcK| KviY kªgkw³
kªgevRv‡i wb‡qvwRZ cÖwZ cuvP fv‡Mi Pvi fvM kªwg‡Ki Kg©ms¯vb nq Informal
sector (BBS 2004)| G kªg evRvi‡K hw` miKvwi †emiKvwi Ges AcÖvwZôvwbK
GB wZbwU Lv‡Z fvM Kiv hvq Z‡e GB wZb Lv‡Zi wKQz •ewkó¨ Ges ZviZg¨
Avgv‡`i bR‡i co‡e| GB¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jL‡hvM¨ wKQz •ewkó¨ wb‡gœ cÖ`Ë
n‡jv:
miKvwi Lv‡Z cÖavbZ: cÖkvmwbK wk¶v e¨vsK I wewb‡qvM msµvš 70
kZvs‡ki †ewk Kg©ms¯vb K‡i|
10
†emiKvwi LvZ cÖavbZ: bvbvwea hvwš¿Kfv‡e Drcv`bgyLx e¨emv-
evwYR¨, wk¶v I Ab¨vb¨ †mevg~jK cÖvq 70 kZvs‡ki †ewk Kg©ms¯vb
K‡i _v‡K| (weweGm 2004)
AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z Kg©ms¯v‡bi GKwU eo †¶Î n‡jv K…wl (57%)|
Gici i‡q‡Q e¨emv evwYR¨ hvbevnb I †hvMv‡hvM msµvš hš¿vsk
Drcv`b Ges m‡e©vcwi e¨w³MZ †mevLvZ cÖvq 30%|
GKUz LwZ‡q †`L‡j †evSv hv‡e †h miKvwi Lv‡Z m„ó Kg©ms¯vb hv‡`i Rb¨ Zviv
g~jZ: DP Ges ga¨weË †kªYxi| KviY GB me wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î by¨bZg †h
wk¶vMZ ev Ab¨vb¨ †ckv`vix `¶Zv cª‡qvRb Zv `wi`ª †kªYxi g‡a¨ †gjv fvi|
wecix‡Z Informal sector wfwËK Kg©ms¯v‡bi gva¨‡g hviv RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i
_v‡K Zviv g~jZ `wi`ª †kªYxi| cuywR, `¶Zv, wk¶v I Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Afv‡e G‡`i
A_©Kix Kg©KvÊ A‡bKvs‡kB mxgve× _v‡K| GB yB •ecix‡Z¨i mwܯ‡j i‡q‡Q
†emiKvwi LvZ| †hLv‡b Kg©Kv‡Êi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wewfbœ †kªYxi kªgkw³i
Kg©ms¯vb n‡q _v‡K| A_©vr hvwš¿Kfv‡e Drcv`b Kg©Kv‡Ê †hgb `wi ª I wbgœ
Av‡qi Rbkw³ cÖ‡qvRb †ZgbB e¨e¯vcbv I evwYR¨ Lv‡Z cÖ‡qvRb wkw¶Z, `¶
wewb‡qvMKvix|
Gevi Avmv hvK g~j cÖwZcv`¨ wel‡q Ges Zv n‡jv bM‡i `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx wK
ai‡bi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ? Gai‡bi Kg©ms¯v‡bi MwZ cÖK…wZ wK? bMi A_©bxwZ‡Z
Gme Kg©KvÊ wK ai‡bi Ae`vb ivL‡Z m¶g nq? GB kªgkw³‡K AviI
Drcv`bgyLx Kivi †¶‡Î cÖavb Ašivq ¸wj wK wK Ges G¸wj `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨
wK ai‡bi e¨e¯v MÖnb Kiv DwPZ?
bMivqY, bMi A_©bxwZ I bMi `wi`ª
evsjv‡`‡k bMivqY cÖwµqvi MwZ I cwiwa AZ¨š `ªZ e„w× cv‡Q| ¯^vaxbZv
DËieZ©x wZb `k‡K bM‡i emevmKvix RbmsL¨vi AvbycvwZK nvi e„w× †c‡q‡Q
3 ¸‡YiI †ewk (8kZvsk †_‡K 25 kZvsk) A_©vr wZb †KvwU gvbyl hy³ n‡q‡Q
GB mgqKv‡j| d‡j bMixi RbmsL¨vi e„w×i nvi 5.8% hv MÖvgxY RbmsL¨vi
Zzjbvq by¨bZg 3 ¸Y †ewk|
Ab¯^xKvh© bMivqY cÖwµqvi wmsnfvM A_©vr 60% RbmsL¨vi e„w× n‡q‡Q MÖvg
†_‡K bM‡i Awfevm‡bi gva¨‡g| wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, M‡o cÖwZ eQi
cÖvq 2 j¶ RbMY Awfevm‡bi gva¨‡g kn‡i we‡klZ: XvKv kn‡i Avm‡Q| GB
RbmsL¨vi cÖvq A‡a©K ev Z`ya© `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx hviv cÖwZwbqZ RxweKvi mÜv‡b
wKsev b`x fv½v ev Ab¨vb¨ A_ ©‣bwZK Kvi‡Y XvKvq AwfMgb K‡i|
11
Awfevmb msµvš— M‡elYvjä we‡klYag©x KwZcq e¨vL¨v
Awfevmb msµvš wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, bMi I gnvbMix‡Z
Kg©ms¯v‡bi MÖvg I †QvU bMixi Zzjbvq AwaKZi my‡hvM I gRyixi nvi Kg©¶g
`wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx‡K kn‡ii cÖwZ AvK…ó K‡i| W. gvnveye †nv‡mb I Ab¨vb¨iv
(2003) Zv‡`i `xN© †gqv`x MÖvgxY `wi‡ ªi Dci M‡elYv Pvwj‡q †`‡L‡Qb †h,
1988 mvj †_‡K 2000 mv‡ji g‡a¨ †hLv‡b K…wl †_‡K Av‡qi nvi wQj gvÎ
1% †mLv‡b AK„wl †_‡K Av‡qi nvi Gi 6 ¸Y †ewk| ¯^fveZB: †`‡ki
A_©bxwZ‡Z AK„wl Lv‡Zi e¨vcKZv †hgb e„w× cv‡Q †ZgbB AwaK A_©Kix
Kg©ms¯v‡bi j‡¶¨ Awfevm‡bi cÖeYZvI Ab¯^xKvh©| Awfevm‡bi c~‡e© ew¯‡Z
emevmKvix Rbmvai‡Yi †ckvMZ we‡kl‡Yi gva¨‡g †`Lv †M‡Q †h G‡`i yB
Z…Zxqvsk cÖavbZ K…wl kªwgK I Ab¨vb¨ AK…wlRvZ †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ wQj| wKš‧
G †ckvq Zv‡`i Avq DbœwZi mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y Zviv Awfevm‡bi cšv Aej¤b
K‡ib|
Awfevm‡bi d‡j cÖwZ cuvP R‡bi g‡a¨ wZbRb ew¯evmxi XvKvq Avmvi GK
mßv‡ni g‡a¨ Kg©ms¯vb n‡q‡Q Ges Gi wcQ‡b i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb,
cvov-cÖwZ‡ewk ev eÜz-ev܇ei cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶ mn‡hvwMZv| miKvwi wnmve
Abyhvqx XvKv kn‡ii †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi MÖv‡gi Zzjbvq wظ‡Yi †P‡q †ewk| (7.4%
XvKv Ges 3.3% MÖv‡g) Z‡e Gi wecix‡Z yB ai‡bi cwimsL¨vb we`¨gvb|
Under Employment Gi cÖeYZv MÖv‡gi Zzjbvq XvKv kn‡i cÖvq A‡a©‡KiI
Kg| (XvKv 16% Ges evsjv‡`‡k 35.3%) Ges Awfevmx‡`i g‡a¨ hviv cÖavbZ
ew ‡Z emevm K‡i me©`vB Abwfevmx A‡c¶vK…Z Kg Ges bevMZ
Awfevmx‡`i g‡a¨ Gi nvi AviI A‡bK Kg KviY Rxeb RxweKvi ZvwM‡`
Zv‡`i †eKvi _vKvi †Kvb my‡hvM †bB| ZvB Zviv Awfevm‡bi ci cÖavbZ: wi·v
Pvjbv wKsev wewfbœ gvjvgvj †dix ev wbg©vYLv‡Z kªwgK wnmv‡e †hvM †`q| ZvB
†`Lv †M‡Q †h, mgMª †`‡k †hLv‡b kªgkw³ wb‡qv‡Mi nvi 49.2% †mLv‡b XvKv
kn‡i 51.6%| we‡klZ bvix kªwg‡Ki wb‡qv‡Mi nvi mgMÖ †`‡ki Zzjbvq cÖvq
5% †ewk (27% XvKv I 22% mgMÖ †`k)| GB me Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªg kw³i
wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv `¶Zv ev eo ai‡bi cuywR wKQziB cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| hv cÖ‡qvRb
Zv n‡jv GKwU ¯^Rb †ewóbx ejq hvi gva¨‡g AcwiwPZ GK kn‡i Kg©ms¯v‡bi
bvbvwea evav wecwË DËi‡Yi QvocÎ|
12
`wi`ª Awfevmxi †ckvwfwËK web¨vm
`wi`ª Awfevmxi wmsMfvM (53% †_‡K 60%) AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ
XvKvq emevmKvix abx †kªYxi †¶‡Î D³ Lv‡Z kªgkw³ wb‡qv‡Mi cÖeYZv K‡g
Av‡m A‡a©‡K| GB Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªg web¨vm mviYx 4.1 G ewY©Z n‡jv:
mviYx 4.1
wj½ LvZ `wi`ª cÖvq `wi`ª `wi`ª
bq
†gvU
cyil
Drcv`b LvZ 14.8 14.8 12.3 13.6
LwbR 0 0.03 0.2 0.2
kw³ 0 0.5 0.6 0.4
A_© 1.4 2.3 7.4 4.6
K…wl 12.8 10.1 6 8.9
wbg©vY 4.5 4.1 2.8 3.6
e¨emv-evwYR¨ 27.3 34.2 33.9 32
†hvMv‡hvM 17.1 16.3 8.5 12.7
KwgDwbwU †mev 18.0 15.3 23.8 20.3
M„n jx 4.0 2.1 4.4 3.8
†gvU 100 100 100 100
bvix
Drcv`b LvZ 26.7 38.5 19.9 25.5
K…wl 25.1 21.6 14.1 19.0
e¨emv-evwYR¨ 2.7 2.0 2.3 2.4
KwgDwbwU †mev 23.1 18.2 28.8 25.0
M„n jx 19.2 16.2 30.6 24.3
wewea 3.6 3.4 4.3 3.8
†gvU 100 100 100 100
m~Î: wek¦e¨vsK, 2006
XvKv kn‡i `wi ª Awfevmxi kªgkw³i cÖvq yB Z…Zxqvsk cyil cÖavbZ: Drcv`b
kªwgK (hvi g‡a¨ Drcv`b, hvZvqvZ, wbg©vY BZ¨vw`) Ges evwYwR¨K Kg©x
(†dwiIqvjv, nKvi, LyPiv we‡µZv) wnmv‡e wb‡qvwRZ| GLv‡b D‡jL¨ †h,
K…wlLvZ I †hvMv‡hvM LvZ e¨wZZ Ab¨vb¨ mKj Lv‡Z `wi ª †kªYx Qvov Ab¨ me
†kªYxi Kg©¶g Rbkw³| AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Zi g‡a¨ e¨emv evwYR¨ we‡klZ nKvi,
†dwiIqvjv ev LyPiv e¨emvqx me©v‡c¶v D‡jL‡hvM¨| KviY `wi`ª kªgkw³i
13
wmsMfvM cyil G †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ| GiciB i‡q‡Q †hvMv‡hvM LvZ| †hLv‡b
wi·v, f¨vb, †U¤úy PvjK Ges wi·v I Ab¨vb¨ hvbevnb †givgZ †mev`vbKvix
BZ¨vw` Kv‡R cÖwZ 5 Rb cyi‡li cÖvq 1 RbB wb‡qvwRZ| Ab¨vb¨i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
wbg©vY kªwgK, M„n jx Kv‡Ri mnvqK, K…wlKv‡R wb‡qvwRZ kªgkw³| abx, cÖvq
`wi`ª Ges `wi ª †kªYxi AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z wbhy³ kªgkw³i web¨vm (mviYx 4.1)
†_‡K ywU e¨vcvi ¯úófv‡e cÖZxqgvb nq| cÖ_gZ: cyi‡li †hLv‡b GKwU eo
Ask cÖvq GK Z…Zxqvsk e¨emv evwY‡R¨ wb‡qvwRZ †mLv‡b bvix kªwg‡Ki g‡a¨
Mv‡g©›Um kªwg‡Ki AvbycvwZK nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (30% †_‡K 40%)| K…wlKvR
I Ab¨vb¨ Drcv`b kªwg‡Ki Kv‡R bvix I cyil kªwg‡Ki GKwU eo Ask
wb‡qvwRZ| Z‡e †RÊviwfwËK dvivK wnmv‡e Avi e¨emvq wb‡qvwRZ bvix
kªwg‡Ki nvi by¨bZg| e¨emv I Mv‡g©›UmLvZ hv bvix I cyi‡li g‡a¨ GKwU eo
dvivK m„wó K‡i‡Q| Gme e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ Lv‡Z Zv‡`i AvbycvwZK nvi
†gvUvgywUfv‡e mgZzj¨|
wØZxqZ: GKwU †kªYxwfwËK dvivKI D³ mviYx †_‡K Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L c‡o|
cÖ_‡gB ejv n‡q‡Q †h, AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z `wi`ª I bvwZ `wi`ª †kªYxi e¨vcKZv
†`Lv hvq| Avi Ab¨w`‡K abx †kªYxi cÖvq A‡a©K Rbkw³ †emiKvwi Lv‡Z
wb‡qvwRZ| †h Lv‡Z Ab¨vb¨ †kªYx wb‡qv‡Mi gvÎv cÖvq GK Z…Zxqvsk| e¨w³MZ
I KwgDwbwU Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªg kw³i g‡a¨ abx `wi‡`ªi g‡a¨ dvivK †Zgb
†Pv‡L c‡o bv| hw`I ¸YMZ gv‡b Kv‡Ri wekvj e¨eavb Ges GB GKB K_v
e¨emv evwY‡R¨i †¶‡Î mgfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| Z‡e †hvMv‡hvM Ges wbg©vYLv‡Z `wi`ª
†kªYxi cÖvwaK¨ weivRgvb| K…wlLv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªgkw³i gvÎv Kg bq| eis
D‡jL¨ †h, XvKvi kniZjx Ges Av‡kcv‡ki Rwg‡Z Pvlvev` P‡j Ab¨vb¨
AK…wlRwbZ †ckvi mv‡_ cvjv w`‡q| D`vniY ¯^iƒc ejv hvq †h, †KivbxMÄ,
mvfvi, DËiv Ges MvRxcyi m`i _vbvq `wi ª †kªYxi GKwU eo Ask (33%
†_‡K 58%) K…wl Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ (wek¦e¨vsK 2007)|
gRyix, †eZb I by¨bZg Pvwn`v
weweGm KZ…©K m`m¨ cÖKvwkZ gRyix msµvš •ÎgvwmK gRyixi nvi mgx¶v
Abyhvqx K…wl-AK…wl •Øi_ e¨ZxZ LvZIqvix wj½ •elg¨ cÖKU| ¯^fveZB K…wli
Zzjbvq AK…wlLv‡Z gRyix †ewk Ges AK…wl Lv‡Zi g‡a¨ e¨emvq emZx j²x G
K_v aªe mZ¨| Gi c‡iB i‡q‡Q †hvMv‡hvM I wbg©vY LvZ| D‡jL¨ †h,
wbg©vYLv‡Z †hLv‡b gRyix µgea©gvb hv cyil I bvix kªwg‡Ki †¶‡Î e„w× †c‡q‡Q
105.02% Ges 102%| mgx¶v mwÜKv‡j †hvMv‡hvM Lv‡Z wecixZfv‡e gRyix
K‡g‡Q 15 UvKv wj½wfwËK gRywi •elg¨ me©vwaK cÖKU Svo`vi I AveR©bv
msMÖnKvix‡`i †¶‡Î Ges me‡P‡q Kg dzUcv‡Z Pv we‡µZv I M„n vjxKg©x‡`i
14
†¶‡Î| AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ bMi`wi ª Rb‡Mvôx GKgvÎ gR yix ev Avq
Qvov Avi †Kvb †mev, myweav ev AwaKvi cvq bv| Zv‡`i kªg wbweo G mKj
Kg©Kv‡Êi †KejgvÎ †h cuywRi Afve Zv bq eis G¸‡jv kªwgK AvB‡bi AvIZvq
c‡o bv| d‡j Zviv mKj ai‡bi AvBbvbyM I mvgvwRK wbivcËv Ges cÖwk¶Y,
F‡Yi myweav I Ab¨vb¨ ejq †_‡K ewÂZ| †c․imyweav †_‡K Zviv ewÂZ hw`I
Zviv wbijmfv‡e RvZxq Z_v bMi A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸iZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Q| Ges
Avgv‡`i gZ Dbœqbkxj †`‡k bMi Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU c`‡¶c Zv‡`i KvwqK
cwikªg e¨ZxZ Pjv `yiƒn|
mviYx 5.1 2006-07 mv‡ji LvZ I wj½ wfwËK gRyix
LvZ
cÖ_g •ÎgvwmK
UvKv
wØZxq •ÎgvwmK
UvKv
bvix/cyi‚l
gRyix
AbycvZ cyil bvix cyil bvix
evsjv‡`k
K…wl 100 100 114.37 110.53 96.6
wbg©vY 183 119 200.00 131.00 65.5
e¨emv-evwYR¨ - - 277.00 - -
†hvMv‡hvM 193 - 189 - -
KwgDwbwU †mev
wi·vPvjK 155 - 155 - -
AveR©bv msMÖnKvix 111 45 105 55 52.39
Rgv`vi/Svo vi 117 63 135 80 59.27
Mvn© ¨ kªwgK 72 55 69 53 76.68
dzUcv‡Zi Pv we‡µZv 152 175 160 189 118.12
XvKv kni
wbg©vY 199 139 209 143 68.42
e¨emv-evwYR¨ - - 277 - -
†hvM‡hvM 218 - 203 - -
KwgDwbwU †mev
wi·vPvjK 155 - 159 - -
AveR©bv msMÖnKvix 93 45 95 55 57.89
Rgv`vi/Svo vi 137 65 168 88 52.38
Mvn© ¨ kªwgK 1629 1638 1617 1380 85.34
dzUcv‡Zi Pv we‡µZv 143 - 165 154 93.33
m~Î: weweGm, 2007: 9, 19-27
15
bMi A_©bxwZ‡Z `wi ª Rb‡Mvôxi Ae`vb
evsjv‡`‡k G hver †h me M‡elYv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z wKsev bMi
A_©bxwZ‡Z `wi ª †kªYxi Ae`vb msµvš †Kvb we‡klYag©x Z_¨ cvIqv yiƒn
e¨vcvi| cÖ_gZ: weweGmG Gi kªgkw³ Rwic hw`I XvKvq Ges Ab¨vb¨ kn‡i
Z‡_¨i Dci wfwË K‡i cwimsL¨vb †`q, cÖKvwkZ wi‡cv‡U© kniwfwËK
cwimsL¨v‡bi web¨vm †bB| ZvQvovI AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªg kw³i
wj½, kni Ges LvZIqvix wefvRbI cvIqv hvq bv| Z_¨ msµvš G‡nb NvUwZi
wbix‡L AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z bMixi †gvU Drcv`‡bi (City Gross Products)
gva¨‡g Ae`vb Ges G‡¶‡Î `wi`ª †kªYxi Ae`vb wbicb Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv
GKUv cÖqvm Pvwj‡qwQ| g~jZ: wek¦e¨vsK I weweGm KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ Z‡_¨i
wfwˇZ G wnmve K‡iwQ| GLv‡b ejv evÃbxq †h, wek¦e¨vsK 2000 mv‡j
weweGm Z‡_¨i Dci wfwË K‡i XvKv gnvbMixi kªgkw³i Kg©Kv‡Ê wb‡qvwRZ‡`i
wPÎ Zz‡j a‡i‡Q (mviYx 4.1)| Zv‡Z †KejgvÎ ejv n‡q‡Q †h, `wi ª bvix I
cyi‡li cÖvq 54% AbvbyôvwbK Kg©Kv‡Ê wb‡qvwRZ Z‡e AbvbyôvwbK LvZ ej‡Z
wK eywS‡q‡Q Zvi †Kvb msÁvqb Ges A_©bxwZ‡Z GB Lv‡Zi Ae`v‡bi †Kvb
we‡klY †bB|
G‡¶‡Î Avgiv cÖ_‡g AbvbyôwbK LvZ ej‡Z 6wU †e‡Q wb‡qwQ| G¸‡jv n‡jv:
K…wl LvZ, wbg©vY LvZ, ¶z`ª e¨emv evwYR¨, hvbevnb I †hvMv‡hvM LvZ, KwgDwbwU
Ges Mvn© ¨ †mev| Avgiv hvwš¿K Drcv`b LvZ‡K ev` w`‡qwQ KviY G Lv‡Zi
wmsMfvM Ry‡o i‡q‡Q •Zwi †cvkvK wkí hv †emiKvwi AvbyôvwbK Lv‡Zi AvIZvq
c‡o| Z‡e GQvovI G Lv‡Zi †ek wKQz Kg©KvÊ AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq|
†hgb cvw÷K, KuvP, †`kxq evRv‡i wewµZ •Zwi †cvkvK Ges ißvbxgyLx •Zwi
†cvlv‡Ki mnvqK Kg©KvÊ I †mev wfwËK Kg©KvÊ BZ¨vw`|
wKš‧ †gbyd¨vKPvwis †m±‡ii KZUzKz AvbyôvwbK Ges KZUzKz AbvbyôvwbK †m
e¨vcv‡i †Kvb mywbw`©ó gvb`Ê bv _vKvq Avgiv G LvZ‡K Avgv‡`i mgxKi‡Yi
AvIZvq Avb‡Z cvwiwb|
Avgiv †hme LvZ‡K AbvbyôvwbK LvZ wn‡m‡e a‡iwQ Zvi †kªYx wfwËK web¨vm
(mviYx 6.1) †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, `wi`ª I bvwZ `wi ª †kªYxi `yB Z…Zxqvsk Ges
abx †kªYxi GK Z…Zxqvsk GmKj Kg©Kv‡Ê RwoZ|
16
mviYx 6.1 AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªgkw³i †kªYxwfwËK wefvRK
2002
LvZ
†gvU
`wi`ª (kZKiv) cÖvq `wi ª
(kZKiv)
`wi`ª bq
(kZKiv)
K…wl 20.35 17.76 10.54
wbg©vY 3.93 3.80 2.48
e¨emv-evwYR¨ 24.81 32.50 30.87
†hvMv‡hvM 14.93 32.50 30.87
KwgDwbwU †mev 24.15 21.12 7.53
M„n jx 10.51 8.24 15.25
wewea 1.32 1.32 1.59
†gvU 100 100 100
AbvbyôvwbK LvZ 66.50% 67.63% 38.56%
m~Î: wek¦e¨vsK (2006) Z‡_¨i Dci wfwË K‡i cÖ¯‧ZK…Z
Avgiv cwimsL¨vbg~jK mgxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g †`L‡Z cvB †h, K…wlwfwËK Avq hw`
1% e„w× cvq Z‡e XvKv †Rjvi Avq e„w× cv‡e 0.43% hv wbg©vY Lv‡Zi †¶‡Î
`vov‡e 0.41%, hvZvqvZ I †hvMv‡hvM Lv‡Zi Rb¨ 0.28%| ejv evûj¨ †h,
GmKj Lv‡Z `wi`ª †kªYxi GKwU eo Ask RwoZ| GKgvÎ XvKv †Rjvi
wRwWwcÕi Dci UvBg wmwiR-Gi Z_¨ Av‡Q| †m Rb¨ GB mgxKiY D³ Z‡_¨i
Dci Kiv n‡q‡Q| hw`I g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †Rjvi †¶‡Î K…wl Av‡qi hZLvwb
¸iZ¡ Zv XvKv kn‡ii †¶‡Î eûjvs‡k cÖ‡hvR¨ bq|
mviYx 6.2: Av‡qi Dcv`vb msµvš— mgxKiY
cwimsL¨vwbK ¸iZ¡c~Y© PjK w¯wZ¯vcKZv
K…wl 0.43
wbg©vY 0.41
†hvMv‡hvM 0.28
†mev 0.09
m~Î: weweGm-Gi wewfbœ cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖ¯‧ZK…Z
17
LGDPD=1.15+0.431 LAGRI+0.415 LCNSTR+0.096
LTRDE+0.278 LTRNSP-0.095 LSRVCE
SE (.26219) (.062504) (.22607) (.10528) (054099)
(.11572)
t (4.3647) (6.9330) (1.8348) (.90717) (5.1281) (-.82204)
p (.002) (.000) (.100) (.388) (.001) (.432)
R2= .99912 Adjusted R2=.99863 df=9 F(5,9) = 2041.0 (.000)
XvKv kn‡ii A_©bxwZ‡Z AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Zi Ae`vb wbiƒcb Ki‡Z Avgiv
wek¦e¨vsK KZ©„K cwi‡ewkZ weweGm Z_¨wfwËK wi‡cv‡U© XvKv kn‡ii wewfbœ
†ckvwfwËK Av‡qi †h wnmve †`qv n‡q‡Q Zvi Dci wbf©i K‡iwQ| mviYx 6.3
†_‡K Avgiv †L‡Z cvwQ †h, 2000 mv‡j XvKv gnvbMi GjvKvq AbvbyôvwbK
Lv‡Zi Ae`vb cÖvq 30% GLv‡b †Kej gvÎ `wi`ª †kªYxi Ae`vb 20% hv G
LvZ Z_v mgMÖ Ae`v‡bi `yB Z„Zxqvsk| GLv‡b D‡jL¨ †h, Avgiv
g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis LvZ‡K GB mgxKi‡Y Avwbwb| Z‡e g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis LvZ hw` GB
mgxKi‡Y Av‡m Ges †m Lv‡Z •Zwi †cvkv‡Ki Avq Avgiv awi hvi wmsn fvM
Av‡m `wi`ª kªwg‡Ki KvwqK cwikª‡gi e`‡j| Zv n‡j `wi`ª †kªYxi Ae`vb cÖvq
30% †_‡K 35%| wb:m‡›`‡n GwU GKwU ¸iZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb hv Ae‡njv Kivi
†Kvb Dcvq †Zv †bBB eis `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi GB Ae`vb †_‡K ewÂZ n‡j XvKv
kni I †`‡ki A_©bxwZ ¶wZMÖ¯ n‡e Zv aªe mZ¨|
18
mviYx 6.3: XvKv kn‡ii A_©bxwZ‡Z AbvbyôvwbK Z_v `wi`ª †kªYxi Ae`vb
2000
LvZ `wi`ª
(evwl©K gRyix
UvKvq)
cÖvq `wi`ª
(evwl©K gRyix
UvKvq)
`wi`ª bq
(evwl©K gRyix
UvKvq)
K…wl 11328431712 9303958560 5785157664
wbg©vY 7760579220 7070749956 4828804848
e¨emv-evwYR¨ 23448096000 28897272000 28753416000
†hvMv‡hvM 18419035176 17557325928 9155660760
KwgDwbwU †mev 34284334356 28397399124 44427301800
M„n jx 4533625920 3345030360 6481601520
†gvU gRyix 99774102384 94571735928 99431942592
XvKv gnvbM‡ii
AbvbyôvwbK
Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ
kªgRxexi
evwl©K Avq
293777780904
wZb K¨vUvMwii
kZKiv nvi
33.96% 32.19% 33.85%
XvKv kn‡ii
mKj Lv‡Z
†gvU Avq
1011659400000
XvKv kn‡ii
†gvU Drcv`‡b
AbvbyôvwbK
Lv‡Z Ae`vb
(kZKiv)
29.04%
m~Î: wek¦e¨vsK (2006) Z‡_¨i Dci wfwË K‡i cÖ¯‧ZK…Z
G K_v eû †mwgbv‡i I ÁvbMf© cÖwZ‡e`‡b ejv n‡q‡Q †h, bvMwiK Rxe‡b cÖZ¨n
Pjvi c‡_ G `wi ª †kªYxi kªg wewb‡qvM Qvov Avgv‡`i Rxeb APj| evmvi,
mo‡Ki wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi gqjv-AveR©bv hw` GKw`b msMÖn Kiv bv nq Z‡e
XvKv bMix‡Z emevm `yiƒn n‡q c‡o| ga¨weË †kªYx GLbI evsjv‡`‡k wi·v,
A‡Uvwi·v I †hme hvbevn‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj Zvi PvKv †Nvivq GB `wi ª †kªYx|
Avi wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v wgUv‡Z KuvPv-evRvi †_‡K ïi K‡i †mme
19
LyPiv mI`v Avgiv K‡i _vwK Zvi †hvMvb`vi GB `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx| myZivs GB
Rb‡Mvôx‡K AveR©bv wKsev †evSv †f‡e `~‡i †V‡j bv w`‡q Zv‡`i Drcv`b
¶gZv I m„Rbxkw³ wKfv‡e bMi A_©bxwZ‡K AviI Pv½v Ki‡e Zv wb‡q myôz
cwiKíbv I hy‡Mvc‡hvMx c`‡¶c †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
bMi `wi ª Rb‡Mvôx‡K bMi Rxeb I A_©bxwZi g~javivq m¤ú„³ Kivi Rb¨
wKQz †g․wjK cÖ¯—ve
eZ©gvb `vwi`ª n«vm Kg©m~Pxi (wcAviGmwc) AvIZvq bMi `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨
bvbvgyLx c`‡¶c I bxwZgvjv MÖnb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| Gi Rb¨ PvB ev‡R‡U mywbw`©ó
eivÏ I wbgœwjwLZ †¶‡Î wewb‡qvM, †mev I cÖ‡qvRbxq AvBb cÖYqb:
K. bM‡i emevmKvix `wi`ª †kªYxi Rb¨ ¯^í Av‡qi Avevmb, mKj ai‡bi †c․i
†mevq Zv‡`i AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv Ges myjf I wbivc` hvZvqvZ I
†hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯v|
L. fvi‡Zi Avn‡g`vev‡` AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK‡`i H kn‡i †dix
Kiv ev A¯vqxfv‡e evwYwR¨K Kg©KvÊ Pvjvevi Rb¨ H kn‡ii cÖvY‡K‡› ª
wKQz †Rvb wPwýZ K‡i mgq †eu‡a †`Iqv n‡q‡Q- XvKv kn‡iI we‡klZ: evm
Uvwg©bvj, †Uªb †÷kb Ges eo eo cvBKvix evRvi msjMœ ¯v‡b wbw`©ó
mg‡qi Rb¨ cÖwZw`b weµ‡qi myweav _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
M. Zviv gvjvgvj weµ‡qi †¶‡Î †hb †Kvb Puv`vevwR ev cywjwk nqivwbi wkKvi
bv nq †mw`‡K bRi ivL‡Z n‡e| bMi `wi`ª‡`i g‡a¨ AvZ¥Kg©ms¯v‡b
wb‡qvwRZ‡`i jvB‡mÝ ev cwiPqcÎ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| G ai‡bi Kv‡R
wb‡qvwRZ mKj bvMwiK‡`i Zv‡`i RxweKv wbe©v‡n wbivcËv I Riix cvwb
I cq:cÖYvjxmn weRjx evwZ I Ab¨vb¨ †mev mieiv‡ni wewbg‡q miKvi
Zv‡`i AvqwfwËK ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi e‡›`ve¯ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
N. Zv‡`i Drcv`b e„w×i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b Riix `¶Zv I e¨e¯vcbv Ges
evRviRvZKiY msµvš cÖwk¶Y Ges myjfwfwˇZ cuywRi FY-e¨e¯vcbvi
gva¨‡g †RvMvb †`qv cÖ‡qvRb| bMi`wi ª‡`i cÖwk¶‡Yi eivÏ _vKv `iKvi
Ges mgvR‡mevmn Ab¨vb¨ miKvwi ev †emiKvwi ms¯vi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i
cÖwk¶‡Yi AMÖvwaKvi †`qv| bMi`wi ª e¨vsK Pvjy K‡i Zv‡`i cuywRi
mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
O. wcAviGmwc Kg©m~Pxi AvIZvq †h mvgvwRK wbivcËv ¯‥xg i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨
AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ Rb‡Mvôxi ¯^v¯¨MZ I †cbmb exgv Kivi
D‡`¨vM †bqv cÖ‡qvRb G‡¶‡Î cÖwZ gv‡m Zv‡`i wbKU 10 UvKv K‡i wb‡q
20
Zv‡Z Gi wظY UvKv w`‡q miKvi ev Rxeb exgv K‡c©v‡ikb wKsev Ab¨vb¨
GbwRI †cbkb I ¯v¯¨ exgv Kvh©µg Pvjy Ki‡Z cv‡i|
P. bMi`wi ª †kªYxi wkï‡`i wk¶v‡cv‡hvMx Rb‡Mvôx‡K wk¶v I cÖwk¶‡Yi
Rb¨ Stipend scholarship Ges wk¶v I cªwk¶Y FY Kg©m~Px Pvjy Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i|
Q. cwi‡k‡l bvix‡`i Rb¨ cyi‡li mgvb †eZb, Dchy³ Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek,
wbivcËv, wk¶v, ¯v¯¨, cÖhyw³MZ I Ab¨vb¨ †g․wjK myweav mieivn Kiv
GKvš cÖ‡qvRb|
- wmwbqi wimvP© †d‡jv, weAvBwWGm, XvKv
21
kªgRxex‡`i Rb¨ mvgvwRK myi¶v †Kb Ri‚wi
wiRIqvbyj Bmjvg
AvR‡Ki c„w_ex‡Z kªgRxex gvbyl-we‡kl K‡i hviv `wi ª A_ev cÖvq `wi`ª-
cÖwZwbqZB Pv‡ci gy‡L _vK‡Q| wek¦ A_©bxwZ‡Z hLb mymgq wQj ZL‡bv wKš‧
Zv‡`i Ae¯v AvbycvwZK nv‡i DbœZ nqwb| e¯‧Z, †gvU Drcv`‡b kªwg‡Ki (Ges
kª‡gi) Ask µgvš‡q K‡g hvwQj| Avi wek¦ A_©bxwZ hLb wewfbœ ai‡bi msKU
A_ev av°vi m¤§ywLb nq ZLb kªwg‡Ki Dci †h AwZwi³ Pvc co‡e Zv mn‡RB
Abygvb (ev AvksKv) Kiv hvq| wKš‧ b¨vq, Kj¨vb A_ev `vwi`ª¨ n«v‡mi `„wó‡Kvb
†_‡K †`L‡j kªwg‡Ki GB Ae¯v †gv‡UB Kvg¨ bq| Z‡e Kxfv‡e GB Ae¯vi
DbœwZ Kiv hvq? GB cÖ‡kœi GKwU DËi n‡Q mvgvwRK wbivcËv ev mvgvwRK
myi¶v|
mvgvwRK wbivcËv Ges mvgvwRK myi¶v ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? mvgvwRK wbivcËv
ej‡Z g~jZ GKwU mvgvwRK exgvwfwËK e¨e¯v, †hLv‡b A‡bK gvby‡li SuywK
GKÎ Kiv nq Ges `ytmg‡qi e¨e¯v wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨‡KB wKQy Ae`vb
iv‡L| 1952 mv‡j M„nxZ AvšR©vwZK kªg ms¯vi 102 b¤^i Kb‡fbk‡b bqwU
Ae¯vi mvgvwRK myi¶vi (ev exgvi) K_v ejv n‡q‡Q; †m¸‡jv n‡Q wPwKrmv,
my¯Zvi mgq fvZv, †eKviZ¡, e„× eqm, Kg©iZ Ae¯vq `yN©Ubv, cwiev‡ii
AvqZb, gvZ…Z¡, cÖwZeÜx nIqv Ges weaev nIqv|
Ic‡ii eY©bv †_‡K †evSv hvq, we‡kl Kvi‡Y m„ó Ae¯vi †gvKv‡ejv KivB
mvgvwRK wbivcËv e¨e¯vi `vwqZ¡| wKš‧ wbæ Av‡qi Dbœqbkxj ev ¯^‡ívbœZ
†`k¸‡jvq G ai‡bi we‡kl KviY QvovI `vwi`ª¨ weivR K‡i| †m ai‡bi Ae¯v
†gvKvwejv Kivi Rb¨ exgvwfwËK mvgvwRK wbivcËv QvovI Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK
mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi cÖ‡qvRb nq| miKvwi ev‡RU †_‡K A_©vq‡bi gva¨‡g `wi`ª
Rb‡Mvôxi j‡¶¨ M„nxZ Kvh©µg¸‡jv mvgvwRK mnvqZvi AvIZvq c‡o| G
ai‡bi Kvh©µg¸‡jv‡K mvaviYfv‡e mvgvwRK wbivcËvi Rvj e‡jI AvL¨vwqZ
Kiv nq|
evsjv‡`‡k eq¯‥fvZv, wfwRwW-wfwRGd, Kv‡Ri wewbg‡q Lv`¨, 100 w`‡bi
Kg©ms¯vb cÖKí BZ¨vw`‡K GB †kªYxi AvIZvq †djv hvq| exgvwfwËK mvgvwRK
wbivcËve¨e¯v Ges ev‡RU †_‡K A_©vwqZ mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP‡K GK‡Î
D‡jL Kivi Rb¨ ÔmvgvwRK myi¶vÕ kã¸Q e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
22
mvgvwRK wbivcËv m¤ú‡K© GKwU cÖPwjZ aviYv GB †h G ai‡bi e¨e¯v DbœZ
†`k¸‡jvi Rb¨B †ewk cÖ‡hvR¨| KviY Avi GKwU ch©v‡q bv †M‡j wewfbœ ai‡bi
exgvi Rb¨ A‡_©i e¨e¯v Kiv `y¯‥i| G aviYvi †cQ‡b mvaviYfv‡e hyw³
_vK‡jI GwU cy‡ivcywi mwVK bq| A‡bK mgq GUvI ejv nq †h AbybœZ
†`k¸‡jvq cwieviB ytmg‡q (†hgb Amy Zv, †eKviZ¡, ev eq¯‥ Ae¯vq)
mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i| myZivs mvgvwRK wbivcËv GZ Riwi bq| e¯‧Z, 1997-
98 mv‡j Gwkqvi A_©‣bwZK msK‡Ui mgq ÔGkxq g~j¨‡evaÕ-Gi K_v †ek †kvbv
wM‡qwQj| Ges †mB g~j¨‡eva‡K wfwË K‡i hyw³ †`Lv‡bv n‡qwQj IB mvgvwRK
wbivcËv e¨e¯v kw³kvjx bv KivUv †Kvb fyj wQj bv| Z‡e †mB hyw³ KZUv
mwVK wQj †m wel‡q Avgiv GKUz c‡iB wd‡i Avme|
evsjv‡`‡ki cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z mvgvwRK wbivcËv †Kb Ges Kv‡`i Rb¨? cÖ_‡gB ejv
`iKvi †h evsjv‡`‡ki kªgkw³i kZKiv 10 fv‡MiI Kg †Kv‡bv AvbyôvwbK
Lv‡Z Kg©iZ Ges evKx mevB AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Z| A‡bK mgq g‡b Kiv nq †h
mvgvwRK wbivcËv ïay AvbyôvwbK Lv‡Z Kg©iZ‡`i †ejvq cÖ‡hvR¨, Ab¨‡`i Rb¨
bq| wKš‧ †mUv mwVK bq| †f‡e †`Lyb c‡_i av‡ii GKwU †givg‡Zi †`vKv‡bi
K_v, †hLv‡b GKRb ¶z`ª D‡`¨v³v `y-GKRb kªwgKI wb‡qvM K‡ib| Zv‡`i
†KD Amy Zvi Rb¨ Kv‡R Abycw¯Z _vK‡j †mB K‡qK w`‡bi Rb¨ gRywi cv‡eb
wK? Zuvi wPwKrmviB e¨e¯v Kx? †Kvb Kvi‡Y wZwb GB KvR †_‡K QuvUvB n‡j
cieZ©x KvR bv cvIqv ch©š Zuvi Rxeb avi‡Yi e¨e¯v Kx? wZwb e„× n‡j Ges
Avi KvR Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j ZLb wKfv‡e Rxeb aviY Ki‡eb? G ai‡bi cÖkœ Kiv
hvq A‡bK ¶z`ª D‡`¨v³v m¤ú‡K©I| Ges Av‡iv A‡b‡Ki Rb¨| myZivs mvgvwRK
wbivcËvi K_v ej‡j mevi K_vB fve‡Z n‡e, we‡kl †Kvb †kªYx ev As‡ki Rb¨
bq|
†Kb mvgvwRK wbivcËv cÖ‡qvRb Zv wKQyUv Dc‡iB ejv n‡q‡Q| Zvi m‡½ †hvM
Ki‡Z n‡e AvR‡Ki c„w_ex‡Z evRvi A_©bxwZ †_‡K m„ó wewfbœ ai‡bi
AwbðqZv| †Kvb cb¨ ev †mevi Pvwn`vi n«vm-e„w×i Dci wbf©i K‡i Zvi
Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ msMwVZ A_©‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Êi IVvbvgv| Avi †mB IVvbvgvi
m‡½ RwoZ _v‡K Kg©ms¯vb| wek¦vq‡bi d‡j wek¦, A_©bxwZi wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨
M‡o D‡V‡Q Nwbô AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZv| Gi mydj †hgb i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb i‡q‡Q
SyuwK| eZ©gv‡b Pjgvb wek¦ A_©‣bwZK g›`vB Gi cÖK…ó D`vniY| GB g›`vi
d‡j GKw`‡K †hgb PvKwi nviv‡Q Av‡gwiKvi e¨vsK Kg©KZ©v †_‡K ïi K‡i
wkíkªwgK, †Zgwb PvKwi nviv‡Q Pxb ev fvi‡Zi kªwgK Ges SzuwK‡Z i‡q‡Q
evsjv‡`‡ki wkíkªwgKI|
23
1997-98 mv‡j Gwkqvi A_©‣bwZK msKU ïi nq _vBj¨v‡Û| wKš‧ Zvici Zv
`ªZ Qwo‡q c‡o †Kvwiqv, B‡›`v‡bwkqv, gvj‡qwkqv BZ¨vw` †`‡k| PvKwi nvivq
jvL jvL kªwgK| 2001 mv‡j gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi g›`v `xN© vqx bv n‡jI Zvi
cÖfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯ nq A‡bK †`k, PvKwi nvivq A‡bK kªwgK (evsjv‡`‡ki A‡bK
†cvkvK kªwgKI)| †gvÏv K_v GB †h, eZ©gvb we‡k¦i A_©‣bwZK A‡bK
AwbðqZv †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z nq, hvi d‡j A_©‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ê IVvbvgvI nq
AZ¨vwaK| Avi gv‡S g‡a¨B G ai‡bi IVvbvgv cwibZ nq A_©‣bwZK msK‡U|
Nb Nb IVvbvgv Ges A_©‣bwZK msK‡Ui gy‡L `wi ª Rb‡Mvôx, we‡kl K‡i
kªgRxex gvby‡li Rxeb c‡o hvq AwaKZi Pv‡ci gy‡L|
†hme †`‡k mvgvwRK wbivcËv `ye©j, †mLv‡b `wi`ª‡`i ¯vfvweKfv‡eB wbf©i
Ki‡Z nq cwievi ev e¨w³wfwËK e¨e¯vi Ici| D`vniY¯iƒc 1997-98 mv‡j
Gwkqvi A_©‣bwZK msK‡Ui mgq _vBj¨vÛ Ges B‡›`v‡bwkqvq A‡bK kªgRxex
`wi`ª gvbyl PvKwi nvwi‡q MÖv‡g wd‡i wM‡q cwiev‡ii Ici wbf©ikxj n‡Z eva¨
nq| †m mgq Gkxq g~j¨‡eva wb‡q A‡bK eovB K‡i‡Qb wVKB wKš‧ Av`‡Z hv
n‡qwQj Zv n‡jv ¯í cwigvY Avq fvM K‡i †bIqv Ges Zvi d‡j GKwU bZzb
`wi`ª †kªYx m„wó nIqv|
eZ©gv‡b wek¦ A_©bxwZ g›`vi ga¨ w`‡q hv‡Q Ges Zvi d‡j DbœqYkxj
†`k¸‡jvI ¶wZMÖ¯ n‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki Ici ¶wZKi cÖfve †Zgb Zxeª bv
n‡jI BwZg‡a¨B wKQy wKQy †¶‡Î †h SzuwK i‡q‡Q Zv cwi®‥vi| GiKg Ae¯vq
mvgvwRK wbivcËv ev myi¶vi K_v †Zvjv KZUv hyw³hy³?
Avgvi g‡Z GB mgqB `wi`ª‡`i RxebhvÎvi K_v Ges †mB cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Zv‡`i
Kg©ms¯vb Ges mvgvwRK myi¶vi K_v AviI †ewk K‡i fve‡Z n‡e| KviY
A_©‣bwZK msK‡Ui gy‡L †h ai‡bi SuywK Av‡m †m¸‡jv †gvKvwejv Kivi ¶gZv
Zv‡`i A‡bK Kg| Ges msK‡Ui mgq mvgvwRK wbivcËv-myi¶v †Rvi`vi K‡i
`vwi`ª¨ e„w× †iva Kiv hvq-G iKg D`vniYI wKš‧ i‡q‡Q| G cÖm‡½ AveviI
†h‡Z nq 1997-98 mv‡ji Gwkqvi A_©‣bwZK msK‡Ui AwfÁZvq| †m mgq
`w¶Y †Kvwiqv †eKviZ¡ fvZvi AvIZvq _vKv †jv‡Ki msL¨v evwo‡q mvgvwRK
wbivcËv kw³kvjx K‡i| m‡½ m‡½ MYc~Z© Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g Kg©ms¯vb m„wó
K‡i †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi e„w× †iv‡ai †Póv K‡i| _vBj¨v‡ÛI †m mgqB †eKviZ¡
exgvi wPšvfvebv ïi Kiv nq Ges `ªZ †m e¨e¯v MÖnY Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K
B‡›`v‡bwkqvq Kg©ms¯vb cÖKí Pvjy Kiv nq, wKš‧ mvgvwRK wbivcËvi j‡¶¨ `xN©
†gqvw` †Kvb e¨e¯v MÖnY Kiv nqwb| d‡j †`Lv wM‡qwQj †h B‡›`v‡bwkqvq
`vwi`ª A‡bK †ewk †e‡owQj| Avi _vBj¨vÛ Ges †Kvwiqv‡Z `vwi`ªª wKQy evo‡jI
Zviv `ªZ Av‡Mi Ae¯vq wd‡i †h‡Z †c‡iwQj|
24
evsjv‡`‡ki gZ †`‡k Kx ai‡bi mvgvwRK wbivcËve¨e¯v Pvjy Kiv hvq? Aemi
fvZv (PjwZ fvlvq †cbkb) ev †eKviZ¡ fvZvi K_vB aiv hvK| AvBGjIi
GKRb A_©bxwZwe` _vBj¨vÛ Ges B‡›`v‡bwkqvi Rb¨ wnmve K‡i †`wL‡qwQ‡jb
†h Qq gvm ch©š wbqwgZ Av‡qi A‡a©K †eKviZ¡fvZvi e¨e¯v Kivi Rb¨ hv LiP
n‡e Zv miKvi, gvwjK Ges kªwgKÑmevi c‡¶B enb Kiv m¤¢e| G ai‡bi
GKwU wnmve evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨I Kiv DwPZ Ges Zvi wfwˇZ †eKviZ¡ fvZv Pvjy
Kivi j‡¶¨ ev e c`‡¶c MÖnb Kiv DwPZ|
AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ‡`i mvgvwRK myi¶v cÖ`v‡bi j‡¶¨ Kx Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i Zvi GKwU D‡jL‡hvM¨ D`vniY 2008 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i fvi‡Zi msm‡`
cvk Kiv GKwU AvBb, hvi bvg Unorganized workers Social Security Bill,
2008 (A_©vr AmsMwVZ kªwgK‡`i wbivcËv wej 2008)| GB AvB‡bi gva¨‡g
AvMvgx cuvP eQ‡i 34 †KvwU kªwgK‡Ki ¯^v¯¨, Rxeb Ges c ÖwZeÜKZv exgv,
†cbkb Ges `jMZ `yN©Ubv w¯‥‡gi AvIZvq Avbvi e¨e¯v i‡q‡Q| Gi †Kvb
†KvbwU‡Z (†hgb †cbkb) AskMÖnYKvix‡K wKQy A_© cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e, Avi
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvwU (†hgb ¯v¯¨ I Rxebexgv, g¨vUviwbwU myweav) AskMÖnYKvixi
Puv`v QvovB Pj‡e| AbybœZ †`k¸‡jvq `vwi ª n«vm Ges mvgvwRK myi¶vi
cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z fvi‡Z M„nxZ AvBbwU wbtm‡›`‡n hyMvšKvix Ges D™¢vebx| Avwg
g‡b Kwi †h AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Z Kg©iZ‡`i Rb¨ mvgvwRK myi¶v e¨e¯v Pvjy Kivi
†¶‡Î GB D`vniY †_‡K A‡bK mvnvh¨ cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| fvi‡Zi GB
c`‡¶c †_‡K GUv ejv hvq †h DbœqYkxj †`‡ki AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Z
wb‡qvwRZ‡`i Rb¨ mvgvwRK myi¶vi welq fvev †Kv‡bv wejvm bq Ges †mB
j‡¶¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ev¯e e¨e¯vI mv‡a¨i evB‡i bq|
GKUv K_v wVK †h AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Zi Rb¨ mvgvwRK myi¶vi e¨e¯v Ki‡Z n‡j
wPšvfvebvq wKQyUv D™¢vebx n‡Z n‡e| miKv‡ii GKwU ¸iZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv Aek¨B
_vK‡Z n‡e, wKš‧ Ggb GKwU KvVv‡gv wbg©vY Ki‡Z n‡e hv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e miKv‡ii
Ici wbf©ikxj n‡e bv| mykxj mgvR, GbwRI, miKvwi Ges Avav miKvwi
cÖwZôv‡bi mgš‡q GKwU Askx`vwiZ¡g~jK KvVv‡gvi gva¨‡g GB e¨e¯v Ki‡Z
n‡e, †hLv‡b kªwgK Ges gvwjK mevB AskMÖnY Ki‡eb|
†jLvwU 5 gvP© 2009 cÖKvwkZ •`wbK cÖ_g Av‡jv cwÎKv †_‡K msM„wnZ
wbe‡Ü cÖKvwkZ gZvgZ †jL‡Ki wbR¯^
we‡kl Dc‡`óv, Kg©ms¯’vb LvZ, AvBGjI, †R‡bfv|
25
AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ bvix kªwg‡Ki
AwaKvi myi¶vq †UªW BDwbq‡bi f~wgKv
Aveyj †nvmvBb
AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ bvix kªwgK
AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Zi ¯xK…Z †Kvb msÁv †bB| AbvbyôvwbK LvZ g~jZ: †hLv‡b kªg
AvBb we‡kl K‡i KviLvbv AvBb, kªwgK wb‡qvM AvBb, gRyix AvBb, ¶wZc~iY
AvBb, wkí m¤úK© AvBb h_v_© ev¯ evqb m¤¢e nq bv| GB Lv‡Zi cÖavb cÖavb
•ewk󨸇jv n‡Q cvwievwiK gvwjKvbv, ¶z ª I KzwUi wkí ev e¨emv evwYR¨,
kªgNb Ges †`kxq cÖhyw³ wbf©iZv Ges Avš:†`kxq evRvi wbf©iZv BZ¨vw`| GK
K_vq †h Lv‡Z kªg AvBb ev¯evqb m¤¢e bq, Ggb LvZ‡K AbvbyôvwbK LvZ ev
AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| gy³evRvi Ges K‡c©v‡iU wek¦vq‡bi
gva¨‡g cÖvwZôvwbK LvZ aŸs‡mi ci AbvbyôvwbK LvZ µgkB e„w× cv‡Q|
AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªgRxex we‡kl K‡i bvix kªgRxexiv kªg †¶‡Î
AwR©Z AwaKvi I my‡hvM myweav †_‡K ewÂZ| †`‡ki kªgkw³i wmsMfvM GLb
AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ| GB Lv‡Z kªgRxex‡`i AwaKvi msi¶‡Yi Rb¨
bZzb AvBb I kªgbxwZ `iKvi| cÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªwgK‡`i Rb¨ cÖYxZ AvBb
I bxwZ w`‡q AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK‡`i AwaKvi msi¶Y Kiv m¤¢e
bq| m`¨ cvkK…Z kªg AvB‡b K…wl I M„nkªwgK‡K Ašf©~³ Kiv nqwb| A_P GB
`yB Lv‡Z wecyj msL¨K bvix kªwgK wb‡qvwRZ| cvk¦©eZ©x †`k fviZe‡l©
AmsMwVZ Lv‡Zi kªwgK‡`i Rb¨ bZzb wej cv‡ki A‡c¶vq i‡q‡Q| GB we‡j
cÖvq me ai‡bi kªwgK we‡kl K‡i K…wl, KzwUi wkí, †`vKvb, wbg©vY, cwienY,
Lvgvi, nKvi, Kvgvi, Kzgvi, †R‡j, ZuvwZ, gvwS-gvjv GgbwK M„nkªwgK‡`i‡KI
Ašf©~³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
26
evsjv‡`‡ki kªgkw³i cwimsL¨vb
2004 mv‡ji cwimsL¨vb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ
kªgkw³i cwimsL¨vb wbgœiƒc:
†gvU kªgkw³i cwigvY 44.3 wgwjqb
bvix 10.3 wgwjqb
cyil 36.0 wgwjqb
K. K…wl, eb I grm¨ Lv‡Z 22.9 wgwjqb
L. Drcv`b Lv‡Z 4.3 wgwjqb
M. M¨vm, we y¨r, cvwb 0.1 wgwjqb
N. wbg©vY Lv‡Z 1.5 wgwjqb
O. †`vKvb, †nv‡Uj-†i÷z‡i›U 6.7 wgwjqb
P. †hvMv‡hvM I hvZvqvZ 3.0 wgwjqb
Q. evwYwR¨K I Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡b 0.3 wgwjqb
R. M„nK‡g© (M„nea~mn) 25.5 wgwjqb
bvix 24.5 wgwjqb
cyil 1.0 wgwjqb
AbvbyôvwbK LvZ I †ckvMZ wbivcËv : kª‡gi Drcv`bkxjZv
Dc‡i D‡jwLZ kªg cwimsL¨v‡bi gva¨‡g †`Lv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki kªg kw³i
GKwU D‡jL‡hvM¨ Ask AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ| wek¦vq‡bi †cÖw¶‡Z G LvZ
µgkB ùxZ n‡Q| wKš‧ wekvj GB Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªgRxex gvbyl‡`i †ckvMZ
wbivcËv †bB| we‡kl K‡i mvgvwRK wbivcËv †bB ej‡jB P‡j| GB Lv‡Z
wb‡qvwRZ kªgRxex gvbyl‡`i kª‡gi AwaKvi I gh©v`v cÖwZwôZ bq| kªg AwaKvi
AvBbB ¯^xK…Z †bB| G Lv‡Zi kªg Drcv`bkxjZv Zzjbvg~jK Kg| kªg
Drcv`bkxjZv Kg weavq kª‡gi DØ„Ë g~j¨I Kg •Zwi nIqvq GLv‡Z gybvdvI
Kg| d‡j AwaKZi gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ kª‡gi Drcv`bkxjZv e„w×i j‡¶¨ G
Lv‡Z AvaywbK cÖhyw³ I e¨e¯vcbvi †Kvb weKí †bB|
†UªW BDwbqb I †UªW BDwbq‡bi gZv`k©
evsjv‡`k kªg AvBb 2006 G †UªW BDwbqb‡K msÁvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Gfv‡e,
ÒkªwgK I gvwjK m¤úK© A_ev kªwgK Ges kªwgK m¤úK© wbqš¿Y Kivi j‡¶ MwVZ
msMVb|Ó kªg AvBb Abyhvqx †UªW BDwbqbB n‡Q kªwgK‡`i GKgvÎ •ea
cÖwZwbwa| gvK©mxq cwifvlvq kªwgK msMVb‡K ejv nq †kªYx msMVb| kªwgK
27
†kªYxi cvwU©‡K ejv nq kªwgK †kªYxi ivR‣bwZK msMVb| kªwgK †kªYxi gZv`k©
n‡Q †kvlY-wbcxo‡bi wei‡× b¨vqm½Z msMÖvg cwiPvjbv Kiv| †UªW
BDwbqb‡K ejv nq kªwgK †kªYxi cÖv_wgK cvVkvjv|
evsjv‡`k kªg AvBb Ges cÖwZôvb, wkí, kªwgK I †UªW BDwbqb
K. cÖwZôvb A_© †Kvb †`vKvb, evwYwR¨K cÖwZôvb, wkí cÖwZôvb A_ev evwo Ni
ev Avw½bv †hLv‡b †Kvb wkí cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ kªwgK wb‡qvM Kiv nq|
L. cÖwZôvbcyÄ A_© GKB A_ev wewfbœ gvwj‡Ki Aax‡b †Kvb wbw ©ó GjvKvq
Ggb GKvwaK cªwZôvb †h¸‡jv‡Z GKB cÖKv‡ii ev ai‡bi wkí cwiPvwjZ
nq|
M. wkí A_© †h †Kvb e¨emv evwYR¨ Drcv`b e„wË, †ckv, PvKzwi ev wb‡qvM
N. kªwgK A_© wk¶bvaxbmn †Kvb e¨w³, Zvnvi PvK zwii kZ©vejx cÖKvk¨ ev Dn¨
†hfv‡eB _vKzK bv †Kb, whwb †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b ev wk‡í mivmwifv‡e ev †Kvb
wVKv`v‡ii gva¨‡g gRywi ev A‡_© I wewbg‡q †Kvb `¶, A`¶, KvwqK,
KvwiMwi, e¨emv Dbœqbg~jK A_ev †KivwbwMwii KvR Kivi Rb¨ wbhy³ nb,
wKš‧ cÖavbZ cÖkvmwbK ev e¨e¯vcbvg~jK Kv‡R `vwqZ¡ cÖvß †Kvb e¨w³
Bnvi Ašf~©³ nB‡e bv|
O. wb‡gœv³ cÖwZôvb I cÖwZôvbcy‡Äi kªwg‡Kiv †UªW BDwbqb Kivi AwaKvi
msi¶Y K‡i|
1) e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb moK cwienY, wi·vmn; 2) e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb Af¨šixY
†b․cwienY; 3) Abya© 100 kªwgK wb‡qvwRZ `wR© I †cvlvK cÖ¯‧ZKvix wkí;
4) Pv wkí; 5) RyU †ewjs; 6) Pvgov wkí; 7) wewo wkí; 8) n¯PvwjZ wkí
ZuvZ; 9) †nvwmqvwi; 10) QvcvLvbv; 11) AbwaK 25 AwZw_ K¶ wewkó †nv‡Uj
A_ev †gv‡Uj; 12) †nv‡U‡ji Ask wn‡m‡e bq Ggb †i‡¯viv; 13) ¶z`ª avZe
wkí; 14) eB euvavB; 15) wm‡bgv Ges w_‡qUvi|
AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªwgK I RvZxq kªwgK Av‡›`vjb
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq wfwËK kªwgK msMVb¸‡jv g~jZ: cÖvwZôvwbK I msMwVZ
Lv‡Zi kªwgK‡`i mvsMVwbKfv‡e cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| gy³evRvi I wek¦vqb wkí
kªgLv‡Zi †h cÖ¯ve †d‡j‡Q Zvi wbôziZvi wkKvi me©¯‡ii kªgRxexiv| GK
cwimsL¨v‡b †`Lv †M‡Q †h, evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU kªgkw³i 5 kZvs‡kiI Kg
cÖvwZôvwbK I msMwVZ Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ| G Z‡_¨ cÖgvwYZ nq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki
RvZxq kªwgK Av‡›`vjb-msMVb¸‡jvi mvsMVwbK ye©jZv|
28
RvZxq kªwgK Av‡›`vjb-msMVb¸‡jvi GKwU Ask AcÖvwZôvwbK I AmsMwVZ
Lv‡Zi kªwgK‡`i wb‡q wPšvfvebv Ki‡jI GLbI ch©š G‡`i msMwVZ Kivi
cÖ‡qvRbxq bxwZ I †K․kj wKsev Kvh©µg MÖnY Ki‡Z m¶g nqwb| Gi GKwU
eo KviY n‡Q RvZxq kªwgK Av‡›`vjb-msMVb¸‡jvi Av`k©nxbZv I `jxq
†jRyowewË| gy³evRvi e¨e¯vi †fvMev`x gvbwmKZv AvR RvZxq kªwgK †bZ…Z¡‡K
Kz‡i Kz‡i Lv‡Q|
bvix kªwg‡Ki Av‡›`vjb msMVb
bvix kªwg‡Ki Av‡›`vjb msMVb kw³kvjx bq, m¤cÖwZ wKQz D‡`¨vM M„nxZ n‡jI
Zv †gv‡UB kw³kvjx bq| M„n bvix kªwg‡Ki GKwU msMVb KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ
cÖPvicÎ msMVbwU‡K bvix kªwgK‡`i wPwÎZ K‡i‡Q Gfv‡e, ÒG‡`‡k hyM hyM a‡i
`wi`ª bvix‡`i GKwU eo Ask M„nK‡g© wb‡qvwRZ| GB bvixiv KL‡bv wb‡Ri,
KL‡bv A‡b¨i M„nKg© m¤úv`b K‡i RxweKv Pvjvq| GKwesk kZvãx‡Z Giv
kªwg‡Ki ¯xK…wZ cvqwb| G‡`i kªg‡K A_©g~‡j¨ wnmve Kiv nq bv|
bvix `y`©kv †hgb ivóªxq KvVv‡gv‡Z, †Zgwb mgvR KvVv‡gv‡ZI| Dfq KvVv‡gvB
cÖkªq †`q bvix wbh©vZb| we`¨gvb GB KvVv‡gv‡K AvNvZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb bvix
Av‡›`vjb, we‡kl K‡i kªgRxex bvix Av‡›`vjb †gv‡UB kw³kvjx bq| wek¦ Ry‡oB
Pj‡Q bvixi Agh©v`v| AvR bq, A‡bK Kvj †_‡KB| †mB hLb †_‡K bvixi
`vwqZ¡ mšv‡bi Rbbx nIqv Ges jvjb cvjb Kiv, ivbœv-evbœv Kiv, Ni mvRv‡bv
BZ¨vw`| kªg wefvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q Gfv‡eB|
AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªwg‡Ki AvBbMZ AwaKvi
AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªwgKiv GLbI kªg AvB‡bi Ašf©~³ nqwb| †`‡k G‡`i
Rb¨ †Kvb AvBb bvB, bvB †Kvb bxwZgvjv| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki kvmbZ‡š¿i 15
aviv †gvZv‡eK †`‡ki mKj bvMwiKMY msMwVZ nIqvi AwaKvi myi¶v K‡i|
GQvov M„n kªwg‡Ki RvZxq wKsev AvšR©vwZK AvBb Øviv msMwVZ nIqv ev
Zv‡`i kªg AwaKvi myi¶v Kiv|
RvwZmsN gvbevwaKvi mb`
RvwZms‡Ni mve©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi mb` Gi ivR‣bwZK, A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK
mb‡` bvMwiK‡`i AwaKvi msi¶Y K‡i| RvwZms‡Ni mve©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi
mb‡`i 3, 20, 23 avivq ejv nq, Gfv‡e-
29
aviv-3: cÖ‡Z¨‡K‡iB Rxeb-aviY, ¯vaxbZv I e¨w³ wbivcËvi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q|
aviv-20: K. cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB kvwšc~Y©fv‡e mw¤§wjZ nIqvi AwaKvi
i‡q‡Q|
L. KvD‡KB †Kvb msNfy³ n‡Z eva¨ Kiv hv‡e bv|
aviv-23: K. cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB KvR Kivi, Aev‡a PvKzix wbe©vP‡bi, Kv‡Ri
Rb¨ b¨vh¨ I AbyK~j Ae¯v jv‡fi Ges †eKviZ¡ †_‡K iw¶Z
nIqvi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q|
L. cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB †Kvb •elg¨ e¨wZ‡i‡K mgvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨
mgvb †eZb cvIqvi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q|
M.cÖ‡Z¨K Kg©x Zvi wb‡Ri I cwiev‡ii gvbweK gh©v`v i¶vi
wbðqZv w`‡Z m¶g Ggb b¨vh¨ I AbyK~j cvwikªwgK Ges
cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a †mB m‡½ mvgvwRK wbivcËvi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨
myweav jv‡fi AwaKvix|
N. cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB wbR ¯^v_© i¶v‡_© kªwgK BDwbqb MVb I G‡Z
†hvM`v‡bi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q|
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb
aviv-15: iv‡óªi Ab¨Zg †g․wjK `vwqZ¡ n‡e cwiKwíZ A_©‣bwZK weKv‡ki
gva¨‡g Drcv`b kw³i µge„w×mvab Ges RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi e¯‧MZ I ms¯‥…wZ
gv‡bi DbœwZmvab, hvnv‡Z bvMwiK‡`i Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ welqmg~n AR©b wbwðZ
Kiv hvq|
K) Abœ, e¯¿, Avkªq, wk¶v I wPwKrmvmn Rxebavi‡Yi †g․wjK DcKi‡Yi
e¨e v|
L) K‡g©i AwaKvi A_©vr K‡g©i ¸Y I cwigvY we‡ePbv Kwiqv hyw³m½Z gRywii
wewbg‡q Kg©ms¯v‡bi wbðqZvi AwaKvi|
M) mvgvwRK wbivcËvi AwaKvi A_©vr †eKviZ¡, e¨vwa ev c½yRwbZ wKsev
•eae¨, gvZv-wcZ…nxbZv ev eva©¨K¨RwbZ wKsev Abyiƒc Ab¨vb¨
cwiw¯wZRwbZ Kvi‡Y AfveMÖ Zvi †¶‡Î miKvwi mvnvh¨ jv‡fi AwaKvi|
aviv-20: Kg© nB‡Z‡Q Kg©¶g cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki c‡¶ AwaKvi, KZ©e¨ I
m¤§v‡bi welq Ges ÒcÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wbKU nB‡Z †hvM¨Zvbymv‡i I cÖ‡Z¨K‡K
Kg©vbyhvqxÓ GB bxwZi wfwˇZ ¯^xq K‡g©i Rb¨ cvwikªwgK jvf Kwi‡eb|
30
10. evsjv‡`k kªg AvB‡b Kg©¯’‡j kªwg‡Ki wb‡æv³ wel‡q AwaKvi msi¶Y
K‡i:
K. wb‡qvMcÎ, cwiPqcÎ I mvwf©meyK
cvIqv
L. msMwVZ nIqv ev †UªW BDwbqb
Kiv
M. gRywi I wظY nv‡i IfviUvBg
fvZv
N. mvßvwnK I Pvi gv‡mi m‡eZ‡b
gvZ…Z¡Kvj¨vY QzwU
O. PvKzwi ev K‡g©i wbivcËv P. †ckvMZ ¯v¯¨ I wbivcËv
Q. wbivc` evm vb R. e¨w³MZ wbivcËv
S. wkï jvjb cvjb I wk¶v T. ¶wZc~iY cvIqv
U. mvgvwRK myi¶v cvIqv (†cbkb,
cÖwf‡W›U dvÊ, MÖvPz¨BwU, exgv BZ¨vw`)
V. wbivc` Awfevmb
W. mKj cÖKvi nqivwb-wbh©vZb I
•elg¨ †_‡K gyw³
X. e¨e¯vcbvq Askx`vwiZ¡
Y. gybvdvq Askx`vwiZ¡ Z. mywePvi cvIqvi AwaKvi
_. Ab¨vq-AwePv‡ii wei‡×
Av‡›`vjbmn ag©NU Kiv
wkí kªwgK I AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªwg‡Ki AvBbx AwaKv‡ii Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ
µg wkí kªwgK AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªwgK
1. wb‡qvMcÎ, cwiPqcÎ Av‡Q wb‡qvMcÎ, cwiPqcÎ †bB
2. wbw`©ó Kg©N›Uv Av‡Q wbw`©ó Kg©N›Uv †bB
3. wbw`©ó gRyix KvVv‡gv Av‡Q wbw`©ó gRyix KvVv‡gv †bB
4. mvßvwnK QzwU Av‡Q mvßvwnK QzwU †bB
5. AwR©Z, Drme, wPwKrmv I
gvZ…Z¡Kvj¨vY QzwU Av‡Q
AwR©Z, Drme, wPwKrmv I
gvZ…Z¡Kvj¨vY QzwU †bB
6. PvKzixi wewagvjv Av‡Q PvKzixi wewagvjv †bB
7. †ckvMZ ¯v¯¨ wbivcËv myiw¶Z †ckvMZ ¯v ¨ wbivcËv myiw¶Z †bB
8. mvgvwRK myi¶v Av‡Q mvgvwRK myi¶v †bB
9. PvKzixi eqm mxgv Av‡Q PvKzixi eqm mxgv †bB
10. AemiKvjxb fvZv Av‡Q AemiKvjxb fvZv †bB
11. kªwgK wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z kªwgK wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z bq
12. †UªW BDwbqb I wmweG AwaKvi Av‡Q †UªW BDwbqb I wmweG AwaKvi †bB
13. †ckvMZ wbivcËv I ¶wZc~i‡Yi
AwaKvi Av‡Q
†ckvMZ wbivcËv I ¶wZc~i‡Yi
AwaKvi †bB
31
AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªwgK‡`i msMwVZ Kivi †¶‡Î †UªW BDwbq‡bi f~wgKv
†UªW BDwbqb n‡Q kªwgK‡`i cÖv_wgK †kªYx msMVb| GB cÖv_wgK msMV‡b
kªwg‡Kiv msMwVZ n‡q Zv‡`i AwaKvi I `vex `vIqv KZ…©c‡¶i Kv‡Q †ck K‡i
Av‡jvPbv I msMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g c~iY K‡i| †UªW BDwbq‡b †h cªwZôv‡bi mKj
kªwgK `j-gZ-RvwZ-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l msMwVZ n‡q AwaKvi m‡PZb I k„Ljv
AR©b K‡i| kªg AvB‡b †UªW BDwbqb n‡Q g~L¨Z; kªwgK Ges gvwj‡Ki m¤úK©,
A_ev kªwgK Ges kªwg‡Ki m¤úK© wbqš¿Y Kivi j‡¶¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ QvovB mKj
kªwg‡Ki †UªW BDwbqb MVb Kivi Ges mswkó BDwbq‡bi MVbZš¿ mv‡c‡¶
Zv‡`i wbR¯ cQ‡›`i †UªW BDwbq‡b †hvM`v‡bi AwaKvi _vwK‡e| G †_‡K
¯úUB †h †UªW BDwbqb kªwgK‡`i msMwVZ Kivi †¶‡Î fywgKv iv‡L|
cyiv‡bv e„Ë fvs‡Z n‡e, bZzb w`kv w`‡Z n‡e
AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªwg‡Ki AwaKvi welqwU Avgv‡`i ivRbxwZ, kªwgK
Av‡›`vjb, mvgvwRK wKsev gvbevwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡b KLbB Lye GKUv cÖvavb¨
cvqwb| we‡kl K‡i AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ bvix kªwg‡Kiv| A_P GB bvix
kªwg‡Kiv me‡P‡q †kvwlZ-wbh©vwZZ Ges msL¨vi wePv‡iI weivU| G‡`‡ki kªg
Av‡›`vjb cyiv‡bv e„‡Ëi g‡a¨ NyicvK Lv‡Q eûKvj a‡i| nv‡j GB cwiwa
AwZµg K‡i gy³evRvi bxwZ MÖnY Kivi d‡j cuywRcwZ †kªYxi †mevq g‡bvwb‡ek
Kiv n‡Q| d‡j AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªgRxex gvby‡li Rxeb-RxweKv I
gvbevwaKvi wbwðZK‡í AvBbx myi¶vi †Kvb weKí †bB| bZzb wPšv I bZzb aviv
kªg Av‡›`vjb‡K M‡o Zz‡j GB †KvwU †KvwU kªgRxex gvbyl‡`i HK¨e× Ki‡Z
m¶g n‡j kªg Av‡›`vj‡bi cyiv‡bv e„ËUv †f‡½ hv‡e| †`‡ki ivRbxwZ, kªwgK I
bvix, gvbevwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡b Mfxi g‡bvwb‡ek Kiv mg‡qi `vex| KviY Avgiv
g‡b Kwi, Ògvbegyw³i †Kvb msMÖvg mvdj¨ AwR©Z n‡e bv, hZ¶Y bv †mB
msMÖv‡g kªgRxex bvixi e¨vcK As‡ki AskMÖnb wbwðZ n‡e|Ó
bvix kªg`vmZ¡ †_‡K gyw³jvf I †UªW BDwbqb
†kªYx msMÖvg n‡Q mgvR-mf¨Zvi PvwjKv kw³| †kªYx msMÖvgB †kªYx †kvlY gyw³
NUvq| Avgiv Rvwb gvbe RvwZi BwZnv‡m kªgRxex bvix‡`i m‡PZb I mwµq
AskMÖnb Qvov wbcxwoZ gvby‡li †Kvb eo Av‡›`vjb mdj nqwb| kªgRxex
bvixiv n‡jv wbcxwoZ‡`i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk wbcxwoZ| Zviv RbM‡Yi e¨vcK
gyw³ Av‡›`vj‡bi c_ †_‡K KL‡bv m‡i uvov‡Z cv‡iwb Ges cvi‡eI bv|
Avvgiv GI Rvwb †h, `vm-`vmx‡`i `vmZ¡ gyw³i msMÖv‡g kZ-mnmª bvix knx`
n‡q‡Q| A‡b‡K exi½bvi L¨vwZ †c‡q‡Q| mvgš cÖf~‡`i wei‡× nvRvi nvRvi
bvix AZ¨vPvwiZ n‡q‡Q AvZ¥vûwZ w`‡q‡Q| wbcxwoZ kªgRxex gvby‡li gyw³i
msMÖv‡g nvRvi nvRvi bvix Rxeb w`‡q‡Q| GZ wKQz‡ZI kªgRxex gvbyl we‡kl
32
K‡i kªgRxex bvixi cwic~Y© gyw³jvf N‡Uwb| GB msMÖv‡g kªgRxex gvby‡li bvbv
ai‡bi msMVb bvbvfv‡e fywgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| wKš‧ AvR‡Ki hy‡M kªgRxex
gvby‡li gyw³i msMÖv‡g †UªW BDwbqb msMVb GK Ab¨vb¨ fywgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
†UªW BDwbqb msMVb n‡Q kªwgK †kªYxi cÖv_wgK †kªYx MYmsMVb| GB †kªYx
MYmsMV‡bi ga¨ w`‡q kªwgK †kªYx µgk:B m‡PZb I msMwVZ n‡q D‡V| G
Rb¨ †UªW BDwbqb kªgRxex we‡kl K‡i kªgRxex bvixi kªg`vmZ¡ †_‡K gyw³ jv‡f
¸iZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
- kªwgK †bZv
33
Informal Sector in Bangladesh: A
Strategic Framework for
Development Abdul Hye Mondol
1. Introduction
The informal economy is defined on the basis of the following
criteria: (i) enterprises are private and unincorporated, (ii) at least
some of production is meant for sale or barter, (iii) enterprise size is
below a threshold, (iv) enterprises are not registered under national
legislation (e.g., social security laws, tax laws, commercial acts) and
(v) for practical reasons, enterprises are engaged in non-agricultural
activities. This is a complex set of criteria for defining the informal
economy, and a partly for this reason national definitions of the
informal economy differ. The main distinction between employment
in the informal economy and informal employment is that the
former is an enterprise based concept, while the latter is a job based
concept. Both are concerned with employment that dose not have
social protections and benefits.
The inability of the formal economy to generate employment is
aggravated due to the changes in the concept of employability and
the organization of work, which is characterized by labor market
flexibility including non-standard forms of employment and shorter
product cycles. Consequently, the vast majority of unemployed
people in Bangladesh are engaged in various types of informal
activities such as agriculture, shrimp cultivation and processing,
construction works, brick making works, domestic works, rag
picking, handicrafts, stitching, handloom, tailoring, block printing
works, fish processing and drying etc. The ongoing process of
globalization tends to robustly sharpen the labor processes putting
the usual receiving end of labor at a greater disadvantage. The
current phase of globalization is characterized by the "survival of
the fittest" accentuating the disparity between organized high-
paying jobs and unorganized low-paying jobs. Nevertheless, there is
34
no policy guideline about the development and regulation of the
informal sector national development policy.
II. Definition of the Informal Sector
The informal sector is highly heterogeneous, encompassing
production units of different features and in a wide range of
economic activities, as well as people (i.e. workers, producers,
employers) working or producing under many different types of
employment relations and production arrangements. Because of the
heterogeneity of the informal sector, and its multiple dimensions,
conceptual and statistical definitions of this sector are not as clear-
cut as one might expect.
At an operational level, ILO (1990-1995), defined informal sector
employment as consisting of : all own-account workers (but
excluding administrative worker, professionals and technicians),
and unpaid family workers, and employers and employees working
in establishments with less than 5 or 10 persons engaged. Paid
domestic workers are excluded. The combination of proxy
indicators (e.g. employment size of the enterprise, non-wage
employment, with or without registration as an additional criterion)
used in household and establishment surveys to determine the
magnitude of the informal sector varies from country to country.
III. Characteristics of the Informal Sector
Characteristics of the people engaged in the formal sector
are:(i)absence of official protection and recognition, (ii)non-
coverage by minimum wage legislation and social security system,
(iii) predominance of own-account and self-employment work, (iv)
absence of trade union organization, (v) low income and wages, (vi)
little or no job security, and (vii) no fringe benefits from
institutional sources.
Characteristics of the activities in the formal sector include: (a)
unregulated and competitive markets, (b) small-scale operation with
individual or family ownership,
(c) ease of entry, (d)reliance on locally available resources, (E)
family ownership of enterprises, (f) labor-intensive and adapted
technology, and(g) absence of access to institutional credit or other
supports and protections.
35
Characteristics of the informal sector land and housing encompass:
(i) unauthorized use of vacant public or private land, (ii) illegal sub-
division and/or rental of land,(iii) unauthorized construction of
structures and buildings, (iv)reliance on low cost and locally
available scrap construction materials, ( v)absence of restrictive
standards and regulations. (vi) reliance on family labor and artisan
techniques for construction, and (vii) non-availability of mortgage
or any other subsidized finance.
Characteristics of informal credit markets are: (a) unregulated and
non-subsidized, (b) easy accessibility, (c) availability in very small
size and for short terms, (d) low administrative and procedural
costs, (e)little or no collateral requirements, (f) flexible interest rates
(from very high to no interest at all), and (g) highly flexible
transactions and repayments tailored to individual needs.
In contrast to the standard textbook model assuming "a
homogeneous market with an inelastic supply of labor, where
demand conditions alone determine the price of labor or wage". The
most striking feature of labor market in Bangladesh is its non-
homogeneous
character leading to vast differences in the nature of employment
and the creation of a dualistic structure of "formal" and "informal"
components of the labor market. This non- homogeneous character
of the labor market also implies that the nature of employment and
the manner in which it is created is different. The vast majority if
the population is left to fend for itself and create employment out of
its own ingenuity, Skills and capital. By and large , the
characteristics of the informal sector are as follows:(i)informal
sector enterprises usually employ fewer than ten workers, mostly
immediate family members, (ii) informal sector is heterogeneous
with major activities being retail trade, transport, repair and
maintenance, construction, personal and domestic services, and
manufacturing, (iii) entry and exit are easier than in the formal
sector, (iv)capital investment is generally minimal, (v) work is
mostly labor intensive, requiring low-level skills, (vi) workers learn
skills on job, (vii) employer-employee relationship is often
unwritten an informal with little or no appreciation of industrial
relations and workers' rights, and (viii) informal sector works in
conjunction with, rather than in isolation from, the formal economy.
36
IV. Informality in the Labor Market
In Bangladesh, although contribution of the informal sector to GDP
is estimated at round 40%, employment in the informal sector is
around80%implying very low labor productivity compared to the
formal sector. The share of the informal sector in total employment
has increased from 75.32% in 1999-2000 to 78.48% in 2005-06.
Increasing trend of the informal sector implies growing limits of the
access of the informal workers to social protection. While relative
share of male informal employment has declined from 77.47% in
1999-2000 to 73.92% in 2005-06, that of female informal
employment has increased from 22.53% in 1999-2000 to 26.08% in
2005-06 reflecting increasing informalization of female
employment.
While male labor force participation rate has increased from 84% in
1999-2000 to 86.8% in 2005-06, female labor force participation
rate has increased faster from 23.9% in 1999-2000 to 29.2% in
2005-06. It may be argued that the growing flexibility in the labor
market, or increasing informalization, has led to feminization of the
labor force which implies that more women find themselves in jobs
traditionally taken by men. Or, certain jobs could have changed to
have characteristics associated with traditional women's work.
The growth of the informal sector in Bangladesh is partly
attributable to labor market distortions leading to inflexible labor
market. But since capital-labor ratios are generally higher in the
formal sector, labor productivity is higher and so are earnings in this
sector. The chain of causation runs form differential capital intensity
of productivity differences to wage differences. The increasing
informaliztion of labor takes place broadly in two ways: Work is
pushed out of the factories and formal work situations into small
workshops (sweatshops), the homes and informal situations. That is,
there is a national trend in sub-contracting of work and a consequent
increase in formal work, often in home-working. Secondly, the
workers who remain in the formal work situations, are governed by
looser contracts and obtain fewer social security benefits. That is,
there is an attempt on the part of the employers to reduce his
liabilities.
Employment in the informal economy is not only inferior to that in
the formal economy, in terms of wages and benefits received, but
37
also varies in terms of quality. Employment in the informal
economy can be broadly distinguished into wage employment and
non-wage employment. Non-wage employment consists of (i) own-
account workers; (ii) employers/owners of informal enterprises with
at least one hired worker; and (iii) unpaid family helpers in both
types of informal enterprises. Wage employment consists of (i)
employees in the enterprises of informal employers; (ii) outworkers
or home workers: persons working at home, or on premises of
his/her choice other than the employer's, to produce goods or
services on a contract or order for a specific employer or contractor;
and (iii) independent wage workers not attached to only one
employer, and providing services to individuals, households and
enterprise.
In Bangladesh, an increasing trend of unpaid family workers and
casualization of workers is on evidence. The casualization of the
workforce is considered as a clear evidence of informalization.
Another process of informazation is the growth of informal
employment within the formal economy. The quality of
employment available to the women in the informal economy is
brought out by the wages and incomes they receive and differentials
in earnings. Gender differential in wages (25-50%) points to the
lower quality of wage employment obtained by women.
V. Strategies for Improvement
Strategies for gradual transformation of the informal economy into
the formal economy consist in the following:
Productivity and Income
Although some small improvements in working conditions may by
made little cost, low incomes have prevented many operators and
workers from improving their working conditions or from
contributing to even rudimentary forms of social protection. On the
other hand, the productivity of most informal sector activities is
affected by a poor work environment and work methods. Incomes
are also influenced by the limited scope of activities, in the form of
either a small volume of low-margin activities or little scope for
expansion. The limited skills and education of the operators and
workers have also hindered improvement in productivity and
incomes. In Bangladesh, large numbers of operators and workers in
the informal sector have barely primary education.
38
Entrepreneurship Training
Instilling a sense of entrepreneurship is a prerequisite to supporting
informal operators who plan to expand or improve their businesses.
If they are to venture out of their limited area, low-income market
and low value-added single product or service, they must be able to
access markets and business opportunities. There is a great deal of
potential for expanding activities and generating additional
employment is the informal sector. As self-taught entrepreneurs,
many lack basic business skills. Many have access to credit only
through informal lenders, who charge them very high interest.
Entrepreneurship training of operators could develop their
capabilities to manage their businesses more productively and
efficiently, allowing them to expand activities with the potential for
higher incomes and more jobs.
Micro-Enterprise Development
Effective strategies must identify at the outset the enterprises with
capacity to expand. Some micro-enterprises have the potential for
growth and employment creation. Other activities - some forms of
street vending, for example - are usually precarious jobs performed
on an individual basis, without any potential for expansion. The
ILO's International Small Enterprise Programme (ISEP), launched
in 1998, may provide an integrated approach to developing small
and medium enterprises, using a range of existing materials. These
include a successful entrepreneurship training package known as
Start Your Business/Improve Your Business (SYB/IYB). IYB may
be applied extensively. SYB may be developed for entrepreneurs
starting their own enterprises. Further adaptations may be developed
through regional programs combining working conditions with
business improvement, and specifically targeting women
entrepreneurs.
Subcontracting
Development linkages with the formal sector is the most effective
way to ensure that the informal sector has access both to the market
and to raw materials and technology. Subcontracting and
franchising can be avenues to such linkages. So far, subcontracting
has been used, in many countries, to reduce labor costs without
much technology transfer. Subcontracting and home work have
often also meant low wages and lack of social protection. Properly
39
developed, however, they can bring the informal sector into the fold
of the formal sector, with related improvements in working and
living conditions.
It is possible to identify the branches of economic activity with
demand potential, in which informal sector producers can either
compete successfully with the modern sector or develop a
complementary relationship with it. Growth and development of
such enterprises can generate more employment and contribute, in
the long term, to improving conditions in the informal sector as a
whole.
Access to Credit
Informal sector operators usually borrow money from relatives and
friends to start or sustain business. Since commercial banks usually
seek collateral before approving a loan, few informal operators
successfully borrow from them. In addition, commercial banks do
not find it worthwhile to deal in the small sums of money typically
involved. Easy access to micro-credit may prove effective in
facilitating the transition form the informal to the formal sector.
Access to Wider Markets
Access to education, training and credit is of little use unless the
market for the informal sector products is broadened. As low-
income families constitute the primary market and they are in
competition with each other, the scope for expansion is limited. An
increasing number of informal sector activities, however, do cater to
higher-income families or export industries.
Labor Regulation and Standards
Most of the informal sector workers, self-employed of unpaid
family workers, are neither registered nor covered by labor laws and
basic labor standards. Many others have a few outside workers to
whom labor regulations governing hours of work, weekly rest, paid
leave, minimum wages and social security are not commonly
applied due to the small scale of operations, lack of knowledge and
low income levels.
Some informal sector operators choose to remain "illegal" or to be
exempted from labor regulations because of the high cost of
acquiring "level" status. Bureaucratic procedures and multiple legal
40
requirements present hurdles for them in complying with labor
standards. Local governments should review and, where necessary,
simplify regulations to permit their more effective application in the
informal sector. Goals requiring urgent attention include:
streamlining bureaucratic procedures and reducing registration fees
to an affordable level; reorienting the municipal and Union Parishad
officials responsible for regulating the sector so as to be more
effective; disseminating information and simplifying legal
requirements; and adjusting restrictive zoning laws. While some
labor standards apply chiefly to formal sector employment, many
are relevant to the informal sector:
The fundamental human rights Conventions, such as those
dealing with freedom of association and the right to
organize and bargain collectively (ILO C47 and C98),
forced labor (C29 and C105), equal remuneration, and
discrimination in employment, training and working
conditions (C100 and C111).
Standards aimed at the progressive elimination of child
labor. C138 sets the minimum age for admission to
employment under various circumstances, and tackling
intolerable forms of child labor (slave-like practices, illegal
activities such as prostitution, work or activity jeopardizing
children's health, safety and morals).
Conventions promoting occupational safety and health,
especially C155, and minimum standards of social
protection (C102) and
Conventions targeting categories of workers who
predominate in the informal sector, for example rural
workers (C141), home workers (C177), and indigenous and
tribal peoples (C169).
Occupational Safety and Health
Different groups of informal sector workers encounter deferent
workplace problems. However, the most common are poor lighting,
lack of ventilation, excessive heat, poor housekeeping, inadequate
workspace, poor work tools and workplace design, awkward
posture, exposure to dangerous chemicals, lack of clean water and
other basic welfare facilities, and long working hours. Workers
41
accept this situation because they are simply preoccupied with
survival and not fully aware of workplace hazards.
No established mechanisms exist to monitor workplace injuries and
illnesses in the informal sector, as they do in the formal sector.
Injuries often go unreported and are settled by operators and
workers, sometimes through small cash payments or termination of
employment. Even for severe injuries, where they are not enrolled in
a social protection scheme, workers are frequently deprived of
benefits that would otherwise have been available. It is often hard to
establish the relationship between work and the illness the worker
might be suffering from.
Social Protection
Informal sector workers and operators, generally being subsistence
earners, find it difficult to save for emergency needs, medical
expenses and old age. The seasonal nature of their employment, and
the inability to save, force them to incur debts when they lose their
assets or earning power due to their own of family members'
sickness and disability. Three key elements which ensure the
effectiveness of any social protection scheme, may also be the best
means of promoting social protection among informal sector
workers and operators:
Emphasizing preventive measures through awareness
raising, primary health care and improvement of the
working environment.
Encouraging and assisting indigenous schemes initiated by
self-help groups and co-operatives, while establishing
linkages between the schemes and national plans, and
Providing direct assistance with food and shelter for
families, preventing their falling further into poverty.
One may recommend strengthening indigenous schemes and
exploring ways of linking them to formal schemes, thereby
improving access to resources in the formal sector. Factors
hindering social protection coverage of the informal workers include
the following:
Operations too small: Most informal sector operators believe that
their businesses are too small to meet social security requirements.
42
In addition, it is administratively difficult to enforce compulsory
coverage of small business, many of which are clandestine.
Benefits too expensive: The contributions that formal social
security system requires are often beyond the means of informal
sector operators and workers. If they have the choice, employers
prefer not to contribute.
Lack of awareness: In general, there is a lack of awareness
regarding social security coverage. Only about 5% of informal
sector operators are knowledgeable about the social security system.
No clear employee-employer relationship: Informal sector
enterprises often treat workers as extended family members rather
than employees. Consequently, they do not consider extending them
the benefits usually provided to an employee.
VI. Agenda for the Future:
Improvement in the quality of employment: While the informal
sector generates jobs and income for the poor, with relatively little
capital investment, the quality of employment still needs to be much
improved. Child labor in the formal sector remains a source of
special concern, and requires continued attention by Government
and the agencies concerned for its elimination.
Productivity and Incomes: Better-quality jobs demand continuing
concern for improved productivity and incomes. Where informal
sector operators and workers enjoy better incomes, the possibility of
focusing on applying labor standards and improving working
conditions increases. Higher productivity and gradual application of
labor standards require more interaction with the formal sector.
Working conditions: Improving working condition in the formal
sector remains a primary concern. The link between better working
conditions and increased productivity must be clearly demonstrated.
Any effective program must braise awareness among operators and
workers as a priority. Women workers, workers with disabilities and
child workers, in particular, need to be targeted. Slum upgrading
and providing basic infrastructure and services are a successful
strategy for simultaneously improving working conditions and
productivity.
43
Social protection: Informal sector workers, who need social
protection most, are the least covered. This sector can least afford
the costs of such protection. Therefore local initiatives need to be
encouraged and supported. It is unrealistic to assume that statutory
schemes will provide coverage to all.
Data collection: Because informal sector enterprises are small and
unregistered, reliable data on them are unavailable in Bangladesh as
in most countries. This has hampered the design of appropriate
strategies for dealing with the other issues mentioned earlier.
Further work needs to be done on integrating data collection into the
national census system, and ensuring that changes in the sector are
monitored over time.
Role of self-help group: Uni-dimensional approaches are
ineffective when dealing with informal sector problems. These
problems are interlinked, and the involvement of self-help groups,
co-operatives, local Government, workers’ and employers’
organizations and NGO’s are essential in devising appropriate
strategies. Schemes should build on the inherent strengths of the
informal sector, existing informal groupings and associations need
to be reinforced and used to the full. Such groups can play an
advocacy role, addressing areas of common concern. With
strengthened capabilities, they can also help implement support
programs for the informal sector.
Role of workers’ and employers’ organizations: Workers’
organizations support programs for the unemployed workers could
include interaction with the formal sector, particularly to awareness
of working conditions and social protection. Employers’
organizations have the capacity to encourage linkages between the
formal and informal sectors. They could also assist in
entrepreneurship development.
Role of local Government: With a better understanding of the
problems faced by the informal sector and of the need for a common
search for solutions, local government official could serve as
catalysts for inspiring real change within the sector. The ILO is
developing training support programs for the informal sector which
specifically target municipal governments.
Integrating urban poverty and informal sector programs: Urban
poverty programs need to address the problems faced by informal
44
sector operators, such as access to basic services, skills development
and income generating opportunities.
Networking and sharing of information: Networking and regular
sharing of informal sector information, within and among countries
in the region, have the potential to be a learning experience and to
ensure that efforts are combined where possible. The ILO is
assisting with such initiatives.
- Senior Research Fellow, Bangladesh Institute of Development
Studies (BIDS)
45
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cÖeYZv Av‡iv †ewk| Zviv w`bivZ K‡Vvi cwikªg Ki‡jI Zv‡`i Ae`vb †`‡ki
A_©‣bwZK wnmve ev cwimsL¨v‡b wjwce× nq bv| evsjv‡`‡k 87.6% bvix
kªgkw³ MÖvgxY `wi`ª cwievify³ (cÖ_g Av‡jv, 8 gvP© 2009)| mvg‡_©¨i meUzKz
wbs‡o w`‡qI Zviv Zv‡`i GB Amvgvb¨ Ae`v‡bi ¯^xK…wZUzKz cvq bv| GUv
AZ¨š cwiZv‡ci|
M„n ’vwj Kv‡R MÖgxY bvix
bvixi cÖwZ mgv‡Ri `„wófw½ n‡jv, Zviv N‡i _vK‡e, †Q‡j‡g‡qi †`Lv‡kvbv
Ki‡e Ges N‡ii wewfbœ KvR Z`viK Ki‡e| N‡ii ivbœvq 100% KvR K‡i
bvixiv, Kvco †avqvi 98% Kv‡R, N‡ii cwiQbœZvi 95%, wkï‡`i jvjb-
cvj‡bi 95% Kv‡R †g‡qiv wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K| Gfv‡e cybircv`bkxj Kv‡R
bvixi AskMÖnY A‡bK †ewk| GQvov Zviv N‡ii Kv‡R w`‡b 4.50-5.20 N›Uv
mgq e¨q K‡i _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki bvixi Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek Ges Kv‡Ri myweav
m‡švlRbK bq| evsjv‡`‡ki emZ-evwo‡Z cïm¤ú` (nuvm-gyiMx, Mi-QvMj)
Drcv`b I e¨e¯vcbvq we‡klZ †Mvqvj Ni wbg©vY, cwi¯‥vi Kiv, G‡`i
LvIqv‡bv, cwiPh©v, µq-weµq BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î bvix‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi cÖvq 44-85
kZvsk| Aciw`‡K G‡¶‡Î cyi‡li AskMÖn‡Yi nvi k~b¨ †_‡K 50 kZvsk|
48
cÖvK…wZK wbq‡g AvengvbKvj †_‡K bvix mšvb Drcv`‡bi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ|
cvkvcvwk mšvb‡K jvjb-cvj‡bi KvRwUI bvix‡KB Ki‡Z n‡Q| GB y‡Uv KvR
Ki‡Z wM‡q bvix Zvi RxebKv‡ji me‡P‡q m¤¢vebvgq mgq (15-40) e¨q
Ki‡Qb| A_P Gi †Kv‡bv ¯^xK…wZ cv‡Qb bv|
K…wlK‡g© MÖvgxY bvix
we‡k¦i A‡a©K bvix Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦ evm K‡ib| Zviv K…wl‡¶‡Î KvR K‡ib Ges
mKj cÖKvi K…wl Drcv`‡bi 40-80 kZvsk (†`k Abymv‡i wfbœ)Ñ `vwqZ¡ cvjb
K‡ib| evsjv‡`‡k avb †Mvjvq †Zuvjv, avb exR msi¶Y Kiv, Lvev‡ii Rb¨ km¨
fv½v‡bv I cwi¯‥vi Kiv, cvUKvwV †_‡K Auvk Qvov‡bv, cï I nuvm-gyiMxi hZœ
†bqv, kvK-mewR Drcv`b BZ¨vw` Drcv`bg~jK Kv‡Ri m‡½ bvix mivmwi
m¤ú„³| K…wlK‡g© gwnjv Rb‡Mvôx cÖZ¨¶fv‡e RwoZ _vK‡jI A_©‣bwZKfv‡e
Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri g~j¨vqb nq bv| evsjv‡`‡ki bvix Zv‡`i kªg mg‡qi GKUv eo
mgq K…wl Kv‡R w`‡q _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡k †gvU MÖvgxY bvixi 76.6 kZvsk K…wl‡Z
KvR K‡ib (mgKvj, 8 gvP©, 2008)| mg‡qi cwigv‡‡c I ¸i‡Z¡i w`K †_‡K
we‡ePbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, K…wl‡¶‡Î bvixi Askx`vwiZ¡ †Kv‡bvfv‡eB cyi‡li
†P‡q Kg bq| K…wl Drcv`b cÖwµqv‡K we‡klY Ki‡jB G mZ¨ aiv c‡o :
1. cÖvK-ecb cÖwµqv: GwU g~jZ bvixi KvR| G c‡e©i KvR exR msMÖn,
msi¶Y Ges ex‡Ri cÖ¯‧wZ;
2. ecb I dmj Drcv`b cÖwµqv: GwU g~jZ cyi‡li KvR| G c‡e©i KvR
Rwg‡Z Pviv †ivcb I Zv †Zvjv (AÂj †f‡` †g‡qiv I Zv K‡i _v‡K);
3. dm‡jvËjb cÖwµqv: GwU cÖvq GKKfv‡e bvixi KvR| GB c‡e©i KvR
n‡jvÑ avb gvovB, avb evQvB, ïKv‡bv, avb fvbv I Svov|
†`‡k †gvU bvix kÖgkw³i g‡a¨ 68 kZvskB K…wl, ebvqb I grm¨ Lv‡Z RwoZ|
mviv eQ‡ii cÖvq cÖwZw`bB Zviv †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv A_©‣bwZK K‡g© wb‡qvwRZ|
wKš‧ mve©¶wYKfv‡e wb‡qvwRZ n‡qI GL‡bv Zviv ivóªxq, mvgvwRK ev
cvwievwiKfv‡e K…wlkªwgK wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡ibwb| K…wl‡Z RwoZ GB
wekvj-msL¨K bvixi g~j¨vqb Kiv nq bv| MÖv‡g bvixi cÖvZ¨wnK Kv‡Ri Ask
wn‡m‡eB Gme KvR we‡ewPZ nq e‡j G Kv‡Ri Rb¨ bvixi A_© cvIqviI my‡hvM
†bB|
GbwRI ÔKg©Rxex bvixÕ 2004 mv‡j K…wl, wPswo‡Nimn wewfbœ AcÖvwZôvwbK
Lv‡Zi bvix kÖwg‡Ki Ae¯v wbiƒc‡Yi Rb¨ †`‡ki wewfbœ _vbvq Rwic Pvjvq|
GB Rwi‡cI D‡jL Av‡Q †h mKvj †_‡K mܨv ch©š cyil kÖwg‡Ki mgvb KvR
Ki‡jI K…wl Lv‡Z bvix kÖwg‡Ki •ea cwiwPwZ †bB| G Qvov AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi
49
Ab¨ bvix kÖwg‡Ki g‡Zv K…wl Lv‡Zi bvix kÖwgK‡KI Kv‡Ri ¯^xK…wZi Afve,
wbqgnxb wbhyw³, Kg Avq, `xN© Kg©NÈv, QywUi weavb bv _vKv, gvZ…Z¡Kvjxb QywU
bv †`Iqv, gRywi •elg¨ Ges bvbv ai‡bi wbcxo‡bi NUbv¸‡jv †g‡b wb‡Z nq
Kv‡Ri ¯v‡_©|
bvix gRywi‣elg¨mn wewfbœ ai‡bi •el‡g¨i wkKvi n‡jI mgvav‡biI D‡`¨vM
†bqwb miKvi| RvZxq K…wlbxwZ‡Z bvixi Rb¨ wewfbœ Kg©m~wP nv‡Z †bIqvi K_v
_vK‡jI Gi ev¯evqb †bB| eZ©gvb miKv‡ii wbe©vPbx Bk‡Znv‡i K…wl wel‡q
A‡bK K_v _vK‡jI K…wlmswkó bvixi wel‡q wKQyB ejv nqwb|
dm‡ji cÖvK ecbcÖwµqv †_‡K ïi K‡i dmj D‡Ëvjb ev exR msi¶‡Yi A‡bK
KvR bvix GKKfv‡eB K‡i| Gi evB‡i evwo‡Z mewR Pvl, gmjv Drcv`b,
ïuUwK I †bvbv gvQ cÖwµqvKiY, gvQ aivi Rvj •Zwi, †cvbv Drcv`b, cyKzi
•Zwii KvRI K‡i bvix| wKš‧ cÖvwZôvwbK cwimsL¨v‡b bvixi Dcw¯wZ †Zgb
GKUv †Pv‡L c‡o bv|
Avgv‡`i †`‡k GLbI g‡b Kiv nq, K…lK gv‡bB n‡Q cyil, bvixI †h K…lK
n‡Z cv‡i Zv miKvi we‡ePbvq †bqwb| K…wl evRviwbf©i Ges K…wl‡Z nvBweªW
exR, mvi, KxUbvkK e¨envi GKw`‡K bvix‡K K…wl †_‡K DrLvZ K‡i †dj‡Q,
Ab¨w`‡K G¸‡jv e¨env‡i bvixi kvixwiK ¶wZi K_v we‡ePbv Kiv n‡Q bv|
K…wlwfwËK wk‡íi m‡½ RwoZ bvixi mvgvwRK wbivcËv, gvZ…Z¡Kvjxb myi¶vi
welqwU cÖwZwbqZ D‡cw¶Z n‡Q| bvixi bv‡g Rwg bv _vKvq Zviv K…wlFY wb‡Z
cvi‡Q bv| Ab¨w`‡K QvMj cvjb †_‡K ïi K‡i wewfbœfv‡e K…wli m‡½ mswkó
n‡jI bvix‡K Av‡qi UvKvi fvM †`Iqv n‡Q bv| Gme wel‡q bxwZgvjvq
cwieZ©b Avbv AZ¨š cÖ‡qvRb|
wkí †¶‡Î bvix
M„n vwj‡Z KvR bvix‡`i GKwU ¸iZ¡c~Y© KvR| GB M„n vwji Kv‡R bvixi GK
eo Ask wb‡qvwRZ Ges bvixiv Zv‡`i Kg©mg‡qi eo Ask GB Kv‡R e¨q
Ki‡jI A_©‣bwZK „wó‡KvY †_‡K G‡K KvR wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq bv|
AwaKvsk MÖvgxY bvix cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e Drcv`b ev evRv‡ii m‡½ m¤úwK©Z
bvbv Kg©Kv‡Ê RwoZ _v‡Kb| Zviv avbfvbv, euvk I †eZ wkí, †Qveov wkí, ZuvZ
†evbv, g„rwkí, Rvj I gv`yi †ev‡bb, cvURvZ `ªe¨ I e¨vM •Zwi K‡ib, gywo,
wcVv I Ab¨vb¨ Lv`¨mvgMÖx cÖ¯‧Z K‡ib Ges Avq DcvR©‡bi m‡½ mshy³ bvbv
Kg©Kv‡Ê wb‡qvwRZ _v‡Kb|
†`‡ki wewfbœ e„nr wk‡íI AvR MÖgxY bvixiv AwaK msL¨vq wb‡qvwRZ n‡Qb|
RvZxq kªgkw³ Rwic (weweGm 2008) n‡Z †`Lv hvq, wkíLv‡Z cyil kªwg‡Ki
50
AskMÖn‡Yi nvi 2001 mv‡ji c‡i †Zgb e„w× cvqwb| wKš‧ bvixi AskMÖnY
D‡jL‡hvM¨nv‡i e„w× †c‡q‡Q| cÖvq cÖwZwU e„nr wk‡íB bvixi AskMÖnY i‡q‡Q|
Zvi g‡a¨ †cvkvK wkí, Pv wkí, Lv`¨ cÖwµqvKiY wkí, we‡kl K‡i wPswo wk‡í
MÖvgxY bvixi AskMÖnY D‡jL‡hvM¨|
(L) †cvkvK wk‡í bvix
Avgv‡`i †`‡k MÖvgxY bvix‡`i GKwU eo Ask †cvkvK wk‡í KvR K‡i _‡K|
†cvkvK wk‡í Kg©iZ cÖvq mv‡o 13 jvL †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ cÖvq 80 kZvsk n‡Q
bvix| †`‡ki †cvkvK wkí AvR bvix kªwg‡Ki Ici wbf©ikxj| GB wkí †`‡ki
75 kZvsk •e‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b K‡i| ZvB cÖKvivš‡i †`‡ki wmsnfvM •e‡`wkK
gy`ªv AR©bI bvixi kª‡gi Dci wbf©ikxj| †cvkvK wkí cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z Kv‡Ri
mgq mKvj 8Uv †_‡K ivZ 8Uv| 12 NÈvi Kg©w`em bvix‡`i Rb¨ wbwðZfv‡eB
wbh©vZ‡bi mgZzj¨|
GLbI A‡bK Mv‡g©›U‡m kªwgK‡`i b~¨bZg my‡hvM-myweav †bB| PvKwi wewa,
kªgNÈv, QzwU, b~¨bZg gRywii welqwU bvbvfv‡e D‡c¶v Kiv nq| †hgb,
†ewkifvM kªwg‡KiB †Kv‡bv ai‡bi wb‡qvMcÎ †bB| Zv‡`i‡K Pzw³wfwËK KvR
Kiv‡bv nq Ges wb‡qv‡Mi g‡Zv Kg©Pz¨wZi aibI †g․wLK| †`‡ki kxl©¯vbxq 32
wU Mv‡g©›U‡m cwiPvwjZ GK bgybv Rwi‡c †`Lv †M‡Q : bvix kªwgK‡`i gvwmK Mo
gRywi 1886 UvKv| G‡`i g‡a¨ 40 kZvs‡ki gRywi 1500 UvKviI wb‡P|
†cvkvK wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ bvix‡`i 13 kZvs‡ki eqm 13 eQ‡ii wb‡gœ| gRywi
†¶‡Î bvix-cyi‡li •elg¨ i‡q‡Q e¨vcK| M‡o bvix kªwgK‡`i gRywi 1886
UvKv n‡jI GKB Kv‡R cyil kªwgK‡`i Mo gRywi 3344 UvKv (wbDGR, 1 †g
2009)|
(M) Pv I Lv`¨ cÖwµqvKiY wkí
Pv-wkí G‡`‡k `xN©w`b a‡i Ab¨Zg •e‡`wkK gy`ªv AvniYKvix wkí| †`‡ki
158wU Pv evMv‡b •`wbK Aa©Wjvi †eZb cvIqv GB kªwgK Rb‡Mvôxi msL¨v cÖvq
5 jvL| mivmwi kªwgK Av‡Q 1 jvL| G‡`i g‡a¨ evMvb †_‡K Pv cvZv †Zvjvi
KvRwU K‡i g~jZ bvixiv, hv‡`i msL¨v †gvU kªwg‡Ki 52 kZvsk| Gme Pv-
kªwgK f~wg`vm wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| hy‡Mi ci hyM, cÖR‡b¥i ci cÖRb¥ a‡i Giv Pv-
kªwgK| eZ©gv‡b evMvb¸‡jv‡Z Pv-kªwgK‡`i PZz_© cÖRb¥ Pj‡Q| G‡`i Kv‡iviB
emev‡mi wbR¯ †Kv‡bv RvqMv †bB| †jvKvjq †_‡K wewQbœ Pv evMv‡bi Rwg‡Z
A vqxfv‡e •Zwi KzVywi‡Z _v‡Kb Giv| cwiev‡ii m`m¨ evo‡jI Kzu‡oN‡ii
mxgvbv ev‡o bv| gv-evev, †Q‡j-†g‡q, cyÎea~ mevB‡K Mv`vMvw` K‡i _vK‡Z nq
†mB N‡i| •`wbK 35-36 UvKv gRywii wewbg‡q b~¨bc‡¶ Avav gY Pv cvZv
evMvb †_‡K Zzj‡Z nq| Amy Zv, mšvb jvjbcvjb BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv we‡kl
51
mnvbyf~wZi e¨e¯v †bB| KvR bv-Ki‡j gRywi †`Iqv nq bv| kZKiv 60 †_‡K
70 fvM Pv-kªwgK cwiev‡ii †Kv‡bv m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯v †bB|
(N) wPswo cÖwµqvRvZKiY wkí
•e‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©‡bi gvcKvwV‡Z †`‡ki wØZxq ¸iZ¡c~Y© wkíLvZ wPswo
Drcv`b I cÖwµqvRvZKiY| †`‡k cÖvq †c․‡b `yÕjvL †n±i Rwg‡Z jeYv³ I
¯^v`y cvwbi wPswo Pvl nq| Gi g‡a¨ ev‡MinvU, Lyjbv I mvZ¶xivq i‡q‡Q 80
fvM Rwg| GB GjvKvq 120/130wU wkí cÖwZôvb i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b wPswo
cÖwµqvRvZ Kiv nq| cÖwZwU KviLvbv memgq Pvjy _v‡K bv| Lyjbv‡K› ªxK cÖvq
30/40 nvRvi wPswo cÖwµqvRvZKiY kªwg‡Ki AwaKvsk bvix I wkï| Avg`vwb
(mieivn)-Gi mgq mßv‡n mvZw`bB KvR Ki‡Z nq GKRb kªwgK‡K| Avg`vwb
K‡g †M‡j KvRI K‡g hvq| mßv‡n mvZw`b 8-12 NÈv KvR K‡i GLvbKvi
mvaviY GKRb bvixkªwgK Avq K‡ib gv‡m yÕ †_‡K AvovB nvRvi UvKv|
wPswoLvgv‡i gRywi Av‡iv Kg| M‡o 30 †_‡K 50 UvKvi g‡a¨| Lvgv‡i g~jZ
†Ni cwi®‥vi ivLv I †fwoeuva •Zwii KvR K‡i bvixkªwgKiv|
GB wk‡í bvixkªwgK‡`i mPivPi wPswoi gv_v Qvov‡bv, eid cwi®‥vi Kiv, †Lvmv
Qvov‡bv BZ¨vw` KvR Ki‡Z nq| `uvwo‡q †_‡K †Lvjv nv‡Z eid Avi cvwb‡Z
NÈvi ci NÈv GB KvR Ki‡Z †h‡q nv‡Z-cv‡q bvbv ai‡bi mgm¨v nq
kªwgK‡`i| †Kv¤úvwb †_‡K kªwgK‡`i A¨v‡cÖvb, n¨vÊ Mvfm, gv¯‥ BZ¨vw` †`qvi
wbqg _vK‡jI ev¯‡e Zv †`qv nq †Kej †Kv‡bv we‡`wk †µZv KviLvbv
cwi`k©‡b G‡j| wbivcËv-DcKiY e¨wZ‡i‡K KvR Ki‡Z eva¨ nIqvi Kvi‡Y
AwaKvsk kªwgK eû ai‡bi Pg©‡iv‡M Avµvš nq| cÖwZwU KviLvbv cÖPvi K‡i
_v‡K, Zv‡`i Wv³vi Av‡Q- ev ‡e Zvi †`Lv †Kv‡bv kªwgK †Kv‡bvw`bB cvq bv|
(O) ivBmwgj
evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivi wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx GLv‡b Kg©¶g gvby‡li msL¨v 5
†KvwUi †ewk (weweGm 2008)| G‡`i kZKiv 82 fvMB evm K‡ib MÖvgv‡j|
GB gyn~‡Z© MÖvgxY evsjv‡`‡ki ¸iZ¡c~Y© I weKvkgvb GKwU wkíLvZ n‡jv
ivBmwgj| mviv‡`‡k avb †_‡K Pvj •Zwii cÖvq 40 nvRvi ivBmwgj Av‡Q Ges
Gme wg‡j cÖvq 50 jvL kªwgK KvR Ki‡Q| cÖwZwU ivBmwg‡j 10-12 Rb kªwgK
KvR K‡i| GB kªwgK‡`i g‡a¨ cÖvq A‡a©KB bvix| GB wgj¸‡jvi Acwinvh©
GKwU cÖhyw³ n‡jv eqjvi, hv‡Z avb wm× Kiv nq| h_vh_fv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv
nq bv e‡j ivBmwg‡j GB eqjv‡i cÖvqB we‡ùviY N‡U Ges G‡Z cÖPzi kªwgK
nZvnZ nq| MÖvgxY cwi‡e‡k ¯vwcZ Ges AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ e‡j GB wk‡í
miKv‡ii †Kv‡bv Z`viwK †bB| kªgAvB‡bi i¶vKePI Abycw¯Z GLv‡b| †h
52
Kvi‡Y Awbqwš¿Z eqjvi cÖhyw³ †_‡K ivBmwgj kªwgK‡`i myi¶vq †KD †bB|
`yN©Ubv QvovI mw`©, R¡i, kixi e¨_v GB wk‡íi kªwgK‡`i ¯vqx kvixwiK mgm¨v|
Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡ÎI GB wk‡í kªgAvB‡bi jNb cÖKU| †hgb, †Kv‡bv kªwg‡KiB
†Kv‡bv ai‡bi wb‡qvMcÎ †bB| mevB‡K Pzw³wfwËK KvR Kiv‡bv nq Ges
wb‡qv‡Mi g‡Zv GLv‡b Kg©Pz¨wZi aibI †g․wLK| msL¨vMwiô kªwgK µgvMZ
KviLvbv e`j K‡i| cÖwZ †¶‡ÎB Zv‡`i PvKywiRxeb A vqx| wg‡ji g‡a¨B
wbgœgv‡bi Szcwo‡Z Mv`vMvw` K‡i Gme kªwg‡Ki Avevm‡bi e¨e¯v Kiv nq|
Kv‡R wba©vwiZ †Kv‡bv Kg©NÈv †bB| msL¨vMwiô kªwgK M‡o 12 NÈvi †ewk KvR
K‡i| G wk‡í gRywii aib Awfbe| w`‡b ev mßv‡n avb †_‡K hZ gY Pvj •Zwi
nq Zvi wfwˇZ gRywi| gYcÖwZ cyil kªwgKiv cvq cuvP UvKv, Avi bvixkªwgKiv
cÖvq 3 ev 4 UvKv| g~j †eZb Qvov Ab¨vb¨ myweav Aí I Awba©vwiZ| gRywi‡Z
bvix-cyil •elg¨ cÖKU, hv Avgv‡`i msweavb Kw_Z wb‡`©kbvi my¯úó j|Nb
Z‡e Gme mgm¨v wb‡q K_v ejevi †KD †bB, KviY ivBmwgj kªwgK‡`i †Kv_vI
†Kv‡bv msMVb †bB|
(P) wewo wkí
MÖvgxY evsjv‡`‡ki cyiv‡bv wk‡íi †h wQ‡U‡duvUv Aewkó Av‡Q wewo Zvi
Ab¨Zg| e„nËi iscyi, Kzwóqv, gqgbwmsn Ges cvebv A‡jB g~jZ wewo
wk‡íi AvwaK¨, KviLvbv Av‡Q cÖvq Pvi kÕ| Gi Aa©vs‡kiB kªg gš¿Yvj‡qi
Aby‡gv`b †bB|
wewoi Drcv`b cÖwµqv e¨wZµgag©x I cÖhyw³MZfv‡e GL‡bv Avw`g cÖK…wZi,
AwaKvsk KvR nq mveK›Uªv±-Gi wfwˇZ, evwo‡Z| Gme mveK›Uªv± †KvUvwfwËK
KvW© AvKv‡i Povg~‡j¨ wewµ nq| mveK›Uªv‡±i kªwgK eq¯‥ gwnjv I wK‡kvixiv
wewo wk‡íi g~j kªgkw³| me©¶Y GK ¯vqx ZvgvK-`~l‡Yi g‡a¨ _vK‡Z nq
G‡`i| G‡`i m‡½ gvwjK I kªg gš¿Yvj‡qi †hvMm~Î ¶xY| d‡j wPwKrmv,
cwi‡ek, ¶wZc~iY BZ¨vw` kã G‡Kev‡iB AcÖvmw½K I A‡Pbv †mLv‡b|
†emiKvwi Lv‡Zi kªwgK, hv‡`i msL¨v †gvU kªwg‡Ki 80 kZvsk Ges hv‡`i
g‡a¨ msL¨vMwiôB bvix| Zv‡`i gRywi GB `yg©~‡j¨i evRv‡iI AZ¨š bMY¨|
(Q) MÖvgxY FY cÖwµqvq bvix
¶z`ªFY Kvh©µ‡g MÖvgxY e¨vsK AvšR©vwZKfv‡e L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i‡Q| ¶z ª F‡Yi
gva¨‡g `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi A_©‣bwZK ¶gZvqb NwU‡q †UKmB kvwš cÖwZôvq
Ae`vb ivLvi Rb¨ MÖvgxY e¨vsK I Gi cÖwZôvZv W. BDb~m †h․_fv‡e †bv‡ej
cyi¯‥vi jv‡fi †M․ie AR©b K‡i‡Qb|
53
¶z`ªF‡Yi †¶‡Î MÖvgxY e¨vsKB AMÖMY¨ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k MÖvgxY
e¨vsK 2008 mvj ch©š 1856 wU kvLvi gva¨‡g 63 wU †Rjvi 433 wU
Dc‡Rjvq 43.53 j¶ m`‡m¨i gva¨‡g ¶z`ªFY Kvh©µg m¤cÖmvwiZ K‡i‡Q| FY
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bvix| †gvU m‡qi cwigvb 1,556.10 †KvwU UvKv| GB ¶z`ªF‡Yi 41.79
kZvsk wewb‡qvM nq ¶z`ª e¨emvq, 12.31 kZvsk K…wl, 17.64 kZvsk cï
m¤ú` Ges 7.39 kZvsk grm¨Lv‡Z| g~jZ 9 wU ms¯v eª¨vK, cÖwkKv, Avkv,
¯^wbf©i evsjv‡`k, wUGgGmGm, KvwiZvm, AviwWAviGm, ey¨‡iv Ges kw³
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Qvov evsjv‡`‡k cjx Dbœqb †evW© (weAviwWwe), evsjv‡`‡k ¶z`ª I KzwUi wkí
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mgevq Awa`ßimn wewfbœ miKvwi cÖwZôvb I gš¿Yvjq e¨vcKfv‡e bvix‡`i g‡a¨
¶z`ªFY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q|
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f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q m‡›`n †bB| hw`I me †¶‡Î ¶z`ªF‡Yi UvKvi Ici bvixi
cwic~Y© wbqš¿Y cÖwZwôZ nqwb| ¶z`ªF‡Yi myweav bvixiv fv‡jvfv‡e †fvM Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| †ewkifvM †¶‡Î UvKvUv bvixiv MÖnY K‡i e‡U, wKš‧ †klch©š Zv
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my‡hvM-myweavi Afve, cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM, †ivM-e¨vwa, AwaK `vwi`ª¨ BZ¨vw` bvbv
Kvi‡Y F‡Yi UvKv e¨envi K‡i ¯^vejw¤^ nIqvi NUbv hZUv cÖPvi Kiv nq,
ev ‡e †ZgbUv †`Lv hvq bv| eis GKRb bvix GKBm‡½ K‡qKwU ms¯v ev
cÖwZôv‡bi Kv‡Q FY wb‡q GK cÖwZôv‡bi F‡Yi UvKv w`‡q Av‡iKwUi wKw¯
cwi‡kva K‡i| Gfv‡e MÖvgxY bvixiv AwaK gvÎvq FYP‡µ Ave× n‡q co‡Q|
G Qvov MÖvgxY bvixiv gvwU KvUv, BU fv½vmn wewfbœ wbg©vY Kv‡Ri m‡½I hy³
n‡Q| A‡bK SuywKc~Y© KvRI Zviv Ki‡Q wb‡Ri kª‡gi wewbg‡q ¶zav wbe„wËi
Rb¨|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Kg©‡¶‡Î bvixi we¯…Z AskMÖn‡Yi GKwU cwi®‥vi wPÎ
dz‡U D‡V‡Q| A_P GB we¯…Z AskMÖnY AvRI RvZxqfv‡e ¯^xK…Z nqwb|
Kg©‡¶‡Î bvixi cÖK…Z AskMÖnY‡KB †Kej A¯xKvi Kiv nqwb; Zv‡K b¨vh¨
gRywi †_‡KI ewÂZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| K…wlLv‡Z GKRb cyi‡li gRywi bvixi †P‡q
A‡bK †ewk| A_P K…wl kª‡g bvixi Ae`vb cyi‡li PvB‡Z Kg bq| wK K…wl wK
54
AK…wl †Kv‡bv Lv‡ZB GKRb bvix mßv‡n M‡o 100 UvKvi †ewk DcvR©b Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| A_P †`Lv hv‡Q, AK…wl †¶‡Î wb‡qvwRZ cyil‡`i g‡a¨ A‡a©‡KiI
†ewk mßv‡n M‡o 100 UvKvi †ewk DcvR©b Ki‡Qb| wewfbœ mgx¶vq †`Lv †M‡Q,
PvKwi Rxe‡bi Ab¨vb¨ myweav, †hgb cÖm~wZ QzwU, AwR©Z QzwU, wPwKrmv QzwU, evwo
fvov, cwienb myweav BZ¨vw` †_‡KI cyi‡li Zzjbvq bvix‡K A‡bK †ewk ewÂZ
Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges cÖvq me Kg©‡¶‡ÎB bvixiv wbPz ¯‡ii mePvB‡Z SzuwKc~Y©
KvR¸‡jv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ n‡q‡Qb| A‡b‡K Kg©‡¶‡Î cyi‡li PvB‡Z †ewk Kg©NÈv
cÖ`vb Ki‡Qb|
bvixi Kv‡Ri cwi‡ekI Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk A¯v ¨Ki, •elg¨g~jK| GQvov
eb¨v, R‡jvQ¡vm, Liv, b`xfivU, N~wY©S‡oi g‡Zv cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi mg‡qI
bvixiv A_©‣bwZKfv‡e SzuwKi g‡a¨ Ae¯vb K‡i|
Dcmsnvi
Kg©Rxex bvix cwiPvwjZ evsjv‡`‡k AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi bvixkªwgK‡`i Ae¯v
wbiƒcY kxl©K GK Rwic Abyhvqx 49.70 kZvsk bvixkªwgK cÖwZgv‡m m‡e©vP
gRywi cvq GK nvRvi UvKv| gvÎ 0.8 kZvsk bvix-kªwg‡Ki gvwmK Avq 3
nvRvi UvKvi Ic‡i Ges †Kv‡bv bvix-kªwg‡KiB gvwmK Mo Avq 4 nvRvi UvKvi
†ewk bq|
AvBGjIÕi GK mgx¶vq cÖKvk Ôbvixi †gvU M„n vwj kªg †hvM Ki‡j Zv A‡bK
†`‡ki †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi A‡a©K n‡e (msev`, 1 †g, 2008) | Aci GK
M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, AvZ¥‡cvlYkxj Lv‡Z A_v©r M„n vwj Kv‡R M„nea~ ev‡`
cwiev‡ii mevB M‡o eQ‡ii 100 w`b e¨q K‡i _v‡K, c¶vš‡i M„nea~iv G‡¶‡Î
e¨q K‡i 200 w`b| Kv‡RB bvixi kªg‡K g~j¨vqb Kiv bv n‡j †`‡ki Kj¨vY
KLbB m¤¢e bq| G †¶‡Î mevi Av‡M Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri ¯^xK…wZ w`‡Z n‡e| RvZxq
A_©bxwZ‡Z bvixi A`„k¨ wecyj Ae`vb (Invisible contribution) cwigvc Ki‡Z
n‡e| A_©‣bwZK cwimsL¨v‡b M„n vwj KvRmn bvixi Ae`v‡bi c~Y© wPÎ
mwbœ‡ewkZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
GKBm‡½ bvixi A_©‣bwZK ¶gZvqb wbwðZ Kivi †¶‡Î G m¤úwK©Z evav¸‡jv
wPwýZ K‡i Zv cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, †Kej ¶z ªFY cÖK‡í
bvix‡`i Ašf©y³ Kivi gva¨‡g bvixi A_©‣bwZK ¶gZvq‡bi j¶¨ AR©b m¤¢e
bq| bvix‡`i Aek¨B g~javivi A_©bxwZ‡Z Ašf©y³ Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨
bxwZgvjvq ms¯‥vi Avb‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z A_©‣bwZK LvZ Zv‡`i Rb¨ mgfv‡e Db¥y³
_v‡K| GRb¨ RvZxq msm`mn bxwZwba©viYx mKj ch©v‡q bvixi m¤ú„³Zv _vK‡Z
n‡e, hv‡Z K‡i bvixi mKj AwaKvi wbwðZ nq, Rwg I Ab¨vb¨ A_©‣bwZK
m¤ú‡`i Ici bvixi gvwjKvbvmn wbqš¿Y cÖwZwôZ nq, bvixi AMÖMwZ I
55
wbivcËvi Rb¨ msweav‡b msiw¶Z DËivwaKvimn Ab¨vb¨ †g․wjK AwaKvi
wbwðZ nq| wm×všMÖnY cÖwµqvq AskMÖn‡Y bvix‡K Aek¨B m¶g n‡Z n‡e|
RbRxeb‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb me ¸iZ¡c~Y© bxwZgvjv •Zwii †¶‡Î
bvix‡`i ¯^v_© I mgm¨vi welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv DwPZ|
kªgRxex bvixi Pvwn`v‡K ¸iZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e Ges Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek DbœZ
Ki‡Z n‡e| GQvov hvZvqvZ I †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯vq my‡hvM-myweavi †¶‡Î kªgRxex
cyi‡li cvkvcvwk kªgRxex bvixi mgvb AwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| bvixi
¶gZvqb‡K Av‡iv GK avc GwM‡q †bqv hvq, hw` †`‡ki wk¶v cÖwZôvb, e¨vsK,
miKvwi Awd‡mi aib cwieZ©‡b Kvh©Ki †K․kj MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e nq, †hme
†K․k‡j †RÊvi mgZv cÖwZdwjZ n‡e Ges bvix‡K Avjv`vfv‡e bv †`‡L gvbyl
wn‡m‡e ¯^xKvi K‡i †bqv n‡e|
mnvqK MÖš’ I Z_¨m~Î:
Statistical Yearbook-2008, BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics)
evsjv‡`k A_©‣bwZK mgx¶v (2008): A_©‣bwZK Dc‡`óv AbywefvM A_© wefvM, A_© gš¿Yvjq,
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi
bvix I Dbœqb cÖvmw½K cwimsL¨vb (2008) : DB‡gb di DB‡gb, evsjv‡`k
M„n¯vwj Kv‡Ri g~j¨vq‡bi wfwˇZ RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z bvixi Ae`vb, WweDwewe Uªv÷-†nj&_weªR,
XvKv, †g 2008
bvix I `vwi`ª¨ : wPiiÄb miKvi, †÷cm UzIqvW©m †Wfjc‡g›U, 2007
Kg©Rxex bvix I `vwi`ª¨ : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv, AwgZv `vm, evsjv‡`k bvix cÖMwZ msN-Gi
lvb¥vwmK Rvb©vj, cÖ_g el© wØZxq msL¨v| RyjvB-wW‡m¤i 2005
Bmjvg, Lvb Ges nK 2004, ÔMechanization and its effect in changing pattern
of genderwise employment to improve the rural labours livelihood in
Bangladesh’, evsjv‡`k A_©bxwZ mwgwZ mvgwqKx 2004
†m›Uvi di cwjwm WvqjM (2002): evsjv‡`k Dbœqb weZK© bxwZ msjv‡ci Av‡jv‡K, cvVK
mgv‡ek, XvKv|
- wPiiÄb miKvi: M‡elK, wmwbqi KwgDwb‡Kkb Awdmvi, †RÊvi Rvw÷m A¨vÛ
WvBfviwmwU †mKkb, eª¨vK, chiroranjan@gmail.com, 01715-025443
56
RvZxq A_©bxwZi AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z Kg©Rxex
bvixi f~wgKv
Lvb †di‡`․mi ingvb
Dbœqbkxj †`‡k wbewÜZ cªwZôvbmg~‡n Kg©ms¯v‡bi my‡hvM Ggwb‡ZB mxwgZ|
GB cwiw¯wZ‡Z †gvU RbmsL¨vi weivU Ask †mLv‡b AwbewÜZ cªwZôvbmg~‡n
Kg©ms¯v‡bi gva¨‡g RxweKv wbev©n K‡i| wbewÜZ bv nIqv‡Z D³ cªwZôvbmg~n
¯¦vfvweKfv‡eB †`‡ki Ki-e¨e¯vmn miKv‡ii bRi`vwi e„‡Ëi evB‡i Ae¯vb
K‡i| AcªvwZôvwbK LvZ GKwU †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z we‡kl K‡i Kg©ms¯vb m„wó,
†`kR Drcv`b I mÂq e„w× Ges m‡e©vcwi cuywRi weKv‡k ¸iZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i _v‡K| †hLv‡b cªvwZôvwbK LvZ chv©ß Kg©ms¯vb cª`v‡b e¨_©, †mLv‡b
AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z Kg©iZ †_‡K AmsL¨ kªgRxex RxebaviY Ki‡Z mvg_© n‡Q|
DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj Dfq †`kmg~‡n, GK cwimsL¨vb †gvZv‡eK, cªvq 500
wgwjqb (50 †KvwU) gvbyl AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z Kg©iZ Av‡Q| Gig‡a¨ wewfbœ
ai‡Yi kªwgK, M„nf„Z¨ ev M„n vwj Kv‡R mvnvh¨Kvix, nKvi, cwiQbœ-Kgx©, `wR©,
n wk‡íi KvwiMi, wbgv©Y-kªwgK, †R‡j, gvwS, ZvuwZ, w`bgRyi, Kywj, cwienb I
†`vKvb kªwgK, f~wgnxb K„lK BZ¨vw` Ab¨Zg| AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi D‡j¬L‡hvM¨
•ewkó¨ n‡Q GLv‡b bvixi AskMªnY cyi‡li Zyjbvq †ewk| †h †Kvb Dbœqbkxj
A_©bxwZ‡Z M‡o 60 kZvs‡kiI †ewk kªgRxex AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z Kg©iZ Ges
†gvU †`kR Drcv`b (GDP)-Gi M‡o 40 kZvs‡ki †hvMvb`vi|
†KB_ nvU© 1970 mv‡j me©cª_g ÔAcªvwZôvwbK LvZÕ (informal sector) c`wU
e¨envi K‡ib, hv cieZx©Kv‡j 1972 mv‡j †Kwbqv wgkb cªwZ‡e`b-Gi gva¨‡g
AvšRv©wZK kªg ms¯v (ILO)-Gi ¯¦xK„wZ jvf K‡i| 1993 mv‡j cª`Ë GK Avš
Rv©wZK msÁv †gvZv‡eK AcªvwZôvwbK LvZ ej‡Z Ggb ¶y`ª I AwbewÜZ
cªwZôvbmg~n‡K †evSvq †hLv‡b Kg©iZ kªwg‡Ki g‡a¨ gvwjK I Kg©Pvix Df‡qB
wb‡qvwRZ _vKv QvovI AvZ¥Kg©ms¯v‡bi gva¨‡g wbR ev cvwievwiK e¨emvi mv‡_
mswk¬óivI Ašf©y³|
AcªvwZôvwbK LvZ‡K msÁvwqZ Kiv Ges Gi AvbygvwbK cwiwa wbav©i‡Yi †¶‡Î
wewfbœ G‡cªvP e¨enƒZ nq| me‡P‡q †ewk e¨enƒZ msÁvwU †`qv n‡q‡Q †Kvb
wbw`©ó GKwU cªwZôv‡bi AvqZ‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i| GwU H cªwZôvbwU‡Z
wb‡qvwRZ kªwg‡Ki †gvU msL¨vi Dci Ges/A_ev cªwZôvbwU‡Z wewb‡qvMK„Z
57
cyuwRi Dci wbf©ikxj| AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi GB msÁvwU‡K 1993 mv‡j AbywôZ
wek¦ kªg-cwimsL¨vbwe`‡`i 15Zg AvšRv©wZK m‡¤§j‡b Av‡iv we¯„Z ev ¯có
Kiv n‡q‡Q| GiB avivevwnKZvq AcªvwZôvwbK LvZ‡K yBfv‡M fvM Kiv
n‡q‡Q| Gi cª_g `‡j i‡q‡Q AvZ¥Kg©ms¯vbK„Z Kg©Rxex, hvi g‡a¨ †eZbwenxb
cvwievwiK m`m¨e„›` Ašfy©³| Avi w`¦Zxq `‡j Av‡Q Kg©‡¶‡Îi wbivcËv I
myweavw` ewÂZ •bwgwËK kªwgK (casual worker), •`wbK gRyixwfwËK kªgRxex,
AcªvwZôvwbK cªwZôv‡bi Kg©Pvix, M„n vwj Kv‡R mvnvh¨Kvix Ges cªvwZôvwbK
Lv‡Z Kg©iZ A¯vqx, LÊKvjxb I Pyw³wfwËK kªwgK| ZvQvov cvwievwiK evm v‡b
M„n vwj Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ bvixi cª`Ë kªg AcªvwZôvwbK kª‡gi Ašfy©³ n‡jI, Zv
Dc‡iv³ ywU `‡ji †KvbwUiB AvIZvq c‡obv|
Ab¨ GK msÁv †gvZv‡eK 10 R‡bi Kg kªwg‡Ki mgš¦‡q MwVZ †h †Kvb †QvU,
¶y`ª ev KywUiwkí AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi Ašfy©³| GB Lv‡Zi cªK„Z AvqZb wbf©i
K‡i G‡K wKfv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi Dci| AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi
Kg©‡¶‡Î †Kvb wbqgbxwZ gvbv nqbv, GgbwK †mLv‡b Zv M‡oI I‡Vwb| GLv‡b
PvKyixi †Kvb wbivcËv †bB| †Kvb wb‡qvMcÎ ev cwiPqcÎ cª`vb Kiv nqbv,
wbw`©ó Kg©N›Uvmn QywUi †Kvb wbðqZv _v‡Kbv| AZ¨š Kg gyRyix‡Z KvR †c‡jI
cvIqv hvqbv AwZwi³ Kv‡Ri b¨vh¨ cvwikªwgK ev †Kvb DrmefvZv| ZvQvov
†Kvb cªKvi `iKlvKwli e¨e¯v (collective burgaining) QvovB cªvq †¶‡Î
SyuwKc~Y© cwi‡e‡k KvR Ki‡Z nq, †hLv‡b cªPwjZ †Kvb kªgAvBb cª‡hvR¨ bq|
c„w_exi A‡bK †`‡ki gZ evsjv‡`‡k AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi msÁvqb GL‡bv ch©š
Kiv nqwb| Z`ycwi AcªvwZôvwbK LvZ ej‡Z g~jZ GLv‡b ¯¦ícyuwR‡Z mv`vgvUv
cªhyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g A vqx Ae¯vb †_‡K AwbewÜZfv‡e cwiPvwjZ
msi¶Ywenxb wnmve mswk¬ó A_©‣bwZK Kg©KvʇK †evSvq| GLv‡b Drcv`‡bi
Dcv`vb (factors of production) wn‡m‡e kªg Ges cuywR‡K Avjv`v Kiv
Kómva¨| Ab¨w`‡K kªgwefvRb (division of labour) KivUvI `yiƒn| kªwgK
wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î †Kvb cªKvi Pyw³ ev A½xKvi QvovB m¤c~Y© A vqxwfwˇZ Ges
A‡bK †¶‡Î webv cvwikªwg‡K wbR cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i wb‡qvM †`qv nq| cyuwR
†hvMvo Kivi Rb¨ AwaK my‡` FY Ki‡Z nq| Drcv`b LiP †_‡K gvwj‡Ki
mvsmvwiK LiP‡K Avjv`v Kiv Kómva¨ n‡q c‡o|
K„wlcªavb evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU †`kR Drcv`b K„wli Dci wbf©ikxj| wkíLv‡Zi
f~wgKv †Zgb D‡j¬L‡hvM¨ bq, hw`I †mevLvZ †mB Zyjbvq A‡bK GwM‡q
i‡q‡Q| †`kwUi AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi cªK„Z AvqZ‡bi Z_¨-DcvË GL‡bv ch©š
Rvbv m¤¢e nqwb| Z_vwc aviYv Kiv nq †h, AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi AvqZb
cªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi AvqZ‡bi Zyjbvq eo| AcªvwZôvwbK LvZ evsjv‡`‡ki
58
A_©bxwZi g~j PvwjKvkw³| ïaygvÎ igRvb gv‡m †g․mygx BdZvi evRv‡ii cªvq
cy‡ivUvB AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi AvIZvfy³, hvi Uvb©Ifvi nvRvi †KvwU UvKviI
†ewk| GLv‡b g‡b Kiv nq †h, kniwfwËK kªgRxex gvby‡li cªvq 50 kZvs‡kiI
†ekx AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z Kg©iZ, hvi g‡a¨ Avevi A‡a©KB bvix| †emiKvwi
Lv‡Zi Dbœqb we‡kl K‡i •Zix-†cvlvK wk‡íi m¤cªmvi‡Yi d‡j kniwfwËK
cªvwZôvwbK Ges AcªvwZôvwbK Dfq Lv‡ZB Kg©ms¯vb e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Mªvg †_‡K
kn‡i Kv‡Ri D‡Ï‡k¨ gvby‡li Xj ªZ e„w×mn K„wl Ges cªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z
Kg©gyLx gvbyl‡K AvZ¥xKiY Ki‡Z bv cvivq AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z kªgRxex gvby‡li
msL¨v `ªZ e„w× cv‡Q|
1996 mv‡ji GK wn‡me g‡Z K„wl, ebR I grm¨ Lv‡Z Kg©iZ 98 kZvsk
kªgRxexB AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi Ašfy©³| Aci GK wn‡me g‡Z, †`‡ki †gvU
kªgRxexi 32 kZvsk AvZ¥Kg©ms¯v‡bi gva¨‡g RxweKv wbev©n Ki‡Q| ZvQvov
†eZbwenxb cvwievwiK kªgRxex Ges •`wbK gRyixi wfwˇZ wb‡qvwRZ kªgRxexi
msL¨v h_vµ‡g 37 kZvsk Ges 18 kZvsk|
mviwY 1: wj½xq wfwˇZ Kg©iZ kªgRxexi wefvRb
wj½ kZKiv nvi
cªvwZôvwbK AcªvwZôvwbK
cyil 13.40 86.60
bvix 8.71 91.29
†gvU 12.29 87.71
(Drm: evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv)
evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv'i †jevi †dvm© mv‡f© 2005-06 Abyhvqx (2008
mv‡j cªKvwkZ) †`‡k †gvU kªwg‡Ki msL¨v 49.6 wgwjqb (4 †KvwU 96 j¶), hvi
g‡a¨ 37.3 wgwjqb (3 †KvwU 73 j¶) cyil Ges 12.3 wgwjqb (1 †KvwU 23
j¶) bvix| evsjv‡`‡ki cªvwZôvwbK Ges AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi AbycvZ 20:80
Ges AcªvwZôvwbK LvZ Avevi kni I Mªvg GB `yBfv‡M wef³| XvKv
gnvbMix‡Z AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z Kg©ms¯vb 60 kZvs‡ki AwaK| †`‡ki Ab¨vb¨
¯v‡b GB nvi 80 kZvs‡kiI †ewk, hvi g‡a¨ Avevi AwaKvsk †eZbwenxb
cvwievwiK m`m¨|
59
mviwY 2: wj½xq wfwˇZ AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z Kg©iZ †gvU kªgRxexi
†kªYxweb¨vm:
†kªYx cyi‚l bvix †gvU
Kg©Pvix 1,582,118 356,949 1,939,067
wb‡qvMKvix 105,139 12,916 118,055
AvZ¥Kg©ms vb 16,909,706 1,767,930 18,676,636
†eZbwenxb kªwgK 3,497,707 6,779,789 10,267,496
gRyixcªvß kªwgK 9,158,789 1,376,956 10,535,754
†gvU 31,243,469 10,294,540 41,538,009
(Drm: evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv)
GKwU Awóªq wek¦we`¨vjq (Johannes Kepler University)-Gi 2003 mv‡ji GK
M‡elYv g‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi GK `k‡Ki evwl©K cªe„w×i nvi
4.5 kZvsk Ges hvi cwigvY 2000-2001 mv‡ji †gvU †`kR Drcv`‡bi cªvq
34.9 kZvsk| GKB M‡elYv cªwZ‡e`b †gvZv‡eK 1989-90 A_©eQ‡i
evsjv‡`‡ki Qvqv-A_©bxwZ (shadow economy)-Gi cwigvY wQj †gvU †`kR
Drcv`‡bi 26.2 kZvsk| GLv‡b cyi‡li gZ bvixivI AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z
Kg©iZ †_‡K †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b ¸iZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡L P‡j‡Q| Z‡e
evsjv‡`‡ki bvix gv‡bB Ae‡njv I •el‡g¨i ¯¦xKvi| GgbwK Zvu‡`i kªgRxex
wn‡m‡e ¯¦xK„wZ †`qv nqwb cªPwjZ kªgAvB‡b|
†`‡ki mvgwMªK Dbœq‡b bvix D‡j¬L‡hvM¨ f~wgKv ivL‡jI ïaygvÎ AcªvwZôvwbK
Lv‡Z Kg©iZ weavq Zvuiv wewfbœ ai‡Yi •el‡g¨i wkKvi| wek¦ kªg ms¯vi 2008
mv‡ji GK cªwZ‡e`b Abyhvqx, GKB ai‡Yi cwikªg Ki‡jI evsjv‡`‡ki bvix
kªgRxex Zvi cyil kªgRxexi wecix‡Z 21 kZvsk Kg gRyix cvq| Wwe¬Dwewe
Uªv‡÷i Aci GK M‡elYv g‡Z, evsjv‡`‡ki bvix •`wbK M‡o 16 N›Uv KvR K‡i
Ges Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ AwaKvskB Aemi †bevi gZ mgq Lye GKUv cvq bv| ZvQvov
Zvu‡`i‡K M„n vjx Kv‡Ri cªvq meUyKy `vwqZ¡B cvjb Ki‡Z nq| Ggwb‡ZB
GKRb ¯vqx kªwg‡Ki mvgvwRK Ae¯vb AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z A vqxfv‡e wb‡qvwRZ
kªwg‡Ki mvgvwRK ghv© vi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk| ZvQvov AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi
wb‡qvM AwbqwgZ nIqvq †h †Kvb mgq ¯¦vgxi nVvr Kg©Py¨wZ‡Z ¯¿x A‡bK mgq
eva¨ n‡qB A‡b¨i evwo‡Z M„n vjx Kv‡Ri mvnvh¨Kvix wn‡m‡e KvR wb‡Z eva¨
nq| D³ M‡elYv g‡Z, evsjv‡`‡k bvixi M„n vjx Kv‡Ri A_©‣bwZK g~j¨ eQ‡i
69.8 n‡Z 91 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjv‡ii mg cwigvb|
60
evsjv‡`‡k AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z bvixi Ae¯vb eyS‡Z n‡j Zvi Av_©-mvgvwRK
wewfbœ m~PK (indicator) †hgb: bvixi wk¶v Ges Kg©‡¶‡Î Ask Mªn‡Yi nvi,
gRyix cª`vb, wm×všMªn‡Yi ¶gZv BZ¨vw` m¤¦‡Ü c×wZMZ aviYv AbymÜvb
Ki‡Z n‡e| wj½xq AmgZv Ges •elg¨ bvix-cyi‡li gRyix wbav©i‡Yi †¶‡Î
¸iZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| ZvQvov cªPwjZ gb-gvbwmKZvq cyil‡K Zyjbvg~jK DP
gRyixi KvR cª`v‡bi cvkvcvwk bvix‡K Kg gRyix‡Z SyuwKc~Y© Kv‡R wb‡qvM †`evi
cªeYZv j¶¨ Kiv hvq|
mvwe©Kfv‡e †`‡ki bxwZwbav©iYx †¶‡Î me‡P‡q eo P¨v‡jÄ n‡jv ch©vß Kg©ms¯vb
m„wómn Drcv`b Ges Avq e„w×i cvkvcvwk GKwU wbivc` Ges ¯¦v¯¨Ki Kg©‡¶Î
Ges mvgvwRK ¯¦xK„wZmn AcªvwZôvwbK LvZ‡K h_vh_ AvBbMZ •eaZv cª`vb
Kiv| Z‡e AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b mvwe©K bxwZwbav©iYx †¶‡Î g‡Zi wfbœZv
j¶Yxq| A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, GB LvZ‡K cªvwZôvwbK ¯¦xK„wZ †`evi Lye GKUv
cª‡qvRb †bB| KviY wn‡m‡e ejv nq †h, AvB‡bi K‡Vvi wbqš¿Y Ges
AvgjvZvwš¿K RwUjZvq GB Lv‡Zi Dbœqb Ges m¤cªmviY evavcªvß nq|
Aci c‡¶i g‡Z, AcªvwZôvwbK LvZ AvBbk„Ljv cwiw wZi AebwZ NUv‡bvmn
A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡bi c‡_ Ašivq| GB Lv‡Zi Kvh©µ‡g ew¯i †MvovcËbmn Zv
m¤cªmvwiZ nq| ZvQvov ¯¦v¯¨SyuwK e„w× cvq Ges wbivcËv wewNœZ nq| d‡j
mvgwMªK †kvlY cªwµqv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| D³ cªe³v‡`i g‡Z, mg‡qi AveZ©‡b
Ges A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡bi d‡j AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi Ggwb‡ZB wejywß NU‡e|
AwaKš‧ AcªvwZôvwbK LvZ K‡ii AvIZvi ewnf~©Z nIqvq evRv‡i c¶cvZnxb
cªwZ‡hvwMZvi bxwZgvjv (competition policy) Kvh©Kix _v‡K bv| Ab¨w`‡K
AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi GKwU weivU Ask kni‡Kw›`ªK nIqvq GB Lv‡Z miKvi
KZ„©K cª`Ë mnvqZvi d‡j †`‡ki mvwe©K Dbœq‡b MªvgvÂj‡K Ae‡njv K‡i
RvZxq m¤c` e›U‡bi mve©Rbxb bxwZ D‡cw¶Z nq| djkªwZ‡Z †UKmB Dbœqb
evavMª¯ n‡q c‡o|
†`‡ki mvgwMªK A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b AcªvwZôvwbK LvZ Ges †mBmv‡_ †mLv‡b
Kg©Rxex bvix ¸iZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡L P‡j‡Q| AcªvwZôvwbK LvZ Ges Kg©Rxex
bvix Df‡qi Dbœq‡b cª‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c †bevi GLbB mgq:
1. AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi h_vh_ Dbœq‡b mKj c‡¶i AskMªn‡Yi wfwˇZ
GKwU RvZxq bxwZgvjv •Zwi Kiv Riix|
2. RvZxq A_©bxwZi ZË¡MZ Ges e¨envwiK Dfq †¶‡Î AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi
f~wgKv Ges we‡kl K‡i GB Lv‡Zi mv‡_ mswk¬ó kªgRxex bvix‡K mgwš¦Z
Ki‡Z n‡e|
61
3. `xN©w`‡bi eÂbvi Aemvb NwU‡q Kg©Rxex bvixi Ae`vb‡K ivóªxqfv‡e
¯¦xK„wZ w`‡Z n‡e|
4. cvkvcvwk AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b miKvi KZ©„K h_vh_ n¯‡¶c Ges
mnvqZv cª`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. GB Lv‡Z by¨bZg gRyix wbav©iYc~e©K Kg©‡¶‡Îi cwi‡ek DbœZ Ki‡Z
n‡e|
6. AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b ¯vbxq miKvi‡K mswk¬ó Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. GB Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b Kg©ms¯vb e¨vsKmn Ab¨vb¨ e¨vsKmg~n‡K GwM‡q
Avm‡Z n‡e|
8. AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z Kg©iZ kªwgK‡`i `¶Zv cªwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g e„w× Ki‡Z
n‡e|
9. mwVK cwiKíbvi Av‡jv‡K GB Lv‡Zi cªwZôvb¸wj‡K chv©qµ‡g ¶y`ª
Ges gvSvwi wkí (SME)-G iƒcvšwiZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
10. m‡ev©cwi †`kwU‡Z AvB‡bi kvmb Ges GKBmv‡_ mykvmb wbwðZ Ki‡Z
n‡e|
`vwi`ª eZ©gvb kZvãx‡Z wek¦ Dbœqb G‡RÊvi wecix‡Z me‡P‡q eo Ašivq|
Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni Mixe gvby‡li Rxeb I RxweKvi D‡j¬L‡hvM¨ Dbœqb
e¨wZ‡i‡K mnmªv‡ãi Dbœqb j¶¨gvÎv AR©b e¨vnZ n‡Z eva¨| mvwe©K we‡ePbvq
†`kwUi Ac ªvwZôvwbK LvZ kªgRxex‡`i chv©ß my‡hvM-myweav cª`v‡b m¶g bv
n‡jI miKv‡ii †Kvb cªKvi mnvqZv QvovB wewfbœ cªwZKyj cwi‡ek AwZµg
K‡i Kg©ms¯v‡bi e„nr my‡hvM m„wómn RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸iZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i P‡j‡Q| bvixi K‡g©i h_vh_ ¦xK„wZ cª`vbmn miKvwi mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv
†c‡j Ges GB Lv‡Zi mv‡_ mswk¬ó‡`i cª‡qvRbxq cªwk¶Y cª`vbmn Kg©‡¶‡Îi
gvb e„w× Kiv m¤¢e n‡j GB LvZ RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z AviI Kvh©Kix f~wgKv
ivL‡Z m¶g n‡e|
- Lvb †di‡`․mi ingvb: Gg.wdj M‡elK, b„weÁvb wefvM, Rv. we.
- Cell: 01713-439008, E-mail: ferdous3820@yahoo.co.uk
Z_¨m~Î:
1. Avãyj¬vn Avey mvB` Lvb, 2009, IqvwK©s I‡gb Bb Bbdigvj †m±i Bb evsjv‡`k
†mvwmI‡jvwRK¨vj G‡cªvP, XvKv|
2. K„ò fi`vR, 1992, †jevi gv‡K©U Ggc¬q‡g›U cwjwm GÊ `¨ WvBbvwg· Ae
†W‡fjc‡g›U, BDwcGj, XvKv|
62
3. dviRvbv Bmjvg, 1991, Bbdigvj †m±‡i wb‡qvwRZ `wi`ª bvix kªwgK‡`i m¤c‡K©
wdìIqv‡K©i AwfÁZv, b„weÁvb cwÎKv (msL¨v 1), Rv. we., XvKv|
4. dvnwg`v LvZyb, 2009 (gvP©, fwjDg 4, Bmy 3), G Ig¨vÝ Iqvi, †dvivg, XvKv|
5. iv‡k` Avj-gvngy ZxZygxi, 2005, w¯‥jm& di‡gkb di `¨ Bbdigvj †m±i Bb
evsjv‡`k: G ÷ªv‡UwRK †dªgIqvK©, w¯cªÄvi, †b`vij¨vÊ|
6. jwi †Rvbm& I Ab¨vb¨ (m¤cvw`Z), 2007, `¨ B‡Kv‡bvwgK Kw›UªweDkb Ad Ig¨vb Bb
evsjv‡`k †_ªv †`qvi Avb‡cBW †jevi, Wvwe¬Dwewe Uªv÷-†nj_&weªR, XvKv|
7. IqvwK©s †ccvi Ab wjM¨vj †gKvwbRg Uy GgcvIqvi Bbdigvj wewR‡bm -evsjv‡`k
cvim‡cw±f, BDGbwWwc, XvKv|
8. www.mole.gov.bd
9. www.bbs.gov.bd
10. www.bils-bd.org
63
evsjv‡`‡k kªwg‡Ki AwaKvi, †cÖw¶Z I ev¯—
eZv
G¨vW‡fv‡KU g‡bvqvi †nv‡mb
kªwgK mgvRB BwZnv‡mi e„nËg ga¨weË †kªYx m„wó K‡i‡Q| Rxeb gv‡bi
AvR‡Ki GB DrK‡l©i Rb¨ c„w_exi cÖwZwU gvbyl GB kªwgK †kªYxi Kv‡Q FYx|
AvR‡Ki kªwgK mgvR †h myweav I AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡Q Zv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q|
G AR©‡bi Rb¨ eû R‡bi i³ S‡i‡Q, Rxeb w`‡Z n‡q‡Q| kªwgK mgvR
Av‡›`vjb K‡iwQj e‡jB AvR‡Ki G AR©b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| mywbw`©ó Kg©N›Uvi
`vex‡Z AvR †_‡K kZ kZ eQi Av‡M wkKv‡Mv kn‡i Av‡›`vjb n‡qwQj|
miKvi wkï kªg wbim‡bi Rb¨ KvR K‡i hv‡Q| gvwj‡Ki gybvdv jv‡fi
AvKvO¶vi Kvi‡Y wkï‡`i w`‡q SzuwKc~Y© I wbK…ó KvR¸‡jv Kiv‡bv n‡q _v‡K|
wkï kªg wb‡ivmb msµvš GKwU bxwZgvjv cÖYqb n‡j SzuwKc~Y© wkïkªg eÜ Kiv
wKQzUv n‡jI mnR n‡e|
kªwg‡Ki msÁv:
kªwgK ej‡Z wk¶vaxbmn †Kvb e¨w³, Zvi PvKzwii kZ©vejx cÖKvk¨ ev Dn¨
†hfv‡eB _vKzK bv †Kb, whwb †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b ev wk‡í mivmwifv‡e ev †Kvb
wVKv`v‡ii gva¨‡g gRyixi ev A‡_©i wewbg‡q †Kvb `¶, A`¶, KvwqK, KvwiMwi,
e¨emv Dbœqbg~jK A_ev †Kivbx wMwii KvR Kivi Rb¨ wbhy³ nb Ggb e¨w³‡K
†evSv‡e| Ab¨w`‡K kªg AvB‡bi Zdwmj 4 (9)-G ejv n‡q‡Q †h †Kvb feb, ev
KvVv‡gv, bxP †_‡K Dci ch©š 6 wgUvi ev Z‡ZvwaK DPZv m¤úbœ †Kvb evua,
†Kvb m~o½, †mZz, †Kvb moK wbgv©Y ev †f‡½ †djvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ nq Ggb
e¨w³‡K kªwgK ejv n‡q _v‡K|
Kv‡Ri aiY:
GKRb kªwgK hLb kixi I g‡bi Dci †_‡K mg¯ †bwZevPK cÖfve I SzuwKgy³
n‡q wb:k¼ wP‡Ë KvR Kivi cwi‡ek cvq, †KejgvÎ ZLbB GKRb kªwg‡Ki
c‡¶ m‡ev©P kªgUv †`qv m¤¢e nq| wKš‧ Kg©‡¶‡Î Avgiv Zvi wecixZ wPÎwUB
†`L‡Z cvB| bv ej‡jB bq G‡`‡k wkï kª‡g wb‡qvwRZ‡`i Ae¯v Av‡iv
fqvbK| †hgb- Mvm d¨v±wi‡Z M¨v‡mi Pzwji Kv‡Q cÖ‡qvRbxq KvuPvgvj †c․‡Q
†`Iqvi g‡Zv SzuwKc~Y© KvR K‡i hv‡Q G †`‡ki myweav ewÂZ wkïiv|
64
AvšR©vwZK kªg ms¯vi Z_¨ †_‡K Rvbv hvq- IqvK©kc¸‡jv‡Z I‡qwìs, e¨vUvwi,
U¨vbvwi, Kuv‡Pi KviLvbvmn wewo d¨v±wi Ges gvivZœK me ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i
e¨enviKvix cÖwZôvb ¸‡jv‡ZI wkï‡`i‡K KvR Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| hv GKRb
wkïi kvixwiK I gvbwmK weKv‡ki Rb¨ ¶wZKviK wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ nq|
GQvovI wgwbevm-†U¤úy‡Z Pvj‡Ki cvkvcvwk †njcvi wnmv‡e, gqjv AveR©bv
msMª‡n, †h․bK‡g© gv`K`ªe¨ †PvivPvjv‡b, A ¿ enb, XvjvB KviLvbv, Mvwoi
IqvK©mc, †j`‡gwkb cvw÷K KviLvbv, RvnvR kªwgK, †nv‡Uj kªwgK, ivRwgw ¿,
KvVwgw ¿, iWwgw ¿, gvwUKvUv, BuUfv½v is wgw¯¿ KvRmn †gvU 47wU SzuwKc~Y© Kv‡R
wkï‡`i kªwgK wnmv‡e wb‡qvM †`Iqv n‡q _v‡K|
†cvkvK wkí kªwgK:
†`‡ki †cvkvK wkí KviLvbvq cÖvq 25 jvL kªwgK KvR K‡i| Zv‡`i kZKiv
85 fvMB bvix| 2006 mv‡j kªwgK‡`i Rb¨ b~¨bZg †eZb 1662 UvKv Kiv n‡j
cieZx©‡Z mg‡qi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Avi evov‡bv nqwb| 2006 mv‡ji ci wbZ¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmc‡Îi `vg e„w×, Nifvov I Ab¨vb¨ LiP †e‡o‡Q eû¸Y †mB
wn‡m‡e †eZb ev‡owb| Ab¨w`‡K Zviv †hLv‡b emevm K‡i †mLv‡b we`¨yr †bB,
M¨vm †bB, cvbxq R‡ji e¨e¯v †bB, Uq‡jU †bB ev †Mvmj Lvbvi e¨e¯v †bB,
AvBbvbyhvqx cÖwZwU KviLvbvq kªwg‡Ki ¯^v¯¨ myi¶vq Wv³vi I Dchy³ cwi‡ek
wbwðZ Kivi K_v _vK‡jI AwaKvsk KviLvbv‡ZB ev¯‡e Zv †bB|
Pv-wk‡íi kªwgK:
evsjv‡`‡k Pv-wk‡í Kg©iZ kªwgK‡`i mgm¨v AviI cÖKU| BwZc~‡e© GKRb Pv
kªwgK •`wbK 32.50 UvKv gRyix †c‡Zv| Avi eQ‡i `yMv© cyRv Ges †nvwj
(dv¸qv) Drm‡e 250 UvKv K‡i `yÕwU †evbvm †c‡Zb| `xN© 36 eQi ci MZ 12
RyjvB XvKvq gvwjK c‡¶i cÖwZwbwa jvqjv ingvb Kwei kÖwgK cÖwZwbwa ivg
fRb •Kix I gRywi †ev‡W©i †Pqvig¨vb Bd‡ZLvi Avn‡g` mgš‡q MwVZ †ev‡W©
P~ovš nq †h, Pv-wk‡íi wb‡qvwRZ kªwg‡Ki •`wbK gyRyix n‡e 48 UvKv Ges
†evbvm n‡e 1242 UvKv| cvkvcvwk Pv kªwgK‡`i 1 UvKv 30 cqmv nv‡i †ikb
cÖ`v‡bi wm×vš M„nxZ nq| hv Pv wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK‡`i Rb¨ mvgvb¨ n‡jI
weivU GKUv cwieZ©‡bi Bw½Z enb K‡i|
M„n kªwgK:
A‡bK c~‡e© c„w_ex †_‡K `vm cÖ_v we‡jvc n‡jI eZ©gvb wek¦vq‡bi mg‡q `vm
cÖ_vi AvaywbK ms¯‥iY g‡b Kiv n‡Q M„n kªwgK‡K| Awej‡¤^ M„n kªwgK‡`i
Kv‡Ri ¯^xK…wZ I gh©v`v cÖ`vb I Zv‡`i Dci †_‡K mKj ai‡Yi kvixwiK,
gvbwmK wbh©vZb I nqivwb e‡Ü Kvh©Ki e¨e¯v †bIqvi Rb¨ miKv‡ii AwaK
65
g‡bv‡hvMx nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| Ab¨_vq M„n kªwgK‡`i Dci wbh©vZb I g„Zz¨i wgwQj
evo‡ZB _vK‡e|
wbg©vY kªwgK:
m¤cÖwZ M„n wbg©vY Kv‡Ri g‡Zv GKwU KóKi Kv‡R gwnjv‡`i hy³ nIqvi
cÖeYZv AwaKnv‡i j¶¨ Kiv hv‡Q| GB Lv‡Z `¶-A`¶, weaev, ZvjvKcÖvßv
Ges ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³v gwnjvivB †ewk SzuK‡Q| hv‡`i Mo Avq 64-120 UvKv|
AvšR©vwZK kªg AvB‡b wba©vwiZ 8 N›Uvi ci AwZwi³ 2 ev 3 kªg N›Uvi Rb¨
Zv‡`i †Kvb cÖKvi evowZ gRywi cÖ`vb Kiv nq bv| AwaKvskB kªwgKB †Kvb
cÖKvi wbivcË¡vg~jK e¨e¯v QvovB Rxe‡bi ZvwM‡` KvR Ki‡Z eva¨ _v‡K|
Ab¨w`‡K Kg©‡¶‡Î yN©Ubvq ¶wZcyiY cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î Avgiv †`wL †h, ïaygvÎ
cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvB †`Iqv nq| Amy Zv, cvwievwiK cÖ‡qvR‡b m½Z Kvi‡Y
Kg©‡¶‡Î Dcw¯Z n‡Z bv cvi‡j cÖvc¨ cvwikªwgK KZ©b Kiv n‡q _v‡K| C` ev
Ab¨ †Kvb agx©q Abyôv‡b webv fvZvq ïaygvÎ QzwU †`qv nq| M„n wbgv©Y Kv‡R
wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK‡`i †Kvb BDwbqb †bB| G‡¶‡Î GLbI bvix kªwgKivB †ewki
fvM †¶‡Î gRywi •el‡g¨i wkKvi n‡Q|
wbg©vY wk‡í kªwg‡Ki †ckvMZ wbivcËvi Rb¨ AvšR©vwZK kªg ms¯vi 75Zg
mvaviY Awa‡ek‡b 167 bs Kb‡fbkb M„nxZ nq| GB Kb‡fbk‡b 8(K)
30(2) 33(K) I 34(L) Aby‡Q‡` kªwg‡Ki wbivcË¡vi ¯^v‡_© mvwe©K Dbœq‡b
D‡jwLZ aviv mgy‡n ¸iZ¡v‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avkvi K_v evsjv‡`k miKvi GB
Kb‡fbkbwU Abymg_©‡b m¤§Z n‡q‡Q|
RvnvR kªwgK:
evsjv‡`‡k RvnvR wbg©vY wk‡íi cÖPzi kªwgK KvR K‡i _v‡K GB wk‡íi
kªwgK‡`i †¶‡Î GKB ai‡Yi wbh©vZb, †kvlY, wbcxob msNwUZ n‡q _v‡K|
Mvox PvjK:
cÖwZw`b µg:ea©gvb RbmsL¨vi hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ bZzb bZzb cwienY hy³ n‡jI
GB †m±‡i wb‡qvwRZ kªwg‡Ki AwaKvi msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ bZzb †Kvb bxwZgvjv ev
AvBb GLb ch©š cÖYqb nqwb| G‡¶‡Î GLbI †mB gvÜvZv Avg‡ji cyivZb
AvBb AbymiY Kiv n‡Q| hvi Kvi‡Y G †m±‡i wb‡qvwRZ kªwgKivI eûwea
mgm¨vi †eovRv‡j Ave× n‡q Av‡Q|
wbh©vZ‡bi aiY:
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mvgvb¨ Kvi‡Y kªwgK‡`i Dci †b‡g Av‡m gvwjK c‡¶i wbh©vZb †hgb: gRyix
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AK_¨ fvlvq Mvwj, c¨v›U Ly‡j †bIqv, emvi Uzj †K‡o †bIqv, KL‡bv Uzj w`‡qB
†cUv‡bv, m‡ev©cwi †h †Kvb ai‡Yi kvixwiK I gvbwmK wbh©vZb we‡kl K‡i †h․b
nqivwbi g‡Zv RNb¨ AcivaI msNwUZ n‡q _v‡K| Avgiv wbðq fywjwb
wgicy‡ii GKRb †cvkvK kªwgK‡K kxZ wbevi‡Y GKUv †MwÄ civi Awf‡hv‡M
D³ KviLvbvi wbivcËvi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³ wK wbôzifv‡eB bv cÖni Ki‡Z
Ki‡Z nZ¨v Kiv n‡qwQj|
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evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk wbg©vY kªwgK •`wbK gRywii wfwˇZ KvR K‡i _v‡K| d‡j
Zv‡`i‡K •bwgwËK ev K¨vRyqvj kªwgK wnmv‡e MY¨ Kivq eZ©gvb kªg AvB‡bi
†ek wKQz aviv Zv‡`i †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e n‡Q bv, d‡j Zviv †ek wKQz
my‡hvM myweav †_‡K ewÂZ n‡Q| M¨vm-we`y¨r cwiw¯wZi Dbœqb nIqvi †Zgb
†Kvb j¶b †`Lv bv hvIqvq µgea©gvb msKU wk‡íi Drcv`b e¨q I
wewb‡qvM‡K SuzwKc~Y© K‡i Zzj‡Q| G‡¶‡Î kªwgK‡`i †¶vf I eÂbv‡K cywuR K‡i
GKwU gnj •bivR¨ m„wói cvqZviv Ki‡Q| kªwgK‡`i b¨vh¨ cvIbv cwi‡kv‡a
gvwjK c‡¶i Ae‡njv I wbôzi AvPi‡Yi Kvi‡Y kªwgK‡`i g‡a¨ me mgq GKUv
Am‡švl KvR K‡i _v‡K| Avgiv Rvwb kªwgK Qvov wkí APj, kªwgK Ae‡nwjZ
n‡j Zv Drcv`‡b †bwZevPK cÖfve †dj‡Z eva¨| ZvB Avgv‡`i DwPr kªwgK‡`i
mgm¨v mgvav‡bi j‡¶ gvwjK-kªwgK-miKvi Dfq‡KB GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|
Zv‡`i aŸsmvZ¥K Kvh©µg †_‡K weiZ ivLvi j‡¶¨ wk¶v I cybe©vm‡b miKvi‡K
`„p c`‡¶c wb‡Z n‡e| 2003 mv‡j AvBGjI-AvB‡cK XvKv kn‡ii
AbvbyôvwbK A_©bxwZ‡Z SzuwKc~Y© wkï kªg cÖwZ‡iva I wbimb cÖKíÕ-Gi Aax‡b
cwiPvwjZ Rwi‡c cvuP nvRvi 428 wU Kg©‡¶‡Î 11 nvRvi 998 Rb wkï‡K
cvIqv †M‡Q| hv‡`i eqm wQj 8 †_‡K 12 eQi| Kgj gwZ wkï‡`i‡K G
ai‡Yi KvR †_‡K weiZ ivL‡Z wk¶v I cybe©vmb cÖKí AZxe Riix|
kªwg‡Ki wbivcËvq AvBbx weavb:
kªwg‡Ki †ckvMZ wbivcËv ej‡Z Avgiv eywS-kªwg‡Ki mvgvwRK, kvixwiK,
A_©‣bwZK I gvbwmKfv‡e wbivc` g‡b KvR Kivi ¶gZvB| evsjv‡`k kªg
AvBb 2006-G ejv Av‡Q hw` †Kvb kªwgK AvnZ n‡q 4 w`b KvR Ki‡Z bv
cv‡ib Zvn‡j wZwb ¶wZcyiY cvevi †hvM¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡eb| AvnZ nIqvi
†bvwUk cÖvwßi 3 w`‡bi g‡a¨ gvwjK Zvi wbR Li‡P nq Zvi wPwKrmvi e¨e¯v
Ki‡eb, Ab¨_vq wPwKrmvi hveZxq LiP enb Ki‡eb| Kg©Kv‡j A_ev Kg© †_‡K
D™¢yZ †Kvb Kvi‡Y †Kvb kªwgK `yN©Ubvi wkKvi n‡j Zv‡K wb‡qvM cÖ`vbKvix
67
e¨w³ (gvwjK) A_ev †h cÖwZôvb D³ kªwgK‡K wb‡qvM w`‡q‡Qb †mB cÖwZôvbB
¶wZcyiY cÖ`vb Ki‡eb| G‡¶‡Î Pyw³c‡Î welqwU D‡jL _vK‡Z n‡e GgbwU
bq| kªwgK I gvwjK c‡¶i g‡a¨ hw` GB wPwKrmvi LiP wb‡q mg‡SvZv Kiv
m¤¢e bv nq Zvn‡j kªwgK‡K Aek¨B Ae¯vi †cÖw¶‡Z h_vkxNÖB Av`vj‡Zi `vi¯
n‡Z n‡e|
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Rb¨ AvBbx AwaKvi cÖwZôvi cvkvcvwk mKj kªwgK‡K msMwVZ K‡i b¨vh¨ `vex
Av`v‡q kªwgK‡K wbR AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb K‡i Zzj‡Z cÖ‡qvRb- cÖwk¶Y,
IqvK©mc I Kg©kvjvi Av‡qvRb| hv wKbv AvMvgx w`‡b kªwgK AwaKvi cÖwZôv I
Am‡švl wbim‡b ¸iZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
- G¨vW: g‡bvqvi †nv‡mb: wmwbqi ÷vd wi‡jkb Awdmvi, SHarE & Staff
Relations Sections, gvbem¤ú` wefvM, eª¨vK
68
XvKv kn‡i AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z bvix-kªgRxex:
GKwU mgx¶v cÖwZ‡e`b
gvRnvij Bmjvg, mykvš miKvi, ev‡iK †nv‡mb wgVy
wek¦vq‡bi av°vq evsjv‡`‡k cÖvwZôvwbK LvZ µgkB msKzwPZ n‡q co‡Q|
cÖwZeQi bZzb bZzb kªgkw³ hy³ n‡Q wewfbœ ai‡bi AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi
†ckvq| Ab¨w`‡K cÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi PvKzwi nvwi‡q A‡b‡K GLv‡Z hy³ n‡Z
eva¨ n‡Qb| AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z bvixkªg †ewk cÖZvwiZ we‡kl K‡i Dbœqbkxj
evsjv‡`‡ki gZ †`‡k| eZ©gvb †cÖ¶vc‡U ¶z`ª ch©v‡qi mvsMVwbK cÖwµqvq
†hLv‡b kªg I cuywRi cv_©K¨ LyeB Kg, wbqggvwdK wb‡qv‡Mi cwie‡Z© AvZ¥xqZv
ev cwiwPZ gvbyl cÖvavb¨ cvq, kªg AvBb Kvh©Ki Kiv Kómva¨ GB AcÖvwZôvwbK
Lv‡Z bvix-kªgRxexiv XvKv kn‡i Kg©‡¶‡Î Awdwmqvj †Kvb myi¶v, b~¨bZg
gRyix KvVv‡gv, kªwgK‡`i wbR¯ mvsMVwbK myweav, PvKwi ev Kv‡Ri wbðqZv,
wPwKrmv I Ab¨vb¨ myweav Qvov, Kv‡Ri gh©v`v I ¯^xK„wZi Afve, Awbw`©ó Kg©NÈv
Ges bvix wn‡m‡e wewfbœ wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi n‡qI KvR K‡i Pj‡Q| evsjv‡`k
cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv 1998 mv‡j GK mgx¶vq D‡jL K‡i‡Q-G‡`‡k Kgc‡¶ 58wU
†ckvq KvR K‡i bvix kªwgKiv|
AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z kªgRxex bvix‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯v, •elg¨, mvgvwRK
wbivcËv Ges DËi‡Yi AvKvvmn mvwe©Kfv‡e GKwU cÖv_wgK Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni¶
D‡Ï‡k¨ mgx¶vwU XvKv kn‡i †gvU PviwU GjvKv n‡Z 9wU AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi
270wU bgybv wba©viY K‡i cÖwZ‡e`b •Zwi Kiv nq| mgx¶vwU‡Z †gvU 9wU
AcÖvwZôvwbK †ckv wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †ckv¸wj n‡jv M„nKg©x, BUfv½v kªwgK,
wkï kªwgK, Lvevi mieivnKvix, PvjevQv kªwgK, †mjvB Kgx©, †Vv½v kªwgK, bvix
nKvi, KvMR msMÖnKvix| †gvnv¤§`cyi, wgicyi, hvÎvevox I †KivbxMÄ GB 4wU
GjvKv‡K mgx¶v GjvKv wn‡m‡e wba©viY Kiv nq|
wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zvi †¶‡Î †`Lv hvq, AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z kªgRxex bvix‡`i
AwaKvs‡ki cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶v †bB| Zv‡`i A‡a©K wbi¶i, kZKiv 26.30 fvM
wb‡Ri bvg ¯^v¶i Ki‡Z m¶g Ges gvÎ 20.0 I 3.7 fvM h_vµ‡g cÖv_wgK I
gva¨wgK ¯ ‡ii we`¨vj‡q covïbv K‡i‡Q|
DËi`vZv‡`i gvwmK Av‡qi †¶‡Î †`Lv hvq kZKiv 32.2 fv‡Mi Avq GK
nvRvi UvKvi wb‡P| kZKiv 39.6 fvM 1000-1500 UvKv g‡a¨| 2500 UvKv
69
Dc‡i gvwmK Avq gvÎ kZKiv 7.4 fvM| AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z kªwgK‡`i gRywii
aiY Rvbvi Rb¨ cÖkœ Kiv n‡qwQj †h, Kv‡Ri gRywi Kxfv‡e Zviv cvq| kZKiv
63.7 fvM DËi`vZv Rvwb‡q‡Q Zviv Kv‡Ri †k‡l gRywi cvq A_©vr •`wbK gRywi
cvq| mvßvwnK gRywi kZKiv 16.3 fvM Ges kZKiv 20.0 fvM gvwmK gRywi
cvq|
mgx¶vq †`Lv hvq, kZKiv 37.8 fvM ew¯‡Z Ges 56.3 fvM ew¯i gZ
evmvevwo‡Z _v‡K| Z‡e wkï I KvMR msMÖnKvix‡`i g‡a¨ ew¯‡Z emevm K‡i
h_vµ‡g kZKiv 70.0 Ges 96.7 fvM| Aciw`‡K kZKiv 90 fvM Lvevi
mieivnKvix Ges 83.3 fvM †mjvBKgx© evmv evwo‡Z (ew¯i gZ evmvevwo)
_v‡K| Z‡e A‡b¨i evwo‡Z, Kg©‡¶‡Î Ges iv¯vq emevmKvix‡`i msL¨v kZKiv
6.0 fvM| kZKiv 15.9 fvM DËi`vZv 500 UvKvi Kg fvovi evmvq emevm
K‡i| kZKiv 45.9 fvM 500-1000 UvKv Ges kZKiv 31.1 fvM 1000-
1500 UvKvi g‡a¨ fvovi evmvq emevm K‡i |
G Lv‡Zi bvix-kªgRxexiv Awfevmb K‡i‡Q g~jZ Aw¯‡Z¡i cÖ‡qvR‡b| Afve,
Kv‡Ri mÜv‡b, b`x fv½b, MÖv‡g KvR I emZevwo bv _vKvq †ekxi fvM gvbyl
XvKv kn‡i G‡m‡Q| mgx¶vq †`Lv hvq kZKiv 42.6 fvM Kv‡Ri mÜv‡b, 15.9
fvM b`x fv½b 7.0 fvM weaev/ ZvjvKcÖvß nIqvi Kvi‡Y kn‡i Awfevmb
K‡i| Z‡e kZKiv 43.3 fvM wkïkªwgK G‡m‡Q Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y, kZKiv 30.0
fvM †Vv½v •Zwi kªwgK I 66.7 fvM PvjevQv kªwgK XvKv kn‡i G‡m‡Q Kv‡Ri
mÜv‡b|
Lye KgmsL¨K bvix kªwgK Rxe‡bi ev¯eZvi Uvbv †cv‡o‡bi evB‡i wM‡q mvgvb¨
cwigvY UvKv n‡jI mÂq Ki‡Z m¶g hv kZKiv gvÎ 18.1 fvM| kZKiv
81.9 fvM e‡j‡Q Zv‡`i †Kvb gvwmK mÂq bvB| DË`vZv‡`i g‡a¨ gvÎ kZKiv
49 fvM mÂq K‡i| GB mÂqKvix‡`i g‡a¨ 200 UvKvi wb‡P mÂq kZKiv
24.5 fvM Ges 200-300 UvKv gvwmK mÂq K‡i kZKiv 48.9 fvM| 300
UvKvi Dc‡i gvwmK mÂq Av‡Q kZKiv 26.5 fv‡Mi| hviv FY wb‡Q Zv‡`i
gvwmK kZKiv 5 n‡Z 14 UvKv ch©š my` w`‡Z nq| kZKiv gvÎ 17.4 fvM
DËi`vZv FY MÖnY K‡i‡Q| wkï kªwgKiv †Kvb FY MÖnY K‡iwb| kZKiv 47
Rb FY MÖnY Ki‡jI Avqea©K ev Drcv`bkxj Kg©cÖwµqvi kZKiv 29.8 fvM
e¨envi K‡i‡Q| ¯^vgx‡K w`‡q‡Q kZKiv 21.3 fvM, wPwKrmv e¨‡qi Rb¨ 21.3
fvM, 17.0 fvM †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i Rb¨ LiP Ges 10.7 fvM MÖv‡gi evwo‡Z
cvwV‡q‡Q|
AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z bvix-kªgRxexiv AwaKvskB AmsMwVZ Ges Zv‡`i †Kvb
wbR¯ msMVb †bB| kZKiv 89.3 fvM †Kvb mvsMVwbK cÖwµqvi mv‡_ hy³
70
†bB| cÖwZ LvZ n‡Z K‡qKRb K‡i mvsMVwbK cÖwµqvi mv‡_ hy³ Av‡Q hv †gvU
kZKiv 10.7 fvM| DËi`vZv‡`i KvQ †_‡K Rvb‡Z PvIqv n‡qwQj †h, Zviv
†Kvb msMVb Gi mv‡_ hy³ n‡Z Pvq wKbv Dˇi AwaKvsk e‡j‡Q †Kvb msMVb
hw` Zv‡`i Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ KvR K‡i Zvn‡j Zviv †mLv‡b †h‡Z cv‡i| kZKiv
81.9 fvM DËi`vZv e‡j Zviv msMV‡bi mv‡_ hy³ n‡Z Pvq|
miKvwi wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡k bvix kªwgK‡`i b~¨bZg msL¨v GK †KvwU Ges GB
msL¨v µ‡g evo‡Q| AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z 40 fvM
Ae`vb iv‡L| 1999-2000 mv‡j AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z Kv‡Ri my‡hvM wQj
75.32 fvM hv 2005-2006 mv‡j e„w× †c‡q nq 78.48 fvM| j¶Yxq welq
n‡jv G Lv‡Z cyi‡li Zzjbvq bvixi AskMÖnY w`b w`b e„w× cv‡Q| 1999-
2000 mv‡j AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi †gvU kªgkw³‡Z cyi‡li AskMÖnY 77.47 fvM
†_‡K K‡g 2005-06 mv‡j `uvovq 73.92 fvM Ges bvixi AskMÖnY 22.53
fvM †_‡K e„w× †c‡q `uvovq 26.08 fvM| Acic‡¶ cyil kªgkw³i AskMÖnY
1999-2000 mv‡j 84 fvM †_‡K 2005-06 mv‡j 86.8 fvM e„w× †c‡q‡Q
Ges bvix kªwg‡Ki msL¨v cyi‡li Zzjbvq ªZ e„w× cv‡Q hv H mg‡q 23.9 fvM
†_‡K e„w× †c‡q uvovq 29.2 fvM|
AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªwgK‡`i Rxebgvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wKQy cÖ¯—ve
- AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªwgK‡`i b~¨bZg gRywi KvVv‡gv wbav©iY Kiv Ges
miKvwifv‡e G Lv‡Zi bvix kªwgK‡`i b~¨bZg gRywi wba©viY Kiv;
- G Lv‡Zi kªwgK‡`i ¯^í Av‡qi evm vb, cvwb, we`y¨r, M¨vmmn mKj cÖKvi
bMi †mevi e¨e¯v wbwðZ Kiv;
- bvix nKvi‡`i Rb¨ kn‡ii cÖvY‡K‡›`ª ¯vb wbav©iY Kiv, †hLv‡b Zviv
¯^vaxbfv‡e e¨emv Ki‡Z cv‡i;
- miKvwi I †emiKvwifv‡e AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK‡`i Rb¨
¯^v¯¨MZ I †cbm&b exgvi D‡`¨vM †bqv;
- AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z kªwgKiv wb‡Riv D‡`¨vMx n‡q bMi `wi ª e¨vsK Pvjy
Kiv;
- AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK msMwVZ n‡q wbR¯ msMVb •Zwi Ges
miKvwi I †emKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ †bUIqvK© •Zwi Kiv;
- Kv‡Ri Dchy³ cwi‡ek, wbivcËv, ¯v¯¨‡mev, †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯v wbwðZ Kiv;
- kn‡ii Av‡k cv‡ki Lvm Rwg bMi`wi ª‡`i eivÏ w`‡q we‡kl e¨e¯vq
Zv‡`i M„n wbgv©‡Yi e¨e¯v Kiv;
71
- †hmKj bMi`wi ª iv¯vq Avq Ges emevm K‡i Zv‡`i Rb¨ evm v‡bi
e¨e¯v Kiv;
- †UªW BDwbqb Ges ivR‣bwZK `jmg~‡ni AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi Rb¨ mywbw`©ó
G‡RÊv _vK‡Z n‡e Ges G Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ RvZxq ev‡R‡U cÖwZeQi
eivÏ Kiv|
- gvRnvi‚j Bmjvg: wd«j¨vÝ M‡elK
- mykvš— miKvi: M‡elK
- ev‡iK †nv‡mb wgVy: M‡elK
72
evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK ev¯—eZv Ges
AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ
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evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi cªvq A‡a©K GL‡bv `vwi‡ ª¨i g‡a¨ w`b hvcb Ki‡Q| MZ
mv‡o wZb `k‡K G‡Ki ci GK Dbœqb cwiKíbv M„wnZ n‡jI `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b
†m¸‡jv Kvh©Ki †KvbI f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡iwb|
KvM‡R-Kj‡g RbM‡Yi Kj¨vY, `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb, A_©‣bwZK •elg¨ wbim‡bi K_v
_vK‡jI †`‡ki me m¤ú` P‡j †M‡Q gywó‡gq e¨w³i `L‡j| RvZxq Drcv`b
(wRwWwc) hZ †e‡o‡Q ZZ †ewk jvfevb n‡q‡Q abxK †kªYx| †e‡o‡Q eÂbv,
Mwie Av‡iv Mwie n‡q‡Q| GKBmv‡_ cyuwRev‡`i g~j bxwZ Abyhvqx abx‡`i g‡a¨
†e‡o‡Q m¤ú` e„w× I †fv‡Mi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv| ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ I mgvRRxe‡bi
me©Î G cÖwZ‡hvwMZv cÖmvwiZ n‡q cwiYZ n‡q‡Q jyUcvUZ‡š¿Ñ bxwZ, Av`k©
wemR©b w`‡q e¨vcK AvKvi aviY K‡i‡Q yb©xwZ I jyUcvU|
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¯^v¯¨m¤§Z cqwb®‥vk‡bi myweav †_‡K ewÂZ n‡Q, 5 eQ‡ii Kg eqmx 1 †KvwU
20 jvL wkï Acywó‡Z fyM‡Q, cÖwZ eQi 20 jvL wkï Kg IRb wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY
Ki‡Q, 1 †KvwU 10 jvL gvbyl we`y¨r myweav-ewÂZ| RvZxq Av‡q me‡P‡q `wi ª
5 kZvsk gvby‡li Askx`vwiZ¡ 1 `kwgK 03 kZvsk †_‡K K‡g .67 kZvs‡k
†b‡g †M‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K abx 5 kZvs‡ki Askx`vwiZ¡ 18.85 kZvsk †_‡K †e‡o
30 `kwgK 66 kZvs‡k D‡V‡Q cÖwZeQi `vwi`ª¨ n«v‡mi nvi gvÎ 1%| Avi GK
`k‡K nZ`wi‡ ªi msL¨v †e‡o‡Q 40 jv‡Li †ewk|1
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kZvsk G Lv‡Z e¨q n‡eÑ As‡Ki wnmv‡e Gi cwigvY `uvovq 10 nvRvi 7kÕ 85
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g~j myi wQj wRwWwc cÖe„w×i nvi evov‡bv| A_©vr cÖe„w× AR©bB `wi ª gvby‡li
fv‡M¨i cwieZ©‡bi g~j PvweKvwV| wKš‧ miKv‡ii G `„wófw½ B‡Zvg‡a¨B fyj
cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| wRwWwc cÖe„w×i nvi mv‡o 6 kZvsk Qvwo‡q †M‡jI Mwie
gvby‡li Rxe‡b D‡jL‡hvM¨ †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b Av‡mwb| miKvwi wnmv‡eB mv‡o 5
†KvwU gvbyl `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P emevm Ki‡Q| A_©vr A_©‣bwZK cÖe„w× evo‡jB
`vwi`ª¨ Kg‡eÑ G ai‡bi wPšv fyj cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| ewa©Z wRwWwci wmsnfvM abx
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¯^cœ †`L‡Q| Zv‡`i cwieviI Pj‡Q Gi Dci wbf©i K‡i| wiKkv eÜ Kiv n‡j
cÖPzi gvby‡li hvZvqvZ mgm¨v m„wói cvkvcvwk wecyj msL¨K gvbyl msmvi wb‡q
wecv‡K co‡eb| BwZc~‡e© hvbR‡Ui †`vnvB w`‡q XvKvi wgicyi moKmn A‡bK
moK †_‡KB wiKkv PjvPj eÜ Kiv n‡q‡Q| hw`I c~‡e© †_‡K †h mKj mo‡K
wiKkv †bB †mLv‡bB hvbRU mgm¨v †ewk wQj| ZviciI hvbR‡Ui cÖK…Z KviY
bv Luy‡R aviYvi Dci wiKkv eÜ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e c~bivq †Kvb mo‡K wiKkv
e‡Üi c~‡e© AZxZ AwfÁZv Kv‡R jvMv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb| †`L‡Z n‡e c~‡e© †h mKj
mo‡K wiKkv eÜ Kivq hvZvqvZ, A_©bxwZ, mgvR Ges cwi‡e‡ki Dci wK
ai‡bi cÖfve †dj‡Q|
c„w_ex‡Z Rxevk¥ R¡vjvbx mxwgZ, GwU A‡kl bq| eZ©gv‡b mviv c„w_exRy‡o
R¡vjvbx m¼U Pj‡Q| evsjv‡`‡kI Gi cÖfv‡e bvRyK cwiw¯wZ weivR Ki‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡k Avg`vbxK…Z †Z‡ji 55 kZvsk e¨envi Kiv nq cwienY Lv‡Z|
R¡vjvbx Avg`vbx‡Z cÖwZ eQi kZ kZ †KvwU UvKv fZ~©wK w`‡Z n‡Q| GB g~û‡Z©
R¡vjvwb †Z‡ji m¼U †`Lv †`Iqvq hvbevn‡b mK‡jB cÖvK…wZK M¨vm e¨env‡ii
w`‡K SuyK‡Qb| wKš‧ 2011 mvj †_‡K †`‡k M¨vm m¼U †`Lv †`‡e Ges 2015
mvj bvMv` Avwe¯‥…Z M¨v‡mi gRy` †kl n‡q hv‡e e‡j Avk¼v Kiv n‡Q| GLbB
we`~¨r Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq M¨vm mieivn Kiv hv‡Q bv| we`~¨r Drcv`b
80
evov‡Z M¨vm mieiv‡ni Rb¨ mvi KviLvbv eÜ ivL‡Z n‡Q| M¨v‡mi †hvMvb bv
_vKvq A‡bK wkí-KviLvbv mPj ivL‡Z e¨_© n‡Z n‡Q| Gme wKQy we‡ePbvq
miKvi R¡vjvbx e¨envi wbqš¿‡Yi †Póv Ki‡Q| BwZc~‡e© R¡vjvbx mvkª‡qi j‡¶¨
evsjv‡`k miKvi KZ©„K yw`‡bi QywU †Nvlbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| bMi‡Kw›`ªK cwienY
e¨e¯vq wiKkv †`‡ki R¡vjvbx mvkª‡q ¸iZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i P‡j‡Q| wKš‧
µgvš‡q XvKvi wewfbœ moK †_‡K wiKkv PjvPj wbwl× Kivq mo‡K cÖvB‡fU
Kvi e¨envi e„w× cv‡Q| d‡j cwienY Lv‡Z R¡vjvbxi e¨envi †e‡o P‡j‡Q|
†KD †KD e‡j _v‡Kb, XvKv e¨ZxZ c„w_exi †Kvb kn‡iB wiKkv P‡j bv|
cwi‡e‡ki Dbœqb I R¡vjvbx mvkª‡qi Rb¨ we‡k¦i A‡bK kn‡iB wiKkv Pj‡Q|
wbDBq‡K© wiKkvÕi †cQ‡b †jLv _v‡K "The Streets are Green with Pedi cab"|
Av‡gwiKvi wewfbœ kn‡i wiKkvÕi cÖPjb‡K wece wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q
_v‡K| we‡k¦ RbwcÖq evnb wn‡m‡e wiKkvi Pvwn`v w`b w`b †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| mviv
we‡k¦ eZ©gv‡b cÖvq 50 j¶ wiKkv Av‡Q| wiKkv‡K kni‡f‡` wewfbœ bv‡g †hgb-
Pedicab, Biketaxi, Bikecab, National Velo, Orient Express, Taonga, TOP
HAT Pedal Cabs, Pedalline, WielerTaxi, Trimotion, Velotaxi wn‡m‡e
AL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| we‡k¦ 90 Gi AwaK kn‡i wiKkv Pj‡Q|
XvKv kn‡ii AwaKvsk hvZvqvZ ¯^í `~i‡Z¡i| Avi ¯í `~i‡Z¡ weiZxnxbfv‡e
hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ wiKkv n‡Q mvkªqx I RbwcÖq evnb| wiKkv R¡vjvbxgy³,
cwi‡ekevÜe I wbivc` evnb| Gi gva¨‡g cÖPzi gvby‡li Kg©ms¯v‡bi my‡hvM
i‡q‡Q| myZivs wiKkv PjvPj‡K wKfv‡e myô y e¨e¯vcbvi AvIZvq Avbv hvq †mB
ai‡bi c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| wiKkv †`‡ki cwienY Lv‡Z cÖwZ eQi 5
nvRvi †KvwU UvKvi R¡vjvbx mvkªq Ki‡Q| wiKkv cwi‡e‡ki ¶wZ †_‡KI i¶v
Ki‡Q, hvi g~j¨ eQ‡i 10 nvRvi †KvwU UvKv| GBPwWAviwm Gi mgx¶vq †`Lv
hvq evsjv‡`k wegvb, †ij, moK I †b․cwienY LvZ †_‡K eQ‡i hZ UvKv Avq,
wiKkv †_‡K GKKfv‡e Zvi †P‡q †ewk A_© Avq nq| Avi XvKvi wiKkv PvjKiv
cÖwZ gv‡m 2k †KvwU UvKv MÖv‡g cvVvb| evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivi Z_¨g‡Z
2004-05 A_©eQ‡i wiKkv †_‡K miKvi Avq K‡i‡Q 1 nvRvi 9k 80 †KvwU
UvKv| cÖvB‡fU Kvi wRc I U¨vw· †_‡K 64 †KvwU UvKv|
A_P XvKv kn‡ii cwienY e¨e¯vi Dbœqbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ê cÖvB‡fU Kvi‡K m‡e©vP
cÖvavb¨ †`Iqv n‡Q| Aciw`‡K hvZvqvZ, mvgvwRK, cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v I
A_©‣bwZK ¶wZ nIqv ¯^‡Ë¡I G‡Ki ci GK XvKvi moK †_‡K wiKkv eÜ Kiv
n‡Q| A_P cwi‡ek, R¡vjvbx, A_©bxwZ I Kg©ms¯v‡bi welqwU we‡ePbvq wb‡q
PjvP‡ji my‡hvM Ae¨vnZ ivLv cÖ‡qvRb| XvKv kn‡i eo eo moK¸wj‡Z Mvwo
cvwK©s eÜ K‡i wiKkvi †jb Kiv n‡j j¶ j¶ gvbyl DcK…Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b
eo mo‡K wiKkvi †jb cÖ`vb, wiKkvi KvVv‡gvMZ Dbœqb Ges wiKkv PvjK‡`i
81
cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨e¯v MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| XvKvi A‡bK Mwj i‡q‡Q †h¸wj ïaygvÎ
wiKkv PjvP‡ji Dc‡hvMx K‡iB •Zwi Kiv n‡qwQj| †mme Mwj mo‡K cÖvB‡fU
Kvi PjvPj wbwl× Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
BwZc~‡e© wiKkv eÜ K‡i †h ¶wZ n‡q‡Q Zvi †hb cybive„wË bv nq| GB e„nr
Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b mwVK c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| hv cÖPzi gvby‡li Kg©ms v‡bi
my‡hvM m„wó, cwi‡e‡ki Dbœqb, R¡vjvbx mvkªq cvkvcvwk cwienY e¨e¯vi Dbœq‡b
¸iZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e| wiKkv m¤ú‡K© cÖPwjZ aviYvmg~n I cÖK…Z Ae¯v
wbgœiƒc:
XvKvi hvZvqvZ e¨e ’vq wiKkv wK mwZ¨B axiMwZm¤úbœ evnb?
†Kvb cwien‡Yi MwZ †Kgb †mwU wbf©i K‡i hvZvqv‡Zi ~i‡Z¡i Dci| Puv‡`
hvIqvi Rb¨ †cb axiMwZi wKš‧ i‡KU `ªZMwZi| GK †`k †_‡K A‡iK †`k
ev‡mi PvB‡Z wegvb `ªZZi| kn‡ii g‡a¨ AwaK `~i‡Z¡ nuvUvi †P‡q evm
`ªZZi| wKš‧ kn‡ii g‡a¨ ¯^í `~i‡Z¡ ev‡mi †P‡q †nu‡U I wiKkvq Av‡M hvIqv
m¤¢e| KviY ¯^í `~i‡Z¡ hvIqvi Rb¨ evm÷¨v‡Ê hvIqv, A‡c¶v Kiv Ges evm
†_‡K †b‡g Mš‡e¨ †h‡Z †h mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb †nu‡U ev wiKkvq Zvi Av‡MB
†cu․Qv‡bv m¤¢e| XvKvi KvVv‡gv g~jZt wgkª cÖK…wZi| GLv‡b Lye Kg `~i‡Z¡B
AwaKvsk bvMwiK myweav i‡q‡Q| d‡j XvKvi †gvU hvZvqv‡Zi †ewkifvM n‡q
_v‡K ¯^í `~i‡Z¡| XvKvi 76% hvZvqvZ ¯^í `~i‡Z¡ (GBPwWAviwm 2004)|
Av‡iKwU M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq, XvKvi †ewkifvM hvZvqvZ †`o †_‡K `yB wKwg Gi
g‡a¨ Ges nuvUv I R¡vjvbxgy³ hvb wg‡j 84% hvZvqvZ nq (DUTP 1998)|
myZivs ejv hvq, XvKv kn‡i hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ wiKkv KLbB axiMwZ m¤úbœ evnb
bq, eis me‡P‡q Kvh©Kix|
XvKv kn‡i wiKkv eÜ K‡i A_©‣bwZK I hvZvqvZ e¨e ’vq myweav
n‡q‡Q wK?
G wel‡q wgicyi mo‡Ki D`vniY †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b wiKkv wbwl× Kivi
ciI wÎk fvM hvZvqvZ wiKkv K‡iB n‡q _v‡K| gyj iv¯vq wiKkv wbwl×
nIqvq wiKkv GLb P‡j cvk¦©eZ©x wewfbœ †QvU iv¯vq| Gi d‡j, hviv wiKkvq
PjvPj K‡i Zv‡`i hvZvqvZ mgq, `~iZ¡ Ges LiP A‡bK †e‡o wM‡q‡Q| c~‡e©i
Aewkó wiKkv hvÎx GLb hvZvqvZ Ki‡Q Ab¨me gva¨‡g| hvi g‡a¨ Pvi fv‡Mi
GK fvM gvbyl nuvU‡Z eva¨ n‡Q, hw`I nuvUvi Dc‡hvMx †Kvb cwi‡ek •Zwi Kiv
nqwb| 42% gvby‡l wm.Gb.wR/K¨ve/Kvi e¨envi Ki‡Q, hv‡`i hvZvqvZ LiP I
evnb cvIqvi mgq †e‡o wM‡q‡Q| evwK 34% gvbyl hv‡Q ev‡m| hviv ev‡m
hv‡Q Zv‡`i‡K evm cvIqvi Rb¨ †ewk mgq a‡i A‡c¶v Ki‡Z n‡Q Ges
82
Zv‡`i †gvU hvZvqv‡Zi (evm÷¨v‡Ê hvIqv-evm÷¨vÊ †_‡K †kl Mš‡e¨ hvIqv)
mgq †e‡o wM‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j †`Lv hvq, GLv‡b M‡o cÖwZ wUªc G hvÎx‡`i 50
fvM mgq †ewk jvM‡Q| GBPwWAviwm Gi M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`‡b †`Lv hvq,
MveZwj †_‡K iv‡mj ¯‥qvi ch©š wiKkv D‡Q` Kivq 10 fvM hvZvqvZ LiP
†e‡o‡Q| GLv‡b Ahvwš¿K hvb wbwl× Kivq me‡P‡q †ewk ¶wZMÖ¯ n‡q‡Q wiKkv-
f¨vb Pvj‡Kiv| wgicyi †iv‡Wi †¶‡Î, wiKkv PvjK‡`i Avq K‡g‡Q 32 fvM,
f¨vb PvjK‡`i 41 fvM| Avi Gi †cÖw¶‡Z Zv‡`i Rxebhvc‡bi gvb K‡g‡Q
(Lv`¨, cywó, wk¶v e¨q ‡gUv‡bv Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o‡Q)| wkï, cÖwZeÜx, e„×, Amy¯
Ges gwnjv‡`i hvZvqv‡Z †fvMvwš †e‡o‡Q| Avi Gfv‡eB •Zwi n‡Q •el‡g¨i,
hv KLbB Kvg¨ bq| wiKkv D‡Q` Kivi d‡j wiKkv hvÎx I Pvj‡Kiv ¶wZMÖ¯
n‡Q Ges jvfevb n‡Q ïaygvÎ e¨w³MZ evn‡bi (Kvi, wRc cÖf„wZ) gvwj‡Kiv,
hv‡`i msL¨v AwZ bMb¨|
m‡e©vcwi wgicyi mo‡K wiKkv eÜ Kivq bvix, wkï, e„× I cÖwZew܇`i hvZvqvZ
mgm¨v m„wó n‡q‡Q| †e‡o‡Q hvZvqv‡Zi mgq I LiP| XvKv kn‡ii hvbRU
GKwU gvivZ¥K mgm¨v| G mgm¨vi mgvavb Avgiv PvB| wKš‧ hvbR‡Ui cÖK…Z
KviY Luy‡R †ei K‡i †m Abyhvqx mwVK c`‡¶c †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb| XvKv kn‡ii
cÖvB‡fU Kv‡ii e„w×B hvbR‡Ui Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY| cÖvB‡fU Kvi wiKkvi †P‡q
†ewk RvqMv †bq wKš‧ cwienY K‡i LyeB Kg| GKwU wiKkvq w`‡b cÖvq 100
hvÎx PjvPj K‡i A_P GKwU cÖvB‡fU Kvi eo‡Rvi 4 Rb hvÎx cwienY K‡i
_v‡K| cÖvB‡fU Kv‡ii e„wׇZ hvbRUmn `~lY, `~N©Ubv, R¡vjvbx wbf©iZv †e‡o
P‡j‡Q|
wiKkv wK cvewjK ev‡mi Rb¨ cÖwZeÜK ¯iƒc?
wiKkvi wel‡q Av‡iKwU Awf‡hvM †h GwU iv¯vq ev‡mi Rb¨ cÖwZeÜK wn‡m‡e
KvR K‡i| wKš‧ wWBDwUwc cÖKí cieZ©x M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq, Gqvi‡cvU© †ivW
(Av‡M †_‡K wiKkv PjvPj wQj bv)-G 2000 mb †_‡K 2005-G ev‡mi Mo
MwZ K‡g‡Q N›Uvq `kwgK 1 wKwg| A_P GKB mg‡q wiKkv D‡Q` Kivi ci
wgicyi †iv‡W ev‡mi Mo MwZ K‡g‡Q N›Uvq 3 `kwgK 8 wKwg| myZivs †`Lv
hv‡Q wiKkv KLbB ev‡mi Rb¨ cÖwZeÜK bq| wiKkv evm‡K AwZµg Kivi
my‡hvM w`Z wKš‧ cÖvB‡fU Kvi evm‡K KL‡bvB †m my‡hvM †`q bv| ei wiKkv
wbwl× Kivq Ges cÖvB‡fU Kvi †e‡o hvIqvq ev‡mi MwZ K‡g hv‡Q|
wiKkv wK cÖ‡qvR‡bi †ewk RvqMv wb‡‛Q? hvbR‡Ui Rb¨ wK ïaygvÎ
wiKkvB `vqx?
83
wiKkvi wel‡q Av‡iKwU Awf‡hvM †h GwU cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq †ewk RvqMv wb‡q
hvbR‡Ui m„wó Ki‡Q| wKš‧ mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©, Kvi ev Ab¨vb¨ †QvU hvbevn‡bi
Zzjbvq GwU KLbB †ewk RvqMv †bq bv| M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq, GKwU cÖvB‡fU
Kvi wiKkvi †P‡q AvovB ¸Y †ewk RvqMv †bq| 1998 mv‡ji wWBDwUwcÕi
M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq, XvKv kn‡ii mo‡K wiKkv cÖvq 38 fvM RvqMv wb‡q hvÎx
cwienY Ki‡Q cÖvq 54 fvM, A_P cÖvB‡fU Kvi cÖvq 34 fvM RvqMv wb‡q hvÎx
cwienY Ki‡Q gvÎ 9 fvM| Avi Gi mv‡_ hw` Kvi cvwK©s‡qi Rb¨ AwZwi³
RvqMv¸‡jv †hvM Kiv nq, Z‡e Gi cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯vb AviI K‡qK¸b †e‡o hv‡e|
GQvov GKwU cÖvB‡fU Kvi w`‡b 2/3 Rb gvbyl cwienY K‡i| c¶vš‡i GKwU
wiKkv w`‡b 50/60 Rb gvbyl cwienY K‡i _v‡K| cÖvB‡fU Kv‡ii Zzjbvq
wiKkv A‡bK Kg RvqMv wb‡q _v‡K| GQvov wiKkv eÜ Kivq cÖvB‡fU Kv‡ii
e„w× hvbRU †e‡o hvq|
wiKkv wbwl× Kivq iv¯ —vi aviY¶gZv †e‡o‡Q wK?
†KD †KD g‡b K‡ib wiKkv eÜ n‡j iv¯vi aviY ¶gZv †e‡o hv‡e Ges AwaK
hvÎx hvZvqvZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e| wKš‧ KvRx bRij Bmjvg GwfwbD Ges wgicyi
†iv‡Wi Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ Zv cÖgvY K‡i bv| GLv‡b †`Lv hvq, 2000 mb †_‡K
2005 m‡bi g‡a¨ †Kvb evnb wbwl× bv K‡iI KvRx bRij Bmjvg GwfwbD‡Z
hvÎx †e‡o‡Q 27%; A_P GKB mg‡q wiKkv wbwl× Kiv m‡Ë¡I wgicyi †iv‡W
hvÎx †e‡o‡Q gvÎ 15% (DUTP, 2006)| Avevi, GB mg‡q KvRx bRij
Bmjvg GwfwbD‡Z cÖvB‡fU Kvi K‡g‡Q 6.20% Ges wgicyi †iv‡W cÖvB‡fU Kvi
†e‡o‡Q 5.73% (DUTP, 2006)| myZivs, †`Lv hv‡Q cÖvB‡fU KviB myôy
hvZvqvZ e¨e¯vi c‡_ cÖavb cÖwZeÜK, wiKkv bq| Avi Dfq †¶‡ÎB hvÎx
†e‡o‡Q g~jZt ev‡mi msL¨v e„w× cvIqvq, hv wiKkv _vKv Ae¯vqI n‡Z cviZ|
D‡‛Q`K…Z wiKkvi ’vb †K `Lj K‡i?
GKwU iv vq hLbB †Kvb evnb PjvPj eÜ n‡q hvq ZLb ¯vfvweKfv‡eB Zvi
ïY¨¯vb c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ evnb †e‡o hvq| wiKkv wbwl× Kivi d‡j m„ó
ïY¨¯vb c~i‡Yi Rb¨ cvewjK ev‡mi cvkvcvwk AvMgb N‡U wecyj cwigvY †QvU
hvbevn‡bi (cÖvB‡fU Kvi, U¨vw· BZ¨vw`)| †`Lv hvq, GLv‡b eZ©gv‡b 60 fvM
iv v Ry‡oB Av‡Q cÖvB‡fU Kvi Ges Ab¨vb¨ †QvU hvb, †h ¯v‡b 2000 m‡b
wiKkvB wQj g~j evnb| GLb GB †QvU hvwš¿K hvb¸‡jv †e‡o hvIqvq (hv
wiKkvi Zzjbvq iv¯ vq A‡bK †ewk RvqMv †bq) wgicyi mo‡K Avevi hvbRU
m„wó n‡Q Ges Dciš‧ †e‡o wM‡q‡Q `~lY|
R¡vjvbx m¼U I wiKkv:
84
eZ©gv‡b mviv we‡k¦ R¡vjvbx m¼U †gvKvwejvi Dcvq †LuvRv n‡Q| †`‡k †`‡k
R¡vjvbx Pvwn`v e„w×i d‡j †`Lv w`‡q‡Q m¼U| we‡klÁ‡`i g‡Z, we‡k¦ R¡xevk¥
R¡vjvbxi gRy` wbKU fwel¨‡Z †kl n‡q hv‡e| †m‡¶‡Î R¡vjvbx wbivcËvi Rb¨
bZzb ai‡bi R¡vjvbx Drm †ei Kivi cvkvcvwk Gi Pvwn`v wbqš¿Y Kiv Riix|
we‡k¦ cwienY Lv‡Z cÖPzi cwigv‡Y R¡vjvbx e¨envi n‡Q| mwVK cwiKíbvi
gva¨‡g cwienY Lv‡Z R¡vjvbx e¨envi Kwg‡q Avbv m¤¢e| XvKv kn‡i cÖPzi gvbyl
†nu‡U I wiKkvq PjvPj Kivq GLv‡b cwienY Lv‡Z R¡vjvbx wbf©iZv Zzjbvg~jK
A‡bK Kg| wKš‧ XvKvi wewfbœ moK †_‡K wiKkv wbwl× Kivq cwienY Lv‡Z
R¡vjvbxi e¨envi e„w× cv‡Q| G wel‡q GLbB mZK© nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
•ewk¦K Dòvqb I wiKkv :
AwZwi³ Kve©Y wbM©g‡Yi cÖfv‡e `ªZ Rjevq~ cwieZ©b n‡Q| hvi cÖfv‡e wek¦
cwi‡ek wech©‡qi m¤§~Lxb| Gi †cQ‡bI cwien‡Yi cÖfve D‡jL‡hvM¨| g~jZ
hvwš¿K hvb we‡kl K‡i cÖvB‡fU Kvi e¨envi e„w×i d‡j MÖxY nvDm M¨vm
wbM©g‡Yi gvÎv evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q eû¸‡Y| welqwU Abyaveb Ki‡Z †c‡i c„w_exi
A‡bK †`‡kB cwien‡Yi e¨e¯vq cÖvB‡fU Kvi wbqš¿Y K‡i R¡vjvbxgy³ cwienY
I cvewjK cwien‡Yi my‡hvM-myweav e„wׇZ KvR Ki‡Qb| BwZg‡a¨ A‡b‡KB
mdjfv‡e KvRwU K‡i‡Qb| we‡k¦ cwienY †_‡K 25% Kve©Y-WvB-A·vBW
wbM©gY n‡q _v‡K| Av‡gwiKvmn Mvwo wbf©i †`k mg~n‡K e¨w³MZ Mvox e¨envi
Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ Pvc cÖ‡qv‡M wek¦ RbgZ M‡o †Zvjv cÖ‡qv‡Rb| cvkvcvwk
wb‡R‡`i †`‡k cÖvB‡fU Kvi wbqš¿‡Y mwVK bxwZgvjv _vKv Riwi| cÖvB‡fU
Kv‡ii Dci wbf©ikxjZv Kgv‡bvi †¶‡Î ¯í `~i‡Z¡ hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ wiKkvi
¸iZ¡ Acwimxg|
wiKkv eÜ K‡i cÖvB‡fU Mvwo cvwK©s wK hyw³m½Z?
wbDgv‡K©‡Ui †¶‡Î GB D`vniYwU AZ¨š jvMmB| wiKkv eÜ K‡i w`‡q GLv‡b
cÖvqB mo‡Ki `yB †_‡K wZb †jb a‡i c&ªvB‡fU Kvi cvwK©s Kiv nq| †h iv¯v
w`‡q cÖwZw`b wiKkv K‡i j¶ j¶ gvbyl hvZvqvZ KiZ Zv GLb eÜ K‡i w`‡q
50 †_‡K 100 wU cÖvB‡fU Kvi cvwK©s Gi Kv‡R e¨eüZ n‡Q| Avi Gi Rb¨
Mvwo cÖwZ gvÎ 5 †_‡K 10 UvKv w`‡jB h‡_ó A_ev A_© QvovB cvwK©s myweav
cv‡Q| kn‡ii †K› ª¯‡j wekvj fZ©ywK cÖvß GB cvwK©s e¨e¯v ïaygvÎ DPweËivB
†fvM Ki‡Q| Avi wiKkvi Rb¨ bvgvKvIqv‡¯ †jb †`qv n‡q‡Q| hv PjvPjK„Z
wiKkvi Rb¨ h‡_ó RvqMv bq| GQvov †jbwU wbDgv‡K©‡Ui ga¨ w`‡q Nywi‡q
†`Iqvq mgq I A_© `yB‡qiB AcPq n‡Q| wiKkv PvjK‡`i †KvwU UvKvi ¶wZ
Ges bvix, wkï, e„×, Amy ‡`i `~‡f©vM m„wó K‡i gvÎ K‡qK nvRvi UvKv cvwK©s
PvR© Av`vq cwienY e¨e¯vq •elg¨ •Zwi Ki‡Q|
85
XvKvi wewfbœ mo‡K †hfv‡e µgvš‡q wiKkv PjvPj wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q:
2005 mv‡j mvK© kxl© m‡¤§jb Dcj‡¶¨ Gwjd¨v›U †ivW-kvnevM-grm¨
feb ch©š wiKkv eÜ Kiv n‡jI GLb ¯vqxfv‡e wiKkv PjvPj eÜ K‡i
†`Iqv n‡q‡Q| d‡j GB c‡_ PjvPjKvix mvaviY gvby‡li `~‡f©vM Pi‡g
†cu․‡Q‡Q| †m¸bevwMPv †_‡K GB c‡_ kvnevM., wkïcvK©, RvZxq hv`yNi,
cvewjK jvB‡eªwi, evi‡Wg I wcwR nvmcvZvj I KuvUveb Avmv hvIqvi
†¶‡Î gvby‡li AeY©bxq `~‡f©vM †cvnv‡Z n‡Q| we‡kl K‡i wkï, bvix,
e„× I Amy¯‡`i| GKw`‡K wiKkv K‡i Gme GjvKvq PjvPj Kivi Rb¨
A‡bK Ny‡i hvIqvq mgq I UvKv †ewk jvM‡Q| GQvov Ab¨vb¨ evnb
†c‡ZI A‡bK mgq a‡i A‡c¶v Ki‡Z n‡Q| Avi wmGbwR U¨vw· K¨ve
†h‡Z Pvq bv, †M‡jI A‡bK †ewk fvov ¸b‡Z n‡Q| (B‡ËdvK, 26
wW‡m¤i 2005)
2002 mv‡j MveZjx †_‡K iv‡mj †¯‥vqvi ch©š wiKkvmn mKj cÖKvi
Ahvwš¿K hvbevnb PjvPj wbwl× Kiv nq| cieZ©x‡Z Ab¨vb¨ iv¯v †_‡K
µgvš‡q wiKkv I Ab¨vb¨ Ahvwš¿K hvbevnb D‡Q‡`i cÖ ve Kiv nq|
wKš‧ kZ© †`qv nq GB D‡`¨vM MveZjx †_‡K iv‡mj ¯‥qvi ch©š hvZvqvZ
e¨e¯vq wK ai‡bi cÖfve †d‡j Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i cieZ©x‡Z Ab¨vb¨
iv v n‡Z wiKkv Ges Ahvwš¿K hvbevnb D‡Q` Kiv n‡e wK bv †m wel‡q
wm×vš †bqv n‡e| 2002 mv‡j MveZjx †_‡K iv‡mj †¯‥vqvi ch©š
wiKkvmn mKj cÖKvi Ahvwš¿K hvbevnb PjvPj wbwl× cieZ©x mg‡q
GBPwWAviwm Gi M‡elYvi wfwˇZ GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk K‡i|
cÖwZ‡e`bwU‡Z cÖKvwkZ Z_¨ we‡klY Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e, wiKkv eÜ Kivq
GB †iv‡W hvZvqv‡Zi †¶‡Î †bwZevPK cÖfve c‡o‡Q| GiciI 17
wW‡m¤i 2004 mv‡j iv‡mj ¯‥qvi †_‡K AvwRgcyi ch©š wiKkvmn mKj
cÖKvi Ahvwš¿K hvbevnb PjvPj wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv nq (XvKvi hvZvqvZ
e¨e vi Dbœq‡b c`‡¶c: wgicyi †iv‡Wi ev¯eZv, WvweDwewe Uªv÷ 2005)|
C‡`i QywU‡Z †Kv‡bv iKg c~e© †Nvlbv QvovB AZ¨š †Mvc‡b ivRavbxi
KuvVvjevMvb †_‡K B¯‥vUb Kg©Rxex †nv‡÷j ch©š GjvKvq wiKkv PjvPj
eÜ K‡i w`‡q‡Q XvKv †g‡UªvcwjUb cywjk| bMixi e¨¯Zg GB mo‡K
AvKw¯§Kfv‡e wiKkv PjvPj eÜ n‡q hvIqvq wbD B¯‥vUb, gMevRvi,
gvwjevM, ivgcyiv, evmv‡evmn kn‡ii G cÖv‡ši evwm›`v‡`i nvwZicyj,
f~‡ZiMwj, avbgwÛ hvIqv-Avmvi †¶‡Î RbmvaviY Pig ~‡f©v‡Mi wkKvi
nb| C‡`i QywU †k‡l XvKvq wd‡i wiKkvPvj‡`i cvkvcvwk bMievmx
cywj‡ki AZ¨š †Mvc‡b †bIqv G wm×v‡š nZevK n‡q‡Qb| QywU KvwU‡q
86
hviv XvKvq wd‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ B¯‥vUb, KuvVvjevMvb, cixevM,
nvwZicy‡ji evwm‡›`iv gvjvgvj wb‡q Pig †fvMvwši wkKvi nb|
wiKkvwenxb GB GjvKv¸‡jv‡Z evm †_‡K †b‡g Mš‡e¨ hvIqvi Rb¨
†Kv‡bv hvbevnb †g‡jwb| G Ae¯vq †nu‡U hvIqvi †¶‡Î wkï I eq¯‥iv
nvwd‡q I‡Vb| AvKw¯§K GB weo¤^bvq mevB ¶zä n‡q I‡Vb| Ab¨w`‡K
Gme GjvKvq e¨emvqxiv Zv‡`i gvjvgvj GK ¯vb †_‡K Ab¨¯v‡b
miv‡bvi Ab¨Zg gva¨g wiKkv I f¨vb DwV‡q †`Iqvq DwØMœ n‡q I‡Vb|
(†fv‡ii KvMR, 25 Rvbyqvwi 2005, cÖ_g Av‡jv, 30 Rvbyqvwi 2005)
2007 Gi A‡±vei G C‡`i QywU‡Z mvZ iv¯vi †gvo GjvKvq wiKkv
PjvPj wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avgvi Avkv G ai‡bi NUbvi c~bive„wË Avi
n‡e bv|
wiKkv e‡Üi Bm¨~‡Z wek¦e¨vsK Gi gZvgZ :
wek¦e¨vs‡Ki mycvwi‡k wgicyi mo‡Ki 7 wKwg GjvKvq wiKkv e‡Üi †cÖw¶‡Z
M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq, bq nvRvi gvby‡li iwUiwRi Dci AvNvZ G‡m‡Q| gvby‡li
cwienY e¨q 30 kZvsk e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Av‡M hviv GB mo‡K hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨
wiKkv e¨envi Ki‡Zb Zviv eva¨ n‡q wmGbwR ev Ab¨ evnb e¨envi Ki‡Qb|
wek¦e¨vsK †Kvb moK‡K bZzb K‡i wiKkvgy³ Kivi Av‡M mswkó mKj
c‡¶i m‡½ ch©vß Av‡jvPbv, nvmcvZvj, gv‡K©U, ¯‥zj BZ¨vw`‡Z
hvZvqv‡Zi †¶‡Î weKí †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯v M‡o †Zvjv, wiKkvPvjK‡`i
c~be©vmb, ch©vß evm mvwf©m Pvjy Kiv Ges Gme mo‡K cvwK©s K‡Vvifv‡e
wbwl× Kivi mycvwik K‡i‡Q| (RbKÉ I hyMvši, 11 †deªqvwi 2005)
miKvi wek¦ e¨vs‡Ki mnvqZvq XvKv gnvbMixi wiKkvPvjK‡`i Rb¨ cÖvq
27 †KvwU UvKv e¨q mv‡c‡¶ e¨vcKwfwËK c~be©vmb Kg©m~wP Pvjyi wm×vš
MÖnY K‡i‡Q| wiKkv Pvjv‡bvi cwie‡Z© BQyK wiKkvPvjK‡`i weKí
†ckv MÖnY, Dchy³ cÖwk¶Y I Avq ea©bmn Ab¨vb¨ Drcv`bkxj
AvZ¥Kg©ms¯vbg~jK Kg©m~wP XvKv Avievb Uªv݇cvU© cÖK‡íi AvIZvq
ev evqb Kiv n‡e| (cÖ_g Av‡jv, 3 †deªqvwi 2005)
cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ GB msev` †_‡K wek¦ e¨vs‡Ki wØg~Lx bxwZ cwijw¶Z nq|
GKw`‡K Zviv M‡elYv K‡i †`wL‡q‡Q wiKkv eÜ Kivq cwienY e¨e¯vq mgm¨v
m„wó n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K c~bivq wiKkv e‡Üi Rb¨ wiKkvPvjK‡`i c~be©vm‡bi
bv‡g bZzb cÖKí Pvjy Ki‡Z hv‡Q| cÖkœ n‡jv, wek¦ e¨vsK wK wiKkv eÜ Kivi
ivRbxwZ‡Z †b‡g‡Q Mvwoi evRvi •Zwi Ki‡Z? weMZ eQi¸‡jv‡Z †KvwU †KvwU
UvKv LiP K‡i wewfbœ Kvh©µg MÖnY Ki‡j GLv‡bv XvKvi hvZvqvZ e¨e¯vi
87
mvaviY gvby‡li we‡kl ai‡bi †Kvb myweav nqwb| eis gvby‡li y‡f©vM I
hvZvqvZ LiP eûjvs‡k e„w× †c‡q‡Q| AvksKvRbKfv‡e e„w× cv‡Q cÖvB‡fU
Mvox ev R¡vjvwb wbf©i cwien‡bi wbf©iZv| cÖvB‡fU Kvi Lye Aí gvbyl‡K
cwienY Ki‡jI cvwK©s I PjvP‡ji gva¨‡g hvbRU evov‡Q| A_P cÖvB‡fU Kvi
wbqš¿Y bv K‡i evievi wiKkv D‡Q‡`i gva¨‡g cwienY e¨q †e‡o‡Q| GQvov
bvix, wkï, e„× I Amy¯‡`i hvZvqv‡Zi †¶‡Î Pig `~‡f©vM †cvnv‡Z n‡Q| wKš‧
wiKkv e‡Üi d‡j GB ¶wZ ¯^xKvi Kivi ciI wek¦ e¨vsK Gi `vq wb‡Z ivRx
bq| ZvB `ªZZvi mv‡_ R¡vjvbx mvkªq I cwi‡ek Dbœq‡b D‡Q`K…Z mo‡K
wiKkv PjvP‡j c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
wiKkv eÜ Ab¨vb¨ †ckvi Dci weiƒc cÖfve :
mwVK cwiKíbv bv _vK‡j cwi‡ek, A_©bxwZ I mgv‡Ri Dci weiƒc cÖfve c‡o
Zvi cÖK…Z D`vniY n‡Q wiKvkv D‡P‡`i NUbv| wi·v D‡Q` Kivq ïaygvÎ
RbM‡Yi PjvP‡ji Amyweav n‡Q Zv bq| Gi cªfve co‡Q Av‡iv wewfbœ †kªYxi
gvby‡li Dci| weMZ K‡qK eQi a‡i XvKv kn‡ii hvbRU wbim‡bi j‡¶¨
wewfbœ iv v †_‡K wiKkv I Ahvwš¿K hvbevnb eÜ Kivi cÖwµqv Pj‡Q| 2002
mv‡ji wW‡m¤i gv‡m MveZjx †_‡K iv‡mj ¯‥qvi ch©š moKwU‡Z wiKkvmn
mKj cÖKi Ahvwš¿K hvbevnb PjvPj eÜ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB cÖwµqvi Ask wn‡m‡e
17 wW‡m¤^i 2004 iv‡mj ¯‥qvi †_‡K AvwRgcyi ch©š iv¯ vq Ahvwš¿K hvbevnb
Pjvj wbwl× †NvlYv K‡i‡Q| wWBDwUwc cÖK‡íi Aax‡b MveZjx †_‡K iv‡mj
†¯‥vqvi ch©š Ahvwš¿K hvbevnb D‡Q` Kivi †cÖw¶‡Z GB mo‡K wK ai‡bi
cÖfve c‡o‡Q †mwU Rvbvi Rb¨ wnDg¨vb †W‡fjc‡g›U wimvP© †m›Uvi
(GBPAviwm) GKwU AbymÜvbg~jK M‡elYv I cÖwZ‡e`b •Zwi K‡i| G M‡elYvq
†`Lv hvq, wiKkv e‡Üi †cÖw¶‡Z ïay wiKkv PvjK ev hvÎx‡`i mgm¨v n‡Q Zv
bq| cvkvcvwk iv¯ vi cv‡ki †`vKvb¸‡jv we‡kl K‡i nKvi †ckvq wb‡qvwRZiv
fxlYfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯ n‡q‡Q|
iv vi cv‡ki nKvi‡`i GKwU eo As‡ki †µZv n‡Q hviv wiKkvq PjvPj K‡i|
wiKkvq PjvP‡ji mgq hvÎxiv A‡bK mgq nKvi‡`i †_‡K †Kbv KvUv K‡i|
bvmixb L›`Kvi I Rb_b †ivR cwiPvwjZ GK M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq, wiKkv e‡Üi
†cÖw¶‡Z nKvi‡`i g‡a¨ hviv iv¯vq Kvco wewµ K‡i Zviv gvivZ¥Kfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯
n‡q‡Q| nKvi †ckvq hy³ gvgyb bv‡gi GKRb Abyf~wZ e¨³ Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb,
wiKkv e‡Üi c~‡e© GB iv¯vq AšZ 25 Rb nKvi wQj| wKš‧ eZ©gv‡b wewµ K‡&g
hvIqvq Ab‡KB GB †ckv †Q‡o P‡j †M‡Q| Avgv‡`i g~j †µZv n‡Q wiKkv
Iqvjv Ges wiKkvq hviv PjvPj K‡i| d‡j wiKkv D‡Q‡`i †cªw¶‡Z Avgv‡`i
e¨emv eÜ nevi Dcµg| ZvQvov cwiev‡ii Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z GLb Av‡Mi Zzjbvq
88
Avgv‡`i A‡bK †ewk mgq KvR Ki‡Z n‡Q| dwi` bvgK GK nKvi Rvbv‡jb,
Avwg eZ©gv‡b mvZ wcQ gyiwM wewµ Ki‡Z cvwi Av‡M †hLv‡b 50 wcQ wewµ
Ki‡Z cviZvg|8
wiKkv D‡Q‡`i d‡j eo ai‡bi cÖfve c‡o‡Q D³ mo‡Ki
cv‡k wiKkv †givgZKvix †ckvRxex‡`i Dci| †ewkifvM wiKkv †gKvwbK †ckv
e`j Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Q, †KD †KD bZzb †ckv MÖnY K‡i‡Q, Avevi A‡b‡K bZzb
†Kvb Ae¯vb Luy‡S wb‡Z †Póv Ki‡Q|
ivóªxq bxwZ MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î RbM‡Yi my‡hvM-myweav we‡ePbvq wb‡q †`kxq cÖhyw³ I
m¤ú` e¨envi K‡i cwiKíbv MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î AMÖvwaKvi cÖ`vb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
GLb †h mKj mo‡K wiKkv eÜ Kiv n‡q‡Q †mLv‡b c„_K †jb •Zwi K‡i
kn‡ii cÖwZwU GjvKvq wiKkv PjvP‡ji †bUIqvK© •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z †hgb
R¡vjvbx mvkªq n‡e Gi mv‡_ cwi‡ek `~lYI wbqš¿Y Kiv hv‡e| miKv‡ii wbKU
AvnŸvb RvbvB wbZ¨w`bKvi cÖ‡qvRbxq evnb wiKkv †hb †Kvb mo‡K eÜ bv Kiv
nq| Avkv Kwi miKvi R¡vjvbx mvkªq I cwi‡ek Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ MYgvby‡li evnb
wiKkv PjvP‡ji myôz e¨e¯vcbv M‡o †Zvjvi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvMx n‡eb| cvkvcvwk
†nu‡U, mvB‡K‡j I cvewjK cwien‡b PjvP‡ji Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek m„wó Ges
cÖvB‡fU Mvwoi e¨envi wbqš¿‡Y m‡Pó n‡eb|
cwi‡ek I R¡vjvbx we‡ePbvq wiKkv PjvP‡j myôy e¨e ’vcbv M‡o Zzj‡Z
KiYxq
wgkª GjvKv (evmv, evRvi, nvmcvZvj, wk¶v cÖwZôvb, Awdm I
we‡bv`‡bi Rb¨ KvQvKvwQ e¨e¯v Kiv) M‡o †Zvjvi e¨e¯v Kiv|
†h mKj mo‡K wiKkv eÜ i‡q‡Q †mLv‡b c„_K †jb w`‡q cy‡iv XvKv
kn‡i wiKkv PjvP‡ji †bUIqvK© M‡o †Zvjvi e¨e¯v Kiv|
Pvwn`vbyhvqx wiKkvi jvB‡mÝ cÖ`vb Kiv|
hvÎx I Pvj‡Ki myweav‡_© wiKkvi KvVv‡gvMZ Dbœqb Kiv|
wiKkvPvjK‡`i cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨e¯v Kiv|
wiKkvi cvkvcvwk †nu‡U, mvB‡K‡j I cvewjK cwien‡Y PjvP‡ji
Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek M‡o †Zvjvi e¨e¯v Kiv|
cÖvB‡fU Mvwoi e¨envi wbqš¿Y Kiv|
- Avwgbyj Bmjvg myRb: wmwbqi cÖ‡R± Awdmvi
- gvi‚d ingvb: cÖ‡R± Awdmvi, WvweDwewe Uªv÷
8 Nasrin Khandoker and Jonathan Rouse, Urban development and livelihoods of
the poor in Dhaka
89
References
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Mirpur Road” WBB Trust, February 2005
- Bari, M. and Efroymson, D. (2006) “Dhaka Urban Transport Project’s After Poject Report: A Critical Review”, WBB Trust, April 2006
- Bari, M. and Efroymson, D. (2007) “Dhaka Strategic Transport Plan (STP): A Critical
Review”, WBB Trust, May 2007
- DfT (2006) “Variable Demand Modelling - Advice Overview TAG Unit 2.9.1”,
Department for Transport (DfT), UK, June 2006.
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Bangladesh, Dhaka Urban Transport Project (DUTP), Dhaka.
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Overseas Co., Ltd., Japan, Finnroad Oy, Finland, Operation Research Group, India,
SARM Associates Ltd., Bangladesh, Desh Upodesh Ltd., Bangladesh, DevConsultants Ltd., Bangladesh in Dhaka Urban Transport Project (DUTP), Dhaka, February 2006.
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paper no 6, Strategic Transport Plan for Dhaka, a report submitted to DTCB.
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(Gabtoli-Russell Square)” Report prepared for Dhaka Transportation Coordination
Board (DTCB), Human Development Research Centre, August 2004, Dhaka.
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90
nKvi‡`i A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK Ae`vb Ges
†ckvMZ wbivcËv
gvid ingvb
†`‡k AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZmg~‡ni g‡a¨ D‡jL‡hvM¨ msL¨K gvbyl nKvi †ckvq
wb‡qvwRZ| kniv‡j we‡kl K‡i XvKv kn‡i cÖPzi gvbyl nKvi †ckvi gva¨‡g
msmvi cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| mvaviYZ `wi`ª †kªYxi gvbyl ¯^í cuywR‡Z wbR D‡`¨v‡M
GB †ckv MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| kn‡ii e„n`vs‡ki gvby‡li Rb¨ Kg g~‡j¨ c‡Y¨i
†hvMvb w`‡q _v‡K nKviiv| ïa~gvÎ A_©‣bwZK bq, mvgvwRKfv‡eI nKvi‡`i
f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| Zv‡`i my‡hvM-myweav wbwðZ Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c MÖnY
Ges wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g e¨emvi Rb¨ myôz e¨e¯vcbv M‡o †Zvjv cÖ‡qvRb|
XvKv kn‡i mvaviYZ dzUcvZ I mo‡Ki cv‡k ¯vqx Ges A¯vqxfv‡e nKviiv
e¨emv K‡i _v‡K| GQvov f¨vb, mvB‡Kj I cv‡q †nu‡U åvg¨gvb nKviiv cY¨
wewµ K‡ib| BwZc~‡e© XvKvi dzUcvZ †_‡K nKvi Zz‡j †`Iqv n‡qwQj| Z‡e
GB †ckvi ¸iZ¡ Abyaveb mv‡c‡¶ Zv‡`i‡K cybivq dzUcv‡Z e¨emv Kivi
AbygwZ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GgbwK XvKvi wekwU ¯v‡b nKvi‡`i ¯vqxfv‡e emvi
Rb¨ RvqMv eivÏ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| †KD †KD g‡b K‡i _v‡Kb nKviiv PjvP‡j
cÖwZeÜKZv •Zwi K‡i| GwU mZ¨ †h wKQy wKQy dzUcv‡Z nKviiv Ggbfv‡e cmiv
mvwR‡q e¨emv Ki‡Qb hv PjvP‡j cÖwZeÜKZv •Zwi Ki‡Q| Z‡e GwUI †f‡e
†`Levi welq †h, mvaviYZ wbR©b Ges k~b¨ dzUcvZ w`‡q gvbyl nuvU‡Z Pvq bv|
gvbyl‡K †nu‡U PjvP‡j Drmvnx Ki‡Z nKvi‡`i f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| dzUcv‡Z mvwR‡q
ivLv wewfbœ cmiv †nu‡U PjvPjKvix‡`i AvKl©Y Ges GK‡N‡qwg ~i K‡i|
nKviiv c_Pvix‡`i wbivcËv cÖ`v‡b †¯Qv‡me‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
dzUcv‡Z nKvi _vK‡j gvbyl †nu‡U PjvP‡j wbivc` †eva K‡i| Gi Rb¨
nKvi‡`i Rb¨ mywbw ©ófv‡e RvqMv eivÏ I Z`viwK nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
A‡b‡KB nKvi D‡Q` K‡i Zv‡`i c~be©vm‡bi Rb¨ nKvi gv‡K©U wbg©v‡Yi K_v
e‡jb| BwZc~‡e© G ai‡bi gv‡K©U wbg©vY Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‧ nKvi‡`i †mLv‡b
RvqMv nq wb| mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© GwU †Kvb mgvavb bq| dzUcv‡Z e¨emv ïay
Avgv‡`i †`‡k bq, we‡k¦i DbœZ kn‡i myk„Ljfv‡e GwU msNwUZ n‡Q|
dzUcv‡Z Lye Aí cuywR‡Z e¨emv Kiv m¤¢e| hv GKRb `wi`ª gvby‡li c‡¶
mn‡RB Kg©ms¯v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i _v‡K| nKvi gv‡K©U n‡Z cv‡i, †mLv‡b
mwVKfv‡e nKvi‡`i †`vKvb cÖvwß wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| †mLv‡b cQ›` Abymv‡i
91
nKviiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Aek¨B dzUcv‡Z ¯vqx I A vqxfv‡e Ges åvg¨gvb
nKvi‡`i e¨emv Kivi my‡hvM _vK‡Z n‡e| XvKvq †ek K‡qKwU GjvKvq
nKvi‡`i Rb¨ Ònwj‡W gv‡K©UÓ Pvjy i‡q‡Q| Av‡iv AwaK msL¨K GjvKv‡K Gi
AvIZvq Avbv †h‡Z cv‡i| GQvov wewfbœ Drme‡K †K›`ª K‡i nKvi‡`i Rb¨
A vqx gv‡K©U Gi e¨e¯v Kiv hvq| GiKgwU †`Lv hvq cqjv •ekvLmn wewfbœ
Drm‡e| †hLv‡b gvbyl m¯vq cÖ‡qvRbxq cb¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Gi Rb¨
wKQy GjvKv wbw`©ó mg‡q Mvwo PjvPj eÜ †i‡L ïaygvÎ cv‡q †nu‡U PjvP‡ji
e¨e¯v Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| we‡k¦i DbœZ kni¸wj‡Z GB weavb i‡q‡Q|
XvKv kn‡i åvg¨gvb nKvi‡`i gva¨‡g e¨vcK gvby‡li Pvwn`v c~iY n‡q _v‡K| hv
hvZvqvZ n«vm I m¯ vq cb¨ cÖvwß wbwðZ K‡i _v‡K| f¨vb, mvB‡Kj Ges cv‡q
†nu‡U XvKvi cÖvq me©ÎB cb¨ †cu․‡Q hv‡Q G‡`i gva¨‡g| cÖwZwU cvov gnjvq
G‡`i‡K GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q e¨emvi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡j †µZv I we‡µZv Df‡qB
DcK…Z n‡eb| G ai‡bi e¨e¯v ªe¨g~j¨ wbqš¿‡YI ¸iZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡e| G
ai‡bi nKvi‡`i j¶¨ _v‡K †ewk wewµ Ges Kg jvf Kiv| dzUcvZ Ges
åvg¨gvb `yB ai‡bi nKviB †`vKvb cwiPvjbv LyeB Kg Ges cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi
wfwˇZ e¨emv K‡i e‡j m¯vq cb¨ cvIqv hvq| GQvov cÖwZw`‡bi cb¨ cÖwZw`b
wewµ K‡i e‡j UvUKv wRwbm cvIqv hvq|
nKvi‡`i e¨emvi myweav‡_© GKwU bxwZgvjv cÖYqb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| hvi Av‡jv‡K
bMi KZ„©c¶ Gi gva¨‡g IqvW©wfwËK cÖkvmb I ¯vbxq RbcÖwZwbwa, wewfbœ
†ckvi gvbyl I nKvi‡`i mgš‡q GKwU KwgwU _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| KwgwUi KvR n‡e
nKvi‡`i Rb¨ mywbw`©ófv‡e RvqMv eivÏ Ges we`¨~r, cvwb, QvDbx, Wv÷web I
cvewjK Uq‡jUmn cÖ‡qvRbxq my‡hvM-myweav wbwðZ Kiv| RvqMv cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î
bMi KZ©„c¶ Aby‡gvw`Z jvB‡mÝ Gi e¨e¯v Kiv| jvB‡mÝ Ges gvwmK ÒwdÓ
Gi wewbg‡q nKvi‡`i RvqMv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡j ivR¯^ Avq evo‡e| RvqMv eiv‡Ïi
†¶‡Î †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb PjvP‡j weNœ m„wó bv nq| iv¯v-NvU †hb cwi¯‥vi-
cwiQbœ _v‡K †mw`‡K bRi w`‡Z n‡e| j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e †hb Zv‡`i Lv`¨ ª‡e¨i
gvb wVK _v‡K| GQvov nKvi‡`i wbKU Puv`vevwR †ivamn mKj wKQyB cÖ¯vweZ
KwgwU KZ©„K msMwVZ n‡e| RvZxq ¯^v‡_© nKvi †ckvi wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb| †`‡k bZzb Kg©ms¯v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv m¤¢e n‡Q bv Ges cÖPzi
msL¨K gvbyl †eKvi| ZvB gvby‡li wbR D‡`¨v‡M ¯í cuywR‡Z M‡o †Zvjv ÒnKviÓ
†ckv‡K mymsnZ Ki‡Z mwVK cwiKíbv Ges Zvi h_vh_ ev¯evqb Riwi| G
wel‡q cÖvmw½K Av‡jvPbv Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:
92
†eKviZ¡ bq, Kg©ms ’vb m„wó:
†eKviZ¡ evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ Ab¨Zg GKwU mgm¨v| miKv‡ii AvMÖn I bvbv cÖ‡Póv
Ae¨vnZ _vKv m‡Ë¡I Gi mgvavb m¤¢e n‡q DV‡Q bv, eis µgvMZfv‡e cwiw¯wZ
m¼Uvcbœ n‡q co‡Q| †`‡k D‡jL‡hvM¨ msL¨K gvbyl nKvi †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ|
hv‡`i‡K ivóªxq ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb mv‡c‡¶ cÖ‡qvRbxq my‡hvM-myweav cÖ`vb Kiv n‡j
†eKviZ¡ `~ixKi‡Y mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e| nKviiv ¯^í cuywR wb‡q
¯^vaxbfv‡e e¨emv K‡i _v‡K| Zviv Lv`¨, e¯¿mn cÖ‡qvRbxq iKgvix cY¨mvgMÖx
wb‡q Aí RvqMv e¨envi K‡i dzUcv‡Z A_ev Ny‡i Ny‡i e¨emv Ki‡Q| hvi Dci
wbf©i K‡i Zv‡`i msmvi Pj‡Q| miKv‡ii c¶ †_‡K mivmwi †Kvb ai‡bi
mn‡hvwMZv QvovB Zviv †eu‡P _vKvi ZvwM‡` Av‡qi c_ Luy‡R wb‡q‡Qb| bvMwiK
wn‡m‡e †hLv‡b Zviv †g․wjK myweavmg~n †_‡K ewÂZ †mLv‡b Zv‡`i †ckv‡K
myk„|Lj I myôz e¨e¯vcbvq wb‡q Avmvi Rb¨ ivóª KZ©„K mn‡hvwMZv Kiv DwPZ
cÖvqkB †`Lv hvq nKvi D‡Q‡`i Kvi‡Y A‡b‡KB Kg©nxb n‡q co‡Q, evo‡Q
†eKviZ¡| mwVK we‡ePbvi Afv‡e wewfbœ mg‡q dzUcvZ †_‡K nKvi D‡Q` Kiv
nq| †KD †KD nKvi‡`i dzUcvZ †_‡K mwi‡q weKí cybe©vm‡bi K_v e‡jb|
wKš‧ Avgiv fy‡j hvB Avgv‡`i †`‡k GL‡bv Kg©¶g Rbkw³i 40 kZvskB
†eKvi, 90 `k‡K †eKviZ¡ e„w×i nvi wQj 1.9 kZvsk, MZ 10 eQ‡i Zv †e‡o
`vwo‡q‡Q 3.7 kZvsk9
| Avgiv GLb ch©š Zv‡`i Rb¨ Kg©ms¯v‡bi e¨e¯v
Ki‡Z cvwi wb| we‡k¦ cÖvq me©ÎB AcivaKg© msNwVK n‡q _v‡K| hvi Ab¨Zg
KviY †eKviZ¡ ¶zav I `wi`ªZv| Aciva `g‡bi Rb¨ iv‡óªi cÖPzi e¨q Ki‡Z
nq| GQvov Aciva K‡g©i ¶wZ Avw_©K wnmve K‡i cwigvc Kiv hv‡e bv, GLv‡b
mvgvwRK mgm¨vUvB g~L¨| myZivs nKvi D‡Q` Kivi gva¨‡g Av‡iv †eKviZ¡ m„wó
Kiv myLKi n‡e bv| eis G‡`i wbqwš¿Zfv‡e e¨emv Kivi my‡hvM KivB DËg|
G ch©š †`‡ki A‡bK wkí KviLvbv eÜ Kivq hviv †eKvi n‡q‡Qb, Zv‡`i Rb¨
wK weKí Kg©ms¯vb Gi e¨e¯v Kiv m¤¢e nq wb| Av`gRx RyU wgj e‡Üi ci
cÖPzi gvbyl †eKvi n‡q c‡o‡Q| †hLv‡b GZ GZ gvbyl Kg©nxb †mLv‡b nKvi‡`i
dzUcvZ †_‡K D‡Q‡`i gva¨‡g bZzb K‡i †eKvi‡Z¡i †evSv evov‡bv mgxwPb bq|
G‡¶‡Î weKí e‡j wKQy †bB| weKífv‡e hw` m¤¢e nq Zvn‡j GB gyû‡Z© hviv
†eKvi‡Z¡i Awfkvc wb‡q nZvk Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Qb Zv‡`i Kg©ms¯vb Gi e¨e¯v
9
•`wbK B‡ËdvK, iweevi 13 †deªqvwi 2005
93
Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| nKviiv Rxeb avi‡bi Rb¨B GB †ckv‡K Aej¤b K‡i‡Q| GB
n‡Q Zv‡`i Rb¨ weKí| GB weKí †ckv‡K Av‡iv my›`i I myk„¨Lj Kivi Rb
D‡`¨vM wb‡Z n‡e|
dzUcvZ †_‡K nKvi D‡Q` bZzb K‡i †eKvi‡Z¡i †evSv evwo‡q Zzj‡e| BwZg‡a¨
wewfbœ c`‡¶‡ci ci A‡bK gvbyl †eKvi n‡q c‡o‡Q| wi·v D‡Q`, Av`gRx
cvUKj eÜ, wewfbœ Kj KviLvbv eÜ, Mv‡g©›Um eÜ nIqvi d‡j cÖPzi gvbyl
†eKvi n‡q c‡o‡Q| hvi djvdj wn‡m‡e bvMwiK Rxe‡bi Dci weiƒc cÖwZwµqv
m„wó K‡i‡Q| G †_‡K wk¶v wb‡q Kg©cšv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| iv¯vq nKvi GwU
ev eZv| GB †ckvq A‡bK gvby‡li Kg©ms¯vb Gi e¨e¯v n‡q‡Q| GB †ckvi
gvbyl‡`i‡K mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g GKwU ¯vqx Kg©ms¯v‡bi †¶Î •Zwi Kiv
Riwi|
nKvi‡`i Avq I mvgvwRK Ae`vb:
XvKv kn‡i cÖvq 1,30,000 (GK j¶ wZwik nvRvi) nKvi i‡q‡Q| hvi g‡a¨
¯vqxfv‡e e¨emv Ki‡Qb cÖvq 70,000 (mËi nvRvi) Rb Ges A vqx ev
åvg¨gvb nKvi i‡q‡Q 60,000 (lvU nvRvi) Rb| †`‡ki wewfbœ cÖvš †_‡K
mnvq m¤^jnxb †jv‡Kiv XvKv kn‡i Kv‡Ri mÜv‡b G‡m GB †ckvq wb‡R‡`i
m¤ú„³ K‡i‡Q| hv‡`i MÖv‡g †Kvb KvR †bB&, wb‡Ri Rwg †bB, Rwg †M‡Q b`xi
fv½‡b| ZvivB kn‡i G‡m †Kvbµ‡g GKUz cqmv Rwg‡q nKvi †ckv †e‡Q
wb‡q‡Q| GB †ckvi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i cwievi wb‡q Rxeb †K‡U hv‡Q| ¯^cœ †`L‡Q
my›`i fwel¨‡Zi| †hLv‡b ivóª-miKvi cÖvYvš †Póv K‡iI gvby‡li Rxe‡b †g․wjK
Pvwn`v cyi‡Yi wbðqZv w`‡Z cvi‡Qbv, †mLv‡b GB msMÖvgx Rb‡Mvôx wb‡R‡`i
cÖ‡Póvq evuPvi c_ Lyu‡R wb‡q‡Q| wKš‧ cÖwZwbqZ Zv‡`i †eu‡P _vKvi †kl
Aej¤^b GB †ckvi Dci ûgwK m„wó n‡Q| G‡¶‡Î cÖK…wZ bq, bxwZ wba©viYB
g~L¨| cÖvqkB †`Lv hvq nKvi D‡Q` Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| iv‡óªi bvMwiK
wn‡m‡e nKvi‡`i e¨vcv‡i †h †Kvb wm×vš MÖn‡Yi c~‡e© mvgvwRK, A_©‣bwZK I
gvbweK w`K we‡ePbvq ivLv cÖ‡qvRb|
XvKv kn‡i nKvi‡`i gvwmK Mo Avq 5,000 †_‡K 15,000 UvKv| hvi Dci
wbf©i K‡i Zviv msmvi cwiPvjbv K‡ib| Gi gva¨‡gB Zviv my›`i fwel¨‡Zi
¯^cœ †`L‡Qb| †Q‡j‡g‡qiv hv‡Z DbœZ Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z cv‡i †mR‡b¨ Zv‡`i
cov‡jLvi e¨e¯v K‡i _v‡Kb GB †ckv‡K †K›`ª K‡i| GB Avq †_‡KB evev-
gvmn msmv‡ii Ab¨vb¨‡`i wPwKrmv n‡q _v‡K| nKviiv ¯í cuywR wb‡q wbR
94
D‡`¨v‡M e¨emv Ki‡Q| Zviv A‡b‡KB Ab¨ †ckvi cvkvcvwk nKvi †ckvq
RwoZ| hv evowZ Av‡qi †hvMvb Ges cwiev‡ii Dbœq‡b Kv‡R jvM‡Q|
XvKv kn‡ii wewfbœ Abyôv‡b mvR m¾¡vi Rb¨ m‡ZR dz‡ji Rywo †bB| Gi
†hvMvb Av‡m kvnevM dzUcv‡Z Aew¯Z dz‡ji evRvi n‡Z| kvnevM GjvKvi
dzUcv‡Z cÖvq 30-32 wU dz‡ji †`vKvb i‡q‡Q| cÖwZw`b cÖwZwU †`vKv‡b M‡o
3000-5000 UvKvi wewµ nq Ges M‡o 30 kZvsk jvf K‡i _v‡K| cÖwZ
†`vKv‡b KvR Ki‡Q 5-9 Rb| †hLv‡b gwnjv‡`i GKwU eo Ask i‡q‡Q|
kvnevM, wUGmwm, bvUK miwY, msm` feb GjvKvq A‡bK åvg¨gvb Lvev‡ii
†`vKvb i‡q‡Q| Gme †`vKv‡b dzPKv, PUcwU, Svjgywo, Pv wewµ Ki‡Q| †hLv‡b
gvby‡li wgjb‡gjv M‡o D‡V‡Q| Rv`yNi I cvewjK jvB‡eªwi GjvKvq we‡bv`‡bi
cvkvcvwk Lvev‡ii Drm n‡Q dzUcv‡Zi †`vKvb| GQvov dzUcv‡Z LyeB Aí
`v‡g wewfbœ ai‡bi †Ljbv cvIqv hvq| ¶z`ª I KywUi wkí wKsev nv‡Zi •Zwi
wRwbm cÎ weµ‡qi †¶‡Î XvKv kn‡ii dzUcvZ¸‡jv GKwU Abb¨ f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i Avm‡Q| †`‡ki `wi ª I mvaviY gvbyl Zv‡`i Gme •Zwi wRwbm weµq
Ki‡Z cvi‡Q mn‡R Ges †`‡ki mvaviY gvbyl Zv ¯^í `v‡g µq Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wkï GKv‡Wgxi mvg‡bi dzUcv‡Z cÖvq 30wU †`vKvb Av‡Q| †hLv‡b weµq Kiv
nq wewfbœ gvwUi I nv‡Zi •Zwi wRwbmcÎ| GLvbKvi GKwU D‡jL¨‡hvM¨ w`K
n‡Q G †`vKvb¸‡jv dzUcv‡Zi GK cv‡k me‡P‡q my›`i I myweb¨v Ae¯vq
Aew¯Z| hviv c_Pvix‡`i PjvP‡j †Kvb cÖwZeÜKZv •Zwi Ki‡Q bv, eis
wbivcËv cÖ`vb I AvKl©Y K‡i‡Q|
mnR I myj‡f cY¨cÖvwß:
dzUcvZ †_‡K gvSvix I ¯í Av‡qi gvbyl nuvUvc‡_ myj‡f cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx µq
Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| dzUcv‡Z hviv e¨emv K‡i Zv‡`i †`vKvb LiP ev †WKv‡ikb LiP
†bB ej‡jB P‡j| G‡¶‡Î Zviv Zyjbvg~jKfv‡e A‡bK Kg `v‡g cY¨mvgMÖx
wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvRv dj I mwâ myjf g~‡j¨ cvIqvi †¶‡Î nKvi‡`i Rywo
†bB| Kvco ev Ab¨ A‡bK mvgMÖx i‡q‡Q hv ¯^í Av‡qi gvby‡li c‡¶ eo
†`vKvb n‡Z †Kbv cÖvq Am¤¢e| wKš‧ Zviv dzUcvZ e¨emvqx‡`i wbKU †_‡K
A‡bK Kg `v‡g wKb‡Z cvi‡Q| dzUcv‡Z Aew¯Z †`vKv‡b 20-70 UvKvi g‡a¨
fvj kvU© ev †MwÄ cvIqv hvq| nKvi‡`i Kj¨v‡Y iv¯vi cv‡k wewfbœ wRwbm
mn‡R wKb‡Z cvIqv hvq weavq A‡bK †jvK PjvP‡ji mgq Zv‡`i wbZ¨
95
cÖ‡qvRbxq †KbvKvUvi KvRwU †m‡i †dj‡Z cv‡ib| gwZwSj, ivR¯^ feb
GjvKvi dzUcv‡Z hviv evRvi K‡ib Zv‡`i AwaKvsk gvbyl Avkcv‡ki Awd‡m
KvR K‡ib| Zviv Awdm QywUi ci evwo‡Z hvIqvi c‡_ evRvi K‡i evmvq
wdi‡Z cvi‡Qb|
XvKv kn‡i dzUcv‡Z Aew¯Z Lvevi †`vKv‡b ¯^í Av‡qi gvbyl †hiKg Aí UvKvq
†L‡Z cv‡i Zv Ab¨ †Kvb ¯v‡b m¤¢e bq| XvKv kn‡ii †ewkifvM dzUcv‡Z fvZ,
iwU, weivbx, wcVv, Svjgywo, wewfbœ dj I mwâi †`vKvb i‡q‡Q| XvKvq
Ae¯vbKvix AwaKvsk `wi`ª †ckvi gvbyl GB †`vKvb †_‡K Lvevi Lvq|
A‡b‡KB iv vi Avk-cv‡ki †`vKv‡bi Lvev‡ii gvb wb‡q cÖkœ Zzj‡Z cv‡i| wKš‧
hviv Lv‡Q Zv‡`i g‡Z, GBme †`vKv‡bi Lvev‡ii gvb fv‡jv, Zv‡`i †L‡Z †Kvb
mgm¨v n‡Q bv| GQvov wewfbœ mg‡q cwiPvwjZ †fRvj we‡ivax Awfhv‡bi
†cÖw¶‡Z †`‡ki AvwfRvZ †`vKv‡bvi Lvev‡ei gvb wb‡qI cÖkœ †`Lv w`‡q‡Q|
dzUcv‡_i †`vKv‡bi Lvev‡ii gvb m¤ú‡K© cÖkœ Zy‡j Zv‡`i D‡Q‡`i hyw³
Aevši| Z‡e dzUcv‡Z Lvev‡ii gvb wbqš¿‡Y c`‡¶c †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i|
wiKkv/f¨vb PvjK‡`i AwaKvsk mgqB †`Lv hvq Zviv GB †`vKv‡bi L‡Ïi|
dzUcv‡Z Aí `v‡g Lvevi cvIqvi cvkvcvwk wecyj msL¨K †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯vb
n‡Q| GB welqwU‡K †Kvbfv‡eB AeÁv Kiv hvq bv| dyUcv‡Zi †`vKvb Zz‡j
w`‡j GB `wi ª †jvK‡`i Lvev‡ii m¼U •Zwi n‡e| bxj‡¶Z GjvKvq A‡bK
Lvevi †`vKvb i‡q‡Q| hviv RvqMvi msKzjvb bv nIqvq d‚Ucv‡Zi wKQyUv Ask
e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| †hLv‡b XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq/ey‡qU/B‡Wb K‡jR/Mvn©¯
A_©bxwZ K‡jR/XvKv K‡jRmn AÎ GjvKvi QvÎQvÎx‡`i A‡b‡KiB Lvev‡ii
Pvwn`v †gUvq| GLv‡b cÖwZw`b m¯vq A‡bK QvÎQvÎx Lvevi †L‡q _v‡K| Gme
†`vKvb D‡Q‡`i c~‡e© QvÎQvÎx‡`i Lvevi cÖvwßi welqwU we‡ePbvq ivLv DwPr|
GQvov QvÎ/QvÎxiv dzUcvZ †_‡K m¯vq eBcÎ wKb‡Z cvi‡Q| hv Zv‡`i
cov‡jLv Pvwj‡q †h‡Z mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
nKviiv c_Pvix‡`i AvKl©Y I wbivcËv cÖ vb K‡i:
A‡bK gwnjv hv‡`i‡K wewfbœ cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖwZwbqZ evB‡i hvZvqvZ Ki‡Z nq
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †ewkifv‡Mi gZvgZ dzUcv‡Z nKvi _vKvq PjvP‡j wbivcËv cvIqv
hvq| Ab¨w`‡K †h dzUcv‡Z nKvi †bB †mB iv vq w`‡bi †ejvqI PjvP‡j
wbivcËvnxbZvq fyM‡Z nq| dzUcv‡Z gvby‡li †nu‡U PjvPj Kivi Rb¨ nKvi‡`i
GKwU f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| hw`I nKv‡iiv wRwbmcÎ wewµi Rb¨ evivevi ZvwM` w`‡q
96
weiw³ Drcv`b K‡i| Avevi A‡bK mgq nKvi‡`i fx‡oi Kvi‡Y dzUcv‡Z
PjvP‡j ¯^vfvweKZv bó nq| wbDgv‡K©U GjvKvq wbqwgZ evRvi K‡ib Ggb
e¨w³‡`i gZvgZ dzUcv‡Z nKvi _vKvi A‡bK myweav i‡q‡Q| XvKv kn‡ii
K‡qKwU dzUcv‡Zi w`‡K j¶¨ Ki‡jB GB Z‡_¨i h_v_©Zv cÖgvwYZ nq| †hme
dzUcvZ ev ¯v‡b wKQy wKb‡Z cv‡i ev †jvKRb †Kvb Kvi‡Y Ae¯vb K‡i ïaygvÎ
†mLv‡bB gvbyl PjvPj K‡i _v‡K| msm` feb, cÖavbgš¿xi feb, grm feb
†_‡K KjvevMvb ev wg›Uy †iv‡Wi dzUcvZ G Kvi‡Y †ewkifvM mgq duvKv _v‡K|
†m‡¶‡Î dzUcv‡Z wbw ©ó RvqMvq wbqwš¿Zfv‡e e¨emv Ki‡Z w`‡j †nu‡U PjvP‡j
cÖwZeÜKZv _vK‡e bv|
nKviiv hvbRU wbqš¿‡Y f~wgKv iv‡L:
åvg¨gvb nKviiv gnjvq gnjvq wM‡q cY¨-mvgMÖx wewµ K‡i _v‡K| A‡b‡KB
evmvÕi bxP †_‡KB cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmwU msMÖn Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| d‡j hvZvqvZ
Pvwn`v n«vm cv‡Q| hv hvbRU wbqš¿‡Y f~wgKv iv‡L| XvKv kn‡i hvbRU mgm¨vi
Kvi‡Y cÖ‡Z¨K‡KB ~‡f©vM †cvnv‡Z n‡Q| hvbRU wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ nKvi‡`i
e¨emv Kivi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
cÖ‡qvRb nKvi †ckvi ¯xK…wZ I mvgvwRK gh©v`v:
kª‡gi gh©v`v m¤ú‡K© ZvwË¡Kfv‡e gh©v`v †`qvi K_v ej‡jI †mwU KL‡bv
ev evwqZ nqwb| †µZv‡`i Akvjxb e¨envi, AeÁv, bxPz wn‡m‡e †`Lvi Kvi‡Y
nKvi †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ gvbyl‡`i g‡a¨ nxbgb¨Zv m„wó K‡i| ZvQvov G †ckvi
†Kvb mvgvwRK ev ivóªxq ¯^xK…wZ bv _vKvq Zv‡`i Ae¯v †Kv_vq Zviv Rv‡bb bv|
AwbwðZ Rxe‡bi Rb¨ Zviv memgq nZvkvq †fv‡Mb| A‡bK nKvi Av‡Q hv‡`i
Avq Avq LyeB fv‡jv| A_P mgcwigvY A_© DcvR©b K‡i Ab¨vb¨ †ckvRxexiv
Zv‡`i †_‡K fvj Ae¯v‡b i‡q‡Q| ïaygvÎ mvgvwRK ¯^xK…wZ †bB e‡jB
A_©‣bwZK ¯^QjZv _vKv m‡Ë¡I nKvi †ckvi gvby‡liv wb‡R‡`i †nq fve‡Q|
nKvi‡`i e¨emvi myweav‡_© ivóª KZ©„K †QvU †QvU wKQy c`‡¶c †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
dzUcvZ msjMœ cvewjK Uq‡jU ¯vcb KivUv Riwi| GQvov mܨvi ci Zv‡`i
AšZ GKwU evwZi e¨e¯v Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| hv c_Pvix‡`i PjvP‡ji Rb¨I myweav
m„wó Ki‡e| XvKv kn‡i †`Lv eo eo me kwcsgj¸wj‡Z Gwm, GK‡m‡jUi wmwo
Ges Av‡jvKm¾¡vi gva¨‡g cÖPzi we`~¨r AcPq n‡q _v‡K| Zvn‡j †Kb nKvi‡`i
GKwU evwZi e¨e¯v Kiv hvq bv? nKvi‡`i †iv`-e„wó‡Z mgm¨vq co‡Z nq| Gi
mgvav‡b QvDbxi e¨e¯v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| nKvi‡`i cY¨mvgMÖx dzUcv‡Zi cv‡k
97
wbivc`fv‡e ivLvi Rb¨ AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| dzUcv‡Z jvB‡m‡Ýi
wewbg‡q nKvi‡`i RvqMv eiv‡Ïi gva¨‡g wbqwš¿Zfv‡e e¨emv Kivi my‡hvM
†`Iqv n‡j A‡bK¸wj myweav AwR©Z n‡e| Gi g‡a¨ ivR¯^ Avq e„w× I
Kg©ms¯vb m„wó D‡jL‡hvM¨|
ïaygvÎ dzUcvZ bq, wba©vwiZ w`‡b wbw ©ó ¯v‡b nKvi‡`i e¨emv Kivi my‡hvM
†`Iqv †h‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯iƒc nwj‡W gv‡K©‡Ui K_v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z
K‡i nKvi‡`i evowZ Av‡qi GKwU my‡hvM m„wó n‡e| Z‡e nwj‡W gv‡K©U †h wPšv
†_‡K ïi n‡qwQj Zv Avgv‡`i †cÖ¶vc‡U †gv‡UI ev¯eag©x bq| nKviiv
cÖwZw`‡bi Avq w`‡q cÖwZw`‡bi LiP enb K‡i _v‡K| myZivs dzUcvZmn
nKvi‡`i e¨emvi wbqwgZ ¯vbmg~‡ni cvkvcvwk wKQy wKQy moK wbw`©ó w`‡b eÜ
†i‡L e¨emvi bZzb †¶‡Î •Zwi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z m¯vq wRwbmcÎ msMÖ‡ni
cvkvcvwk gvby‡li we‡bv`‡bi e¨e¯v m„wó n‡e|
nKvi‡`i mvsweavwbK AwaKvi:
ivóª n‡Q Kj¨vYag©x Ges †mev`vbKvix cÖwZôvb| †m‡¶‡Î •elg¨nxb mgvR
e¨e¯v wbwðZ Kiv ivóª cwiPvjbvq wb‡qvwRZ‡`i Ab¨Zg KZ©e¨| evsjv‡`‡ki
msweav‡b G wel‡q my¯úó w`K wb‡ ©kbv †`Iqv Av‡Q| †m Abyqvqx nKvi‡`i
e¨emv Kivi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| msweav‡b my‡hv‡Mi mgZv wbwðZ Kivi K_v ejv
n‡jI ev ‡e Zvi cÖwZdjb †bB| GKRb nKvi e¨emv Kivi Rb¨ mvgvb¨ RvqMv
cvIqvi wbðqZv cv‡Q bv| A_P Mvwo cvwK©s Gi Rb¨ cÖPzi RvqMv e¨env‡ii
my‡hvM cÖ`vb Kiv n‡Q| nKviiv ¯^vaxbfv‡e ¯^í cuywR wb‡q e¨emv Ki‡Q|
mvsweavwbKfv‡e hvi ¯^xK„wZ †`Iqvi K_v _vK‡jI AvR ch©š Zv cwijw¶Z nq
wb| eis evisevi n‡Z n‡q‡Q D‡Q‡`i wkKvi| y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y †`‡ki wewfbœ
cÖvš †_‡K mnvq m¤^jnxb gvbyl Qy‡U Avm‡Q kn‡i| ZvivB ¯^í cuywRi Dci fi
K‡i nKvi †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ n‡Qb| GB AbMÖmi †Mvôx‡K mnvqZv KivUvI
mvsweavwbK `vwqZ¡| myZivs nKvi D‡Q` bq| Zv‡`i wbqwš¿Zfv‡e e¨emv Kivi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq my‡hvM-myweav cÖ`vb Kiv Riwi| wb‡gœ Òevsjv‡`‡ki msweavb I
mve©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi †NvlYvÓ Gi K‡qKwU D‡jL‡hvM¨ Aby‡Q`:
Aby‡Q`-19t my‡hv‡Mi mgZv:-
1) mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ my‡hv‡Mi mgZv wbwðZ Kwi‡Z ivóª m‡Pó nB‡eb|
2) gvby‡l gvby‡l mvgvwRK I A_©‣bwZK Amvg¨ we‡jvc Kwievi Rb¨,
bvMwiK‡`i g‡a¨ m¤ú‡`i mylgeÈb wbwðZ Kwievi Rb¨ Ges cÖRvZ‡š¿i me©Î
98
A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡bi mgvb ¯i AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ mylg my‡hvM-myweav`vb wbwðZ
Kwievi Rb¨ ivóª Kvh©Ki e¨e¯v MÖnY Kwi‡eb|
Aby‡Q`-20t AwaKvi I KZ©e¨iƒ‡c Kg©:-
1) Kg© nB‡Z‡Q Kg©¶g cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki c‡¶ AwaKvi, KZ©e¨ I
m¤§v‡bi welq Ges ÒcÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wbKU nB‡Z †hvM¨Zvbymv‡i I
cÖ‡Z¨K‡K Kg©vbyhvqxÓ GB bxwZi wfwˇZ cÖ‡Z¨K ¯^xq K‡g©i Rb¨
cvwikªwgK jvf Kwi‡eb|
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e¨w³ AbycvwR©Z Avq †fvM Kwi‡Z mg_© nB‡eb bv Ges †hLv‡b
eyw×e„wËg~jK I KvwqK mKj cÖKvi kªg m„wóag©x cÖqv‡mi I gvbweK
e¨w³‡Z¡i c~Y©Zvi Awfe¨w³‡Z cwiYZ nB‡e|
Aby‡Q`-14t K…lK I kªwg‡Ki gyw³- iv‡óªi Ab¨Zg †g․wjK `vwqZ¡ nB‡e
†gnbwZ gvbyl‡K-K…lK I kªwgK‡K Ges RbM‡Yi AbMÖmi Askmg~n‡K mKj
cÖKvi †kvlY nB‡Z gyw³ `vb Kiv|
nKvi I Avš—RvwZ©K Kvh©µg:
nKvi ïaygvÎ evsjv‡`k Z_v XvKv kni bq, DbœZ †`kmg~‡nI i‡q‡Q| jÛb,
†UvwKI, wm½vcyi, †Wbfvimn eo eo kni¸wj‡ZI nKviiv kn‡ii c‡_ Nv‡U
e¨emv Ki‡Q| GgbwK cv‡ki †`k fvi‡Z nKvi‡`i †ckvi wbivcËv cÖ`v‡b
A‡bK GwM‡q wM‡q‡Q| fviZ, †Kvwiqv I `w¶Y Avwd«Kvq BwZg‡a¨ Gme
†fÊvi‡`i AwaKvi i¶vq I k„|Lj Avbvq‡b RvZxq bxwZgvjv cÖYqb K‡i‡Q
GQvov nKvi‡`i AwaKvi i¶vq 17 gvP© 2004 mv‡j GK m‡¤§j‡bi gva¨‡g
`w¶Y Avwd«Kvq StreetNet International bv‡g GKwU †emiKvwi AvšR©vwZK
ms¯v M‡o †Zvjv nq| BwZg‡a¨ AvšR©vwZK kªg ms¯v †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z Zv‡`i
Ae`vb‡K ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q G ms vi Kvh©µ‡gi cÖwZ mg_©b I mn‡hvwMZvi nvZ
evwo‡q‡Q|
†`‡ki AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ¸wji g‡a¨ nKvi †ckv Ab¨Zg| cÖ‡qvRbxq my‡hvM-
myweav †c‡j cÖPzi Kg©ms¯v‡bi cvkvcvwk †`‡ki mvgvwRK I A_©‡bwZK Dbœh‡b
¸iZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e| nKvi †ckvi wbivcËvi Rb¨ †h mKj
c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb:
99
nKvi‡`i e¨emvi myweav‡_© GKwU mgwšZ bxwZgvjv cÖYqb Kiv|
bMi KZ„©c¶ Gi gva¨‡g IqvW©wfwËK cÖkvmb I ¯vbxq RbcÖwZwbwa, wewfbœ
†ckvi gvbyl I nKvi‡`i mgš‡q GKwU KwgwU MVb Kiv|
nKvi‡`i wbw`©ó RvqMvq Aí UvKvi wewbg‡q jvB‡mÝ cÖ`vb mv‡c‡¶ emvi
e¨e¯v Kiv|
†KD jvB‡mÝ fvov w`‡Z cvi‡e bv Zvi weavb ivLv|
nKvi‡`i Rb¨ we`¨~r, cvwb, QvDbx, Wv÷web I cvewjK Uq‡jUmn
cÖ‡qvRbxq my‡hvM-myweav wbwðZ Kiv|
iv v ev dzUcvZ •Zwii †¶‡Î nKvi‡`i emvi e¨e¯v †i‡L cwiKíbv MÖnY
Kiv|
nKvi‡`i `¶Zv e„wׇZ cÖwk¶Y I Avw_©K mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
`~‡hv©M ev `~N©Ubv cieZ©x mg‡q ¶wZMÖ¯ nKvi‡`i mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
nKvi‡`i mieivnK…Z cb¨mvgMÖxi gvb wbqš¿‡Y Z`viwK Kiv|
nKvi‡`i A‣ea Puv`v cÖ`v‡bi nvZ †_‡K i¶vi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c
MÖnY Kiv|
- gvi‚d ingvb: cÖKí Kg©KZ©v, WvweDwewe Uªv÷
Z_¨m~Î:
- •mq` gvneyeyj Avjg, †m‡Þ¤i 2005, iv¯v I dzUcvZ e¨e¯vcbvq nKvi‡`i f~wgKv|
- National Policy on Urban Street Vendors 2009, Ministry of Housing & Urban
Poverty Alleviation, Government of India.
- Model Street Vendors (Protection of livelihood and regulation of street
vending) Bill-2009, Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, and
Government of India.
- Sharit K. Bhowmik, National Alliance of Street Vendors of India (NASVI),
Hakwers and the Urban Informal Sector: A Study of Street Vending in Seven
Cities, http://www.streetnet.org.za/English/studybow.htm accessed on 17th
January 2010.
- http://www.streetnet.org.za/english/default.htm accessed on 17th January 2010.
100
ivóª, cuywRi ¯^v_© Ges kªg AvB‡bi
Uvbv‡cv‡ob: wÎgyLx msK‡U evsjv‡`k ivóª
AvjZvd cvi‡fR
2006 mv‡j †`‡ki kªg Lv‡Z ¸iZ¡c~Y© GKwU NUbv N‡U| weGbwcÕi †bZ…Z¡vaxb
Pvi`jxq †RvU miKvi Aóg RvZxq msm‡`i †kl Awa‡ek‡b AwZ ¯^í mg‡qi
ÔAv‡jvPbvÕi wfwˇZ Ôevsjv‡`k kªg AvBbÕ bv‡g bZzb GKwU kªg AvBb Aby‡gv`b
K‡i‡Q| GB Av‡jvPbvq we‡ivax `‡ji msm` m`m¨‡`i Lye GKUv gZvgZ
ivL‡Z †`qv nqwb| miKvwi `‡ji msm` m`m¨ivI we¯ vwiZ †Kvb Av‡jvPbv
K‡ib wb| msm`xq ¯vqx KwgwU‡ZI AvBbwU wb‡q wek` †Kvb Av‡jvPbv nqwb|
GZ Riwi GKwU wel‡q evsjv‡`‡ki RbcÖwZwbwa‡`i e³e¨ cÖ`v‡b AbvMÖn †_‡K
RvZxq Rxe‡b ÔRvZxq msm`Õ-Gi f~wgKv AuvP Kiv hvq| AvBbwU ÔcvmÕ-Gi
cÖwµqvq Zvovûov I AMYZvwš¿KZv wQj cÖKU|
170 c„ôvi bZzb kªg AvBbwU cÖK…Z A‡_© bZyb †Kvb AvBb bq| †`‡k we`¨gvb
GZw`bKvi kªg AvBb¸‡jvi ms‡kvwaZ, cwiewZ©Z I mgwšZ iƒc gvÎ| GZw`b
†`‡k cÖvq 50wU kªg AvBb we`¨gvb wQj Ñ Zvi 27wU iwnZ K‡iÑ Zv‡`i mgš‡q
bZzb AvBbwU cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q| 1992 mv‡j GB mgš‡qi KvRwU ïi nq Ôkªg
AvBb KwgkbÕ-Gi gva¨‡g| 14 eQi ci msm‡` bZzb AvBb cv‡mi ga¨w`‡q
Zvi GKwU Aa¨vq †kl nq|
bZzb AvBbwU‡Z 21wU Aa¨v‡q 354wU aviv i‡q‡Q| bZzb kªg AvB‡bi mvaviY
cv‡V ïi‡ZB hv †Pv‡L c‡o Zv n‡jv Ñ GB AvBb evsjv‡`‡ki msL¨vMwiô Ges
me‡P‡q cÖvwšK `yB kªwgK †Mvôx Ñ M„nKg©x I †¶ZgRyi‡`i Zvi AvIZvi evB‡i
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kªwgKiv GB AvB‡bi AvIZvq Avm‡e| Gi d‡j †`‡ki K…wldvg© Kg©xiv kªg
AvB‡bi AvIZvq Avm‡jI jvL jvL MÖvgxY kªgRxex ÔkªwgKÕ cwiP‡qi AvIZvi
evB‡i †_‡K hv‡Q| †`‡ki †Kvb †LZgRyi‡K kªwgK cwiPq w`‡Z AvBb
AwbQzK| GKBfv‡e kn‡ii evmvevwo‡Z hviv †fvi †_‡K Mfxi ivZ ch©š
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ev eZvi g‡a¨ c‡o †M‡Q Ôwb‡qvMcÎÕ I ÔcwiPqcÎÕ Qvov KvR Kiv Av‡iv jvL
jvL ivBmwgj kªwgK, cv_ifv½v kªwgK, nKvi cÖgyL| kªg AvB‡b G‡`i cwiPq
AcÖwZôvwbK Kg©x| Giv wb‡R‡`i Rb¨ Ges evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ AvRxeb †L‡U
101
Pj‡jI evsjv‡`k ivóª Zv‡`i kªwgK cwiPq w`‡Z KzwÉZ| Gi eû e¨vL¨v †`qv nq
e‡U| GB me kªwg‡Ki wbw`©ó Kg©N›Uv bvB, G‡`i wb‡qvM I PvKzwiPz¨wZ DfqB
Zvr¶wYK •ewk‡ó¨i| G‡`i wb‡qvM`vZviv e¨vsK wKsev H RvZxq cÖwZôv‡bi
m‡½ m¤úK©nxb BZ¨vw` bvbv hyw³‡Z †d‡j Avgv‡`i kªg AvB‡bi cwÊZiv †`‡ki
†KvwU †KvwU nKvi, M„nKg©x, K…wl kªwgK Ges G RvZxq gvbyl‡`i kªg AvB‡bi
AvIZvi evB‡i †i‡L w`‡q‡Qb| Zv‡`i †mme e¨vL¨vi Avov‡j †h mZ¨wU Pvcv
c‡o Av‡QÑ Zv n‡jv, evsjv‡`‡ki D`xqgvb cyuwRZš¿‡K †gi`Ê †mvRv K‡i
`uvov‡Z n‡j Av‡iv wKQzw`b wbg©g I Avw`g auv‡Pi †kvlY cÖwµqv Rvwi ivL‡Z
n‡e| †mRb¨ wKQz wKQz LvZ‡K AvB‡bi Avov‡j ivLv `iKvi| ÔcyuwR‡K weKwkZ
n‡Z w`‡Z n‡eÕÑ GB n‡jv †gvÏv K_v! kªg AvBb gv‡bB wKQz wbqg Kvbyb| wKQz
my‡hvM myweavi M¨vivw›U| iv‡óªi wKQz `vq`vwq‡Z¡i e¨vcvi| MÖv‡gi K…lKiv,
kn‡ii nKvi ev M„nkªwgKiv hw` wbqg Kvbyb Abyhvqx Ômy‡hvM-myweavÕ `vwe K‡i
e‡m Zvn‡j cyuwRi weKv‡ki Rb¨ Zv †hgb weeªZKi, iv‡óªi Rb¨I Zv
†eKvq`vi| †mRb¨ hZw`b cviv hvq G‡`i kªg AvB‡bi evB‡i ivLvB ¯^w¯i|
wKš‧ Gi d‡j ivóªhš¿wU Avevi Ab¨fv‡e †eKvq`vq c‡o‡Q| †KvwU †KvwU
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e‡j †eov‡Qb Zv Kv‡qg Kiv Am¤¢e| GKBfv‡e mgv‡R ÔAvBb k„sLjvÕ wVK
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me wkïiv wk¶v I ¯v¯¨ myweav cv‡Q BZ¨vw` mZ¨-wg_¨v Z_¨ w`‡q cwimsL¨vb
eB fi‡Z n‡j Mixe †gnbZx‡`i b~¨bZg wKQz AwaKvi bv w`‡q P‡j bv|
evsjv‡`‡ki we`¨gvb kªg AvBb †m w`K †_‡K we`¨gvb ivóª‡K eoB †eKvq`vq
†d‡j †i‡L‡Q| GKwU D`vniY w`‡q e¨vcviwU Av‡iv cwi®‥vi Kiv hvq| kªgRxex
bvix‡`i gvZ…Z¡Kvjxb QzwU wek¦Ry‡o GLb GKwU †g․wjK kªg AwaKvi| wKš‧ XvKvq
ga¨weË I DPweËiv Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri eyqv‡`i wK gvZ…Z¡Kvjxb myweav w`‡Z cÖ¯‧Z
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Zv‡`i †invB w`‡q‡Q| wKš‧ †h jvL jvL bvix eyqv wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡QÑmšvb
m¤¢ev nIqv gvÎB hw` Zv‡`i PvKzwi P‡j hvq, Zv n‡j †Zv Avevi †`‡ki
ÔmvgvwRK wbivcËvÕ cwiw¯wZ, wkï¯^v¯¨, gvZ…¯v¯¨ BZ¨vw` Ae¯v ÔKvwZ gvbÕ¶
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GB wÎgyLx Uvbv‡cv‡o‡b c‡o‡Q AvR‡Ki evsjv‡`k| cÖkœ n‡Q †`kwU †Kvbw`‡K
hv‡e?
- AvjZvd cvi‡fR: wd«j¨vÝ M‡elK
102
AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi bvix kªwg‡Ki AvBbx
myi¶v
•mq` myjZvb DwÏb Avn¤§`
†`‡ki †gvU bvix kªwg‡Ki msL¨v cÖvq GK †KvwU †Zi j¶ hvi wmsn fvM KvR
K‡i AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z| Gi g‡a¨ Ggb A‡bK KvR Av‡Q hvi cÖvq cy‡ivUvB
mgvav nq bvixi nv‡Z| Avgv‡`i Lv`¨ Drcv`b cÖwµqvi wewfbœ ch©v‡q wmsnfvMB
Ki‡Q bvix Ges Giv mevB AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªwgK| XvKvi AvKvkPyw¤¦
feY¸‡jvi wbg©v‡Y Av‡Q bvix kªwg‡Ki nv‡Zi †Qvqv Avi Nvg| XvKvi M„nkªwgKiv
GK mßv‡ni Rb¨ ag©NU Ki‡j Avgv‡`i A‡bK bxwZwba©viKM‡Yi `vwqZ¡
h_vh_fv‡e cvj‡b weNœ NU‡e| Zvi c‡iI wbqwgZ weiwZ‡Z G‡`i Dci
wbh©vZ‡bi Lei Avgiv cvB| wKš‧ cÖwZKvi Ki‡Z cvwi bv|
kªwgK AwaKvi myi¶v, gRywii gvb`Ê wba©viY I Kg©‡¶‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq wbivcËv I
Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ †`‡ki g~j AvBb n‡Q Õkªg AvBb 2006Õ wKš‧ G
AvB‡b AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi †Kvb msÁv †`qv nqwb| †`Iqv n‡q‡Q cÖwZôvb,
KviLvbv I wk‡íi msÁv| d‡j AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi †Kvb AvBbx e¨vL¨v Avgiv
cvB bv| GRb¨ m„wó n‡q‡Q A‡bK weåvwš GLv‡Z AvBb cÖ‡hvR¨ wK bv Zv wb‡q
wfbœ wfbœ gZ| hw`I Avgvi g‡Z †Kvb e¨vL¨v w`‡qB XvjvIfv‡e
AcÖvwZôvwbKLvZ‡K AvB‡bi evB‡i ivLvi Dcvq †bB| Dciš Gai‡Yi cÖPviYv
GB Lv‡Zi kªwgK‡`i‡K AvBbx AwaKvi jvf †_‡K ewÂZ Ki‡Q| wb‡Pi msÁv
¸‡jv Avgv‡`i‡K wKQyUv cwi¯‥vi aviYv w`‡Z cv‡i|
kªg AvBb 2006 ÕG KviLvbvi msÁvq ejv n‡q‡Q : ÔÔ KviLvbv A_© Ggb †Kvb
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kªwgK Kg©iZ _v‡Kb Ges Dnvi †h †Kvb As‡k †Kvb Drcv`b cÖwµqv Pvjy _v‡K,
wKš‧ †Kvb Lwb Bnvi Ašf~©³ nB‡e bvÕÕ
cÖwZôv‡bi msÁvq ejv n‡q‡Q: ÔÔcÖwZôvb A_© †Kvb †`vKvb, evwYR¨ cÖwZôvb,
wkí cÖwZôvb A_ev evox -Ni ev Avw½bv †hLv‡b †Kvb wkí cwiPvjbvi Rb¨
kªwgK wb‡qvM Kiv nq|ÕÕ
cÖwZôvbcyÄ A_© GKB A_ev wewfbœ gvwj‡Ki Aaxb †Kvb wbw`©ó GjvKvq Ggb
GKvwaK cÖwZôvb †h¸wj‡Z GKB cÖKv‡ii ev ai‡Yi wkí cwiPvwjZ nq|
103
Dc‡ii msÁvmg~n we‡klY Ki‡j †evSv hvq cÖPwjZ A‡_© AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ e‡j
we‡ePbv Kiv nq Ggb A‡bK KvR I G‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK GB msÁvi AvIZvq
kªg AvB‡bi AvIZvfy³|
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†m±i I kªwg‡Ki †h ZvwjKv †`qv n‡q‡Q †mLv‡b cÖvwZôvwbK I AcÖvwZôvwbK
Dfq Lv‡Zi cÖwZôvbB Av‡Q| †hgb wk¶v I M‡elYv cÖwZôvb kªg AvB‡bi
AvIZvi evB‡i wKš‧ GwU cÖvwZôvwbK LvZ| m‡›`n †bB GB Ae¨nwZ †`‡ki
A‡bK kªwgK‡K AwaKvi ewÂZ K‡i‡Q hvi AwaKvskB AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi|
wKš‧ mKj AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z †h kªg AvBb cÖ‡hvR¨ bq G aviYvwU †Kv_v †_‡K
Gj Ges Gi e¨vL¨vB ev wK? Avm‡j mvaviYfv‡e a‡i †bqv nq †h †hLv‡b
kªwgKMY ¯vqx ai‡Yi KvR K‡i gvwjK Av‡Q - kªwg‡Ki mv‡_ Pyw³ Av‡Q wba©vwiZ
gRywi Av‡Q †mwUB cÖvwZôvwbK LvZ Ges †mLv‡b kªg AvBb cÖ‡hvR¨| A_©vr
hv‡`i wKQy wbðqZv Av‡Q Zv‡`i Rb¨B AvBb| whwb wb‡R msMwVZ n‡q wb‡Ri
`vwe †ck Ki‡Z cv‡i bv hvi gRywi wb‡q `iKlvKwl Kivi ¶gZv †bB AvBb
Zv‡`i †Kvb mnvqZv Ki‡Q bv| AvBb cÖ‡qvMKvix ms¯v¸‡jvB GB weåvwši Rb¨
†ewk `vqx| †h‡nZy Zviv wekvj AcÖvwZôvwbKLvZ‡K cwi`k©‡bi AvIZvq Avb‡Z
cvi‡Q bv †m‡nZy Rbg‡b GB aviYvi m„wó n‡Q| hLb †Kvb wk‡í kªwgK ¯^v_©
msi¶Y †Kvb wbqš¿K wewa weavb _v‡K bv ev GjvKvq miKv‡ii cwi`k©b wefvM
hvq bv ZLb †mB Lv‡Zi mKj kªwgK ¶wZMÖ nq, mve©¶wYK AwaKvi jsN‡bi
wkKvi nq| wKš‧ me‡P‡q †ewk ¶w¶MÖ¯ nq bvix|
Z‡e kªg AvBb 2006 AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi †Kvb msÁv bv †`Iqv n‡jI
kªwgKM‡Yi Rb¨ Kj¨vbg~jK Kg©KvÊ ev¯evq‡bi j‡¶¨ cÖYxZ Avi GKwU AvBb -
ÔkªwgK Kj¨vY dvD‡Êkb AvBb - 2006Õ G AcÖvwZôvwbKLv‡Zi msÁv †`qv
n‡q‡Q| †hLv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q -
ÔÔAcÖvwZôvwbK LvZÓ A_© GBiƒc †emiKvwi LvZ †hLv‡b Kg©iZ kªwg‡Ki Kv‡Ri
ev PvKzixi kZ©, BZ¨vw` we`¨gvb kªg ABb I Z`vaxb cÖYxZ wewaweav‡bi
AvIZvq wba©vwiZ wKsev wbqwš¿Z b‡n Ges †hLv‡b Kg©iZ kªwgK‡`i msMwVZ
nIqvi my‡hvM AZ¨š mxwgZ|
D‡jL¨ †h, GB AvBb ïaygvÎ miKv‡ii wKQy Kj¨vY ¯‥x‡g AcÖvwZôvwbKLv‡Zi
kªwgKMY‡K Ašf~©³ nIqvi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i‡Q †Kvb AwaKv‡ii ¯^xK…wZ w`‡Q
bv| ZvB GB AvB‡bi we¯vwiZ Av‡jvPbv GLv‡b cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
kªg AvB‡bi ¯^xK…wZ wb‡q weåvwš, †NvlYv w`‡q KwZcq wkí‡K AvB‡bi myi¶vi
evB‡i ivLv, mvgvwRK wbivcËv Lv‡Z ev‡RU eiv‡Ïi Afve I AcÖvwZôvwbK
Lv‡Zi AwaKvsk kªwgK‡K mvgvwRK wbivcËvi AvIZvi evB‡i ivLv, cwi`k©b
104
e¨e¯vi `ye©jZv, kªg Av`vj‡Zi AcÖZyjZv, m‡e©vcwi msMwVZ Kivi D‡`¨v‡Mi
Afv‡e AvR AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªwgKMY we‡kl K‡i bvix kªwgKMY Zv‡`i
h_vh_ ¯^xK…wZ cv‡Q bv| mewKQy wbqwZ g‡b K‡i Rxeb KvwU‡q w`‡Q Avi
wbqwZ‡K Awfkvc w`‡Q|
GB Awfkvc †_‡K gyw³ w`‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡gB Kg©‡¶‡Î Kv‡Ri aiY wbwe©‡k‡l
gRywii wewbg‡q KvR K‡i Ggb cÖ‡Z¨K‡K kªg AvB‡bi AvIZvq Avb‡Z n‡e
Ges cÖwZwU †ckv‡K ¯^xK…wZ w`‡Z n‡e| GKRb kªwgK †m hw` GKw`‡bi Rb¨I
wb‡qvMcÖvß nq †mI wb‡qv‡Mi c~‡e© gvwj‡Ki KvQ †_‡K GKwU wjwLZ wmc †c‡Z
cv‡i †hLv‡b †jLv _vK‡e Zv‡K KZ gRywii wewbg‡q wK ai‡Yi Kv‡Ri Rb¨
wb‡qwRZ Kiv nj Ges KZ¶Y KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| cvkvcvwk hw` †Kvb ~N©Ubv
N‡U ev kªwg‡Ki AvIZvewn©f~Z Kvi‡Y hw` KvR e›` _v‡K †hgb e„wó, `y‡h©vM ev
†Mvj‡hvM Zvn‡j kªwgK wK ¶wZc~iY cv‡e| e¨m GUyKzB †h †Kvb kªwgK‡K w`‡Z
cv‡i GKwU wbðqZv, cwiPq I gh©v`v| gy‡Li K_vq wb‡qvM Ges gy‡Li K_vq
we`vq, w`b †k‡l gRywi wb‡q weev` GwU †Kvb my¯ mgv‡Ri j¶Y n‡Z cv‡i bv|
G‡Z †hgb kªwg‡Ki AwaKvi jsNb nq †Zgwb Drcv`‡bI †bwZevPK cÖfve c‡o
m‡e©vcwi mgv‡R GKwU AwbðqZv I A xiZv weivR K‡i|
G‡Zv †M‡jv w`bgRyi ev cÖwZwôZ aviYv Abyhvqx †h mKjLvZ AcÖvwZôvwbKLvZ
Zv‡`i K_v| wKš‧ wek¦vq‡bi GB hy‡M cÖwZôvwbK KvR mg~n‡K wewfbœ
AcÖvwZôvwbK K‡i †djv n‡Q| m¤úÖwZ miKv‡ii gvbbxq A_©gš¿x e‡j‡Qb †h
mwPevj‡q Z„Zxq I PZy_© †kªYxi Kg©Pvixiv Ggb mKj KvR wVKv`v‡ii gva¨‡g
Pyw³ wfwËK kªwgK w`‡q mgvav Kiv n‡e| Gfv‡e eûRvZxK †Kv¤úvbx, †`‡ki eo
eo K‡c©v‡iU nvDm mg~n `ªZ MwZ‡Z wbqwgZ kªwg‡Ki KvR¸‡jv Pyw³wfwËK I
A vqx kªwgK‡`i w`‡q Kwi‡q wb‡Q A_©vr cÖwZôvb Av‡Q wKš‧ KvRwU
AcÖvwZôvwbK n‡q hv‡Q| GB kªwgK‡`i e¨cv‡iI AvBb ¯úó K‡i wKQy e‡jwb|
GKw`‡K AvB‡bi myi¶v ewnf©yZ wekvj AcÖvwZôvwbKLvZ Ab¨w`‡K AvB‡bi
myi¶vq Av‡Q Ggb ai‡Yi KvR mg~n `ªZ MwZ‡Z AvB‡bi myi¶vi evB‡i wb‡q
hvIqvi cÖeYZv| kªwgK Av‡›`vjb I gvbevwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡bi Kg©x‡`i‡K KwVb
P¨v‡jÄ m„wó K‡i‡Q| mKj kªwg‡Ki Rb¨ AvB‡bi myi¶v, b¨vh¨ gRywi Ges
h_vh_ mvgvwRK wbivcËvi wbðqZv PvB G `vex‡Z mKj †U«W BDwbqb I
gvbevwaKvi msMVb‡K GK‡hv‡M KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e `vwqZ¡
wb‡q Ges cÖvwZôvwbK - AcÖvwZôvwbK, bvix-cyil me kªwgK‡`i msMwVZ n‡q
wb‡Ri K_v mw¤§wjZfv‡e wb‡Ri K‡É ejvi Rb¨ mvnmx K‡i Zyj‡Z n‡e|
Zvn‡j kªgRxex gvbyl wb‡RivB wb‡R‡`i c_ K‡i wb‡e| cÖwZwôZ Ki‡e
wb‡R‡`i AwaKvi| hy‡M hy‡M ZvivB Ab¨‡`i‡K c_ †`wL‡q‡Q, GB P¨v‡j‡ÄI
Zviv c_ K‡i wb‡eB|
106
ivR‣bwZK AwfÁvb I msMVbB AwaKvi
cÖwZôvi g~j nvwZqvi
g‡bvqvi †gv¯dv
AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ
A_©bxwZi KvVv‡gvMZ weeZ©‡bi BwZnvm we‡klY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq mgvR
K…wlwfwËK A_©bxwZ †_‡K ax‡i ax‡i wkíwfwËK A_©bxwZi c_ a‡i‡Q| mgv‡R
†gvU Drcv`‡bi cwigvb I Zvi evRvi `‡ii wbwi‡L GUv mZ¨| †gvU RvZxq
Drcv`b/Av‡q wkí Lv‡Zi Ae`vb †e‡o‡Q, K‡g †M‡Q K…wl Lv‡Zi f~wgKv| K…wl
†_‡K wk‡í Erµg‡Yi Abyl½ wn‡m‡e AeavwiZfv‡eB A_©bxwZ‡Z Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q
Ô†mev LvZÕ| Avw_©K, wk¶v, cÖkvmb, KvwiMix, cwienbmn bvbv ai‡bi †mevÕi
m„wó n‡q‡Q| Gme Lv‡Zi cÖvwZôvwbKxKi‡Yi ga¨w`‡q mgvR I A_©bxwZ bZzb
avivq cÖevwnZ n‡Z ïi K‡i‡Q| wkívqb I bMivqb cÖwµqv †mev Lv‡Zi weKvk
I cÖe„wׇK Z¡ivwšZ K‡i cÖ_vMZ A_©‣bwZK KvVv‡gvi †Lvj-bj‡PB e`‡j
w`‡q‡Q| cÖhyw³MZ Dbœqb GB cÖwµqv‡K Av‡iv †ewk MwZkxj K‡i‡Q|
bvUKxqfv‡e e`‡j †M‡Q Drcv`b cÖwµqv I kªg evRv‡ii mv‡eKx KvVv‡gv I
cwiPvjb c×wZ| Dbwesk kZvwãi wkívq‡bi †Kvb †Pnviv GLb Avi cwð‡gi
†`k¸wj‡Z †bB| Gme †`‡ki RvZxq Drcv`‡b †mev LvZB g~L¨ f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i| Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv, j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvi †h me †`k cÖ_vMZ wkívq‡bi c_
a‡i G‡Mvqwb, GKwesk kZvwã‡Z G‡m Zv‡`i †Pnviv Ab¨iKg| cÖhyw³MZ
Dbœqb I •ewk¦K A_©bxwZi mv‡_ bvbv gvÎvi mshy³Zvi d‡j Gme †`‡kI †mev
Lv‡Zi µgea©gvb weKvk j¶¨Yxq gvÎvq dz‡U D‡V‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq
Drcv`‡b †mev Lv‡Zi Ae`vb kZKiv 50 fvM Qvwo‡q †M‡Q| Z‡e g‡b ivLv
`iKvi Avgv‡`i g‡Zv †`‡ki †mev Lv‡Zi mv‡_ cwð‡gi †`k¸wji †mev Lv‡Zi
†g․wjK Zdvr i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ: wRwWwc‡Z Ae`vb †Kvb eo ai‡Yi Ô†mevÕ †_‡K
Avm‡Q bv eis †QvU-Lv‡Uv cÖwZôvb, cvBKvwi evwYR¨, e¨w³MZ, mvgvwRK I
KwgDwbwU †m±i¸‡jvi Ae`vbB †ewk; wØZxqZ, GB Lv‡Z kªg wb‡qvRb N‡U‡Q
A¯vfvweK nv‡i, hvi †ewkifvMB wbgœ gRyixi Ges Kv‡Ri †Kvb wbðqZv ev
wbivcËv †bB|
107
e`‡j †M‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ
weMZ wZb `kK a‡i evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ GKUz GKUz K‡i e`‡j †M‡Q| RvZxq
A_©bxwZ K…wl †_‡K wk‡í cÖ‡ek K‡iwb, †mev Lv‡Zi c_ a‡i‡Q| weMZ AvovB
`k‡K wRwWwc‡Z K…wl Lv‡Zi Ae`vb kZKiv 42 fvM †_‡K eZ©gv‡b gvÎ 22
fv‡M G‡m uvwo‡q‡Q| wkí Lv‡Zi Ae`vb kZKiv 25 fvM Qvovqwb, Z‡e †mev
LvZ kZKiv 50 fv‡Mi Ic‡i D‡V †M‡Q| K…wl Lv‡Zi Ae`vb K‡g‡Q e‡U Z‡e,
AvbycvwZK nvi we‡ePbvq wb‡j GLv‡b kªg kw³i wb‡qvRb †e‡o †M‡Q| K…wl‡Z
i‡q‡Q †gvU Kg©¶g Rb‡Mvôxi kZKiv 50 fv‡MiI †ewk| K…wl‡Z A_©‣bwZK
Kg©KvÊ K‡g hvIqvi dj¯^iƒc MÖvgv‡ji GK weivU msL¨K Rb‡Mvôx (hv‡`i
wmsnfvMB wbi¶i wKsev A`¶, Avav-`¶) Kv‡Ri my‡hv‡M knig~Lx n‡q‡Q|
MÖvgv‡j wKQyUv AK…wlR †ckvi my‡hvM e„w×10
, DØ„Ë¡ kªgw³i A‡iKwU As‡ki
Kv‡Ri Uv‡b knigyLx nIqv Ges wkívqb bv nIqv11
- cÖavbZ: GB wZbwU Kvi‡Y
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi weKvk Z¡ivwšZ n‡q‡Q|
MÖvgv‡ji cvkvcvwk kn‡i Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q wekvj AvK…wZi GK AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ|
GB Lv‡Z Kg gRywi‡Z Kg©iZ j¶ j¶ kªgRxexi Kg© wbivcËv ej‡Z wKQy †bB|
cvV¨ cy¯‡K ewY©Z weL¨vZ jyBm g‡W‡j †hgbUv ejv n‡q‡Q- cÖ_vMZ MÖvgxY
A_©bxwZ †_‡K ax‡i ax‡i DØ„Ë¡ kªg wb‡qvwRZ n‡Z _vK‡e kn‡ii cyuwRevw`
†m±i¸wj‡Z; GKwU MwZkxj cÖe„w×i aviv Z¡ivwšZ n‡e, GB aviv mgvšivj I
Dj¤ Dfq w`‡KB m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡e| gybvdv c~b:wewb‡qvwRZ n‡Z _vK‡e|
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ †Kvbfv‡eB jyBm g‡Wj wb‡ ©wkZ c_ a‡i AMÖmi nqwb|
kn‡ii AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi e„w× Avi wKQyB bq eis Pjgvb MÖvgxY A_©bxwZi
m¤cÖmviY gvÎ| myZivs mvgwMÖKfv‡e ¯vqxZ¡kxj Kg©ms vb ev‡owb12
| kªg evRvi
10
GB AK…wlR †ckvi weKv‡ki †cQ‡b ¶zy`ªFY-Gi cÖevn wb:m‡›`‡n GK weivU f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|
eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k Ggb †Kvb MÖvg Lyu‡R cvIqv hv‡e bv †hLv‡b GK ev GKvwaK ¶zy`ªFY `vbKvwi cÖwZôvb
†bB| GgbwK wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`‡Lv †M‡Q ¶zy`ªFY MÖnYKvixiv GKvwaK cÖwZôvb †_‡K GKvwaK FY MÖnY
Ki‡Qb| ¶zy`ªFY-Gi d‡j Drcvbkxj Kg©KvÛ, ¯vwqZ¡kxj Kg©ms¯vb wKsev K…wl Lv‡Zi KZUv weKvk
N‡U‡Q- Zv cÖkœwe× n‡q‡Q|
11
GKgvÎ •Zix †cvlvK wk‡íi weKvk Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb wkí MZ wZb `k‡K M‡o I‡Vwb| Zv Qvov †h wkí
gvÎ kZKiv 25 fvM g~j-ms‡hvRb K‡i Ges hvi †Kvb cðvr ms‡hvM (backward linkage) †bB, Zv
A‡`․ †Kvb wkí Lv‡Zi gh©v`v cv‡e wKbv †m cÖkœI DÌvwcZ n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K Õ80Õi `k‡Ki ïi †_‡K
KvVv‡gvMZ mgš^q Kg©m~ywPi AvIZvq AvšÍR©vwZK A_©jwMœKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi FY Gi kZ© †gvZv‡eK evwYR¨ I
Avg`vwb D`vwiKi‡Yi d‡j A‡bK ai‡Yi wkí cÖwZôvb wejyß n‡q †M‡Q| GgbwK FY Gi kZ© †gvZv‡eK
miKvi wb‡RB ivóªxq A‡bK eo eo wkí cÖwZôvb eÜ wKsev wejyß K‡i w`‡q‡Q (†hgb Av`gRx cvUKj)|
†gvÏv K_v n‡jv cwiKwíZfv‡eB GLv‡b †Kvb wkí cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zvjv nqwb GgbwK hv wKQy wQ‡jv ZvI
aesm K‡i †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|
12
miKwi wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡k †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi gvÎ kZKiv 4.2 fvM| Z‡e Qχekx †eKvi‡Z¡i (under
employment) nvi Avmj †eKvi‡Z¡i 6 ¸b- kZKiv 25 fvM|
108
KvVv‡gv‡Z †h cwieZ©b m~PxZ n‡q‡Q Zv †Kvb A_©‣bwZK AMÖMwZi wb‡ ©kK bq|
ZviciI wRwWwc evo‡Q, cÖe„w× NU‡Q- hv‡K nq‡Zv ejv †h‡Z cv‡i
ÔKg©ms¯vbnxb cÖe„w×Õ|
evsjv‡`‡ki kniv‡j AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi weKvk g~jZ: msKzwPZ MÖvgxY
A_©bxwZi dj| GK wn‡me g‡Z AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z Kg©ms¯v‡bi nvi kZKiv
78.48 fvM (kªg kw³ Rwic: 2006)| MÖv‡g KvR †bB ZvB, RxweKvi Uv‡b
kn‡i Avmv| GUv g~jZ: GK`j ÔMÖvgxY kiYv_x©'‡K RvqMv K‡i †`Iqv| kn‡ii
e x n‡jv G‡`i emev‡mi RvqMv| GB kiYv_x©‡`i GKUv eo AskB n‡jv bvix,
hviv evmv-evwo‡Z KvR, nKvwi wKsev Kg gRywii Kv‡Ri mv‡_ hy³|
A_©bxwZ I kª‡gi GB cwiewZ©Z aiY ¯^vfvweKfv‡B kªg AwaKvi cÖwZôv wKsev
b¨vh¨ gRywi/gRywi e„w×i Av‡›`vj‡bi Ici we‡klfv‡e cÖfve †d‡j‡Q| cÖ_vMZ
†UªW BDwbqb Av‡›`vj‡bi mvg‡b weivU P¨v‡jÄ Qy‡o w`‡q‡Q|
bZzb P¨v‡jÄ
KZK mywbw`©ó welqMZ k‡Z©i (objective conditions) Kvi‡YB AcÖvwZôvwbK
Lv‡Z Kg©iZ kªgRxex gvbyl‡K msMwVZ Kiv A_ev †UªW BDwbqbagx© msMVb M‡o
†Zvjvi †¶‡Î cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó n‡q‡Q| GB Lv‡Zi cwiwa I cÖK…wZi e¨vcKZvi
Kvi‡YB mywbw ©ó GKK j¶¨vwfg~Lxb msMVb M‡o †Zvjv cÖvq Am¤¢e| GLv‡b
mevB kªgRxex n‡jI Drcv`b I Avq e›U‡bi †¶‡Î cÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi g‡Zv
wkí-m¤úK© wKsev †mev Lv‡Zi wbqg-bxwZ cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| GLv‡b †QvU †QvU
wkí/KzwUi wkí gvwjK, †QvU cyuwRi e¨emvqx ev "D‡`¨v³vÓ†hgb Av‡Q, †Zgwb
i‡q‡Q w`b gRyi, cwienb kªwgK (we‡klZ: wiKmv kªwgK wKsev †QvU AvKv‡ii
cwienb †mevi mv‡_ hy³ kªgRxex) wKsev gvm ev eQi-Pzw³ kªwgK| M„n K‡g©
wb‡qvwRZ bvix wKsev wkï kªwgK I GB Lv‡Zi Ašf©~³| AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi
we …wZ kni-MÖvg Dfq RvqMv‡ZB- K…wl-g¨byd¨KPvwis-†mev- meLv‡bB GB
Lv‡Zi Dcw wZ i‡q‡Q| GB Lv‡Z Kg©iZ‡`i g‡a¨ bvix GKwU D‡jL‡hvM¨
Ask| G‡Zv e¨vcKZv I cÖK…wZMZ •ewPÎ _vKv ¯^‡Ë¡I KZK¸wj mvaviY •ewkó¨
AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi cÖwZ cwÊZeM©, mgvRKgx© I ivRbxwZwe`‡`i g‡a¨ AvMÖn
m„wó K‡i‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv- Kv‡Ri AwbðqZv, wbgœ Avq ev gRywi,
SuzwKc~Y© KvR (KZK¸wj we‡kl †ckvi †¶‡Î- †hgb, wbg©vY kªwg‡Ki KvR), †h
†Kvb ai‡Yi wkí ev kªg AvB‡bi Abycw wZ BZ¨vw`| myZivs GB •ewkó¨¸wji
Kvi‡YB ivR‣bwZK `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K cÖ_‡gB GB Lv‡Z †UªW BDwbqbagx© msMVb
M‡o †Zvjv ev mvgwMÖKfv‡e LvZwU‡K kªg AvB‡bi KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ wb‡q Avmvi
`vwe DÌvwcZ nq| wKš‧ ev ‡e cÖ_vMZ †UªW BDwbqb agx© msMVb A‡bK †¶‡ÎB
Kvh©Ki bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ewk|
109
AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi Ašf~©³ †ckvmg~‡ni •ewkó¨ I •ewP‡Îi Kvi‡Y GKK †Kvb
wm×vš Pvwc‡q †`Iqv hvq bv| ZvQvov †Kvb †Kvb we‡kl †ckvq wb‡qvwRZiv
BwZg‡a¨B kw³kvjx msMVb M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| AwfÁZvq †`Lv †M‡Q †mBme †ckvi
kªgRxexivB cÖ_gZ: msMVb M‡o Zzj‡Z †c‡i‡Q †h me †ckvi mv‡_ mivmwi ivóª
wKsev AvBbx Kv‡Vv‡gvi msNvZ Awbevh© n‡q D‡V‡Q; †hgb wiKmv kªwgK, kn‡ii
nKvi, †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î ew¯evwm hviv A‣eafv‡e miKvwi wKsev †emiKvwi
RqMv `Lj K‡i emwZ vcb K‡i‡Q| wØZxqZ: ivR‣bwZK `j¸wjI †Kvb †Kvb
†¶‡Î AMÖmi f~wgKv wb‡q G ai‡Yi †Kvb †ckvi gvbyl‡K msMwVZ K‡i‡Q; †hgb
MÖvgxY †¶Z gRyi-w`bgRyi‡`i msMVb| Z‡e j¶¨Yxq †h, Dfq †¶‡ÎB
ivR‣bwZK `‡ji f~wgKv ¸iZ¡c~Y©| AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z we`¨gvb †UªW
BDwbqbagx© Gme msMV‡bi ivR‣bwZK QÎQvqvq M‡W IVvi d‡j ivR‣bwZK `j
hw`I †ewk jvfevb n‡q‡Q, Z_vwc GK_v A¯^xKvi Kivi Dcvq †bB †h, msMVb
wn‡m‡e ZvivI wKQyUv `iKlvKwli ¶gZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| g~j avivi evB‡iI Gme
†ckvq GKvwaK msMVb i‡q‡Q †h¸wj wVK `jxq wb‡ ©kbvq cwiPvwjZ bv n‡jI
†Kvb bv †Kvbfv‡e i¨vwWK¨vj ivR‣bwZK Av`k© Øviv ZvwoZ| kªgRxex gvby‡li
Pzovš gyw³ i¨vwWK¨vj gZv`k© I ivR‣bwZK `j Qvov m¤¢e wK-bv †m Av‡jvPbv
ev weZK© †ewkifvM †¶‡ÎB Gme msMV‡bi g~j G‡RÊv wn‡m‡e D‡V Av‡mwb|
ivR‣bwZK QÎQvqvq M‡o IVv GB me msMV‡bi evB‡i AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z
Ab¨vb¨ AmsL¨ †hme †ckv i‡q‡Q, †mLv‡b Kg©iZ‡`i wK H GKBfv‡e msMwVZ
Kiv hv‡e? mvsMVwbK cÖwµqv I Kg©-c×wZ wK GKB iKg n‡e? ivR‣bwZK `j
I mgvR Kgx©‡`i (social activist) mvg‡b GUv GKUv P¨v‡jÄ| RxweKvi w`K
w`‡q G‡Kev‡i cÖvwšK Ae¯v‡b hviv i‡q‡Qb, †hgb M„n kªwgK, kû‡i cvb-wewo
we‡µZv, SvwK‡Z kvK-ZiKvwi we‡µZv, Ae‡nwjZ `wjZ Rb‡Mvôxi GKwU
e„n`vsk, N‡i e‡m †mjvB wKsev kvwo‡Z KviKvR K‡i wewµ K‡i †h bvixiv-
Zv‡`i‡K wKfv‡e msMwVZ Kiv hv‡e? GgbwK hviv wf¶ve„wˇZ wb‡qvwRZ hv‡`i
GKwU eo AskB Avevi kvixwiK cÖwZe›Øx- G‡`‡i‡K msMwVZ Kivi cÖwµqv wK
n‡e? G ai‡Yi AmsL¨ †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ gvbyl †h ïay A_©‣bwZKfv‡e cÖvwšK
wKsev kªg-gRywi †kvl‡Yi wkKvi Zv-B bq, Zviv †g․wjK gvbevwaKvi †_‡KI
ewÂZ; iv‡óªi bvMwiK wn‡m‡eI AwaKvsk †¶‡Î bvMwiK I mvsweavwbK AwaKvi,
ivóªxq my‡hvM-myweav I we`¨gvb mvgvwRK myi¶v cÖK‡íi evB‡i|
bZzb cix¶v-wbix¶vi D‡`¨vM
Pjgvb wek¦ A_©bxwZi KvVv‡gv I cÖwµqv Drcv`b, eÈb I kªgevRv‡ii Ici †h
cÖfve †d‡j‡Q Zv †Kej kªg AwaKvi‡KB Le© K‡iwb eis wecyj msL¨K kªgRxexi
Rxeb-RxweKv‡K `ywe©mn Ae¯vi w`‡K †V‡j w`‡q‡Q| wbgœ gRyix, avivevwnK
110
Kv‡Ri AwbðqZv, Kg© wbivcËvnxbZv I †f․MwjK wewQbœZv- †UªW BDwbqbagx©
msMVb M‡o †Zvjvi c‡_ gvivZ¥K evuavi m„wó K‡i‡Q|
Z‡e j¶Yxq welq n‡jv, wfbœ Avw½‡K †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi
kªgRxexiv msMwVZ n‡Q| Partnership of Women in Action (PaWA)Õi
D‡`¨v‡M 5 wU msMVb XvKv kn‡i AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªgRxex bvix‡`i msMwVZ
Ki‡Q| GB msMVb¸wj ¯^ ¯^ Kg© GjvKvq kªgRxex bvix‡`i msMwVZ K‡i
mgevqx D‡`¨v‡Mi c‡_ wb‡q Avmvi cÖ‡Póv n‡Z wb‡q‡Q| wewfbœ `¶Zv e„w× g~jK
cÖwk¶Y †`Iqvi cvkvcvwk Zv‡`i‡K ivR‣bwZK I mvgwRK AwaKvi m‡PZb
K‡i †Zvjvi D‡`¨vM †bIqv n‡q‡Q| GBme msM‡Vbi m`m¨iv g~jZ: cÖvwšK
Rb‡MvôxiB Ask- †KD †mjvB-Gi KvR K‡i, †KDev SuvwK‡Z mwâ wewµ K‡i,
†KD Avevi evmv-evwo‡Z KvR K‡i| G‡`i †ewkifv‡MiB Avw_©K Ae¯v Ggb †h
cÖvwZôvwbK wKsev GbwRI‡`i ¶z`ªFY †bevi my‡hvMI G‡`i †bB| GKKfv‡e
wU‡K _vKvi mvg_© G‡`i Kv‡iviB †bB| msMVb ZvB Zv‡`i‡K †h․_Zvi PP©vi
w`‡K AMÖmi Kivi †Póv Ki‡Q| ¶z`ª ¶y`ª mgevqx D‡M¨v‡Mi ga¨ w`‡q Zv‡`i
AvcvZ: A_©‣bwZK wbivcËv wbwðZ Kivi cÖ‡Póv nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q msMVb¸wj|
Ab¨w`‡K †bZ…Z¡ Dbœqb I mvgvwRK-ivR‣bwZK m‡PZbZv m„wói Rb¨ bvbv ai‡Yi
cÖwk¶Y I mfv-mgv‡ek-Gi Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡Q| b~¨bZg A_©‣bwZK wbivcËv I
AwaKvi m‡PZbZv- G `y'‡qi GK cix¶v-wbix¶v Pj‡Q msMVb¸wj‡Z| cvIqv
g~jZ: GB msMVb¸wji GKwU †bUIqvK©| Kvh©‡¶‡Î G‡KK msMV‡bi AwfÁZv
G‡KK iK‡gi| cvi¯úwiK AwfÁZv wewbg‡qi ga¨ w`‡q Zviv AMÖmi n‡Q|
AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi bvix kªwgK‡`i msMwVZ Kiv, AwaKvi m‡PZb Kiv I
A_©‣bwZK wbivcËv wbwðZ Kivi †¶‡Î fvi‡Zi Self-employed Women’s
Association (SEWA)Õi f~wgKv mviv we‡k¦ GK D`vniY m„wó K‡i‡Q| kªgRxex
bvix‡`i ¶gZvq‡bi †¶‡Î SEWA GK Abb¨ D`vniY m„wó K‡i‡Q| cvIqvi
m`m¨ msMVb¸wj SEWAÕi KvR¸wji mv‡_ cwiwPZ| msMVb¸wji GK`j
m`m¨ fvi‡Z wM‡q SEWAÕi KvR m‡iRwg‡b †`‡L G‡m‡Q| GB md‡ii
AwfÁZv I Dcjwä Zv‡`i Kv‡R h‡_ô Qvc †d‡j‡Q| ÔcvIqvÕ wbqwgZfv‡e
SEWAÕi mv‡_ gZwewbgq I †hvMv‡hvM i¶v K‡i P‡j| SEWA QvovI Ab¨vb¨
†`‡ki AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi cÖK…wZ I kªgRxex‡`i msMwVZ Kivi cÖwµqvi mv‡_I
cvIqv ax‡i ax‡i cwiwPZ n‡q DV‡Q|
cvIqvi D‡`¨v‡M cwiPvwjZ GB mvsMVwbK cÖwµqv wb:m‡›`‡n kªgRxex gvbyl‡K
msMwVZ Kivi GK wfbœagx© cÖqvm| Z‡e me‡P‡q eo P¨‡jÄ m¤¢eZ: e¨w³-wbf©i
mvgvwRK gb Ë¡, hvi exR cÖvš Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨I Mfxifv‡e †M Övw_Z|
GKKfv‡e wU‡K _vK‡Z cvi‡ev bv †R‡bI, †h․_Zvi cÖwZ Abxnv| `vwi`ª¨-
111
we‡ivax wKsev AwaKvi cÖwZôvi jovB‡q cyuwRZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri GB e¨w³evw`
gb Ë¡B m¤¢eZ eo euvav|
†kl bq, g~j K_v
Õ¶gZvqbÕ- aviYvi g~j cÖwZcv`¨B n‡jv, mKj ai‡Yi wbf©ikxjZv †_‡K gyw³-
A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK, ivR‣bwZK GgbwK eyw×e„wËK| msMwVZ nIqv wKsev
mvsMVwbK cÖwµqvi †Kvb GKK aiY (unique form) _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| cwiw wZ
I cÖ‡qvR‡bi wbwi‡L Zv wfbœ wfbœ iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i| cwiewZ©Z Av_©-mvgvwRK
AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªgRxex gvbyl‡K msMwVZ Kivi bZzb ai‡Yi Kg© cÖwµqvi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| ivR‣bwZK I mvgvwRKfv‡e cÖvš Rb‡Mvôxi
Rxeb-RxweKvi we‡klY I ¶gZvqb c_ wbiƒc‡b Zv‡`iB g~L¨ f~wgKv cvjb
Ki‡Z n‡e| mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK m‡PZbZv I †h․_ †bZ…Z¡ Qvov cÖvš I
Aiw¶Z GB kªgRxex †Mvôxi gyw³ Am¤¢e| †h․_ AbymÜvb I ÔAvZ¥‡cvjwäÕB GB
cÖwµqvi g~j gš¿| kªgRxex gvbyl AvZ¥-AbymÜv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q wb‡R‡`i Rxeb-
gvb, kw³ I ¶gZv m¤ú‡K© aviYv AR©b Ki‡e| wbR¯ ivR‣bwZK AwfÁvb I
msMVbB n‡e AwaKvi cÖwZôvi g~j nvwZqvi|
- g‡bvqvi †gv —dv: M‡elYv cwiPvjK, †Wfjc‡g›U wmbvwR© Bbw÷wUDU
112
evsjv‡`‡k bvix kªwg‡Ki †UªW BDwbq‡b
m¤ú„³Zv: †Km wbg©vY I PvZvj kªwgK
gyRxeyj Avbvg, G. wU. Gg. mvBdzjvn †g‡n`x Ges
W. †iRIqvb †nv‡mb f~uBqv
f~wgKv:
evsjv‡`‡k kªwgK AwaKvi Av`v‡qi j‡¶¨ Kg©iZ †UªW BDwbq‡bi BwZnvm
`xN©Kv‡ji| kªwgK‡`i AwaKvi Av`vq, •elg¨, †kvlY, wbcxob Kwg‡q Kg©‡¶Î
wKfv‡e kªwgK‡`i Rb¨ Av‡iv Kg©mnvqK Kiv hvq Zvi Rb¨ †UªW BDwbq‡bi
¸iZ¡ Acwimxg| †UªW BDwbq‡bi gva¨‡g M„nxZ wm×vš kªwgK‡`i AwaKvi
Av`v‡q KvR K‡i GKw`‡K †hgb kªg kw³i mPjZvi gva¨‡g RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z
Ae`vb iv‡L| GKB mv‡_ iv‡óªi bvMwiK wn‡m‡e kªwgK‡`i AwaKvi Av`v‡q KvR
K‡i iv‡óªi A_©bxwZK Kvh©µg‡K MwZkxj K‡i| bvix kªwgKiv kªgkw³i GKwU
eo †hvMvb †`b, hv kªg Pvwn`vi cÖvq A‡a©K c~iY K‡i| wKš‧ kªg kw³i GB
weivU As‡ki mv‡_ †UªW BDwbqb¸‡jvi †hvMv‡hvM †bB| hv bvix kªwgK‡`i
AwaKvi cÖm‡½ bxwZgvjv cÖYqb wKsev ev¯ evq‡b msKU‡KB Zz‡j a‡i| 1975Õ
cieZ©x mg‡q bvix `kK †NvlYv nevi ci evsjv‡`kmn Z…Zxq we‡k¦i
†`k¸‡jv‡Z †hLv‡b bvixi ¶gZvq‡bi K_v ejv n‡Q †mLv‡b MÖvgxY bvix
¶y`ª&&FY Kvh©µg wKsev miKvwi †emiKvwi ms¯vi wewfbœ Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g
Dbœqbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ê Zv‡`i AskMÖnY evwo‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b kªwgK bvixi AskMÖnY
†KejgvÎ kªg cÖ`v‡bi g‡a¨B mxgve× n‡q i‡q‡Q| hv GKB mv‡_ Dbœqb
Kvh©µg‡K msKUvcbœ K‡i †Zv‡j| ZvB kªg kw³i GB weivU As†ki †UªW
BDwbq‡bi mv‡_ mshyw³ †`Lv Riix| evsjv‡`‡k we`¨gvb M‡elYv KvR¸‡jv‡Z
Kg©Rxex bvixi Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯v (gRyg`vi, 1992); cwiev‡i Zv‡`i Ae¯vb
(Kwei, 2001); •elg¨ (wejm&, 2006) GmKj wel‡q KvR n‡jI †UªW BDwbq‡b
bvixi AskMÖnY wel‡q †Zgb D‡jL‡hvM¨ †Kvb KvR nq wb| G †cÖ¶vc‡U wbg©vY
I PvZvj kªgLv‡Z †UªW BDwbqb welqK ch©v‡jvPbvi ga¨ w`‡q G cÖe‡Ü
evsjv‡`‡ki bvix kªwg‡Ki †UªW BDwbqb welqK m¤ú„³Zv msKU I m¤¢ebvi
†¶‡Î- GKwU cÖ vebv Zz‡j aiv n‡e|
f~wgKv I cÖeÜ †cÖ¶vcU ev` w`‡q cÖeÜwU †gvU PviwU As‡k wef³| cÖeÜ
†cÖ¶vc‡U AwaKvi Av`v‡qi †¶‡Î †UªW BDwbq‡bi ¸iZ¡‡K Zz‡j aivi †Póv Kiv
113
n‡q‡Q| wØZxq As‡k evsjv‡`‡k †UªW BDwbqb bvixi AskMÖn‡Yi welqwUi GKwU
HwZnvwmK ch©v‡jvPbv Zz‡j aiv n‡e| Z…Zxq As‡k wbg©vY I PvZvj Lv‡Z
wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK‡`i msMV‡bi ev¯weK wPÎ I ¸i‡Z¡i welq¸‡jv Zz‡j aiv n‡e
Ges PZz_© As‡k †UªW BDwbq‡bi AskMÖnY I bvix †bZ…‡Z¡i msKU welqK
Av‡jvPbv Zz‡j aiv n‡e| me©‡kl As‡k †UªW Dcmsnvi I cÖeÜKvi‡`i cÖ¯vebv
mycvwik Zz‡j aiv n‡e|
1. cÖeÜ †cÖ¶vcU:
evsjv‡`k BwbwówUDU Ae †jevi ÷¨vwWRm (BILS), 2006-2007 mv‡j
AcÖwZôvwbK kªgLv‡Zi kªwgK‡`i Av_©mvgvwRK I mvsMVwbK Ae¯v wb‡q GKwU
M‡elYv K‡i| D³ M‡elYvq cÖeÜKviØq M‡elK wnmv‡e KvR K‡ib|
M‡elYvKvjxb AwfÁZv, †UªW BDwbq‡b bvix kªwg‡Ki m¤ú„³Zv; we‡klZ¡,
AcÖwZôvwbK kªgLv‡Z msMVb I bvix kªwg‡Ki m¤ú„³Zvi welqwU wb‡q fve‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡i| G †cÖ¶vc‡U, mywbw`ófv‡e (Specific) AcÖwZôvwbK kªgLv‡Zi
wbg©vY I PvZvj kªwgK wb‡q G cÖeÜwU iwPZ n‡jI bvix kªwg‡Ki †UªW BDwbq‡b m¤ú„³Zv
welqK GKwU mvaviY (General) Av‡jvPbv G cÖe‡Üi eo GKUv Ask Ry‡o _vK‡e|
Gi KviY wnmv‡e nqZ wj½xq •el‡g¨i ¯^ic m¤úwK©Z GKRb bvix †UªW
BDwbqb Kg©xi wb‡Ri AwfÁZv Zz‡j aiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Ômviv `ywbqv, Avgvi wei‚‡× GBfv‡e †h, Avwg hLb kªwgK wn‡m‡e gRywii
Rb¨ jovB Kwi, kªwg‡Ki AwaKv‡ii Rb¨ jovB Kwi; ZLb me gvwjKiv
Avgvi wei‚‡×|
hLb bvix wn‡m‡e bvixi AwaKv‡ii Rb¨ jovB Kwi, ZLb me cyi‚liv
Avgvi wei‚‡×;
myZivs bvix kªwgK wn‡m‡e cy‡iv wek¦B Avgvi wei‚‡×|Õ
gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †UªW BDwbqb Av‡›`vj‡b (1884) wbh©vZ‡b gviv hvwQj Ggb
GKRb bvix kªwgK Zvi mnhvÎx‡K GKwU wPwV‡Z Dc‡ii Dw³wU wj‡LwQ‡jb|
GKRb bvix kªwgK wn‡m‡e gvwK©b GB bvixi Dw³wU eZ©gvbKvi bvix kªwgK‡`i
Rb¨I mZ¨| bvix wn‡m‡e Drcv`b Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ kªwgKiv bvbv eÂbv, •elg¨,
AmgZvi wkKvi n‡q _v‡Kb| GB •elg¨, AmgZv¸‡jv ax‡i ax‡i we¯„Z nq|
kªwgK wn‡m‡e gvwj‡Ki gva¨‡g GKB mv‡_ EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v, mnKg©©xi Øviv bvbv
•el‡g¨i wkKvi nq| GwU Av‡iv †ewk nq hLb kªwgK wn‡m‡e bvix KvR K‡i|
GKRb bvix kªwgK wn‡m‡e •ØZ †kvl‡Yi wkKvi nb| GKB mv‡_ kªwgK wn‡m‡e
†m †kªYx †kvlY Ges bvix wn‡m‡e †m wj½xq †kvl‡Yi wkKvi nq| K‡g©© wb‡qvwRZ
114
bvix †Kej Kg©‡¶‡ÎB •el‡g¨i wkKvi nbbv GKB mv‡_ cwiev‡ii g‡a¨I
•el‡g¨i wkKvi nb|
cÖvwZôvwbK kªgLv‡Z, †UªW BDwbqb kªwg‡Ki AwaKvi Av`v‡qi K_v e‡j wKš‧
†mLv‡b bvix kªwgK‡`i AwaKvi wel‡q †Zgb D‡jL‡hvM¨ D‡`¨vM †`Lv hvq bv|
Gi KviY wn‡m‡e eûj cÖPwjZ gZvgZ n‡jv- †UªW BDwbq‡b bvix †bZ…‡Z¡i
Afve| d‡j AwaKvi Av`v‡q, •el‡g¨i `~ixKi‡Y wb‡qvwRZ †UªW BDwbq‡bB
ÔAwaKvi cÖkœÕ D‡cw¶Z _v‡K| cÖvwZôvwbK kªgLv‡Zi †UªW BDwbqb Gi hLb
GiKg cwiw¯wZ, ZLb Lye mn‡RB AcÖvwZôvwbK kªgLv‡Zi bvixi Ae¯v Dcjwä
Kiv hvq| Avevi †Lv` †UªW BDwbqb wb‡qB mvaviY gvbyl †Zv e‡UB kªwgK‡`i
g‡a¨B i‡q‡Q Av¯vnxbZv| evsjv‡`‡ki †UªW BDwbq‡bi BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv
Ki‡j welqwU Av‡iv ¯úó nq|
2.1. evsjv‡`k I †UªW BDwbqb13
:
¯^vaxbZvi c‡i evsjv‡`‡k 1972 mv‡j cÖ_g kªgbxwZ †NvlYv Kiv nq| wKš‧
Awbevh© Kvi‡Y Zv Avevi cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bqv nq| 1973 mv‡j miKvi kªwgK I
Kg©Pvix‡`i Rb¨ (Industrial Workers Wages Commission & Pay
Commission) MVb K‡i ivóªvqË wkí kªwgK‡`i gRywi wba©viY, †evbvm, wPwKrmv
fvZv, evwofvov fvZv, hvZvqvZ fvZv I QywU msµvš mycvwikgvjv MÖnY K‡i|
kªwgK‡`i‡K ¸iZ¡ w`‡q kªwgK jxM MVb Kiv nq| G mgq kªwgK Av‡›`vjb
`jxq ivR‣bwZK Av‡›`vjb wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq Ges cÖvq cÖwZwU ivR‣bwZK `j
GKwU K‡i kªwgK msMVb M‡o †Zv‡j| d‡j †ckv`vi kªwgK †bZvi ¯‡j
ivR‣bwZK mg_©bcyó kªwgK †bZvi Avwef©ve N‡U| `jxq †Kv›`j I `jxq bxwZi
d‡j wkív‡j nvbvnvwb, gvivgvwi †`Lv †`q hvi d‡j Drcv`b e¨vnZ nq Ges
†UªW BDwbq‡bi mybvg ¶~Yœ nq| 1975 mv‡j †h wkí m¤úK© (†i¸‡jkb)
Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi nq Zv‡Z bZzb †UªW BDwbq‡bi †iwR‡óªkb eÜ, BDwbqb Kvh©Kix
KwgwU‡Z ewnivMZ‡`i Ašf©~w³i wb‡lavÁv, K‡cv©‡ikb Ges Avav ¯^vqËkvwmZ
cÖwZôvbmg~‡n †UªW BDwbqb Kvh©Kjv‡ci Dci wewa-wb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv nq|
1979 mv‡ji GwcÖj gv‡m RvZxqZvev`x kªwgK `j AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| 1977
mv‡j 20 †k RyjvB GK wbe©vnx Av‡`‡k †UªW BDwbqbmg~‡ni †iwR‡÷ªkb cÖ`vb I
wmweG wba©viYx wbev©Pb Abyôv‡bi Dci Av‡ivwcZ wewa wb‡la cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv nq|
wKš‧ †m±i K‡c©v‡ikb I Avav ¯^vqËkvwmZ ms¯vmg~‡ni †UªW BDwbqb Kvh©Kjvc
wbwl× _v‡K| 1980 mv‡j miKvi kªgbxwZ †NvlYv K‡i| G‡Z †UªW BDwbqb
13
G As‡ki cwimsL¨vbMZ DcvË evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii kªg gš¿vYj‡qi I‡qemvBU
(http://www.mole.gov.bd/) †_‡K msM„nxZ|
115
Av‡›`vjb, ag©NU I jK-AvD‡Ui AwaKvi wdwi‡q †`qv nq| 1982 mv‡j cybivq
†UªW BDwbqb ZrciZv wbwl× Kiv nq Ges 1975 mv‡ji gZ 1982 mv‡jI
wkím¤úK© (†i¸‡jkb) Aa¨v‡`k cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv nq| miKv‡ii GB †UªW BDwbqb
`gbcxo‡bi wei‡× 1983 mv‡j kªwgK Kg©Pvix HK¨ cwil`(¯‥c) MwVZ nq|
1984 mv‡j miKvi ¯‥‡ci mv‡_ Pzw³ Ki‡Z eva¨ nq, GB Pzw³i cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z
1985 mv‡j 15 B gvP© wkím¤úK© Aa¨v‡`k I kªwgK wb‡qvM ( vqx Av‡`k)
AvBb ms‡kvwaZ nq| G ms‡kvabxi D‡jL‡hvM¨ weavb n‡jv- AcmvwiZ kªwgK
¯vbxq ch©v‡q †UªW BDwbq‡bi Kg©KZ©v n‡Z cvi‡e; †UªW BDwbq‡bi †iwR‡óªkb
evwZ‡ji ¶gZv kªg Av`vjZ‡K cÖ`vb; m¤§wZ Qvov †KvbI †UªW BDwbqb
Kg©KZ©v‡K e`wj Kiv hv‡e bv; AcmvwiZ kªwgK‡`i Avw_©K myweav cÖ`vb|
1982 mvj n‡Z 1990 mgqKv‡j 1630 wU bZzb †UªW BDwbq‡bi †iwR‡óªkb
†`qv nq hvi m`m¨ msL¨v wQj 6,72,960 Rb| RvZxq kªwgK cvwU© G mg‡q wkí
KviLvbvq cÖvavb¨ we¯ vi K‡i| G †dWv‡ik‡bi 279 wU †ewmK †UªW BDwbqb
Ašf©y³ wQ‡jv hvi m`m¨ msL¨v wQj 1,21,909 Rb| c¶vš‡i evsjv‡`k
RvZxqZvev`x kªwgK `‡ji m‡½ gvÎ 35 wU †ewmK BDwbqb Ašf©~³ wQj, hvi
m`m¨ msL¨v wQ‡jv 42,634 Rb| 1991 n‡Z 1995 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i gvm ch©š
evsjv‡`k RvZxqZvev`x kªwgK `‡ji Ašf©~³ †ewmK BDwbq‡bi msL¨v †e‡o
`uvovq 218 wU hvi m`m¨ msL¨v 2,09,748 Rb| GKBfv‡e 1996 mv‡ji c‡i
kªwgK jx‡Mi †ewmK BDwbq‡bi msL¨v evo‡Z _v‡K|
G‡¶‡Î e‡j †bqv fvj 1975 mv‡ji ivR‣bwZK cvjve`j Ges mvgwiK kvmb
Rvwi nq Ges †UªW BDwbqb Kvh©µ‡gi Dci wb‡lavÁv Av‡ivc Kiv nq|
cieZ©x‡Z Zv Zz‡j †bqv nq| 1981-1982 mgqKv‡jI A‡bK †iwRwóªK…Z †UªW
BDwbqb ev` c‡o| 1981 mv‡j eQ‡ii ïi‡Z 3,616 wU BDwbqb wQj †mLv‡b
eQi †k‡l BDwbqb msL¨v `uvovq 3,533wU| 1982 mvj †k‡l 1487wU BDwbqb
ev` c‡o BDwbqb msL¨v uvovq 2156 hvi m`m¨ msL¨v wQj 9,46,048 Rb|
1984 mv‡j 519 wU bZzb †UªW BDwbqb †iwRwóªK…Z nq Ges ev` c‡o 171 wU
BDwbqb d‡j eQi †k‡l BDwbqb msL¨v uvovq 2488wU Ges m`m¨msL¨v
10,75,496 Rb| 1985 †_‡K 1989 mgqKv‡j bZzb †iwRwóªK…Z BDwbqb
msL¨v µgk evo‡Z _v‡K Ges 1989 mv‡ji †k‡l BDwbqb msL¨v `uvovq 3908
wU hvi m`m¨msL¨v 15,17,567 Rb| 1990 mv‡j †iwRwóK…Z BDwbq‡bi Zzjbvq
ev` cov BDwbq‡bi cwigvY †ewk wQj A_©vr GeQi BDwbqb msL¨v c~‡e©i eQ‡ii
Zzjbvq K‡g hvq| d‡j 1990Õi †k‡l BDwbqb msL¨v †e‡o nq 3,789 wU hvi
m`m¨ msL¨v 16,19,008 Rb| 1991 †_‡K 1996 mgqKv‡j BDwbqb msL¨v
evo‡ZB _v‡K Ges 1996 mv‡ji †k‡l Zvi cwigvb uvovq 5,178 wU hvi m`m¨
msL¨v 17,30,927 Rb| 1996 †_‡K 2001 mgqKv‡j bZzb †iwRwóªK…Z
116
BDwbqb evo‡Z _v‡K GKBmv‡_ G mgq A‡bK BDwbqb ev` c‡o| 2001
mv‡ji †k‡l BDwbqb msL¨v uvovq 6304 wU hvi m`m¨msL¨v 19,73,125 Rb|
2002 †_‡K 2005 mgqKv‡j wKQ~ BDwbqb ev` covi c‡iI †gvU BDwbqb
msL¨v †e‡o `uvovq 6,777wU, hvi m`m¨ msL¨v 21,31,800 Rb14
|
2.2. †UªW BDwbqb I bvixi AskMÖnY:
•ewk¦K †cÖ¶vc‡U †UªW BDwbqb mv‡_ bvixi mshyw³ `xN© w`‡bi n‡jI bvix †UªW
BDwbq‡bi bwRi cvIqv hvq Dwbk kZ‡K G‡m| 1903 mv‡j bvix †UªW BDwbqb
jxM (WTUL) cÖwZwôZ nq| 1903 mv‡j bvixi †ckvMZ Ae¯vi Dbœqb I
wbivcËv Ges kªwgK Av‡›`vj‡b bvix‡`i Drmvn cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ GB BDwbqb
cÖwZwôZ nq| 1907 †_‡K 1922 mv‡ji g‡a¨ WTUL wKQz AvBbvbyM e¨e¯vi
¯^xK…wZ‡K mvg‡b Av‡b| hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q •`wbK AvU N›Uv Kg©mgq, b~¨bZg
gRyix Ges wkï kªg eÜ Kiv| GB jx‡Mi gva¨‡g bvixiv mn‡R †UªW BDwbq‡b
cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i, cÖwk¶YcÖvß bvixiv BDwbq‡bi g‡a¨B †bZ…Z¡ ¯vbxq RvqMvq
hvIqvi my‡hvM cvq GgbwK †UªW BDwbq‡bi mv‡_ hy³ †eKvi bvix‡`i‡K
mvgwqKfv‡e mnvqZv Ki‡ZI cv‡i (Orleck, 1995; Foner, 1979)|
AwaKvi Av`v‡qi cÖ‡kœ mw¤§wjZfv‡e hZ ZvovZvwo Kiv m¤¢e e¨w³Kfv‡e ZZ
ZvovZvwo Kiv m¤¢eci nqbv| kªwg‡Ki AwaKvi Av`v‡q †RvUe×Zvi
Kvh©KvixZvi Kvi‡YB ILO n‡ZI †UªW BDwbqb I mwgwZ MV‡bi ¯vaxbZv‡K
Zz‡j a‡i‡Q| 1969 m‡bi wkím¤úK© Aa¨v‡`‡ki aviv-3 Abymv‡i mKj kªwg‡Ki
wb‡R‡`i cQ›`gZ mwgwZ/†UªW BDwbqb cÖwZôv Ges mwgwZ‡Z †hvM`v‡bi
AwaKvi _vK‡e| miKvi (2006) Gi g‡Z, bvix‡K GKB mv‡_ cvwievwiK
`vwq‡Z¡i cvkvcvwk Kg©‡¶‡Îi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq| Zv‡`i‡K Kg©‡¶‡Î mgq
†`qvi c‡i evwo‡Z mgq w`‡Z nq| d‡j Zviv †UªW BDwbq‡b †Zgb mgq w`‡Z
cv‡ibv| GKB mv‡_ Kg©‡¶Î, Avevm j I BDwbqb Awd‡mi g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jK
`~iZ¡ †ewk nIqvq GK ai‡Yi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mgšqnxbZv †`Lv hvq d‡j bvixi
AskMÖnY †bB ej‡jB P‡j| evsjv‡`‡k †UªW BDwbqb¸‡jv‡Z bvix m`m¨ Lye
Kg| GKBfv‡e †bZ…Z¡ ch©v‡qI bvix kªwg‡Ki msL¨v Kg| †UªW BDwbqb¸‡jv
kªwgK Av‡›`vj‡b Ggb me Bmy¨ wb‡q KvR K‡i †hLv‡b bvix welqK `vex `vIqv
KLbB cÖavb we‡ePbvq _v‡K bv| d‡j bvix welqK Bmy¨¸‡jv KLbB we‡ePbvq
Av‡mbv| †nv‡mb (2006) evsjv‡`‡k AmsMwVZ LvZ wn‡m‡e wbg©vY Lv‡Zi †UªW
BDwbqb Zv‡Z kªwgK‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi wPÎ Zz‡j a‡ib| Zvi g‡Z, †UªW
14
1973-2005 mvj ch©šÍ †UW BDwbq‡bi cwimsL¨vbMZ DcvË Rvb‡Z kªg gš¿vYj‡qi
I‡qemvBU (http://www.mole.gov.bd/) †`Lyb|
117
BDwbqb¸‡jv‡Z bvixi AskMÖnY cÖ‡kœ kªwgK‡`i fvmgvb Ae¯v‡KB `vqx Kiv
nq| wKš‧ †UªW BDwbqb msMwVZ nIqvi †¶‡Î †KejgvÎ kªwgK‡`i fvmgvb
Ae¯vB `vqx bv| GKB mv‡_ kªwgK‡`i wk¶vMZ Ae¯v I m‡PZbZvi Afve
Ges wi‡qj G‡÷U †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi gvwjKmg~‡ni cÖfve ¸iZ¡c~Y©| Zv †hgb
†bZ…Z¡ ch©v‡qi †¶‡Î mZ¨ †Zgwb gvV ch©v‡qi †¶‡ÎI mZ¨| Z‡e Ab¨vb¨
AmsMwVZ †m±‡ii gZ evsjv‡`‡k wbg©vY †¶‡ÎI †UªW BDwbqb M‡o D‡V‡Q|
eZ©gv‡b 40wU †Rjvq kªwgK BDwbqb i‡q‡Q Ges †gvU wbg©vY kªwg‡Ki 10% †UªW
BDwbq‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ (†nv‡mb, 2006)|
1903 mv‡j bvix †UªW BDwbqb jxM (WTUL) MwVZ n‡jI evsjv‡`‡k †UªW
BDwbq‡bi mv‡_ bvixi hy³Zv cÖvq GK `k‡Ki| cÖ_g w`‡K †UªW BDwbq‡b
bvixi AskMÖnY‡K †Zgb ¸iZ¡ bv w`‡jI GLb †`qv nq| Zvic‡iI bvixi
AskMÖnY A‡bK Kg| evsjv‡`‡k 1999 mvj ciewZ© mg‡q evsjv‡`k
Bbw÷wUDU Ae †jevi ÷vwWR (wejm&) Gi Øviv cwiPvwjZ Ôbvix Dbœqb c`‡¶cÕ
cÖwk¶Y Gi ga¨ w`‡q †UªW BDwbq‡bi mv‡_ bvixi hy³Zv MwZ cvq (wejm&,
2006)|
1969 mv‡ji wkí AvBb Abyhvqx kªwgKiv †UªªW BDwbqb MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
evsjv‡`‡k bvix kª‡gi eZ©gvb Ae¯v m¤úwK©Z M‡elYv Kv‡Ri ga¨ w`‡q Lv‡qi
I Lvb (2002) †`Lvb †h, bvix kªwgK‡`i g‡Z AwaKvsk Kg©‡¶‡Î †UªW BDwbqb
Kvh©µg‡K MÖnY Kiv nq bv| †UªW BDwbqb welqK Kg©KvʇK iwnZ Kiv nq|
Kwei (2001) †`Lvb †h evsjv‡`‡k †cvkvK wk‡í bvixi Ašf©~w³ AwZ `ªZ
MwZ‡Z I wecyj cwigv‡b e„w× †c‡q‡Q| wZwb e‡jb, hw`Iev A_©‣bwZK Kvi‡Y
bvixi AskMÖnY †e‡o‡Q wKš‧ Zvi GB Ašf©~w³ GKB mv‡_ A_©‣bwZK I
mvs¯‥…wZK welq Øviv wba©vwiZ nq|
PZz_© cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv‡Z (1990-1995) cÖ_g mKj Av_©-mvgvwRK cwim‡i
wj½xq •elg¨ `~i Kiv Ges Dbœq‡bi g~javiv‡Z bvixi m¤ú„³Ki‡Yi K_v ejv
nq| G cwiKíbv‡Z bvix welq‡K m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z myô K‡qKwU aviv MÖnY Kiv
nq| hvi g~j K_v wQj-bvix‡`i‡K Av_©‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Êi g~javivq, RvZxq I
¯vbxq ch©v‡qi cvewjK †m±‡ii wm×vš M Ön‡Y bvixi AskMÖnY evov‡bv| GKB
mv‡_ Dbœqb †`k¸‡jv‡Z `vZv ms¯v n‡Z ïi K‡i we‡`kx mvnvh¨`vZviv
Dbœqb‡K Kvh©Kix Ki‡Z †Rvi †`b AskMÖnY‡K|
bvixi ivR‣bwZK ¶gZvq‡bi j‡¶¨ 1997 mv‡j cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gvi Z…Yg~j
msMVb BDwbqb cwil‡` msiw¶Z Avm‡b mivmwi †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g wbe©vP‡bi
e¨e¯v Kiv nq| wKš‧ kªwgK bvixi Kg©‡¶‡Î AwaKvi Av`vq wKsev msMV‡b
Askx`vwiZ¡ wel‡q †Kvb ai‡bi c`‡¶c †`Lv hvq bv| Rvnv½xi (1990)
118
†`Lvb, MÖvgxY ivRbxwZi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi †¶‡Î e¨w³ wn‡m‡e cyil Ges †k ªYx
wn‡m‡e m¤úwËev‡biv cÖej| †mRb¨ e¨w³ wn‡m‡e GKRb bvix Ges †kªYxi
AšM©Z bvix ¶gZv KvVv‡gv‡Z Aaxb¯ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| fviZxq †cÖ¶vc‡U
Kzgvi (1991) †`Lvb †h, 1961 mv‡j cÂv‡qZ cÖwZwôZ nIqvi ci bvixiv
wm×všMÖnY cÖwµqvi mv‡_ hy³ nq| MÖvgxY ¯‡i AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK
cÖwZôv‡b, bvixi AskMÖnY Zv‡`i mvgvwRK ghv© v Ges Zv‡`i cwiev‡i Ae¯v‡b
we‡kl cwieZ©b mvwaZ K‡i| bvixi wewfbœ msMVb AskMÖnY `ywU welq‡K wb‡ ©k
K‡i| K) mgv‡R gh©v`v cÖ`vb K‡i| L) MÖvgxY Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ wb‡Ri
Dbœq‡bI f~wgKv iv‡L (Kzgvi, 1991)| wZwb Av‡iv †`Lvb †h fvi‡Z MZ yB
`k‡K †UªW BDwbq‡b bvixi AskMÖnY †e‡o‡Q|
kªwgK msMwVZ Kivi †¶‡Î †U&ªW BDwbq‡bi fywgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| gvwjKc‡¶i
mv‡_ PvKzwii kZ© wel‡q `iKlvKwl Kiv Ges RvZxq I miKvwi ch©v‡q
kªwgK‡`i AvBbx I cªvwZôvwbK iƒc †`qvi KvR K‡i| †Kvb BDwbqb MVb Kivi
c‡i kªwgK‡`i g‡bvbxZ cÖwZwbwa _v‡K †h ev hviv kªwgK‡`i gRywi Kg©NÈv I
Ab¨vb¨ kZ© wb‡q K_v e‡j G‡¶‡Î Zviv bvixi mggRywi wb‡qI K_v e‡j|
miKvwi cwjwm I AvBbx ms¯‥v‡i miKv‡ii mv‡_ BDwbqbB †hvMv‡hvM K‡i|
d‡j bvixi mgZv Bmy¨‡Z BDwbqb KvR K‡i _v‡K| wKš‧ BDwbq‡b bvixi
AskMÖnY A‡bK Kg| GQvov BDwbq‡b †bZ…‡Z¡i welqwU ¸iZ¡c~Y©| †Kvb bxwZ
wba©vi‡Y BDwbqbmg~n †h `vwe †ck K‡i Zv‡Z bvix Bmy¨ KZUv AMÖvwaKvi cvq
†m welqwUI we‡eP¨, †mLv‡b †bZ…Z¡ ch©v‡q bvix bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y Kg©‡¶‡Î bvixi
mgm¨v I Zv mgvavb cÖkœ D‡cw¶Z _v‡K|
3. kªgkw³ I †UªW BDwbqb: cÖm½ wbg©vY I PvZvj
evsjv‡`‡k bvixNb kªgLvZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Mv‡g©›Um& Gi ciciB wbg©vY I PvZvj
D‡jL‡hvM¨| Kv‡Ri aiY wn‡m‡e PvZvj Lv‡Z bvixi AskMÖn‡Yi welqwU
we‡ewPZ n‡jI Aaybv Awfevmb I bMivq‡Yi d‡j wbg©vY Lv‡Z m¯v kªwgK
wn‡m‡e bvixi AskMÖnY †e‡o‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k kªgkw³‡Z cÖavb LvZ wn‡m‡e
wPwýZ LvZ mgy‡ni g‡a¨ wbg©vY LvZ we‡klfv‡e D‡jL‡hvM¨| wbg©vY Lv‡Z †gvU
kªgkw³i 3.5% kªwgK wb‡qvwRZ| 2005-06 Gi kªg kw³ Rwic Abyhvqx
wbg©vY kª‡g wb‡qvwRZ kªwg‡Ki msL¨v cÖvq 1,524,000 Rb hvi g‡a¨ cyil
1,421,000 Ges bvix kªwgK 104,000 Rb| 2003 mv‡ji kªg kw³ Rwic
Abyhvqx wbg©vY kª‡g wb‡qvwRZ kªwg‡Ki msL¨v cÖvq 1,541,000 Rb hvi g‡a¨
cyil 1,445,000 Ges bvix kªwgK 97,000 Rb (Labour Force Survey
2005-06, p-53)| 2002-2003 A_©eQ‡i G Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªwg‡Ki msL¨v
119
wQj 1,541,000 Rb| 2005-2006 A_©eQ‡i Zv K‡g `uvovq 15,24,000
R‡b| wKš‧ j¶Yxq welq n‡jv, bvix kªwg‡Ki GB Lv‡Zi mv‡_ m¤ú„³Zv
j¶¨Yxqfv‡e †e‡o‡Q| †hLv‡b wbg©vY Lv‡Z mvgwMÖK kªg wb‡qvR‡bi cÖe„w×i nvi
†bwZevPK (-0.37 %) †mLv‡b bvix kªwg‡Ki cÖe„w×i nvi h‡_ó BwZevPK (2.35
%)|
wbg©vY kª‡g wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK‡`i e„nr AskB kn‡i Kg©iZ| G Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ
kªwgK‡`i †¶‡Î kn‡i KvR Kivi nvi †ewk| 2005 mv‡ji kªgkw³ Rwic
Abyhvqx †gvU kªgkw³i 3.2% wbg©vY Lv‡Z i‡q‡Q| kû‡i kªgkw³i g‡a¨
4.62% wbg©vY Lv‡Z KvR K‡ib| G Lv‡Z kû‡i kªgkw³i g‡a¨ 5.76% cyil
kªwgK Ges †gvU kû‡i bvix kªgkw³i 0.95% bvix KvR K‡ib| MÖvgxY
kªgkw³i †¶‡Î †`Lv hvq †h wbg©vY Lv‡Z 2.78% fvM kªwgK Kg©iZ| MÖvgxY
†gvU kªgkw³i g‡a¨ cyil 3.37% Ges †gvU bvix kªgkw³i g‡a¨ 0.91% bvix
kªwgK KvR K‡ib| G †_‡K mn‡RB Aby‡gq †h G Lv‡Z bvix kªwg‡Ki Zzjbvq
cyil kªwg‡Ki cwigvb †ewk| Z‡e w`b w`b bvix kªwgK‡`i AskMÖnY G Lv‡Z
evo‡Q| wbg©vY Lv‡Z †hfv‡e kªwgK evo‡Q †mfv‡e Zv‡`i AwaKvi Av`v‡q m‡Pó
msMVb evo‡Q bv|
wbg©vY Lv‡Z evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b †gvU 86,174 Rb †UªW BDwbqb fz³ kªwgK
i‡q‡Q| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î e‡j †bqv fvj Gi g‡a¨ †hgb †dWv‡ikb¸‡jvi †gvU
m`‡m¨i (43,922 Rb) D‡jL i‡q‡Q †Zgwb BDwbqb Gi m`m¨ wn‡m‡eI †gvU
m`m¨ msL¨vi D‡jL i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k kªg cwi`ßi n‡Z †iwRwóªK…Z
†dWv‡ik‡bi msL¨v 9wU Ges Zvi kªwgK msL¨v 43,922 Rb| GQvov PviwU
wefvMxq kn‡ii (XvKv, PÆMÖvg, ivRkvnx, Lyjbv) AvIZvq †gvU wbg©vY kªwgK
42,252 Rb| wbg©vY Lv‡Z PÆMÖvg wefv‡M †gvU BDwbqb msL¨v 12wU Ges †gvU
m`m¨ msL¨v 5,256 Rb| XvKv wefv‡M †gvU BDwbqb msL¨v 43wU Ges m`m¨
msL¨v 12,776 Rb| Lyjbv wefv‡M 56wU BDwbqb I m`m¨ msL¨v 8,737 Rb|
ivRkvnx wefv‡M BDwbqb msL¨v 75wU Ges m`m¨ msL¨v 15,483 Rb|
Aciw`‡K evsjv‡`‡k me©‡gvU PvZv‡ji msL¨v wb‡q wfbœ wfbœ DcvË cvIqv hvq|
ÔPvZvj wk‡íi kªwg‡Ki mvgvwRK wbivcËvq RvZxq b~¨bZg gRywit Ae¯vb,
ev eZv I ev evqb †K․kjÕ kxl©K M‡elYvq M‡elK RvwKi †nv‡mb PvZvj
wkí‡K K…wlwfwËK LvZ wnmv‡e D‡jL K‡i e‡jb †h, evsjv‡`‡k cÖvq 40 nvRvi
ivBm wgj i‡q‡Q| G wk‡íi mv‡_ cÖvq 50 jvL kªwgK wb‡qvwRZ e‡j H
M‡elYvq D‡jL Kiv nq| hvi kZKiv cÖvq 84 fvM bvix| AvjZvd cvi‡fR
120
Zuvi ÔivBmwgj kªwgK‡`i Rxeb wPÎÕ †jLvq15
GKB ai‡bi cwimsL¨vb Zz‡j
a‡ib| Zvi fvlvq, Òmviv‡`‡k wK cwigvb ivBmwgj Av‡Q Zvi mwVK †Kvb
cwimsL¨vb †Kv_vI cvIqv hvq wb| Z‡e K‡qKwU †Rjvq †LuvR wb‡q †h Z_¨
cvIqv †M‡Q Zvi Ici wfwË K‡i AvbygvwbK GKUv aviYv cvIqv hvq| wZb †Rjv
wb‡q MwVZ e„nËi †bvqvLvjxi ivBmwgj gvwjK mwgwZi mvaviY m¤úv`K Avãyj
jwZ‡di †`Iqv Z_¨ †_‡K †`Lv hvq- †mLv‡b cÖvq 250wU ivBm wg‡j 6,250
Rb kªwgK KvR Ki‡Q| bvivqbM‡Ä Av‡Q 800 wgj, †QvU †Rjv P‚qvWv½vq Av‡Q
400 wgj| Ck¦i`x‡Z 5,000 wgj Av‡Q| Gme Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ AvbygvwbK wnmve
Ki‡j †`Lv hvq-†`kRy‡o c Övq 40 nvRvi ivBmwgj Ges cÖvq 50 jvL kªwgK
KvR Ki‡Q D`xqgvb GB K…wl wfwËK wkíLv‡Z|Ó
PvZv‡j †UªW BDwbq‡bi msL¨v I m`m¨i †h wnmve kªg cwi`߇i cvIqv hvq
Zv‡Z K‡i †`Lv hvq cy‡iv evsjv‡`‡k 52wU PvZv‡j †UªW BDwbqb i‡q‡Q| GB
†UªW BDwbqb¸‡jvi †gvU m`m¨ msL¨v 5163 Rb| XvKv wefvMxq kªg `߇ii
AvIZvq cuvPwU G ai‡bi †UªW BDwbq‡bi Z_¨ cvIqv †M‡Q| hv‡`i m`m¨ msL¨v
427 Rb| PÆMÖvg wefvMxq kªg `߇ii AvIZvq 5wU PvZvj msµvš †UªW
BDwbq‡bi Z_¨ cvIqv †M‡Q hv‡`i m`m¨ msL¨v 1,270 Rb| GKBfv‡e Lyjbvq
kªg `߇ii Z_¨ Abyhvqx †mLv‡b 7wU PvZvj m¤úwK©Z †UªW BDwbqb i‡q‡Q|
G¸‡jvi †gvU m`m¨ 404 Rb| me‡P‡q †ewk msL¨K PvZvj msµvš BDwbq‡bi
Z_¨ cvIqv †M‡Q 35wU, Gme BDwbq‡bi m`m¨ msL¨v 3,062 Rb| kªg `߇ii
AvIZvq †iwR‡÷ªkbf‚³ PvZvj †UªW BDwbq‡bi mÜvb cvIqv †M‡jI gvV ch©v‡q
A‡bK †¶‡ÎB Gme †UªW BDwbqb Kvh©µ‡gi mÜvb †g‡jbv16
|
wKš‧ †UªW BDwbq‡bi msL¨v Ges Gi m`m¨ msL¨v †Kvb wePv‡iB bvixi AwaKvi
wbwðZ Kivi welqwU cwijw¶Z nq bv| wbg©vY Lv‡Zi Kv‡Ri aiY wewfbœZv
_vK‡jI bvixi AskMÖnY †KejgvÎ wbw`©ó wKQz KvR gvwU KvUv, †hvMvwj,
BU/cv_i fv½v Gm‡ei g‡a¨B mxwgZ †h¸‡jv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e wbgœ gRyixi wKš‧
AwaK kª‡gi| Avevi GKB kªg †`qv ¯^‡Ë¡I bvix kªwgK cyil kªwg‡Ki †P‡q Kg
gRyix cvq| †hLv‡b bvix kªwgK‡`i •`wbK Mo gRywi 125.55 UvKv †mLv‡b
cyil kªwgK‡`i •`wbK Mo gRywi 144.57 UvKv| Avevi †hLv‡b DËi`vZv
94% bvix kªwgK •`wbK gRywi cvq 100 UvKvi wb‡P Ges gvÎ 4.26%
DËi`vZv bvix kªwgK cvq m‡e©vP 125 UvKv ch©š †mLv‡b gvÎ 34.16% cyil
kªwgK •`wbK Avq K‡i 100 UvKvi bx‡P| bvix kªwgK‡`i •`wbK Mo gRywi
15
†jLvwU wejm& KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ kªwgK Rvb©v‡ji GwcÖj-Ryb 2003 msL¨vq cÖKvwkZ nq|
16
m~Î: gvVKg©, 2006
121
125.55 UvKv c¶vš‡i, cyil kªwgK‡`i •`wbK Mo gRywi 144.57 UvKv
(wejm&, 2006; wejm& 2007)| gRyix •elg¨ QvovI gvZ…Z¡Kvjxb my‡hvMmyweav
cvIqvi †¶‡ÎI †UªW BDwbq‡bi ¸iZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| wbg©vY Lv‡Zi Dc‡iv³
wPÎ Avgv‡`i‡K bvix •el‡g¨i welqwUi ev¯weK †Pnviv Zz‡j a‡i welqwU Av‡iv
¯úóZi nq PvZvj kª‡g wb‡qvwRZ bvix‡`i gRyix I AwaKvi bv cvIqvi
welq¸‡jvi w`‡K „wó w`‡j| cuvPwU M‡elYv GjvKvi m¤úbœK…Z wejm& Gi
M‡elYv Kv‡R †`Lv hvq †h Av‡Mi Zzjbvq PvZvj kªwg‡Ki gRywi wKQzUv e„w×
†c‡q‡Q| wKš‧ Rxeb hvÎvi LiP †h nv‡i †e‡o‡Q gRywi †m nv‡i ev‡owb| †hgb
†kicy‡i 4 eQi Av‡M †hLv‡b e¯v cÖwZ gRywi wQj 5 UvKv GLb †mwU n‡q‡Q 9
UvKv| wKš‧ GB Pvi eQ‡i wRwbmc‡Îi GgbwK Pv‡ji `vg †h nv‡i †e‡o‡Q Zv‡Z
GB gRywi e„w× LyeB mvgvb¨| PvZvj PjvKvjxb mgq (10 gvm) GKkÕ kªwg‡Ki
M‡o gv‡m 1,000 UvKv DcvR©b nq| cyil kªwgKiv †hLv‡b M‡o 2000 UvKv
DcvR©b K‡i †mLv‡b GKRb bvix kªwgK M‡o 800 UvKv DcvR©b K‡i|
DcvR©‡bi GB dvivK bvix kªgNb GLv‡Z bvixi AwaKvi Av`v‡qi welq‡KB
wb‡ ©k K‡i|
4. †UªW BDwbq‡b bvix AskMÖn‡Yi msKU:
c~‡e©v³ Z…Zxq As‡ki Av‡jvPbv n‡Z G welqwU ¯úó †h, mvgwMÖKfv‡e
wcZ…Zvwš¿K mgv‡R bvix †hgb c‡` c‡` •el‡g¨i wkKvi nq †Zgwb Kg©‡¶‡ÎI
bvixi GKB †fvMvwši wkKvi nq- †nvK bv Zv bvix kªgNb| evsjv‡`‡k Mv‡g©›Um&
Gi ci ciB me‡P‡q †ewk kªgNb LvZ`y‡Uv‡ZB bvixi AwaKvi Av`v‡qi wel‡q
†Zgb c`‡¶c †`Lv hvq bv GKB mv‡_ †UªW BDwbq‡b bvixi AskMÖnYI
nZvkve¨ÂK| bvixi AskMÖnY I †bZ…‡Z¡i msK‡Ui †¶‡Î †h welq¸‡jv mvg‡b
Av‡m Zv GK A‡_© †UªW BDwbq‡bi mvgwMÖK e¨_©Zv| G‡¶‡Î cÖavb msKU¸‡jv
Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv|
4.1. kªwgK fvebvq †UªW BDwbq‡bi B‡gR msKU :
kªwgK BDwbqb m¤ú‡K© †bwZevPK aviYvi wcQ‡b †bZ…Z¡ I †bZvi `vwq‡Z¡i
welqwU ¸iZ¡c~Y©| kªwgK BDwbqb m¤ú‡K© kªwgK‡`i †bwZevPK aviYvi wcQ‡b
kªwgK †bZv‡`i f~wgKv, `vwqZ¡kxjZv‡K kªwgKiv `vqx K‡ib| kªwgK BDwbq‡bi
cÖwZ †bwZevPK aviYvi KviY wn‡m‡e kªwgK †bZv‡`i wb‡R‡`i ¯^v‡_© KvR Kiv,
†bZv‡`i kªwgK‡`i Rb¨ KvR bv Kiv Ges gvwjK c‡¶i n‡q KvR Kivi gZ
welq¸‡jv mvg‡b P‡j Av‡m| kªwgK‡`i GB fvebvi cÖgvY †g‡j †bZ…‡Z¡i wel‡q
we‡iv‡ai †Ri a‡i †UªW BDwbq‡bi fv½‡bi welqwU‡K we‡ePbv K‡i| kªwgK‡`i
g‡a¨ ¯^v_©MZ ؇›Øi Kvi‡Y †UªW BDwbq‡bi fv½b n‡q‡Q Ggb †Kvb bwRi †bB|
122
eis †bZv‡`i ga¨Kvi †Kv›`j, `jv`wji Kvi‡Y kªwgK BDwbqb fv½vi welqwU
¯úó|
wbg©v‡Yi gZ GKwU A vqx Lv‡Z †hLv‡b kªwgKiv GKK †Kvb Kg©‡¶‡Î vqxfv‡e
_v‡Kb bv wKsev GKB gvwj‡Ki Aax‡bI `xN©w`b a‡i KvR K‡ib bv †mLv‡bI
`jv`jx I kªwgK msMV‡bi fv½‡bi welqwU i‡q‡Q| hvi cÖgvY †g‡j Bbmv‡ei
cÖv³b mvaviY m¤úv`‡Ki K_vq, wZwb e‡jb bIMuvi gZ GKwU †QvU †Rjv
kn‡iB 6wU wbg©vY kªwgK msMVb M‡o D‡V‡Q †bZv‡`i g‡a¨ HK¨gZ¨ bv _vKvq|
mviwY1. †UªW BDwbqb m¤ú‡K© kªwgK‡`i aviYv
aviYv kªwgK kZKiv nvi
aviYv †bB 231 40.81
Lye fvj 35 6.18
fvj 196 34.63
Lvivc 82 14.49
Lye Lvivc 22 3.89
†gvU 566 100
m~Î :wejm& 2007
kªwgK BDwbqb m¤ú‡K© BwZevPK, †bwZevPK `yÕai‡Yi aviYvB kªwgK‡`i g‡a¨
j¶¨ Kiv hvq| †h 566 Rb wbg©vY kªwg‡Ki mv‡_ M‡elYv Kiv nq Zvi g‡a¨
40.81 % BDwbq‡bi wel‡q AwfÁZv bv _vKvq kªwgK BDwbq‡bi Kv‡Ri wel‡q
†Kvb gše¨ †`bwb| kªwgK BDwbqb m¤ú‡K© Lye fvj aviYv †cvlY K‡ib 35 Rb
hv †gvU kªwg‡Ki gvÎ 6.18%, hv mwZ¨ nZvkvRbK| kªwgK BDwbq‡bi
Kvh©µg‡K fvj wn‡m‡e gše¨ K‡ib 34.63%| kªwgK BDwbq‡bi BwZevPK
Ae¯vb‡K `yBwU ch©v‡q fvM K‡i fvj I Lye fvj A‡_© †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| G †_‡K
†`Lv hv‡Q, BwZevPK RvqMvq kªwgK BDwbq‡bi †h Ae¯vb Zvi me©‡gvU
40.81%| Ab¨w`‡K †bwZevPK aviYv †cvlY K‡ib 104 Rb kªwgK hviv wKbv
†gvU DËi`vZvi 18.38%| G †_‡K †`Lv hv‡Q †h 59.19 % kªwg‡Ki BDwbqb
welqK aviYv i‡q‡Q Zvi GK Z…Zxqvsk kªwgK BDwbqb m¤ú‡K© †bwZevPK aviYv
†cvlYv K‡i|
4.2. †UªW BDwbqb I cÖPviYv :
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki cÖvq †QvU eo †_‡K ïi K‡i eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjK I
wewfbœ miKvwi-†emiKvwi ms¯vi Kg©KZ©viv ch©š mevB wb‡Ri wb‡Ri m¼U, wkí
123
cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvq A`¶Zv, Dbœqb I weKv‡k A ~i`wk©Zv, A‡hvM¨Zvi `vq-
`vwqZ¡ Gov‡Z †kl ch©š kªgRxexi Dci Zv‡`i AvµgY †K›`ªxf~Z Ki‡Qb Ges
K‡i Avm‡Qb| Gi d‡j bZzb Kg©ms¯vb cÖvq n‡QB bv| eis QuvUvB, †j-Ad,
jK-AvDUmn wkí KjKviLvbv eÜ n‡Q (f~uBqv, 2003)| †UªW BDwbqb wel‡q
wgwWqv we‡klZ msev`c‡Î wK ai‡bi msev` cwi‡ekb nq Zv‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z
1998 mv‡j miKvwi e¨vsK mg~‡n †UªW BDwbqb eÜ Kiv cÖm‡½ wKQz msev`
wk‡ivbvg‡K GLv‡b Zz‡j aiv n‡Q Ges 2006 mv‡ji •`wbK msev`cÎmgy‡n
†UªW BDwbqb m¤ú‡K© wK ai‡bi msev` cwi‡ekb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi
wk‡ivbvg¸‡jv‡K we‡klY Kiv n‡Q| †Kbbv †UªW BDwbq‡bi cvewjK B‡gR
MV‡b Gwelq¸‡jv‡K Gwo‡q hvevi my‡hvM †bB|
†UªW BDwbqb I †bZ…‡Z¡i •bwZKZv:
TUs blamed for most problems at ports (The Daily Star,
12.07.1998)
The Daily Star †Mvj‡Uwej •eV‡K PÆMÖvg e›`‡ii APjve¯vi Rb¨
†UªW BDwbqb‡K `vqx Kiv nq|
e¨vsK msµvš Uv¯‥ †dvm© cÖwZ‡e`b A_©bxwZi ¯^v‡_©B †UªW BDwbqwbRg
wbqš¿Y Avek¨K (msev`, 21.07.98)
†`‡ki ivóªvqË Lv‡Zi evwYwR¨K e¨vsK I we‡kl ai‡bi e¨vsK¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Uv¯‥
†dv‡m©i cÖwZ‡e`‡b ejv nq †`‡ki AvUwU e¨vs‡Ki †gvU Kg©Pvixi 30 kZvsk
G‡Kev‡iB KvR K‡i bv| G mKj Kg©Pvixi AwaKvskB †UªW BDwbq‡bi m‡½
RwoZ A_ev †UªW BDwbq‡bi †`vnvB w`‡q Giv KvR K‡i bv| cÖwZwU e¨vs‡K
`yÕ‡qi AwaK †UªW BDwbq‡bi †iwR‡óªkb †`qv n‡q‡Q Ges AvÂwjK I
kvLv¸‡jv‡ZI wmweG/ †UªW BDwbq‡bi kvLv i‡q‡Q| d‡j 10wU e¨vs‡K 11
nvRvi 7 k 96 Rb Kg©Pvix †UªW BDwbq‡bi m‡½ RwoZ i‡q‡Q| GB cÖwZ‡e`‡b
†UªW BDwbqb msµvš AvBb I Zvi ev e cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© 25wU wel‡q D‡jL Kiv
n‡q‡Q| 12 nvRvi Kg©Pvix webv Kv‡R †eZb wb‡Q| ivR‣bwZK c„ó‡cvlKZvi
Kvi‡Y cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯v m¤¢e nq bv|
e¨vs‡K †UªW BDwbqb eÜ ev wbqš¿‡Yi e¨e¯v cÖvq P~ovš (BbwKjve,
5.8.98)
e¨vs‡K †UªW BDwbqb (msev`, 25.8.98)
A_©gš¿x kvn G Gg Gm wKewiqvi wn‡me Abyhvqx e¨vs‡Ki kZKiv 25
fvM Kg©Pvix †Kvb KvR K‡i bv BDwbq‡bi Kvi‡Y| wZwb ivR‣bwZK
`‡ji m¤ú„³Zv I c„ô‡cvlKZvi K_v D‡jL K‡ib|
124
¯úk©KvZi †c‡Uªvevsjv GK‡kªYxi BDwbqb †bZvi Kv‡Q wRw¤§ : wewb‡qv‡M
AvMÖnx we‡`kx †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jvi Kv‡Q fveg~wZ© bó n‡Q (†fv‡ii KvMR,
29.8.98)
1998 mv‡ji msev`c‡Îi cvZvq Avmv msev`¸‡jvi w`‡K j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq
†h PÆMÖvg e›`i wKsev ivóªvqË e¨vsK¸‡jvi g‡a¨Kvi †UªW BDwbq‡bi †bZviv
KvR bv K‡i †eZb wb‡Qb| †m welqwU‡K ¸iZ¡ †`qv n‡Q| A_©vr †UªW
BDwbqb †bZv‡`i‡K Lvivc ev Amvay wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡Q †mLv‡b
ivR‣bwZK c„ô‡cvlKZvi welqwU‡K †gv‡UI Avg‡j †bqv n‡Q bv| †UªW BDwbqb
†bZviv †h kªwgK †bZvi cwiP‡q bq eis AgyK ivR‣bwZK `‡ji mv‡_ hy³
kªwgK †bZv wn‡m‡e c„ô‡cvlKZv jvf Ki‡Q Zv‡K Zy‡j aiv nq bv| GKBfv‡e
hLb A_©gš¿x 25% e¨vsK Kg©Pvixi KvR bv Kivi welqwU‡K wb‡ ©k K‡ib ZLb
wZwb ivR‣bwZK m¤ú„³Zvi welqwU‡K D‡jL Ki‡jI †UªW BDwbq‡bi mv‡_
ivR‣bwZK `‡ji hy³Zv‡K ev` †`qvi welqwU‡K wb‡`©k K‡ib bv| GKBfv‡e
GK‡kªYxi BDwbqb †bZv AwfwnZ K‡i †Kvb †kªYxi BDwbqb †bZv, †Kvb
ivR‣bwZK `‡ji mv‡_ Zvi m¤c„³Zv Zv‡K ev` †`qv nq hv cÖKviš‡i mg¯
†UªW BDwbqb †bZviB B‡gR‡K msK‡Ui gy‡L †d‡j|
msMwVZ Lv‡Zi Av‡›`vjb:
mwPevjq Kg©Pvixiv `vwe Av`v‡q Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ¯‧wZ wb‡Qb (cÖ_g Av‡jv
13.04.06)
KviLvbv AvBb ev evq‡bi `vwe Mv‡g©›Um kªwgK †dWv‡ik‡bi (msev`,
08.04.06)
wbDgywis Uvwg©bvj †emiKvwiKi‡Yi wm×vš evwZj Kiv bv n‡j PÆMÖvg APj K‡i
†`Iqv n‡e (AvR‡Ki KvMR 10.04.06)
duy‡m DV‡Q miKvicšx wmweG †bZvivI: wU GÊ wU †evW©‡K †Kv¤úvwb‡Z iƒcvši
cÖwµqv (AvR‡Ki KvMR 20.04.06)
wmwU I †c․i Kg©Pvix †dWv‡ik‡bi 11 `dv `vwe‡Z Av‡›`vjb Kg©m~Px †NvlYv
(cÖ_g Av‡jv 16.04.06)
wRqv mvi KviLvbvq kªwgK‡`i Pvi N›Uvi Ae‡iva (cÖ_g Av‡jv 22.04.06)
1 †g 72 N›Uv ag©N‡Ui WvK, wkífeb †NivI: ivóªvqË wkí KviLvbvi kªwgKiv
Av‡›`vj‡b bvg‡Q (AvR‡Ki KvMR, 28.04.06)
j¶¨Yxq †h Dc‡iv³ msev` wk‡ivbvg mg~‡n ivóªvqË Lv‡Z Kg©iZ †UªW
BDwbqbfy³ kªwgKivB G mKj Av‡›`vj‡b Ask wb‡Q| †Kvb †emiKvwi wKsev
e¨w³gvwjKvbvq wb‡qvwRZ kªwg‡Ki AskMÖnY G‡¶‡Î †bB| GKBfv‡e dyu©‡m
DV‡Q miKvicšx wmweG †bZvivI Gi A_© miKv‡ii g``cyó wmweG †bZviv
125
kªwgK ¯^v_©‡K ¸iZ¡ we‡ePbv bv K‡i `jxq welq‡KB ¸iZ¡ w`‡q‡Q GZw`b|
GLb wU GÊ wU‡K †emiKvwiKi‡Yi †¶‡Î Zviv AvcwË Zzj‡Q| G‡¶‡Î ¸iZ¡c~Y©
welq n‡jv miKvwi †¶‡Î PvKzix nviv‡bvi †Kvb m¤¢vebv bv _vKvq Kv‡R duvwK
†`qv wKsev KvR bv Kivi welqwU †_‡K hv‡Q| G‡¶‡Î e¨e¯vcbvMZ ÎwU wKsev
mxgve×Zv‡K BDwbq‡bi Kvh©µ‡gi dj wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡Q|
AwaKvi Av`vq ebvg mš¿vm:
wU GÊ wU Kg©Pvix‡`i Avwë‡gUvg †NvlYv: mgv‡e‡k †bZv‡`i 10 `dv
`vwe (AvR‡Ki KvMR 5.05.06)
mvfv‡i w`bfi kªwgK ÔZvÊeÕ (mgKvj 23.05.06)
d¨v±wii kªwgK‡`i `vwe-`vIqv wb‡q gvwjKc‡¶i m‡½ m„ó we‡iva GK mgq
`vevb‡ji g‡Zv Qwo‡q c‡o| Avevi my‡hvM ey‡S vbxq mš¿vmx‡`i jyUcv‡U
Ask wb‡Z †`Lv hvq| GK‡kªYxi wVKv`vi BÜb RywM‡q‡Q e‡jI Awf‡hvM
cvIqv hvq|
mvfvi Avïwjqv MvRxcy‡i K‡qK kZ KviLvbvq nvgjv ÔfvOPzi jyUcvUÕ
(cÖ_g Av‡jv 24.05.06)
Mv‡g©UÝ Lv‡Z †UªW BDwbq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †bB: wewewm‡K evwYR¨gš¿x
(†fv‡ii KvMR 27.05.06)
kªg Am‡švl mZK©evZ©v w`‡q‡Q: †cvkvK wk‡íi mgm¨v wb‡q cÖ_g
Av‡jvi †Mvj‡Uwe‡j gvwjK-kªwgK-mykxj mgv‡Ri gZ (28.05.06)
we‡RGgBÕi mn-mfvcwZ I NUbvi mgq fvicÖvß mfvcwZi `vwq‡Z¡ _vKv
mvjvg gy‡k©`x e‡jb, mevB cvk KvwU‡q K_v ejwQ| †cvkvKwk‡í mgm¨v
†bB- ejv hv‡e bv, mgm¨v Av‡Q| wKš‧ AvšR©vwZKfv‡e gvbm¤úbœ KviLvbvq
AvNvZ G‡m‡Q| Zvi g‡Z, †m KviLvbv¸‡jvq kªwgK‡`i wVKg‡Zv †eZb-
fvZv, QzwU †`Iqv nq| Zvic‡iI †e‡Q †e‡Q G¸‡jv‡ZB AvNvZ G‡m‡Q| G
Kvi‡YB Zv‡`i g‡b n‡q‡Q lohš¿-Pµvš|
Ôbvgme© ^ kªwgK msMV‡bi †bZviv ¸Re Qwo‡q •bivR¨ m„wó K‡iÕ
(06.07.2006)
XvKv ißvwb cÖwµqvKiY AÂj (wW B wc †RW) I mvfvi, Avïwjqv wkív‡j
G‡Ki ci GK ¸Re Qwo‡q †cvkvK wk‡í •bivR¨ m„wói cuvqZviv Ki‡Q
GK‡kªYxi msMV‡bi †bZ…e„›`| d¨v±wii wfZ‡i †Kvb ZzQ NUbv‡K cuywR K‡i
126
IB kªwgK †bZ…e„›` mvaviY kªwgK‡`i w¶ß K‡i †Zvjvi cvkvcvwk wb‡R‡`i
e¨w³¯v_© nvwm‡ji Rb¨ wkí cÖwZôv‡b •bivR¨ m„wó K‡i| ...... GKvwaK
†Mv‡q›`v ms¯v Rvbvq, wewfbœ kªwgK msMV‡bi e¨vbv‡i GKwU Pµ D‡Ïk¨
cÖ‡Yvw`Zfv‡e kªwgK‡`i gv‡S ¸Re Qwo‡q D‡ËRbv m„wó K‡i‡Q|
my¯ avivi †UªW BDwbqbB Mv‡g©›Um wk‡íi msKU wbim‡bi Dcvq
(11.07.06)
GB wk‡í AvBbvbyM I my¯¨ †UªW BDwbq‡bi aviv cÖeZ©b Ki‡Z bv cvwi Z‡e
GB AÜ †bZ…Z¡ Avevi †h‡Kvb mgq Zv‡`i Ôgkvj R¡vwj‡q †MvUv wkí cy‡o
QviLviÕ K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i|
mshy³ kªwgK †dWv‡ik‡bi 8 m`m¨‡K ewn®‥vi : msMV‡bi fveg~wZ©
¶y‡Yœi Awf‡hvM (msev` 27.06.06)
mshy³ kªwgK †dWv‡ik‡bi 8 m`m¨‡K ewn¯‥vi Kiv n‡q‡Q| msMV‡bi
mfvcwZ, mvaviY m¤úv`K I †Kvlva¨‡¶i wei‡× A_© AvZ¥mv‡Zi wg_¨v
Awf‡hvM I msMV‡bi fveg~wZ© ¶zbœ Kivi Awf‡hv‡M Zv‡`i ewn¯‥vi Kiv
nq|
Mv‡g©›Um LvZ‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h msev`mg~n cwi‡ekb Kiv nq †mLv‡b kªwgK
wKsev kªwgK msMV‡bi †h wPÎ wb‡ ©k Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z gvwjKc‡¶i Ab¨vq
†kvlY, wbh©vZb‡K Avovj Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡¶‡Î †Kv›`‡ji m~Î wn‡m‡e wb‡`©k
Kiv nq kªwgK AvUK wKsev kªwgK †g‡i †djvi ¸Re‡K| j¶¨Yxq †h evwYR¨
gš¿x wewewm‡K †`qv mv¶vrKv‡i Mv‡g©›Um Lv‡Z †UªW BDwbq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †bB
e‡j gZ †`b| hv cÖKviš‡i gvwjKc‡¶i K_v‡KB cÖwZaŸwb K‡i| msev‡` ejv
n‡Q †h Mv‡g©›Um Lv‡Z bvgme©¯^ †UªW BDwbqb i‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b wKfv‡e GB
bvgme©¯ kªwgK msMV‡bi †bZviv G ai‡bi e„nr kªwg‡Ki AskMÖn‡Y msNwUZ G
Kg©Kv‡Êi †bZ…Z¡ †`q Zv ¯úó nq bv|
msev` cwi‡ek‡bi †¶‡Î msev`c‡Îi gvwjKvbv Ges cÖKvk‡Ki g‡bvfw½i
welqwU ¸iZ¡c~Y©| †Kvb msev`‡K ¸iZ¡ †`qv n‡e Zv msev‡`i mZ¨Zvi Dci
wbf©i K‡i bv| G‡¶‡Î †`Lv hvq msev`cθ‡jvi gvwjKvbv Kv‡`i| d‡j kªwgK
AwaKvi cÖkœ wKsev †UªW BDwbq‡bi †h B‡gR Zv gvwjKc‡¶i ¯^v‡_©B Zz‡j aiv
nq| †UªW BDwbq‡bi GB B‡gR‡KB mvaviY cvVK MÖnY K‡i d‡j †UªW
BDwbq‡bi BwZevPK w`K¸‡jv wKsev kªwgK AwaKvi cÖ‡kœ †Kb †UªW BDwbqb¸‡jv
Av‡›`vjb Ki‡Q †m welq¸‡jv †_‡K hvq Ašiv‡j| hv mvgwMÖKfv‡e †UªW
BDwbq‡bi †bwZevPK B‡gR‡KB mvg‡b Av‡b|
127
†UªW BDwbq‡bi †bwZevPK B‡gR Ab¨mKj kªwgK‡`i †hfv‡e wewfbœ Bm y ‡Z
ewÂZ Ki‡Z f~wgKv iv‡L †Zgwbfv‡e wbg©vY kªwgKivI GB cÖwµqvi evB‡i bq|
wbg©vY kªwgKiv msMwVZ bv nIqvi †¶‡Î BDwbqb m¤ú‡K© kªwgK‡`i †bwZevPK
fvebv GKwU ¸iZ¡c~Y© cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| GB †bwZevPK aviYvi Drm
wn‡m‡e †bZ…‡Z¡i `vwqZ¡kxjZv‡KB `vwq Kiv nq| wgwWqvi cÖPviYvq †h ai‡bi
†bwZevPK B‡gR †UªW BDwbqb m¤ú‡K© cvIqv hvq wbg©vY kªwgK ch©v‡qI Zvi
avivevwnKZv j¶¨Yxq| wgwWqvi cÖPviYv kªwgK‡K †h cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q bv Zv wKš‧
ejv hvq bv| GKBmv‡_ bxwZ wba©viY ch©v‡q †UªW BDwbqb welqK wewfbœ wm×vš
†bqvi †¶‡Î G RvZxq cÖPviYvi h‡_ô cÖfve i‡q‡Q †hgbfv‡e mvaviY RbMYI
A‡bK‡¶‡Î †UªW BDwbqb we‡ivax fvebv aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †bZ…‡Z¡i
`vwqZ¡kxjZv G‡¶‡Î A¯xKvi Kiv hvq bv|
4.3. †UªW BDwbqb ÔAskMÖnY I cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡iÕ msKU :
gvwjK, e¨e¯vcK, m`©vi, AvBb k„Ljv i¶v I cÖ‡qvMKvix ms¯v, iv‡óªi wewfbœ
cÖwZôvb BZ¨vw`B †h kªwgK‡`i wei× c¶ ZvB bq, wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨I kªwgK‡`i
kÎ i‡q‡Q| ev¯e †¶‡Î †`Lv hvq, eû kªwgK BDwbqbB Avm‡j kªwgK‡`i ¯^v_©
msi¶Y K‡i bv, Avm‡j Zviv gvwjK‡`i fvovwUqv wn‡m‡eB KvR K‡i|
gvwjKivI kªwgK‡`i msMwVZ kw³‡K wb‡R‡`i wbqš¿‡Y ivLevi Rb¨ Gme
BDwbqb‡K e¨envi K‡i (†gvnv¤§`, 1998)| G M‡elYvKv‡h© Ask †bqv AwfÁ
GKRb kªwgK e‡jb, me kªwgK †bZviv cÖkvm‡bi m‡½ hy³-ZvivI GKBfv‡e
cÖkvm‡bi ¶gZvai e¨w³‡`i `ybx©wZ fvM-euv‡Uvqvivi m‡½ hy³ _v‡K| Zvi e³e¨
n‡Q Ô¶gZvmxb ev we‡ivax †bZv‡`i we‡iva mvaviY kªwgK‡`i mvg‡b, †cQ‡b
Zv‡`i HK¨ Lye k³|Õ Zuvi gZ Abyhvqx Gme kªwgK †bZvi †Kvb wbw`©ó
ivR‣bwZK cwiPq †bB- Zv‡`i g~j PwiÎ Zviv kªwgK‡`i kÎ, gvwjK‡`i
`vjvj| mvaviYfv‡e kªwgK‡`i g‡a¨ †kªYx m‡PZbZv I wb‡R‡`i ivR‣bwZK
`„wóf½xi weKvk bv NUvevi Kvi‡Y Zviv wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡ob wKQz cÖfvekvjx
e¨w³‡`i Dci| Kv‡Ri AwbðqZv, wbivcËvnxbZv Ges gRywii µgn«vm cÖvwßi
Kvi‡Y kªwgK‡`i g‡a¨I GKUv Ask G‡`i wcQ‡b wM‡q wbivcËv †Luv‡R| Z‡e
GB Ask LyeB mvgvb¨| GB mvgvb¨ AskB cÖKviš‡i n‡q c‡o kªwgK cÖwZwbwa|
kªgkw³ Rwi‡ci gva¨‡g †gvU kªgkw³ I †UªW BDwbq‡bi kªwgK msL¨vi
cwigvbMZ Zzjbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, 1999-2000 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k †gvU
kªgkw³i cwigvb wQj 3,89,79,000 Rb| K…wl LvZ ev` w`‡q evwK LvZ¸‡jvi
kªgkw³i cwigvb wQj 1,96,00,000 Rb| Aciw`‡K 1999 mv‡j †UªW
BDwbq‡bi m`m¨ msL¨v wQj gvÎ 18,76,694 Rb| A_©vr K…wl ev` w`‡q Ab¨vb¨
Lv‡Zi †gvU kªgkw³i gvÎ 9.57 % kªwgK †UªW BDwbq‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ Ges
128
†UªW BDwbqb †bZvi17
msL¨v 11,670 Rb hv †gvU kªwgK msL¨vi 0.06 %|
A_©vr 1999 mv‡ji †gvU kªgkw³i gvÎ 0.06 % †UªW BDwbqb †bZv cy‡iv kªwgK
mgv‡Ri cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i‡Q|
2002-2003 G †gvU kªgkw³i cwigvb wQj 4,43,22,000 Rb Ges †UªW
BDwbqb m`m¨ wQj 20,45,163 Rb hv †gvU kªgkw³i 4.61 % Ges †UªW
BDwbqb †bZv †gvU kªw³i gvÎ 0.03 %| A_©vr 2002 mv‡j †gvU kªgkw³i gvÎ
0.03 % kªwgK †bZv cy‡iv kªwgK †kªYxi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i‡Q| GKBfv‡e †`Lv hvq
†h 2005-2006 G †gvU kªgkw³i cwigvb wQj 4,73,57,000 Rb Ges †UªW
BDwbqb m`m¨ wQj 21,31,800 Rb hv †gvU kªgkw³i 4.50%| A_©vr †UªW
BDwbq‡bi mv‡_ kªwgK‡`i mswkóZv w`b w`b Kg‡Q Ges GKBfv‡e †UªW
BDwbqb †bZ…‡Z¡i †¶‡ÎI AMÖMwZ j¶¨ Kiv hvq bv Ges Zv Av‡iv K‡g‡Q|
j¶Yxq †h, kªwgK msL¨v †hfv‡e †e‡o‡Q †mfv‡e †UªW BDwbqbfy³ kªwgK
ev‡owb|
m~Î: kªg cwi`߇ii 2006 mv‡ji †Uª&W BDwbqb Gi msL¨v I m`m¨ msL¨vi DcvË n‡Z wbY©q
Kiv n‡q‡Q
evsjv‡`‡ki †UªW BDwbqb weKv‡ki BwZnvm we‡klY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq
BDwbqb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ fv½b cÖeYZv LyeB †ewk| GB fv½‡bi d‡j kªwgK‡`i
AwaKvi Av`v‡q BDwbqb¸‡jv kw³ nviv‡Z _v‡K| GKB mv‡_ ivR‣bwZK cÖkªq
I Avkª‡qi Kvi‡Y BDwbqb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ kªwgK AwaKvi cÖ‡kœi †P‡q †ewk ¸iZ¡c~Y©
n‡q c‡o ivR‣bwZK ¯^v_©| d‡j ivR‣bwZK wØav wefw³i Kvi‡Y BDwbqb¸‡jvi
17
G cÖe‡Ü †UªW BDwbqb †bZv ej‡Z BDwbq‡bi mfvcwZ I mvaviY m¤úv`K‡K eySv‡bv
n‡q‡Q| GB wn‡m‡e †bZvi msL¨v †gvU †UªW BDwbq‡bi msL¨vi wظb|
100
4.5
0.029
0
50
100
kZ
Kiv nvi
wPÎ 1: 2005-06 mv‡ji kªgkw³, msMVbKvix kªwgK I
†bZ…Z¡`vbKvix kªwg‡Ki Zzjbvg~jK Ae¯v
†gvU kªgkw³ ByDwbqb fzy³ kªwgK †bZ…Z¡ `vbKvix kªwgK
129
g‡a¨I wØav wefw³ †`Lv hvq hv cÖKviš‡i BDwbqb¸‡jvi B‡gR‡KB webó K‡i|
†UªW BDwbqb †iwR‡óªkb Gi wel‡q †h‡nZz kªg cwi`ßi mivmwi wb‡qvwRZ ZvB
†UªW BDwbq‡bi fv½b I bZzb †UªW BDwbq‡bi †iwR‡óªk‡bi wel‡q Zv‡`i
f~wgKv‡K A¯xKvi Kivi Dcvq †bB|
4.4. †UªW BDwbqb I gvwjK fvebv:
kªwgK‡`i AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ †UªW BDwbqb Kivi AwaKvi _vK‡jI kªwgKiv
Zv Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv ev Ki‡Z Drmvn †eva K‡ib bv| G‡¶‡Î gvwjK‡`i f‡q
msMVb Ki‡Z bv cvivi c‡¶ gZ †`b DËi`vZv kªwg‡Ki 5%| M‡elYvq
gvwjK‡`i mv‡_ K_v e‡j Zv‡`i kªwgK msMVb m¤ú‡K© gZvgZ Rvb‡Z PvIqv
n‡j 33.33% gvwjK e‡jb kªwgKiv wba©vwiZ mgq KvR Kivi ci msMV‡bi
mv‡_ hy³ n‡j Zv‡`i c¶ n‡Z †Kvb cÖKvi evav †bB| gvwjK‡`i fvl¨ Abyhvqx
Zviv Zv‡`i KvR Ki‡e, ejvi wKQz †bB| Z‡e KvR duvwK w`‡q Ki‡j mgm¨v|
23.33% g‡b K‡ib msMV‡bi Kv‡R e¨¯ _vK‡j kªwgKiv KvR K‡ibv,
26.67% g‡b K‡ib msMV‡bi †bZviv G‡m gv¯vwb K‡ib Ges msMV‡bi `iKvi
†bB e‡j gZ †`b 16.67% gvwjK|
mviwY 2. †UªW BDwbqb m¤ú‡K© gvwjK‡`i „wóf½x
gvwjK‡`i „wóf½x kZKiv nvi
Kv‡Ri c‡i msMVb Ki‡j mgm¨v †bB 33.33
msMVb Ki‡j †Zv KvR K‡ibv 23.33
msMV‡bi †bZviv G‡m gv¯vwb K‡i 26.67
msMV‡bi `iKvi †bB 16.67
†gvU 100.00
m~Î : wejm& 2007
†UªW BDwbqb m¤ú‡K© gvwjK‡`i fvebv ch©v‡jvPbvi Rb¨ gvwjK‡`i wbKU †_‡K
†h ai‡bi muvov cvIqv †M‡Q Zv †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, msMVb Ki‡Z †`qvi †¶‡Î
Zv‡`i AvcwË Lye GKUv †`Lv hvq bv| GB AvcwË bv _vKvi wcQ‡b wbg©vY
Kv‡Ri cÖK„wZ ¸iZ¡c~Y©| G Kv‡Ri ai‡Yi Kvi‡Y GKRb gvwj‡Ki Aax‡b
GKRb kªwgK‡K †h‡nZz †ewkw`b KvR Ki‡Z nq bv ZvB kªwg‡Ki msMwVZ
nIqvi welqwU wb‡q Zviv Lye GKUv fv‡eb bv|
130
4.5 †UªW BDwbqb B‡gR I †bZv‡`i e³e¨:
†UªW BDwbqb cÖm‡½ B‡gR msK‡Ui welqwU‡Z †bZv‡`i f~wgKv‡KB `vwq Kiv
nq| G‡¶‡Î M‡elYvq Ask †bqv kªwgK‡`i AwfgZ †hgb ¸iZ¡c~Y© †Zgwb
¸iZ¡c~Y© wgwWqvi f~wgKvI| †UªW BDwbqb wel‡q we‡klZ B‡gR msKU cÖ‡kœ
†bZviv wK fve‡Qb, wKsev B‡gR msKU cÖ‡kœ, wKsev †UªW BDwbq‡bi Kvh©KvixZvi
†¶‡Î Zviv †Kvb welq¸‡jv‡K ¸iZ¡ w`‡Qb †m welq¸‡jv Riix|
M‡elYvKvjxb `jMZ Av‡jPbvq †UªW BDwbqb wel‡q evsjv‡`k mshy³ kªwgK
†dWv‡ik‡bi mvaviY m¤úv`K †gv: †gvKv‡Ïg †nv‡mb e‡jb,
†Mvevj B‡Kv‡bvwgi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b †UªW BDwbqb¸‡jv ms‡KvwPZ
n‡Q| G ms‡KvP‡bi KviY-miKvi †UªW BDwbqb¸‡jvi cÖwZ mwVKfv‡e `vwqZ¡
cvjb Ki‡Q bv| eZ©gv‡b msMwVZ LvZ¸‡jv ms‡KvwPZ n‡Q GKB mv‡_
AmsMwVZ LvZ¸‡jv e„w× cv‡Q| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k msMwVZ Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ
kªwg‡Ki msL¨v cÖvq 55 j¶| AmsMwVZ Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªwg‡Ki msL¨v cÖvq
mv‡o Pvi †KvwU| Gi g‡a¨ K…wl, grm, ZuvZ, PvZvj, wbg©vY BZ¨vw` i‡q‡Q|
miKv‡ii f~wgKv ej‡Z wZwb kªg cwi`ßi Gi kªwgK wefvM I cwi`k©b wefv‡Mi
Ae‡njv I MvdjwZ‡K wb‡ ©k K‡ib| †UªW BDwbqb wel‡q wgwWqvi cÖPviYvi
welqwU‡K wb‡`©k K‡i wZwb e‡jb, wK msev`cÎ wK wUwf P¨v‡bj †KvbLv‡b †Kvb
fvj Lei hvq bv †UªW BDwbqb †bZv‡`i wb‡q| Avi ivRbxwZi mv‡_ RwoZ
_vKvi Kvi‡Y †h¸‡jv cÖPvi nq †m¸‡jvI †Zv wg_¨v bq, A‡bKvs‡k mwZ¨| ¸wU
K‡qK †bZvi Rb¨ mevB‡K `vqx Kiv nq|
†UªW BDwbqb m¤ú‡K© gvwjKc‡¶i (cÖvB‡fU Lv‡Z) g‡bvfve †bwZevPK| Zviv
g‡b K‡i BDwbqb _vK‡j kªwgKiv ïay Av‡›`vjb Ki‡e KvR Ki‡e bv, Zviv fq
cvq| GQvov †Kvb MʇMvj n‡j Zviv †bZv‡`i nvZ Kivi †Póv K‡i|
†UªW BDwbq‡bi gva¨‡g kªwgK‡`i msMwVZ bv nIqvi KviY wn‡m‡e wb‡gœv³
welq¸‡jv‡K wb‡`©k K‡ib:
AwaKvsk kªwgKB Awkw¶Z I Am‡PZb
cÖPwjZ AvBbx evav
kªwgK †bZv‡`i ~b©xwZ
wbg©vY Lv‡Z †UªW BDwbq‡bi gva¨‡g msMwVZ bv nIqvi †¶‡Î wZwb Av‡iv
K‡qKwU welq‡K wb‡ ©k K‡ib:
131
80% kªwgK‡`i wba©vwiZ gvwjK †bB Ges AwaKvskB fvmgvb kªwgK ZvB
Zv‡`i‡K msMwVZ Kiv m¤¢e n‡Q bv|
wi‡qj †÷U gvwjKmn wKQy cÖfvekvjx gvwj‡Ki Pvc|
cÖPwjZ AvBbx evav
RvZxq kªwgK †dWv‡ik‡bi Ae‡njv
Zvi e³e¨ g‡Z, eZ©gv‡b ïaygvÎ wbg©vY kªwg‡Ki msL¨vB cÖvq 25 j¶| wbg©vY
Lv‡Zi eZ©gvb †UªW BDwbqb Gi Ae¯v m¤ú‡K© e‡jb eZ©gv‡b moK I Rbc`
wefvM, MYc~Z© wefvMmn †ek K‡qKwU miKvwi wefv‡M wb‡qvwRZ miKvwi wbg©vY
kªwgKiv †UªW BDwbqb Gi Ašf~©³| mvgvb¨ wKQy wi‡qj †÷U †Kv¤úvwbi wbg©vY
kªwgKiv IB †Kv¤úvwbi kªwgK‡`i wb‡q †UªW BDwbqb M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| eZ©gv‡b 40
wU †Rjvq wbg©vY kªwgK BDwbqb M‡o D‡V‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ K‡qKwU †Rjvq _vbv I
BDwbqb ch©v‡qI msMVb M‡o D‡V‡Q| †gvU wbg©vY kªwg‡Ki 10% †UªW BDwbqb
Gi Ašf©~³ Gme m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ bvix kªwgK m`‡m¨i nvi LyeB bMb¨|
D³ `jxq Av‡jvPbvq †UªW BDwbqb cÖm‡½ evsjv‡`k †UªW BDwbqb †K‡› ªi
Kvh©Kix mfvcwZ kwn`yjvn †P․ayix e‡jb:
eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb I wkívwqZ †`k¸wj wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯v MVb K‡i| Mixe
†`k¸‡jv‡K m`m¨ Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡i| Zv‡`i kZ© gvb‡Z wM‡q Avgv‡`i
UªvwWkbvj wkí weivwóªqKi‡Yi bv‡g wejyßcÖvq n‡q‡Q| 10 j¶ msMwVZ kªwgK
wQj †mLv‡b GLb gvÎ 70 nvRvi kªwgK i‡q‡Q| GLv‡bB kªwgK msMVb e¨_© n‡q
†M‡Q| wkí †¶‡Î †h weeZ©b n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv †g․wjK fvix wkí eÜ n‡q nvjKv
I gvSvwi wkí(ißvbxg~Lx) weKwkZ n‡q‡Q| GB wk‡í 50 j¶ kªwgK KvR
Ki‡Q| GB wk‡íi weKv‡ki KviY n‡jv Aí gRywi †`qv| G wkí M‡o †Zvjvi
†¶‡Î ivRbxwZK, Amr Avgjv `ybxwZ©evR gvwjK Ges cÖkvm‡bi kw³kvjx
AvuZvZ i‡q‡Q| Zviv kªwgK Av‡›`vjb m¤ú‡K© weåvš K‡i kªwgK‡`i ~‡i mwi‡q
w`‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j weKwkZ wk‡í bZzb †h kªwgK G‡m‡Q Zviv gvwjK,
cÖkvmb, I miKv‡ii Pv‡ci gy‡L †UªW BDwbqb Kivi gvbwmKZv †_‡K `~‡i m‡i
†M‡Q| hvi d‡j kªwgK †ewk _vK‡jI kw³kvjx †UªW BDwbqb †bB| gvwjK,
cÖkvmb I miKv‡ii kw³kvjx AvuZvZ M‡o IVvq Ges kªwgK msMVb¸wji kw³
µgn«vm cvIqvq kªwgK †bZv‡`i g‡a¨ nZvkvi m„wó n‡q‡Q| GB `~e©jZvi Kvi‡Y
kªwgK msMVb¸wj ivR‣bwZK `‡ji A½ msMVb wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| †KD †KD
GbwRI‡`i Avkªq wb‡q‡Q| d‡j kªwgK msMV‡bi msMÖvgx aviv e¨vnZ n‡Q|
A_©‣bwZK msKU mgvav‡bi mvsMVwbK kw³ bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y kªwgK‡`i A‡b‡KB
132
miKv‡ii †jRyo e„wË Ki‡Q| ivR‣bwZK `ye©„Ëvqb I `yb©xwZevR‡`i cÖvav‡b¨i
d‡j mwZ¨Kvi mr gvbyliv me©Î †KvbVvmv n‡q c‡o‡Q|
RvZxq kªwgK jx‡Mi mvaviY m¤úv`K ivq i‡gk P› ª evsjv‡`‡k kªwgK msMVb
Gi †¶‡Î e‡jb:
eZ©gv‡b eo ivR‣bwZK `j¸‡jvi mv‡_ kªwgK msMV‡bi hy³Zvi d‡j GLb Avi
kªwgK AwaKvi i¶v Kivi wel‡q Zv‡`i g‡bv‡hvM †bB| GKB kªg AvBb‡K
GK`j kªwgK ¯^vMZ Rvbv‡Q Avevi Ab¨ `j Zvi wb›`v Rvbv‡Q| †KvbUv‡K
gvbv n‡e Zvn‡j| kªwgK msMVb¸‡jvi ivR‣bwZK †jRyoe„wË G‡¶‡Î †UªW
BDwbq‡bi B‡gR‡K bô K‡i‡Q| G‡¶‡Î msMV‡bi †bZvivI f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q|
wZwb G‡¶‡Î †h mKj mgm¨v‡K wPwýZ K‡ib Zvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ|
wgwWqv¸‡jv †Kvb bv †Kvb gvwjKc‡¶i Abymvix| d‡j wgwWqv
cÖPviYv kªwgK wKsev kªwgK msMV‡bi wecix‡Z hvq|
Z¨vMx I wb‡ew`Z msMV‡Ki Afve|
†UªW BDwbqb Av‡›`vjb m¤ú‡K© †MvUv mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ †bwZevPK
g‡bvfve|
msMVb Pvjv‡bvq A‡_©i Afve| wZwb e‡jb, kªwgK‡`i wb‡Ri
msMVb GB †evaUvB Avgv‡`i bvB| Zv‡`i wdm †`evi cÖeYZv
bvB| d‡j msMVb wK Ki‡e?
2006 mv‡ji kªg AvBb m¤ú‡K© wZwb e‡jb, eZ©gvb kªg AvB‡b AvšR©vwZK kªg
ms¯vi mb`‡K AeÁv K‡i †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ kªwgK Qvov Ab¨ †KD †bZv
n‡Z cvi‡e bv ejv n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b evB‡ii †KD †bZv n‡Z cv‡i bv| GKB
KviLvbvi GKRb kªwgK Zvi e¨e¯vebv cwiPvj‡Ki mv‡_ `iKlvKwl Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| 2006 Gi kªg AvB‡b BDwbqb MV‡b †Kvb evav †bB| RvZxq b~¨bZg
gRywi wba©viY Kiv nqwb| Av‡Mi kªg AvB‡b RvZxq b~¨bZg gRywi wba©vi‡Yi
cwimi wQj wKš‧ GLb †Kvb cwimi †bB| eZ©gvb kªg AvB‡b †m my‡hvM †bB|
RvZxqZvev`x kªwgK `‡ji mvaviY m¤úv`K Rvdi‚j nvmvb kªwgK msMVb
cÖm‡½ e‡jb:
eZ©gv‡b eo eo ivR‣bwZK `j¸‡jvi mv‡_ kªwgK msMV‡bi †hvMv‡hvM •Zwi
n‡q‡Q Z‡e †m †hvMv‡hvM kªwgK ¯^v‡_© bq eis `jxq ¯^v‡_©| `j ¶gZvq _vK‡j
msMV‡bi myweav _v‡K| †dWv‡ikb¸‡jv ivR‣bwZK cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi g‡a¨
wb‡qvwRZ| G‡¶‡Î ivR‣bwZKfv‡e Kg cÖfvekvjx msMVb¸‡jv KvR K‡i
133
†ewk| kªwgK msMVb¸‡jv‡Z cÖK…Z kªwgKiv RvqMv cvq bv| kªwgK msMVb¸‡jv
ivR‣bwZK m¤ú„³Zvi ga¨ w`‡q KvR K‡i| hv‡`i ivR‣bwZK †hvMv‡hvM i‡q‡Q
ZvivB myweav cv‡Q|
G‡`‡k kªwgK Av‡›`vjb weKwkZ K‡i‡Q KwgDwb÷iv| GLb Zvi mydj †fvM
Ki‡Q ivR‣bwZK Avkªq cvIqv msMVb¸‡jv| G‡¶‡Î g‡bvfve n‡jv ivR‣bwZK
mn‡hvwMZv Qvov wKQzB m¤¢e bq| kªwgK msMVb¸‡jv‡Z cÖK…Z kªwgKiv myweav
cvq bv| hviv Zvj w`‡q Pj‡Z cv‡i ZvivB _v‡K| kªwgK BDwbq‡bi g‡a¨
`jv`wj i‡q‡Q| b¨vh¨ AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ msMVb Ki‡Z †M‡jI mgm¨v
i‡q‡Q| G‡¶‡Î †iwR‡óªk‡b Sv‡gjv nq| †iwR‡óªk‡b ïay Z_¨ _vK‡jB n‡e
bv| Awdmvi‡`i mš‧wói welqwUI _vK‡Z nq| gvwjK‡`i KvQ †_‡K †hgb UvKv
†bq †Zgwb kªwgK‡`i KvQ †_‡KI wb‡Z Qv‡o bv| MYm‡PZbZv Riwi| GQvov
†UªW BDwbqb wel‡q wgwWqvi f~wgKv‡K ev` †`qv hvq bv| †bZviv Lvivc KvR
K‡i GUv A¯xKvi Kivi Dcvq †bB wKš‧ Zviv †hfv‡e cÖPvi K‡i Zv‡Z is
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msK‡Ui gy‡L †djv n‡Q hv‡Z mn‡RB kªwgK Bm~¨‡K, kªwgK Av‡›`vjb‡K Pv½v
Ki‡Z bv cv‡i|
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nIqvq Zv‡`i †¶‡Î kªg AvB‡bi jNb †`Lv hvq| kªwgK ¯^v‡_©, kªwgK AwaKvi
cÖwZôvq, kªwgK Øviv cwiPvwjZ †UªW BDwbqb Av‡›`vjbB bvB| 33 Uv †iwRóvi
†dWv‡ikb Av‡Q| kªwgK msMV‡bi AwaKvskB (90%) weGbwc I AvIqvgx jxM
Gi mv‡_ hy³| evKx 10% Ab¨vb¨ `‡j| wbg©vY LvZ‡K †Kvb †dWv‡ikbB Avgj
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msMVb¸‡jvi AMÖMwZ n‡Q bv| Avi ¯vbxq ch©v‡q cÖfvekvjxivB msMV‡bi
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134
BDwbqb Av‡›`vjb‡K wewNœZ Ki‡Q| hv cÖKviš‡i kªwg‡Ki AwaKvi Av`vq‡KB
wewNœZ Ki‡Q|
5. Dcmsnvi I cÖ¯ —vebv:
kªwgK‡`i AwaKvi Av`v‡q msMwVZ nIqvi †¶‡Î †UªW BDwbq‡bi weKí †bB|
wKš‧ †UªW BDwbqb wel‡q kªwgK‡`i g‡a¨ †hgb fyj †evSveywS i‡q‡Q †Zgwb
i‡q‡Q mvaviY gvbyl R‡bi g‡a¨| kªwgK AwaKvi Av`v‡qi cvUdig wn‡m‡e ZvB
†UªW BDwbq‡bi f~wgKv eiveiB cÖkœwe× n‡q‡Q| G‡¶‡Î †KejgvÎ †UªW
BDwbq‡bi Kvh©µgB bq, wgwWqv cÖPviYv, gvwjK‡`i fvebv, cÖkvmwbK †¶‡Î
RwUjZv, †UªW BDwbqb †bZv‡`i `ybx©wZ, ivR‣bwZK m¤ú„³vi welq¸‡jv‡K
A¯xKvi Kievi Dcvq †bB| †UªW BDwbq‡bi gva¨‡g kªwgK AwaKvi Av`v‡q
cÖ_‡gB Zvi GB B‡gR msKU‡K KvwU‡q DV‡Z n‡e GKB mv‡_ kªgLv‡Z bvixi
AwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡j G m‡ei cvkvcvwk bvixi AskMÖn‡Yi welqwUI
wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv †UªW BDwbq‡bi cÖwZ †bwZevPK g‡bvfw½i cwieZ©b
bv n‡jv †UªW BDwbq‡bi gva¨‡g kªwgK AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Av‡›`vjb ch©ewmZ n‡e
†mªd evZzjZvq|
†UªW BDwbqb‡K kw³kvjx Kiv Ges bvixi AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi †¶‡Î
mvgvwRK wbivcËvi welqwU LyeB ¸iZ¡c~Y©| GQvov Ab¨vb¨ KiYxq †h welq¸‡jv
mvg‡b P‡j Av‡m †m¸‡jv n‡jv-
†UªW BDwbqb‡K AvZ¥wbf©ikxj K‡i M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| G Rb¨ m`m¨ e„w×
Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wbqwgZ Puv`v cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e Ah_v nqivwbg~jK
Puv`v Av`vq hv‡Z bv Kiv nq, †m wel‡qI bRi w`‡Z n‡e|
†UªW BDwbqb †bZ…Z¡‡K cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨e¯v Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Zviv mvaviY
kªwgK‡`i AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
eZ©gv‡b gvwjK c¶I cÖK…Z gvwj‡Ki PwiÎ jvf K‡iwb ZvB Zv‡`i
gvbwmKZvi cwieZ©‡bi e¨e¯v Ki‡Z n‡e|
†UªW BDwbqb †bZv‡`i gvbwmKZvi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e| GB
gvbwmKZvi cwieZ©b GKw`‡K Ki‡Z n‡e mr I †hvM¨ †bZ…Z¡ Ges kªwgK
AwaKvi Av`vq wel‡q Ab¨w`‡K bvixi AwaKvi msi¶Y I Zvi AskMÖnY
wel‡qI|
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h‡_ó bq| †emKivwi Dbœqb cÖwZôvb Ges mgvR ms¯‥viK‡`i GwM‡q
Avm‡e n‡e| mK‡ji mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póvq-B †Kej eZ©gvb Ae¯v †_‡K †ei
n‡q Avmv m¤¢e| G‡¶‡Î AvBGjI mn Ab¨vb¨ †`kx we‡`kx kªwgK ¯^v_©
135
we‡klZt bvix kªwg‡Ki ¯^v_© msi¶Y I Av`v‡q Kg©iZ msMVbmg~n‡K
GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| GB GwM‡q Avmv †KejgvÎ mfv-†mwgbv‡ii g‡a¨B
mxwgZ K‡i ivL‡j Pj‡e bv| GKBmv‡_ AwaKvi Av`v‡qi cÖPviYv
GgbwK AwaKvi Av`v‡qi †¶‡Î AvBbx mn‡hvwMZvi gZ wel‡qI GwM‡q
Avm‡Z n‡e|
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AwaKvi wbwðZKi‡Y wb‡gœ D‡jwLZ welq¸‡jv‡Z AwaK bRi †`qv cÖ‡qvRb e‡j
cÖeÜKviiv g‡b Ki‡Qb:
†UªW BDwbqb Gi BwZevPK w`K wb‡q cÖPviYv| †UªW BDwbqb m¤ú‡K©
kªwgK, gvwjK I RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †h †bwZevPK aviYv i‡q‡Q Zvi
cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
G‡¶‡Î †Uwjwfkb, msev`cÎ †`qvj wjL‡bi gva¨‡g cÖPviYv Pvjv‡bv †h‡Z
cv‡i| GKB mv‡_ kªwgK Bm~¨‡Z Kg©iZ wewfbœ miKvwi I †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb
†hgb kªg cwi`ßi, wejm&, cÖf„wZ fywgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|
†UªW BDwbq‡b †hvM¨ †bZ…Z¡
†UªW BDwbqb †bZ…‡Z¡i †¶‡Î Awf‡hvM n‡Q Zviv kªwgK‡`i ¯^v‡_© KvR bv K‡i
e¨w³¯v‡_© KvR K‡ib| G‡¶‡Î kªwgK‡`i ga¨ n‡Z †hvM¨ †bZ…Z¡‡K mvg‡b
Avb‡Z n‡e|
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ivR‣bwZK `‡ji mv‡_ hy³ _vKvq kªwgK Bm~¨i †P‡q ivR‣bwZK `‡ji ¯^v_©
msi¶Y KivB †ewk Riix n‡q c‡o| hv kªwgK AwaKvi i¶vi welqwU‡K wec‡_
PvwjZ K‡i|
†UªW BDwbq‡b bvix †bZ…Z¡
†UªW BDwbqb †bZ…‡Z¡i †¶‡Î Awf‡hvM n‡Q bvix †bZ…‡Z¡i Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y bvix
kªwgK‡`i ¯^i †hgb D‡cw¶Z _v‡K †Zgwb Zv‡`i ¯v_©I msiw¶Z nq bv| ZvB
bvix †bZ…‡Z¡i welqwU‡KI AMÖwe‡ePbvq ivL‡Z n‡e|
- gyRxeyj Avbvg: mnKvix Aa¨vcK, b„weÁvb wefvM, Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq,
E-mail: labib303@gmail.com
- G. wU. Gg. mvBdzjvn †g‡n`x: M‡elYv mn‡hvMx, evsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv
cÖwZôvb (weAvBwWGm), E-mail: mehedi@bids.org.bd,
meh512@gmail.com
- W. †iRIqvb †nv‡mb f~uBqv: Aa¨vcK, f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek wefvM, XvKv
wek¦we`¨vjq, Email: rejuangeog_du@yahoo.com
136
Z_¨m~Î
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Bmjvg wmivRyj (m¤úvw`Z) (2005) evsjv wcwWqv, GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU, XvKv
Lvb, G we Gg bvRgyj Bmjvg(1997) Z…Zxq we‡k¦ Bbdigvj †m±i t GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv,
†evinvbDwÏb Lvb Rvnv½xi m¤úvw`Z mgvR wbix¶Y msL¨v 63, mgvR wbix¶Y †K›`ª, XvKv|
L›`Kvi, bvmwib(1993) Bbdigvj wkí cÖwZôv‡bi cÖhyw³MZ D™¢veb Ges A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb,
†evinvbDwÏb Lvb Rvnv½xi m¤úvw`Z mgvR wbix¶Y msL¨v 47, mgvR wbix¶Y †K›`ª, XvKv|
gRyg`vi, cÖwZgv-cvj (1992) bMi-`vwi`ª¨ t mgm¨vi cÖK…wZ I e¨vcKZv, AiwY cÖKvkbx XvKv|
knx`yjvn, Av. K. g. I †nv‡mb, †gvnv¤§` Av‡bvqvi (2002) AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z Kg©iZ kªwgK‡`i
†g․wjK AwaKvi wPÎ t evsjv‡`k wPÎ, evsjv‡`k Bbw÷wUDU Ae †jevi ÷vwWR(wejm&) Gi
AcÖKvwkZ M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`b, XvKv|
mvevn mv‡jn (1987) MÖvgxY kªgRxex bvix, cÖwZc¶ cÖKvkbv, k¨vgjx, XvKv-1207|
evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii kªg AvBb 2006
kªg I Kg©ms¯vb gš¿Yvjq evwl©K cÖwZ‡eb 2003-2004
cvi‡fR AvjZvd (2003) ÔivBmwgj kªwgK‡`i Rxeb wPÎÕ kªwgK Rvb©vj wejm&
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138
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hy× Pvwj‡q hvq A ¿wenxb †hv×vi g‡Zv| ûg‡o c‡o Avevi D‡V `vuovq †hLv‡b
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¯v‡b| GB cwimsL¨v‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i 10 nvRv‡ii Dc‡i XvKv kn‡ii
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Ny‡gv‡Z cvi‡e wbw ©ó mgq, †Mvmj Kiv, ivbœv Kiv meB Pj‡e| Kg©Rxex
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gvbylÓ cÖKí ev¯ evq‡b i‡q‡Q Dhaka City Corporation, Concern world wide
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Dhaka City Corporation mivmwi Concern Gi mv‡_ †emiKvwi Dbœqbg~jK
139
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18
KvRx LjxKz¾vgvb Avng` (2008), Rjevqy cwieZ©b I evsjv‡`k, XvKv: MÖvgxY RxebhvÎvi ¯vwqZ¡kxj
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19
Campaign for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods (2008), Climate change adaptation financing:
managing a transparent and pro-poor fund in Bangladesh.
144
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20
Avnmvb DwÏb Avn‡g` I kiwg›` bx‡jvwg© (2008), Climate Change, Loss of Livelihoods and Forced
Displacement in Bangladesh: Whither Facilitated International Migration?, XvKv: MÖvgxY RxebhvÎvi
¯vwqZ¡kxj Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖPvivwfhvb I †m›Uvi di †Mvevj †PÄ| 21
myaxi †mjv ivRb (2008), Blue Alert – Climate Migrants in South Asia: Estimates and
Solutions, †PbœvB: MÖxbwcm|
145
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22
26. [Adaptation [action] [plan] includes: (f) [[Means to protect] [Activities related to
national and international [migration of] [displacement of] [planned relocation of] [responses to]] [climate [refugees] [migrants]] [persons] [individuals and peoples] [displaced by]
[affected by] [extreme climate events] [the [adverse] impact of climate change].]]. Document
no. FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.2, Date. 15 September 2009. 23
35. [A Convention Adaptation Fund shall be established based on assessed contributions
from Annex I countries and other possible sources of finance. The Convention Adaptation
Fund must ensure sufficient financial resources for all developing country Parties to:]
[[Developed country Parties shall provide] [[Agreed] full cost and [agreed] [full]
[incremental] cost coverage, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 3, [should be provided]
[, inter alia] for]: (q) [Activities related to national and international migration and
displacement or planned relocation of persons affected by climate change.]]. Document no. FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.2, Date. 15 September 2009.
146
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155
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156
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GBfv‡e wn‡m‡e Ki‡j †`‡ki 24.5 wgwjqb (weweGmÕi Z_¨vbymv‡i) c~Y©mgq
M„n vjx Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ kn‡ii bvixi evrmwiK 29 jvL 88 nvRvi 914
wgwjqb UvKv ev 42.7 wewjqb Wjv‡ii mgg~‡j¨i KvR Ki‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K
c~Y©mgq M„n vjx Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ bvixi cvkvcvwk kni GjvKvq 2.5 wgwjqb
c~Y©mgq Kg©Rxex bvix i‡q‡Qb hviv Awd‡m KvR Kivi cvkvcvwk M„n vjx
Kv‡RI cÖvq mgcwigvY mgq e¨q K‡ib| Zv‡`i e¨q Kiv mgq Abyhvqx MÖv‡g
c~Y©Kvjxb M„n vjx Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ bvix‡`i Kv‡Ri A‡a©K mgqI hw` aiv nq
Zvn‡j kn‡i Kg©Rxex bvix‡`i Kv‡Ri A_©g~j¨ uvov‡e evrmwiK 1 jvL 52
nvRvi 496 wgwjqb ev 2.18 wewjqb Wjv‡ii mgcwigvY|
d‡j msmv‡ii evowZ Kv‡Ri †h †evSv Zv GKvi c‡¶ mvgjv‡bv A‡bK bvixi
Rb¨ KwVb n‡q c‡o| Avi wZwb hw` nb m`¨RvZ mšv‡bi gv Zvn‡j †Zv welqwU
AviI KwVb| G Kvi‡Y cª‡qvRb GKRb mnKvix ev Kv‡Ri †jvK ev M„nkªwgK|
M„n vjx Kv‡Ri wekvj Kg©h‡Ái A‡a©K KvRI hw` M„nkªwgKiv K‡i Zvn‡j
RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z Zv‡`i Ae`vb AšZ K‡qK wgwjqb Wjvi| ejv evûj¨ n‡e
bv †h Avgv‡`i †`‡ki jvL jvL M„nkªwgK †mB Ae`vbUv ivL‡QbI|
GKRb bvix M„nkªwgK GKRb M„nKΩxi cÖwZf~| †KvUv-evQv, ivbœv-evbœv, evPv
mvgjv‡bv, gkjv †clv, Ni-†`vi Svo †`qv ev Kvco-†Pvco cwi®‥vi Kiv cÖwZwU
KvR GKRb bvix M„nkªwgK h‡_ó `¶Zvi mv‡_ K‡i _v‡Kb| GKRb Kg©Rxex
bvix Zvi mgqUzKz‡K m„Rbkxj Kv‡R e¨q Ki‡Qb Zvi msmv‡ii Sv‡gjvc~Y©
157
KvR¸‡jv‡K M„nkªwgK Gi Dci †Q‡o †`evi Kvi‡YB| GB KvRUzKz hw`
M„nkªwgKwU bv KiZ Zvn‡j Zvi weKí wPšv Kivi my‡hvM •Zwi nZ bv|
M„nkªwgK‡`i GB A`„k¨ Ae`vb‡K Avgiv †KDB †Kvbfv‡e g~j¨vqb Kwi bv;
¯^xKvi Kwi bv| cÖKvivš‡i Zv‡`i DV‡Z em‡Z wbh©vZb Kwi|
M„nkªwgKiv ARmª KUz K_v ï‡bI M„nKÎx‡`i Sv‡gjvc~Y© KvR¸‡jv‡K webv evK¨
e¨‡q K‡i P‡j‡Q Zvi wcQ‡b i‡q‡Q Zvi cwiev‡ii `vwi`ª¨, weiƒc mvgvwRK
AvPiY A_ev †Kvb Kib e¨w³MZ AwfÁZv| †Kvb ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³v bvix A_ev
†Kvb cÖZvwiZ wK‡kvix nqZ eva¨ nq GUv‡K †ckv wn‡m‡e †e‡Q wb‡Z| Z‡e
mewKQzi g~‡j †h Zvi mxgvnxb `vwi`ª¨ RwoZ †m wel‡q †Kvb m‡›`n bvB|
`vwi‡ ª¨i Kvi‡Y H M„nkªwgKwU eva¨ n‡q‡Q Ggb GKwU †ckvq wb‡R‡K wb‡qvwRZ
Ki‡Z| UvbvUvwbi msmv‡i GKUz ¯^vQ‡›`i Avkvq evev gv Zvi †QvÆ †g‡qwU‡K
kn‡i †Kvb GK evwo‡Z †i‡L‡Qb| wKš‧ Zv‡`i Av`‡ii †g‡qwU ev †Q‡jwU †h
n‡q †M‡Q ÔKv‡Ri †g‡qÕ ev ÔKv‡Ri †Q‡jÕ †m Lei nqZ wZwb Rvb‡ZB
cv‡ibwb| Avi Kv‡Ri mvgvb¨Zg fy‡ji †LmviZ w`‡Z n‡Q M„nKΩxi Mig Lywši
†QKv m‡q A_ev M„nKZ©vi jvjmv †gUv‡Z Rxeb w`‡q|
Aiw¶Z M„nkªwgK:
M„nkªwgK‡`i Dci wbh©vZb GKwU wbZ¨ •bgwËK NUbv| M„nkªwgK‡`i Dci †h
wbh©vZb wbcxob P‡j Zv msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ nevi AvM ch©š Lye KgB cÖKvwkZ
nq| Avi msev`c‡Î hLb cÖKvwkZ nq ZLb H M„nkªwgKwUi g„Zz¨i Lei
cÖKvwkZ nq bZzev wbh©vZ‡bi d‡j g„Zz¨i mv‡_ cvÄv jovi Lei †ei nq|
mgv‡Ri DP †kªYx †_‡K ïi K‡i wbgœ †kªYxi cÖ‡Z¨‡KB M„nkªwgK‡`i wbh©vZ‡b
wm×n | msev`c‡Îi G Lei¸‡jv mwZ¨B Avgv‡`i g‡b Kwi‡q †`q †h Avgiv
GLbI `vm cÖ_v‡K jvjb K‡i PjwQ| evsjv‡`k gwnjv AvBbRxex mwgwZi Z_¨
g‡Z 2004 mv‡j mviv‡`‡k †gvU 121 Rb M„nkÖwgK wewfbœ wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi
n‡q‡Q| G‡`i g‡a¨ 33 Rb kvixwiK wbh©vZb, 26 Rb Lyb, 18 Rb al©Y, 1 Rb
MYal©Y, 10 Rb al©‡Yi ci Lyb, 2 Rb‡K Av¸‡b cywo‡q nZ¨v, 11 Rb
A¯vfvweK g„Zy¨i wkKvi Ges 2 Rb AvZ¥nZ¨vq eva¨ n‡q‡Q| wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi
†ewkifv‡Mi eqmB 18 eQ‡ii bx‡P| †gvU 121wU NUbvi g‡a¨ 94wU NUbvq
gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv n‡q‡Q| 2004 mv‡ji A‡±vei-wW‡m¤i gv‡m 19 Rb
M„ncwiPvwiKv wbh©vwZZ n‡q‡Q, Gi g‡a¨ 9 Rb wbnZ Ges 10 Rb wewfbœfv‡e
AvnZ n‡q‡Q| A_P Gme NUbvq gvgjv n‡q‡Q 7 wU Ges †MÖdZvi n‡q‡Q gvÎ 2
Rb|
KvR Ki‡Z Ki‡Z Nywg‡q cov, Nyg †_‡K DV‡Z †`ix Kiv, evmb ev Kvc wcwiP
†f‡½ †djv, Wv‡K mvov w`‡Z GKUz †`ix Kiv, †ewk¶Y ev_i‡g _vKv, kã K‡i
158
Kvbœv KvwU Kiv, wg_¨v Pzwii Awf‡hvM, M„nKZ©v ev Zvi †Q‡ji Akxj Bw½‡Z mvq
bv †`qv BZ¨vKvi bvbvwea Kvi‡Y M„nKΩx ev Zvi cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i n‡Z
wbM„wnZ ev wbh©vwZZ n‡Z nq M„nkªwgK‡`i| wbh©vZ‡bi d‡j †Kvb M„nkªwgK gviv
†M‡j Zv avgv Pvcv †`evi Rb¨ cwiev‡ii mK‡jB AskMÖnY K‡i| M„nkªwgK‡`i
g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi nq Kb¨v wkï kªwgKiv| evsjv‡`k gwnjv
AvBbRxwe mwgwZi Z_¨ g‡Z 2004 mv‡j wbh©vwZZ 121 Rb M„nkªwg‡Ki g‡a¨
me©vwaK 74 R‡bi eqmB 7 †_‡K 18 eQ‡ii g‡a¨| wKš‧ mf¨ mgv‡Ri BU
cv_‡i Mov SKS‡K Bgvi‡Zi g‡a¨ evm Kiv my›`i gvbyl¸‡jv GB wewfwlKvgq
Kv‡R Ask †bq e‡j Gi wefrmiƒc Avgiv evB‡i †_‡K †`L‡Z cvB bv|
wkï Kb¨v M„nkªwgK‡`i Dci †h․b wbh©vZb me©v‡c¶v eo wbh©vZ‡bi NUbv|
wK‡kvix ev Aí eqmx †g‡qiv hviv ¯vqx M„nkªwgK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Zviv G
RvZxq wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi nq †ewk| Avi hviv G‡`i Dci wbh©vZb K‡i Zviv
evB‡ii †KD bq, H cwiev‡iiB cyil m`m¨| `wi`ª bvix M„nkªwgKwUi
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evwoi ÒKv‡Ri †Q‡jÓ A_©vr cyil M„nkÖwgK Ges WªvBfviI G my‡hvM wb‡Z wØav
K‡i bv| Avi G Amr D‡Ïk¨ cwic~i‡Y †Kvb GK c¶ e¨_© n‡j Kv‡Ri †g‡qwUi
Dci †b‡g Av‡m AK_¨ wbh©vZb hv Pj‡Z cv‡i `xN©w`b| †h․b wbh©vZ‡bi GKwU
AeavwiZ dj nj AštmË¡v nIqv Ges hvi cwibwZ ÒKv‡Ri †g‡qi inm¨RbK
g„Zz¨Ó| evsjv‡`k BÝwUwUDU Ae †jevi ÷vwWR -wejm& Gi GK mgx¶v
cÖwZ‡e`‡b ejv n‡q‡Q 2004 mv‡j 57 Rb Kg©Rxex bvix I wkï al©‡Yi wkKvi
n‡q‡Q Ges Kgc‡¶ 10 Rb‡K al©‡Yi ci nZ¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ al©Y I
mwnsmZvi wkKvi n‡q‡Q 11 Rb bvix M„nkªwgK| al©‡Yi ci nZ¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q
Ggb kªwg‡Ki g‡a¨ bvix M„nkªwg‡Ki msL¨v wZb|
kvixwiK wbh©vZ‡bi cvkvcvwk gvbwmK wbh©vZbI Kg Kiv nq bv M„nkªwgK‡`i
Dci| gvwUi mvbwK‡Z †L‡Z †`qv, wiKm&vi cv`vwb‡Z em‡Z †`qv, evwm cPv
Lvevi †L‡Z †`qv, wUwf †`Lvi mgq †g‡S‡Z em‡Z †`qv cÖf„wZfv‡e
M„nkªwgK‡`i gvbwmK wbh©vZb Kiv nq| evwoi mK‡j evB‡i †eov‡Z †M‡j
M„nkªwgK‡`i evwo‡Z Zvjv †g‡i †i‡L hvIqv nq| †Kvb wKQy evmv †_‡K nviv‡j
m‡›`‡ni „wó wM‡q c‡o M„nkªwgKwUi Dci| Zv‡`i †Kvb fvj Rvgv Kvco ci‡Z
†`qv nqbv| GmKj iƒp AvPiY wbtm‡›`‡n Zv‡`i gvbwmKfv‡e cxwoZ K‡i|
Kv‡Ri †Q‡j ev †g‡q wekªvg Ki‡e GUv cQ›` K‡i bv A‡bK M„nKΩx| Avi ZvB
Zv‡`i wewfbœ cÖKvi KvR w`‡q e¨¯ iv‡Lb Zviv| Pvj †e‡Q cwi®‥vi Kiv hvi
Ab¨Zg| ¯vqx M„nkªwgKiv mvaviYZ †Kvb QywU cvq bv| M„nKΩx QywU w`‡ZI Pvq
bv| d‡j MÖv‡gi †Lvjvgv‡V Qz‡UvQzwU K‡i †eov‡bv †Q‡j ev †g‡qwU Pvi †`qv‡ji
wbtm½Zv Avi civaxbZvq ew›` n‡q c‡o|
159
mvgvwRK myi¶vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv:
bvix gv‡ÎB M„n vjx Kv‡R mshyw³ AeavwiZ| PvKzixRxex n‡jI bvix‡K M„n vjxi
Kv‡R mgq e¨q Ki‡ZB nq| Z‡e M„n vjx Kv‡R †h‡nZz `„k¨Z †Kvb A_©
DcvR©b nq bv ZvB G¸‡jv‡K Ô†g‡q‡`i KvRÕ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| wkïi
jvjb-cvjb, ivbœv-evbœv ev M„n vjxi Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †h‡nZz †Kvb
A‡_©vcvR©b nqbv ev cvwikªwgK cÖ`vb Kiv nq bv †mKvi‡Y G¸‡jv‡K Òg~j¨nxbÓ
ev ÒA`„k¨Ó KvR wn‡m‡e wPšv Kiv nq| GKRb bvix h‡_ó `¶Zvi mv‡_ G
mKj KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡jI g~j¨vqb Kiv nq bv †m mKj `¶Zv| M„nkªwgKiv
GB A`„k¨ kª‡gi A`„k¨ kªwgK| d‡j mvgv‡R Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri †Kvb ¯^xK…wZ †bB|
kªwgK wnmv‡e Zv‡`i ¯^xK…wZ †`qv nq bv †Kv_vI| Kv‡Ri ¯^xK„wZ bv _vKvi
cvkvcvwk M„nkªwgK‡`i `vex ev Zv‡`i cÖwZ †h wbh©vZ‡bi K_v Zv ejvi †Kvb
msMwVZ †dvivgI †bB| m‡e©vcwi M„nkªwgKiv †mBfv‡e msMwVZI bv| d‡j
M„nkªwgKiv wb‡R‡`i‡K myi¶v Ki‡Z wb‡R‡`i D‡`¨v‡MB †Kvb HK¨e× cÖwZ‡iva
M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡ibv |
Avgv‡`i †`‡k M„nkªwgK‡`i wbh©vZb K‡i cvi cvIqv A‡bK mnR| M„nkÖwgK‡`i
wbh©vZb Kivi ci wbh©vZbKvix ev Zvi cwiev‡ii m`m¨iv wewfbœ fq fxwZ cÖ`k©b
ev Av‡cvl idvi gva¨‡g cvi †c‡q hvq| †Mvc‡b UvKv cqmv w`‡q wgwU‡q †d‡j
me wKQy| Avi G¸‡jvi me m¤¢e n‡Q †`‡k M„nkªwgK‡`i i¶vi Rb¨ †Kvb
mywbw`©ó AvBb bv _vKvq| wb‡qvM`vZvi BQv GL‡bv M„nkÖwgK‡`i fvM¨ wba©viY
K‡i| M„nKZ©v Zvi BQv gvwdK GKRb M„nkÖwgK‡K Kv‡R wb‡qvM w`‡Z cv‡i
Avevi PvB‡j ev`I w`‡Z cv‡i| BQvgvwdK †h‡Kvb cvwikªwgK ev my‡hvM myweav
wba©viY K‡i‡Z cv‡ib wb‡qvM`vZv| G‡¶‡Î †m Kv‡iv Kv‡Q `vqe× bq| eis
Mixe †Q‡j ev †g‡qwU‡K Avkªq w`‡q wZwb A‡bK gnr KvR K‡i‡Qb e‡j g‡b
K‡ib| Avi GKvi‡Y kvixwiK ev gvbwmK wbwcob Ki‡Z ev KZ©„Z¡ djv‡Z
Zv‡`i †Kvbfv‡e ev‡a bv| `vwi`ª¨ cxwoZ cwiev‡ii m`m¨ nIqvq Zv‡`i c‡¶
A‡c¶vK…Z abx M„n¯vgx‡`i AZ¨vPv‡ii wec‡¶ †Kvb K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv|
wb‡qvM`vZvi BQv Avi AwbQv Kv‡Q wRw¤§ M„nkªwgKiv|
wb‡qvMwewa I mywbw`©ó AvB‡bi Afve:
M„nkªwgK‡`i wb‡qvM, †eZb KvVv‡gv, Kg©N›Uv I Zv‡`i my‡hvM myweavi wbw`©ó
†Kvb bxwZgvjv †bB| mvaviYZ wb‡qvM `vZvi gwR© gvwdK Zv‡`i GKwU gvwmK
ev evrmwiK †eZb wba©vwiZ nq Ges †mwU Aem¤¢vex fv‡e AwjwLZ| d‡j †Kvb
cÖKvi Awbqg n‡j M„nkªwgK‡`i i¶v Kivi Rb¨ †KD GwM‡q Av‡m bv| wb‡qvM
wewagvjvi cvkvcvwk Zv‡`i cÖwZ cÖwZwbqZ †h wbh©vZb n‡Q Zv †_‡K Zv‡`i‡K
160
i¶v Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb we‡kl AvBbI †bB| mv¤úªwZK kªgAvBb 2006 - Gi
g‡a¨ M„nkªwgK‡`i wel‡q wKQz ejv †bB|
AvšÍRwZK kªg ms¯v- AvBGjIÕi 83 Zg Awa‡ek‡b M„nKg©x‡`i Kv‡Ri
kZ©vejx cÖ‡qv‡Mi mvaviY gvb m¤úwK©Z AvšR©vwZK kªg Kb‡fbkb I
mycvwikgvjv ¯§iY †i‡L 1996 mv‡ji 20 Ryb Ô†nvg IqvK© Kb‡fbkb 177,
1996Õ G M„wnZ nq hv 2000 mv‡ji GwcÖj gvm †_‡K ejer i‡q‡Q| GB
Kb‡fbk‡bi Aby‡Q` 4 Ges 2 G ejv n‡q‡Q- mgAvPiY m¤úwK©Z Kvh©µg †h
mg †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ ; we‡kl K‡i, K. M„nK‡g© wbhy³ kªwgK‡`i cQ›`gZ †Kvb
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al©Y, †h․b wbcxob BZ¨vw` bvbvwea wbh©vZ‡bi Rb¨ bM` 300 UvKv Rwigvbv ev
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Ae †jevi ÷vwWR (wejm) Gi mnvqZvq M„nkªwgK AwaKvi myi¶v I Kj¨vY
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Kv‡Ri aiY ev cÖK„wZ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| cvkvcvwk wbh©vZ‡bi Awf‡hvM `vwLj
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cwikªg K‡i Z‡eB cvwikªwgK wb‡Q| GB mZ¨Uv‡K Avgv‡`i cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z
n‡e| Zv‡`i Dci PvwjZ kvixwiK I gvbwmK wbh©vZ‡bi wePv‡ii Rb¨ h_vh_
AvBbMZ myweav w`‡Z n‡e| Acivax‡K `„óvšg~jK mvRv w`‡Z n‡e| b¨vh¨
†eZb, fv‡jv _vKv LvIqvi e¨e¯v K‡i Zv‡`i gvbevwaKvi wdwi‡q w`‡Z n‡e|
†kl K_v:
M„nkªwgK‡`i msL¨v †hgb evo‡Q †Zgwb evo‡Q Zv‡`i wbh©vwZZ nevi msL¨vI|
M„nkªwgK n‡jI Zviv gvbyl| mgv‡R gvbyl wnmv‡e gh©v`v wb‡q gvbweKfv‡e e uvPvi
AwaKvi i‡q‡Q Zv‡`iI| mf¨ gvbyl wnmv‡e Avgv‡`i `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i †mB
gvbweK Ges b¨vq m½Z AwaKvi cÖwZôvq mnvqZv Kiv| M„nkªwgK wk︇jv
Kv‡iv bv Kv‡iv Av`‡ii mšvb| wKš‧ `vwi‡ ª¨i KlvNvZ GZB wbg©g †h Hme
evev gv Zv‡`i mšvb‡`i gy‡L Lvevi Zy‡j w`‡Z bv †c‡i AcwiwPZ cwi‡e‡k,
ARvbv N‡i Zv‡`i wkï ev wK‡kvix mšvb‡K M„nkªwgK wnmv‡e Zz‡j w`‡Z eva¨
n‡q‡Q| GB‡f‡e gvbwmK kvwš †Luv‡Rb †h Zv‡`i mšvb AšZ wZb †ejv wZb
gy‡Vv †L‡Z cv‡e, GKUz fv‡jv ci‡Z cvi‡e; fv‡jv _vK‡e| wKš ev¯ eZv n‡jv
GB M„nkªwgKiv wewfbœfv‡e wbh©vwZZ I wbM„wnZ n‡q jvk n‡q evwo †d‡i| ZvB
M„nkªwgK‡`i GB inm¨RbK g„Zy¨ Avi jvk n‡q evwo †div †VKv‡Z A_©vr Zv‡`i
myi¶v w`‡Z GKwU Dc‡hvMx wb‡qvM wewagvjv mshy³ AvBb AZ¨š cÖ‡qvRb|
162
Avmyb Avgiv M„nkªwgK‡`i `vm wnmv‡e bq eis cwiev‡ii GKRb m`m¨ wn‡m‡e
MÖnY Kwi|
- eyׇ`e wek¦vm: DaŸ©Zb M‡elK, KvwiZvm †W‡fjc‡g›U BÝwUwUDU, KvwiZvm
evsjv‡`k
Z_¨ m~Î:
1. †gv: iweDj Bmjvg, bvixi wei‡× mwnsmZv: M„nK‡g© wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK‡`i Dci GKwU
mgx¶v, ¶gZvqb, DB‡gb di DB‡gb, msL¨v AvU, 2006|
2. •`wbK cÖ_g Av‡jv, 16 Ryb 2004
3. •`wbK cÖ_g Av‡jv, 17 †m‡Þ¤^i 2009
4. •`wbK cÖ_g Av‡jv, 27 b‡f¤^i 2002
5. •`wbK RbKÚ, 15 A‡±ei 2002
6. •`wbK RbKÚ, 26 †m‡Þ¤^i 2003
7. b¨vh¨Zv, †ivRwjb K¯v (m¤úvw`Z), 27 eh©, 1g msL¨v, RyjvB- AvMó 2009
8. Buddhadeb Biswas and others, Unpaid Economic Contribution of
Women in Bangladesh, WBB Trust, Dhaka
9. bvixi K_v, Aveyj nvmbvZ (m¤úvw`Z), gIjv eªv`vm©, XvKv RyjvB 2001
10. evsjv‡`‡ki bvix, Avjx wiqvR (m¤úvw`Z), Pviw`K, XvKv 1995
11. kv‡n`v †di‡`․mx gybœx, M„nkªwgK wnmv‡e bvix, Dbœqb c`‡¶c, GKv`k el©, mvBwÎkZg
msL¨v , GwcÖj 2005|
12. L›`Kvi †gv‡k© v dvinvbv I •mq` AvwRRyi ingvb, M„nK‡g© wb‡qvwRZ wkï‡`i
Awfevmb I Awf‡hvR‡bi aiY: GKwU mgvRZvwË¡K mgx¶v, bs 92, Rvbyqvwi-gvP©
2005|
13. Star Magazine, October 25, 2002
14. w` †WBwj ÷vi 17 RyjvB 2000
163
ÒRvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z M„n¯’vjx Kv‡Ri Ae`vb
Ges g~j¨vqbÓ
bvRbxb Kwei
mgvR I iv‡óª bvixiv bvbviKg •el‡g¨i wkKvi| •el‡g¨i Kvi‡Y bvixiv Zv‡`i
cÖvc¨ AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ n‡Q| A_P mgvR, ivóª I mf¨Zvi Dbœq‡b bvixi
Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©| wKš‧ bvixi GB Ae`vb h_vh_fv‡e g~j¨vqb Kiv m¤¢e n‡Q
bv| wkïi hZœ, †ivMxi †mev, N‡ii hveZxq Kv‡Ri `vwqZ ¡ cvjbmn cÖwZwbqZ
Zviv A‡bK `vwqZ¡kxj I ¸iZ¡c~Y© KvR K‡i hv‡Q| bvix‡`i M„n vjxi Gme
KvR‡K A`„k¨ kªg wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Kivq Zv‡`i GB Ae`vb‡K g~j¨vqb Kiv
n‡Q bv| wKš‧ Zv‡`i Gme gRyixwenxb KvR cwiev‡i, mgv‡R Ges †`‡ki
A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b ¸iZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Q|
bvixi M„n vjxi KvR‡K hw` Avw_©Kfv‡e g~j¨vqb Kiv nq Zvn‡j mgvR, ivóª,
cwievimn mKj †¶‡Î bvixi gh©v`v mycªwZwôZ n‡e| mvgvwRK Ges ivóªxqfv‡e
bvixi M„n vjx Kv‡Ri h_vh_ g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡j cyiliv bvix‡`i g~j¨ Ges ¸iZ¡
eyS‡Z cvi‡e Ges bvix‡`i cÖwZ AviI kª×vkxj n‡e| cvkvcvwk bvix‡`i
AvZ¥wek¦vmI e„w× cv‡e hv bvixi cÖwZ •elg¨ `yi Ki‡Z Ges RvZxq Dbœq‡b
Zv‡`i Av‡iv †ewk m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z mnvqK n‡e|
RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z bvix‡`i Ae`v‡bi wPÎ Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ †ek K‡qKwU
msMV‡bi mn‡hvwMZvq WvweDwewe Uªv÷ M„n ’vjx Kv‡Ri Avw_©K g~j¨vqb kxl©K
GKwU M‡elYv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i| GB M‡elYvwU 2006 mv‡ji 10-25
†deªqvwi †`‡ki 10 wU †Rjvq cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| M‡elYvq 315 Rb bvix Ges
315 Rb cyil bg~bv Rwic Ges 55 Rb bvix Ges 55 Rb cyi‡li KvQ †_‡K
GKvš mv¶vrKv‡ii gva¨‡g DcvË msMÖn Kiv nq|
M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq 81% bvix mivmwi M„n vjx Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K Ab¨w`‡K
cyil gvÎ 1.3%| †hLv‡b 19% bvix PvKzixi mv‡_ hy³ †mLv‡b 98.7% cyil
†Kvb bv †Kvb wbqwgZ ev AwbqwgZ PvKzix‡Z wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Q| M‡elYv †`Lv hvq
60% cyil M„n vjx Kv‡R bvix‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i|
bvixiv cÖwZw`b `xN© mgq KvR K‡i, AwaKvsk mgqB Zv‡`i w`‡b 16-20 N›Uv
KvR Ki‡Z nq| mKv‡j Nyg †_‡K DVvi ci A‡bK ivZ ch©š Zviv wewfbœ
ai‡bi KvR Ki‡Q| Zv‡`i QywU Lye Kg Ges Aemi †bB ej‡jB P‡j| hw`
164
GKUz Aemi mgq cvq, †m mgqUzKz eÜz ev cwiev‡ii Ab¨ m`m¨‡`i mv‡_ mgq
KvUvq, evPv‡`i hZœ †bq ev †Kvb Amgvß KvR _vK‡j †mUv mgvß K‡i Ges
e¨w³MZ wKQy KvR †hgb (wb‡Ri hZœ, cÖv_bv Ges †Kvb †Kvb mgq eB c‡o)
A_ev mvgvwRK †Kvb Abyôv‡b AskMÖnY K‡i| bvix‡`i QywU cvIqv m¤ú‡K© gše¨
Ki‡Z wM‡q GKRb Rwi‡c AskMÖnYKvix e‡jb ÒhLb Amy¯ _vwK ZLbI KvR
Ki‡Z nq|Ó
bvixiv K…wlKvRmn eû Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤ú„³ _v‡K| †hgb (avb fv½v, mwâi
evMvb Kiv, dmj KvUv I N‡i †Zvjv, Lvevi cÖ¯‧Z, exR msMÖn I msi¶Y),
cïcvjb (nvum, gyiMx I Mi QvM‡ji hZœ †bqv), n¯wkí (Szwo •Zwi, GgeªqWvwi,
Kvco wicy, †mjvB Kivmn wewfbœ mvgMÖx •Zwi), M „nKg© (Ni cwi¯‥vi Kiv,
ivbœvmn Lvevi •Zwi, nvwo-cvwZj I Kvco cwi¯‥vimn mKj M„n vjxi KvR)
Ges cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i hZœ †bqv (wkï, Amy e¨w³ Ges ¯^vgx)| GZ KvR
Kivi ciI bvixi M„n vjx Kv‡Ri †Kvb †¶‡ÎB g~j¨vqb nq bv| GKRb bvix
wbR M„‡n †hme KvR K‡ib †mme Kv‡Ri g~j¨vqb bv n‡jI GKB Kv‡Ri Rb¨
Ab¨ GKRb‡K (eyqv/evmvi Kv‡Ri †jvK) A_© w`‡q wb‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| G cÖm‡½
GKRb bvix gše¨ K‡i e‡jb Òbvixi Kv‡Ri hw` †Kvb g~j¨ bv _v‡K, Z‡e †Kb
M„ncwiPvwiKv‡K UvKv w`wQ|Ó
bvixi cvwikªwgKwenxb Kv‡Ri g~j¨vq‡bi †¶‡Î M‡elYvq wZbwU c×wZ AbymiY
Kiv n‡q‡Q| c×wZ¸‡jv n‡Q MÖvg Ges kn‡ii bvixiv wK cwigvb mgq M„n vjx
Kv‡R e¨q Ki‡Q Ges wK wK ai‡Yi KvR Ki‡Q| Zv‡`i Gme KvR‡K evRvi
`‡ii mv‡_ Ges miKvix PvKzixi †eZ‡bi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cÖ_gZ: †`Lv n‡q‡Q bvix M„n vjx Kv‡R †h mgq e¨q Ki‡Q Zv hw` cÖPwjZ
†Kvb †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ †_‡K e¨q Ki‡Zv Zvn‡j wK cwigvb cvwikªwgK †c‡Zv|
GKB ai‡Yi KvR Ki‡jI cyil‡`i †_‡KI bvix‡`i Kg cvwikªwgK †`qv nq|
M‡elYv †ek wKQy Kv‡Ri Rb¨ N›Uv cÖwZ 10 UvKv aiv n‡q‡Q| wkï‡`i †jLvcov
Ges Amy e¨w³‡`i †mevi †¶‡Î UvKv cwigvb GKUz †ewk aiv n‡q‡Q| Avevi
Kv_v ev Kvco †mjvB Gi †¶‡Î GKUz Kg aiv n‡q‡Q| M‡elYvq PvKzix Qvov
MÖvgxY Ges kn‡ii bvixi KvR‡K AvbygvwbK A_©g~‡j¨ aiv n‡q‡Q| me †kªYxi
bvix‡`i mw¤§wjZ Kv‡Ri A_©g~j¨‡K GKwÎZ Kiv n‡j Zvi cwigvb n‡e eQ‡i
69.8 wewjqb Wjvi|
wØZxqZ: evRvi `v‡gi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i bvixi Kv‡Ri g~j¨ wn‡me Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GKRb bvix cÖwZw`b cÖvq 45 ai‡bi Kv‡R wbhy³ _v‡K| ivbœvi Rb¨ cÖwZgv‡m
M„ncwiPvwiKv‡K w`‡Z nq 200 UvKv| cÖwZ KvR‡K ivbœvi gva¨‡g wnmve Ki‡j
45 ai‡Yi Kv‡Ri A_©g~j¨ `vov‡e 9,000 UvKv| hw` a‡i †bqv nq †h M Övg Ges
165
kn‡ii 53.1 wgwjqb bvix (c~Y© mgq ev Aa© mgq) GB 45 ai‡Yi KvR K‡i
Z‡e cÖwZgvm 9000 UvKv wn‡m‡e Gi cwigvb n‡e cÖwZeQi 81.93 wewjqb
Wjvi|
Z…ZxqZ miKvwi †eZb †¯‥‡ji mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i bvixi Kv‡Ri g~j¨ wnmve Kiv
n‡q‡Q| GKRb ga¨g mvwii miKvwi Kg©KZ©vi gvwmK †eZb cÖvq 10,000
UvKv| †mLv‡b AwaKvsk bvix GKRb miKvwi Kg©KZ©vi mgvb KvR K‡i|
evsjv‡`‡ki 53.1 wgwjqb bvix 16 N›Uv KvR‡K 10.000 UvKvi A_©g~‡j¨
wn‡m‡e uvovq 91.0 wewjqb Wjvi|
M‡elYvq †h wnmve Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv AvbygvwbK, ivbœv Kiv, evmb gvRv Ges
evPv‡`i hZœ †bqv cÖf„wZ Kv‡Ri †Kvb mwVK wnmve Kiv m¤¢e bq| GKRb bvixi
M„‡ni cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ I fvjevmvi g~j¨ A‡bK, hv UvKvi As‡K cÖKvk Kiv m¤¢e
bq| GKwU ¸iZ¡c~Y© welq n‡Q bvix‡`i cvwikªwgKwenxb Kv‡Ri hw` Avw_©K
g~j¨ wePvi Kiv nq Z‡e †`Lv hv‡e Zv wRwWwcÕi †P‡q †ewk n‡e|
M„n vjx‡Z bvix‡`i Kv‡Ri Ae`vb bvix-cyil wKsev mgvR I ivóª, †Kvb ch©v‡qB
¸iZ¡c~Y© e‡j fvev nq bv| bvix‡`i cvwikªwgKwenxb GB Kv‡Ri g~j¨vqb
eZ©gv‡b wRwWwc‡Z Abycw¯Z| bvix‡`i ¸iZ¡c~Y© Gme KvR mgvR I iv‡óª
bvix‡`i c¶ †_‡K fZz©Kx wnmv‡e we‡eP¨ nq| bvixi Kv‡Ri ¸iZ¡ I Avw_©K
g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡j Zv‡`i A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK cwieZ©b Aek¨B Avm‡e, hv
Avgv‡`i mK‡jB Kvg¨|
- bvRbxb Kwei: cÖ‡R± Awdmvi, WweDwewe Uªv÷
166
M„nkªwgK wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iv‡a cwiev‡ii f~wgKv
kvnbvR mygx I w`jviv †iLv
M„nkªg ev Mvn© ¨ Kg©KvÊ gvby‡li Rxeb avi‡bi Rb¨ AZ¨š cÖ‡qvRbxq|
mvaviYZ cwiev‡ii bvix m`m¨iv GB `vwqZ¡wU cvjb Ki‡jI Zv‡`i mnvqK
wn‡m‡e hy³ nq cwiev‡ii evB‡ii †KD, hv‡`i‡K Avgiv Kv‡Ri †jvK ewj|
cÖPwjZ a¨vb avibvq M„n wj Kg©KvÊ bvixi KvR e‡j we‡ewPZ nIqvq mvaviYZ
GB †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq, wkï wK‡kvix, ga¨eqmx, †c․pmn cÖvq mKj
eq‡mi bvix‡`i| mgv‡R M„nkªg GL‡bv A`„k¨, ¯^xK…wZnxb I cwigvcwenxb i‡q
†M‡Q| ZvB ¯^vfvweK Kvi‡YB cwiev‡ii bvixi KvR‡K g~j¨vqb Kiv nq bv A_©vr
bvix‡K ÔM„nea~Õ ev ÔNiYxÕ bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ K‡i Zv‡`i iv‡óªi †gvU kªgkw³ †_‡K
evB‡i ivLv n‡q‡Q| GKBfv‡e cwiev‡ii evB‡ii †h bvixwU GB †ckvq
wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K Zv‡KI †c‡U fv‡Z, `yB wZb cÖ¯ Kvco wKsev b~¨bZg bM`
UvKvi wewbg‡q GB Kv‡R hy³ Kiv nq ev Zviv wb‡RivB hy³ nq|
†Kb bvixiv M„nkª‡g Av‡m?
e¨vcKnv‡i bvix‡`i GB †ckvq Avmvi cÖavb KviY `vwi`ª Zv ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡L
bv| cyilZvwš¿K mgvR e¨e¯vq bvix n‡q Rb¥ †bqvi Kvi‡Y †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB
M„n vwj Kv‡Ri m‡½ hy³ _vKvi d‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB bvixi g‡a¨ GKv‡Ri
Af¨vm I `¶Zv M‡o I‡V| ZvB a‡i †bqv nq †h G Kv‡Ri SzuwK ev Sv‡gjv
Kg| †Kv‡bv ai‡bi wk¶v, cÖwk¶Y, AwfÁZv ev KvwiMwi `¶Zv QvovB G KvR
Kiv m¤¢e| GKvi‡Y MÖv‡g-M‡Ä Afve AbU‡bi g‡a¨ emevmKvix bvix Kv‡Ri
mÜv‡b kn‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ G‡j cÖ_‡gB Uv‡M©U _v‡K evmv-evwo‡Z Kv‡Ri eyqv
wn‡m‡e †XvKv|
M„n kªwg‡Ki aiY
Ae¯v I wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y wewfbœ eq‡mi bvixiv wewfbœ Kvi‡Y M„nkªwgK wn‡m‡e
KvR K‡i _v‡K, †hgbÑ wkï Ges wK‡kvi eqmx : wkï Ges wK‡kvi eq‡m hviv
KvR Ki‡Z Av‡m Zvi cÖavb KviY‡Zv Aek¨B `vwi`ªZv| AwaK mšvb nIqvi
Rb¨ wcZv gvZv hLb mšvb‡`i fiY †cvlY Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv, ¯‥z‡ji LiP enb
Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv, wZb‡ejv Lvevi w`‡Z cv‡ib bv ZLbB Zv‡`i‡K A‡b¨i
evox‡Z KvR Ki‡Z †`qv nq| Zv‡`i †Kvb gZvgZ _v‡K bv, evev-gv †hLv‡b
w`‡e Zviv †mLv‡bB hvq| Zviv ïay kªg w`‡q hvq, gvB‡b Uv evev gv †fvM
K‡ib|
167
ga¨eqmx : ga¨eqmx bvix (G‡`i g‡a¨ ZvjvKcÖvß, ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³, weaev) Afve
Ges `vwi`ªZvi Kvi‡Y, M„nkªwgK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Zv‡`i UvKvUv msmvi,
mšv‡bi wcQ‡b LiP K‡i| †ewki fvM mgq †`Lv hvq, †QvU †QvU †Q‡j‡g‡q gv
evevi Kv‡Q †i‡L Zviv A‡b¨i evox‡Z KvR Ki‡Z hvq |
e„× eqmx : †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i msmvi eo n‡q †M‡j `wi ªZvi Kvi‡Y evev gv‡qi
fiY †cvl‡Yi `vwqZ¡ †Q‡j †g‡qiv wb‡Z Pvq bv| e„× eq‡m eq¯‥ `yRb gvby‡li
Rxeb RxweKv KwVb n‡q c‡o| GB Ae¯vq e„× cyilwU‡K evox‡Z †i‡L e„×
bvixwU A‡b¨i evox‡Z KvR Ki‡Z hvq| e„× bvixwU hv Avq K‡i Zv w`‡q e„×
cyil Ges cwieviwUi Rxeb P‡j hvq|
M„nkªwgK wn‡m‡e bvix I Zvi cÖwZ •elg¨, †kvlY I wbh©vZb
Avgv‡`i mgvRe¨e¯vq mvaviYZ bvix‡KB M„nkªwgK wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq| Zvi cÖavb
KviY n‡jv, wcZ…Zvwš¿K mgvR e¨e¯v, Av‡iv †Lvjvmv K‡i ej‡j cÖPwjZ mgvR
e¨e¯v| Avgv‡`i mgvR e¨e¯vq a‡iB †bqv nq N‡ii KvR Ki‡e bvix Ges
bvix‡K mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡e Zv‡KI Aek¨B bvix n‡Z n‡e| GB aviYv †_‡KB
mvaviYZ M„nkªwgK wn‡m‡e bvix‡KB wPšv Kiv n‡q‡Q| hvid‡j hviv M„nkªwgK
iv‡L Zv‡`iI gv_vq _v‡K GKRb bvix‡K ivL‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov Av‡Mi w`‡b
N‡ii KvR Kivi Rb¨ bvixi cvkvcvwk A‡bK cyil‡K †`Lv †hZ| mg‡qi
cwieZ©b, wk¶v we¯ vi, wkívq‡bi d‡j bZzb bZzb Kv‡Ri my‡hvM •Zwi nIqvq
cyiliv GLb wewfbœ •ewPΨgq Kv‡R Rwo‡q c‡o‡Q| bvix‡`i G my‡hvM Kg e‡j
N‡ii KvRKg© Ki‡Z bvix‡`i †ewk †`Lv hvq| Ab¨w`‡K †h cwievi †_‡K
M„nkªwgKiv Av‡m †mB cwievi¸‡jv bvix‡`i‡KB (wkï/wK‡kvix‡`i‡K) M„nkªwgK
wn‡m‡e w`‡Z cÖ¯‧Z _v‡K| †`Lv hvq GKB eqmx fvB-†evb Av‡Q wKš‧ evev gv
†g‡qUv‡KB A‡b¨i evox‡Z KvR Kivi Rb¨ w`‡Z cÖ¯‧Z _v‡K| Kb¨v wkïi cÖwZ
GB wbh©vZb wbR cwievi †_‡KB ïi nq|
KvR Ki‡Z G‡m cÖ_‡g Zvi cwiPq †m GKRb Kv‡Ri †g‡q| GKUz eq¯‥ n‡j
†m nq Kv‡Ri eyqv| Zvi †h GKUv bvg Av‡Q †mUv bv †W‡K Zv‡K WvKv nq
†QvKiv, †Qgox, wcwP e‡j| Zvi cÖwZ •elg¨UvI †Pv‡L covi g‡Zv| Zvi _vKv
Ges LvIqvi e¨e¯v nq ivbœv N‡i, Zvi wekªv‡gi RvqMv n‡jv ivbœvNi| cwiev‡ii
Ab¨ mevi mv‡_ Mí Kiv‡Zv `~‡ii K_v, ïay Av‡`k cvjbB n‡jv Zvi GKgvÎ
KZ©e¨| Zvi cÖwZ AvPiYUv nq m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| †h wK‡kvix evev gv‡qi Av`i †Q‡o
G‡m‡Q, †h bvix Zvi msmvi †Q‡o G‡m‡Q †m cÖ_‡gB av°vUv Lvq GLv‡bB|
Zv‡K cÖwZ c‡` c‡` eywS‡q †`qv nq, Zzwg Kv‡Ri †g‡q| KvR Kivi Rb¨B
†Zvgv‡K ivLv n‡q‡Q|
168
†`Lv hvq GKUv cwiev‡i bvix M„nkªwgK QvovI wewfbœ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Av‡iv wKQy
†jvK _v‡K| †hgb WªvBfvi, gvwj, †Kqvi †UKvi| mvaviYZ GB gvbyl¸‡jv _v‡K
cyil| G‡`iI wKš‧ gvB‡b †`qv nq, hv‡`i‡K ejv nq †eZbf~³ Kg©Pvix| wKš‧
Avðh©RbK n‡jI mwZ¨ GB gvbyl¸‡jvi mv‡_ †h e¨envi Kiv nq Zv A‡bKUvB
BwZevPK| Zv‡`i Lvevi `vev‡ii cÖwZ †ek fv‡jvB bRi ivLv nq| GUv †`LvI
M„nkªwg‡Ki `vwqZ¡| A_P M„nkªwg‡Ki mv‡_ †h AvPiYUv Kiv nq Zv Ab¨ †Kvb
†eZbfy³ Kg©Pvixi mv‡_ Kiv nq bv| Zvn‡j †`Lv hvq, GKgvÎ bvix e‡jB Zvi
Dci GB ai‡Yi wbh©vZb Kiv nq Ges bvix e‡jB †m GB ai‡bi •el‡g¨i wkKvi
nq|
evsjv‡`‡k AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z cÖPzi bvix KvR Ki‡Q| BU fv½v †_‡K ïi K‡i
gvwU KvUv, wewo d¨v±wi, wewìs BgviZ •Zwi, iv v NvU †givgZ - †Kv_vq †bB
bvixiv| GB AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU LvZ Lye myßfv‡e Av‡Q †hUv
wb‡q †KD †Kvb K_v e‡j bv Zvn‡jv M„nK‡g© wb‡qvwRZ bvix kªwgK| GB
kªwgK‡`i AwaKvi wb‡q KL‡bv †Kvb Av‡›`vjb nqwb, mgv‡ek nqwb| GKgvÎ
XvKv kn‡iB cÖvq 20 jvL bvix kªwgK M„nK‡g© wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Q| mviv
evsjv‡`‡ki KZ bvix M„n Kv‡R kªg w`‡Q Zvi cwimsL¨vb †Zv KivB nqwb| Giv
ïayB Le‡ii KvM‡Ri msev` nq wbh©vwZZv wn‡m‡e, wbcxwoZ wn‡m‡e| gv‡S
gv‡S G‡`i cÖwZ wbh©vZ‡bi †h wPÎ cwÎKvq Qvcv nq Zv `vkcÖ_v‡KI nvi
gvbvq|
wKQy wKQy cwievi cÖwZwbqZ M„nkªwgK‡`i m‡½ weiƒc ev iƒp AvPiY K‡i| †mB
mv‡_ wewfbœ ai‡Yi •elg¨ I wbhv©Zb Pvwj‡q _v‡K| wbh©vZ‡bi gvÎv Pi‡g
†cu․Q‡jB †Kej msev`c‡Îi cvZvq D‡V Av‡m Ges wewfbœ msMV‡bi Z_¨wfwËK
cÖwZ‡e`‡b Ašf©~³ nq| evsjv‡`k RvZxq gwnjv AvBbRxex mwgwZi Z_¨g‡Z,
2008 mv‡j mviv †`‡k †gvU 121 Rb M„nkªwgK wewfbœ wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi n‡q‡Q|
G‡`i g‡a¨ 33 Rb kvixwiK wbh©vZb, 26 Rb Lyb, 18 Rb al©Y, 1 Rb MYal©Y,
10 Rb al©‡Yi ci Lyb, 2 Rb AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i‡Q, 11 Rb A¯vfvweK g„Zz¨i
wkKvi n‡q‡Q| wbhv©Z‡bi wkKvi †ewkifv‡Mi eqmB 18 eQ‡ii bx‡P| †gvU
121wU NUbvi g‡a¨ 94wU NUbvi gvgjv n‡q‡Q| mvgvb¨ Kvi‡Y eKv-SKv, `y-
GKwU Po-_vào †_‡K ïi K‡i Mig Lywš-Bw¯¿ w`‡q Kv‡Ri †g‡q‡K cywo‡q
†`qv ev Qu¨vKv †`qvi g‡Zv kvixwiK wbh©vZ‡bi NUbv Avgiv cÖvqB cwÎKvq
†`L‡Z cvB| GB wbh©vZ‡bi mv‡_ mvaviYZ evoxi M„wnbx‡KB Rov‡bv nq, A_P
GKUv cwiev‡ii mK‡ji `vwqZ¡ _v‡K, mK‡j M„nkªwg‡Ki †mev MÖnY K‡i|
†Kb GB wbhv©Zb?
169
mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© wbh©vZbUv gb¯vwZ¡K, e¨w³‡f‡` wbf©i K‡i| cwiev‡ii ai‡Yi
DciI M„nkªwgK wbh©vZ‡bi gvÎv wbf©i K‡i| me‡P‡q cv_©K¨ †Pv‡L c‡o
PvKzixRxex Ges †h mKj cwiev‡i bvixiv PvKzix K‡i bv GB yB cwiev‡ii g‡a¨
wbh©vZbI `yB iKg| we‡kl K‡i PvKzixRxex cwiev‡i M„nkªwg‡Ki Dci cwiev‡ii
A‡bK wKQy wbf©i K‡i, A‡bK `vwqZ¡ Zvi Dci b¨¯ _v‡K Gme cwiev‡i
wbh©vZbUv Kg nq, eo KviY n‡jv, G ai‡Yi cwiev‡i M„nkªwgK bv _vK‡j M„nB
APj n‡q hv‡e GB fqUv mevi g‡a¨ _v‡K Ab¨w`‡K †h mKj cwiev‡ii bvixiv
evB‡i KvR K‡i bv, mviv¶Y N‡i _v‡K Zv‡`i mv‡_ M„nkªwg‡Ki we‡iva †ewk
j¶¨ Kiv hvq| G me wKQyB wbf©i K‡i e¨w³ gvby‡li Dci|
M„wnbxi mv‡_ M„nkªwg‡Ki m¤úK© Lvivc bv n‡q eis fv‡jv n‡Z cv‡i, Zvi KviY
M„wnbx Ges M„nkªwgK `yRbB bvix, G `yRb bvixi Ae¯v wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i wKš‧
Ae¯v‡b A‡bK wgj Av‡Q| GB `yRb bvixi Kv‡iv wb‡Ri evox †bB, cwiev‡i
†KD wb‡R wm×vš wb‡Z cv‡i bv, m¤úwˇZ Kv‡iv AwaKvi †bB, iv‡óªi mKj
AvBb `yR‡bi Rb¨B mgvb| ZviciI M„wnbxi mv‡_ M„nkªwg‡Ki msNl© nq|
ZviI A‡bK¸‡jv KviY Av‡Q †hgb-
M„wnbxi mv‡_ me‡P‡q †ewk Kv‡Ri m¤úK© M„nkªwg‡Ki, †mKvi‡YB Zvi
m‡½ Ø›Ø †ewk nq|
N‡ii Ab¨ mevi KvR¸‡jv M„wnbx‡K Ki‡Z nq, Kiv‡Z nq, hviRb¨
KvR¸‡jv wVKgZ bv n‡j mevi K_v M„wnbx‡K ïb‡Z nq Ges GUvi cÖfve
c‡o M„nkªwg‡Ki Dci|
A‡bK M„wnbx e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b wewfbœ wbcxob-wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi nq e‡j
Ae‡PZb g‡bB LoMn¯ nq M„nkªwg‡Ki Dci|
cwiev‡ii cyil m`m¨ Øviv M„nkªwgK Gi Dci †h․b wbh©vZb ninv‡gkvB
j¶¨ Kiv hvq| fq †`wL‡q, we‡qi cÖ‡jvfb †`wL‡q ev †Rvic~e©K GB
wbh©vZb msNwUZ nq| †h․b wbh©vZ‡bi d‡j AšmË¡v n‡q co‡j
wbhv©ZbKvixi Pv‡c Mf©cvZ Ki‡Z wM‡q A‡bK M„nkªwgK bvix Amy¯ nevi
NUbvI †kvbv hvq| GgbwK g„Zz¨I N‡U| G ai‡bi NUbv M„wnbx Rvb‡Z
cvi‡j wbh©vZbKvix‡K (cyil‡`i) wKQy ej‡Z bv †c‡i ev bv e‡j GB
Ae¯vi Rb¨ M„nkªwgK‡K `vqx K‡i Ges cybivq Zvi Dci kvwiixK
wbhv©Zb Pvjv‡bv nq|
Avgv‡`i mvgšZvwš¿K gb-gvbwmKZv M„nkªwgK‡`i `yie vi Rb¨ A‡bKUv
`vqx| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki †ewki fvM gvbyl hviv Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wb‡qvM †`b
Zviv Ggb AvPiY K‡ib †hb KvR ev Avkªq w`‡q we‡kl `qv K‡i
†d‡j‡Qb| †mUv hw` nq M„nkªwgK Zvn‡j †Zv K_vB bvB| H M„nkªwg‡Ki
170
KvQ †_‡K cÖwZwU cvB-cqmvi wnmve Dmyj K‡i wb‡Z Pvb| Zv‡`i †Kv‡bv
Kv‡RB fyj-ÎwU Kiv Pj‡e bv| me mgq †Pv‡Li mvg‡b Dcw Z _vK‡Z
n‡e hv‡Z †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb n‡jB wb‡ ©k †`qv hvq| Zviv KL‡bvB K¬vš
n‡e bv eis gyL ey‡R me mn¨ Ki‡e|
M„nkªwg‡Ki `vwi ª¨ Ges `~e©j mvgvwRK-A_©‣bwZK-kvwiixK Ae¯vi
Kvi‡Y KZ…©Z¡ djv‡bvi my‡hvM †c‡q A‡b‡K (bvix cyil DfqB ) Kvi‡Y
AKvi‡Y ¶gZvi `vcU †`Lvq|
cwiev‡ii Ab¨vb¨‡`i f~wgKv
M„nkªwgK wbh©vZb eÜ Ki‡Z cwiev‡ii mevi Kg †ewk f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| †h
cwiev‡i M„nkªwgK‡K wbh©vZb Kiv nq a‡iB wb‡Z n‡e †mB cwieviUv Amy¯
cwievi| M„nkªg †Kv‡bv wbh©vZb ev †kvl‡Yi nvwZqvi bq| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e
M„nkªwgK wn‡m‡e †h KvR Ki‡Q †m cwiev‡ii mKj m`‡m¨i Rb¨ †mev cÖ`vb
Ki‡Q| Zvi Amnvq‡Z¡i my‡hvM wb‡q Zvi Dci wbhv©Zb Pvjv‡bv †Kv‡bv mf¨ ev
my¯ gvby‡li cwiPq enb K‡i bv| ZvQvov Gme cwiev‡i †hmKj wkï _v‡K
Zv‡`i DciI Gi cÖfve c‡o| eo n‡q ZvivI M„nkªwg‡Ki Dci GKB Kvq`vq
wbh©vZb Pvjv‡e| KviY GUv Zvi cwievi †_‡K †`Lv Ges †kLv| cwievi hw`
fv‡jv e¨envi K‡i, cwiev‡ii mevB hw` Zv‡K cwiev‡ii m`m¨B g‡b K‡i
Zvn‡j †mI wb‡R‡K H cwiev‡ii GKRb m`m¨ g‡b Ki‡Z cvi‡e| GB
gvbwmKZv mevi g‡a¨ •Zwi nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| hw`I M„nkªwgK‡K ZË¡veavb Kivi
`vwqZ¡ g~jZ M„wnbx cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb ZvB wZwb †hgb Zvi cÖwZ iƒp AvPiY Kiv
†_‡K weiZ _vKvi †¶‡Î m‡PZb n‡eb †Zgwb cyil m`m¨mn Ab¨vb¨iv Zv‡K
iƒp AvPiY Kiv †_‡K weiZ ivL‡Z mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡eb| cyilivI hv‡Z
M„nkªwg‡Ki cÖwZ iƒp AvPiY Kivmn †h․b nqivwb Kiv †_‡K weiZ _v‡K †m‡¶‡Î
cwiev‡ii mK‡ji mZK© `„wó ivL‡Z n‡e Ges †h․b wbcxob Kiv †h RNb¨Zg
Aciva †m wel‡q cwiev‡ii cÖ‡Z¨K‡K †evSv‡Z n‡e Ges Gi kvw¯ m¤ú©‡K
Rvbv‡Z n‡e Ges cwiev‡ii †KD Gai‡Yi Aciva msNwUZ Ki‡j Zv‡K Avkªq
cÖkªq bv w`‡q Zvi wei‡× K‡Vvi Ae¯vb wb‡Z n‡e| Zv‡K cvwievwiK I
mvgvwRKfv‡e eqKU Ki‡Z n‡e|
Kibxq
M„n kªwgK‡`i Ae¯vi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB cÖ‡qvRb Zv‡`i cÖwZ Avgv‡`i
`„wófw½i cwieZ©b| Avgiv fy‡j hvB †h, `wi ªZvi Kvi‡Y A_ev ~ie¯vi wkKvi
n‡q †m M„nkªwgK wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Z G‡m‡Q| Zviv Avgv‡`i KvQ †_‡K `qv
`vw¶Y¨ wb‡Q bv, eis kª‡gi wewbg‡q gRyix wb‡Q| M„nkªwgK‡`i kªwgK wn‡m‡e
171
h_vh_ gh©v`v I ¯^xK…wZ w`‡Z n‡e| ZvB M„nkªwgK‡`i AwaKvi msi¶‡Y
Avgv‡`i `ywU ch©v‡q KvR Ki‡Z n‡eÑ
cvwievwiK chv©q
M„nkªwgK‡K cwiev‡ii m`m¨ g‡b Kiv
M„‡ni KvR Kiv †gv‡UI Lvivc bq, M„nkªwgK ivLvI Lvivc bq wKš‧ Zvi
cÖwZ „wófw½Uv BwZevPK n‡Z n‡e|
M„nkªwgK‡`i m‡½ •elg¨ I wbhv©Zb bv K‡i fv‡jv e¨envimn fvj LvIqv -
civ-_vKvi e¨e¯v Ki‡Z n‡e|
M„n kªwgK †h Avcbvi Kv‡Ri mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Q Ges Kivi d‡j Avcbvi
Kó jvNe n‡Q GUv Zv‡K e‡jb, eyS‡Z †`b, hvi d‡j †m wKQyUv n‡jI
gvbwmK kvwš cv‡e Ges cÖdzj _vK‡e|
†Kv‡bv mgm¨v n‡j Zv ~i Kivi Rb¨ eKv SKv bv K‡i Zv‡K fv‡jvfv‡e
eywS‡q ejyb|
wbqwgZ gRyix cwi‡kva Kib
Zv‡K wPwKrmv I we‡bv`‡bi my‡hvM w`b|
RvZxq ch©vq
M„nkªwgK‡`i Rb¨ wbw`©ó Ges b~¨bZg †eZb KvVv‡gv, QywU BZ¨vw`mn wb‡qvM
wewagvjv cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
M„nkª‡gi Rb¨ GKwU kªgbxwZ ev cwjwm cÖYqb Kiv wKsev AvšR©vwZK kªg
AvB‡b wb‡`©wkZ weavbmg~n †hb Zv‡`i †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ nq Zvi wbðqZv
weavb Kiv
M„nkªwgK‡`i AwaKvi msi¶‡Y msMVb M‡o †Zvjv
M„nkªwgK‡`i Dci kvwiixK ev †h․b wbh©vZb e‡Ü AvB‡bi K‡Vvi cÖ‡qvM
wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
MYgva¨‡g M„nkªwgK‡`i ¸iZ¡ I Ae`vb D‡jL K‡i BwZevPK cÖPviYv
Pvjv‡Z n‡e hv‡Z gvbyl Zv‡`i h_vh_ g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wkï M„nkªwgK‡`i Rb¨ miKvwi - †emiKvwi D‡`¨v‡M vwcZ ¯‥z‡ji msL¨v
evov‡Z n‡e|
Dcmsnvi
M„nkªwg‡Ki cÖwZ •elg¨, †kvlY-wbh©vZb hviv K‡i Zviv †Kv‡bv †ckv`vi Acivax
bq, eis A‡b‡KB wkw¶Z Ges mgv‡R DP gh©v`v m¤úbœ cwiev‡ii m`m¨|
Zv‡`i A‡b‡KB bvix I cÖvwšK Rb‡Mvôxi AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© †mvPvi n‡jI Zvi
172
wb‡Ri Øviv ev wb‡Ri MwÊi wfZ‡i gvbevwaKvi jwNZ n‡Q †m wel‡q m‡PZb
bb| ZvB M„nkªwgK‡`i AwaKvi msi¶‡Y miKvwi I †emiKvwi D‡`¨v‡M
MYm‡PZbZvi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges AvBbx e¨e¯v †Rvi`vi Ki‡Z n‡e|
- kvnbvR mygx: A¨vW‡fv‡Kwm †mj, evsjv‡`k bvix cÖMwZ msN|
- w`jviv †iLv: mgšqKvix, A¨vW‡fv‡Kwm †mj, evsjv‡`k bvix cÖMwZ msN|
173
†h․bKgx© I Zv‡`i AwaKvi Av‡›`vjb
mvbwR`v kkx
evsjv‡`‡ki bvix Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖavb `vex¸‡jv n‡jv AwaKvi msµvš| Avi hviv
GB Av‡›`vj‡bi m‡½ RwoZ Zv‡`i‡K cÖwZwbqZB Ggb me Av`k© Ges
fveavivi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq †h¸‡jv bvixi Ae¯vb wba©vi‡Y f~wgKv iv‡L|
mvgvwRK AeKvVv‡gvi gva¨‡g bvix‡K †mB Avw`Kvj †_‡KB Aa:¯b K‡i ivLv
n‡q‡Q| Avi Gi me‡P‡q eo wkKvi n‡jv †mBme cÖvwšK bvixiv hviv †`n
e¨emvi mv‡_ RwoZ| b„weÁv‡bi fvlvq we‡k¦i me‡P‡q Avw` †ckv n‡jv
†h․b‡ckv| wKš‧ GB †ckvi mv‡_ RwoZ †hme †h․bKgx©iv Zv‡`i Ae¯vb
mgv‡Ri G‡Kev‡i wbgœ¯‡i| mgvR Zv‡`i‡K Ave©Rbvi ¯‧‡c †d‡j †i‡L‡Q|
A_P, mgvR Zvi ¯^v‡_©B †h․bZv‡K †ckv wn‡m‡e m„wó K‡i‡Q| Avi †mB mgvRB
Zv‡`i fv‡M¨ †jcb K‡i‡Q Kjs‡Ki Kvwj| †mBmv‡_ Pvwj‡q‡Q evm vb †_‡K
Zv‡`i D‡Q`mn bvbv nvgjv wbhv©Zb| GiB avivevwnKZvq 1999 mv‡j
UvbevRvi D‡Q`‡K †K›`ª K‡i Rb¥ nq †h․bKg©x‡`i Rxeb Ges RxweKvi ZvwM‡`
GK bZzb Av‡›`vjb| Avi ZLb †_‡KB Zv‡`i †PZbvi AvKv‡k Dw`Z nq GK
bZzb m~h©, †h m~h© Zv‡`i c_ †`Lvq GKwÎZ nIqvi| GiB cwi‡cªw¶‡Z 18-19
Ryb 2002 MY¯^v¯¨ †K›`ª, mvfvi, XvKvq cª_g ev‡ii gZ †h․bKg©x‡`i RvZxq
m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq| D³ m‡¤§j‡b evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ †h․bcjxi †h․bKgx©,
fvmgvb †h․bKg©x, wnRov †h․bKgx© I †KvjKvZv †_‡K AvMZ ~e©vi gwnjv mgšq
KwgwUi m`m¨iv Ask MÖnY K‡ib| `yB w`‡bi RvZxq m‡¤§j‡b †h․bKg©x‡`i ¯^v_©
mswkó wewfbœ welq Av‡jvwPZ nq| †h․bKg©xiv cÖ_gev‡ii gZ Gfv‡e wgwjZ
n‡Z †c‡i wb‡R‡`i Ae¯vbUv eyS‡Z cv‡i| eyS‡Z cv‡i AvR Zv‡`i mevi wcV
†`qv‡j †V‡K‡Q| me©¯‡i me©‡¶‡Î Zviv wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi n‡Q| mgv‡R Zv‡`i
†Kvb gh©v`v †bB| Avi Gme m¤¢e n‡Q KviY Zviv mevB GKwÎZ n‡q †Rvi
Mjvq Zv‡`i K_v¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡Q bv| ZvB Zv‡`i K_v¸‡jv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨
Ges Ab¨‡`i Kv‡Q ejv Ges cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ KvR Kivi cÖqv‡m Zv‡`i `iKvi
GKwU kw³kvjx cvUdig|
wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ wbqwgZ †hvMv‡hvM, G‡K Ac‡ii mgm¨v¸‡jv fvjfv‡e Rvbv,
†h․b‡ckv‡K wN‡i †h mg¯ wbh©vZb n‡Q †m¸‡jv cÖwZ‡iva Kiv, †h․bKgx©‡`i
¯^c‡¶ AvBb •Zwi‡Z RbgZ m„wó Kiv, AcÖvß eq¯‥ †g‡q‡`i †h․b‡ckvq Avmv
cÖwZ‡iva Kiv, cvkvcvwk wewfbœ miKvwi Ges †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯vi mv‡_
m¤úK© Dbœq‡bi welqwUI mvg‡b P‡j Av‡m| m‡e©vcwi †`‡ki gvby‡li mvg‡b
174
†h․bKgx©‡`i gvbevwaKv‡ii welq¸‡jv BwZevPKfv‡e Zz‡j aiv| †h․bKgx©‡`i
Ae¯vi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨B †bUIqvwK©s - Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi
welqwUI D‡V Av‡m| G mKj Kvh©µg ev¯evq‡bi ¯^cœ wb‡qB 19 Ryb 2002
D³ m‡¤§j‡b †h․bKgx©‡`i GKwU †bUIqvK© KwgwU •Zwi nq hvi bvg
Ò†m·IqvK©vim †bUIqvK© Ae evsjv‡`kÓ|
†h․b e¨emvi ev †ckvi m~ÎcvZ K‡e, †Kv_vq, Kxfv‡e N‡UwQj Zv Avgv‡`i Rvbv
†bB wKš‧ cÖvq `yBkZ eQi a‡i GB e¨emv P‡j Avm‡Q| ZeyI GwU Ab¯^xKvh© †h,
†h․bKgx©‡`i kª‡gi Dci wbf©i K‡i GB †h e¨emv, Zv Qwo‡q Av‡Q mviv c„w_ex
Ry‡o Ges P‡j Avm‡Q hyM hyM a‡i| mgvRB Zvi cÖ‡qvR‡b GB †ckvi m„wó
K‡i‡Q| ¯vb I Kv‡ji e¨eav‡b e¨emvi wbqg-bxwZ cv‡ë‡Q, e¨emvi cwiPvjbv
c×wZ‡Z cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q- Z‡e GB Kv‡Ri mv‡_ mswkóiv AvRI i‡q †M‡Q
Ae‡nwjZ, wbcxwoZ I wbh©vwZZ|
Afv‡ei Zvobvq Ges cvwievwiK I mvgvwRKfv‡e cÖZvwiZ n‡qB g~jZt Zviv G
†ckv †e‡Q wb‡Z eva¨ n‡Q| evi evi Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j eZ©gv‡b ¯^v¯¨ I wkï
wk¶v wel‡q Lye mvgvb¨ n‡jI GKwU BwZevPK cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q mZ¨ Z‡e
Zvv‡`i †bB †Kvb wbivc` Avkªq| GLbI AvBbMZfv‡e wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi n‡Q
cÖwZ c‡` c‡`| Zv‡`i DcvwR©Z A‡_© fvM emvq evoxIqvjv †_‡K ïi K‡i
miKvwi cÖkvmb, `vjvj, gv¯ vbmn mgv‡Ri cÖfvekvjx e¨w³eM©| A‡bK‡¶‡Î
AcÖvß/Aí eq¯‥ †g‡q‡`i‡K mgv‡Ri cÖZviK‡kªYx wewfbœ Ac‡K․k‡j Zv‡`i‡K
†h․bK‡R eva¨ K‡i| cieZ©x‡Z mvgvwRK †bwZevPK `„wófw½i Kvi‡Y Zviv
mgv‡Ri g~j †mªvZavivq wdi‡Z cv‡i bv| AZtci eva¨ n‡qB Zviv †h․bKvR‡K
†ckv wn‡m‡e †e‡Q †bq| k~Px-Ak~Pxi cÖkœ Zz‡j mgvR cwiQbœZvi bv‡g mgvR,
msmvi, miKvi, ag© mK‡jB Zv‡`i AevwÃZ g‡b K‡i| ZvB hLb ZLb D‡Q`
wKsev D‡Q‡`i †Póv K‡i| A_P G †Kgb cÖnmb †h, hv‡`i Kvi‡Y AvR Zviv
Gc‡_ Avm‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Q Zviv mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †kªYx-†ckvi n‡jI mvgvwRK I
ag©xqfv‡e c~Y© gh©v`v †fvM K‡i hv‡Q| †KD KLbI Zv‡`i wPwýZ Kiv ev mgvR
†_‡K D‡Q‡`i K_v fv‡e bv| ZvB mgvR I cwievi hLb †h․bKgx©‡`i w`K
†_‡K gyL wdwi‡q _v‡K, miKvi hLb wbh©vwZZ‡K Ae‡njv K‡i wbh©vZbKvixi
c¶ wb‡q Zv‡`i my‡i myi wgwj‡q, cybe©vm‡bi bv‡g D‡Q‡`i gva¨‡g Zv‡`i †V‡j
†`q AviI †ekx wbh©vZ‡bi w`‡K Ges Ab¨ †ckvi AbyKzj cwi‡ek m„wó I
wbivcËv weav‡b AcviM nq ZLb ¯^feZ:B cÖkœ Rv‡M G‡`‡ki bvMwiK n‡qI
GB †ckv‡K Aej¤b K‡i †eu‡P _vKv Ges mšvb‡`i Av‡jvi c_ †`Lv‡bvi †Póv
Kiv wK Zv‡`i Aciva?
175
A_P evsjv‡`‡ki cÖPwjZ AvB‡b †Kv_vI †h․b‡ckv‡K wbwl× Kiv nqwb| G
cÖm‡½ gnvgvb¨ nvB‡KvU© (wiU wcwUkb bs (2871/1999) GK iv‡q e‡jb,
Ò†h․bKgx©iv †¯^Qvq †h․bwgj‡b m¤§wZ cÖ`vb K‡i Ges mgvR ¯^xK…Z †ckv bv
n‡jI AvB‡b †Kv_vI †h․b‡ckv‡K wbwl× Kiv nqwbÓ| D³ iv‡q nvB‡KvU© AviI
e‡jb, Òhw`I †h․b‡ckv evsjv‡`‡k mgvR-¯^xK…Z †ckv bq, wKš‧ †h․b‡ckvq
cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ Zviv cÖ_‡g ¯vbxq cÖkvm‡bi gva¨‡g †h․bKgx© wn‡m‡e26
ZvwjKvfy³ nq, KL‡bv KL‡bv †h․b‡ckvq wb‡qvwRZ nevi AwfcÖvq e¨³ K‡i
Gwd‡WwfU K‡i Ges Gfv‡e †h․bcjx‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges Zv‡`i †ckv wbwe©‡Nœ
Pvwj‡q hvevi Rb¨ ¯vbxq cÖkvmb I cywjk cÖkvmb †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq wbivcËv
†c‡q _v‡K| mv‡cÖmvb Ae Bggivj UªvwdK G¨v± 1933 (Suppression of
immoral traffic Act 1933) Gfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨ _vKv m‡Ë¡I Zviv Zv‡`i RxweKv
wbe©vn K‡i hv‡Q| hv, wb‡lavÁvg~jK †Kvb AvB‡bi Abycw¯wZ‡Z, ivóª
msi¶‡Yi `vwqZ¡cÖvß| MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi 11 bs Aby‡Q‡`
¯^xK…Z gvbemËvi gh©v`v msµvš AwaKviwU Av`vj‡Z ejer †hvM¨ bv n‡jI
†h․bKgx©iv bvMwiK wn‡m‡e MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi 31 I 32
Aby‡Q‡` ewY©Z ejer †hvM¨ AwaKvi¸‡jv †fvM Kievi AwaKvix| GLv‡b
cÖvmw½Kfv‡e D‡jL¨ †h, mv‡cÖmvb Ae Bggivj UªvwdK Av± 1933
(Suppression of immoral traffic Act 1933) -G cwZZvjq (†h․bcjx)
cwiPvjbv ev cwZZvjq (†h․bcjx) wn‡m‡e Ni-evwo fvov †`Iqv‡K kvw¯‡hvM¨
Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡jI AvB‡b †Kv_vI †h․b‡ckv‡K wbwl× Kiv nqwb|
Dciš Av`vjZ D³ iv‡q MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi †MvcbxqZv i¶v
msµvš 43 Aby‡Q‡` ewY©Z †g․wjK AwaKv‡ii K_v D‡jL K‡i g‡b Kwi‡q †`b
†h, AvBbvbyM †¶Î e¨ZxZ †KD †Kvb evoxi evwm›`v‡`i †MvcbxqZv jNb Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv ev †mLv‡b AbwaKvi cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Ab¨w`‡K MYcÖRvZš¿x
evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi 18 bs Aby‡Q‡`i aviv - 2 G ejv n‡q‡Q ÒMwYKve„wË I
Ryqv‡Ljv wb‡iv‡ai Rb¨ ivóª Kvh©Ki e¨e¯v MÖnY Kwi‡ebÓ AvB‡bi GB c¶ Ges
wec‡¶i A¯QZv Kv‡`i BÜb †hvMvq wbh©vwZZ‡`i bv wbh©vZbKvix‡`i?
G Ae¯vq GK_v ej‡Z eva¨ nq †h, wewfbœ mg‡q weMZ eQi¸‡jv‡Z evsjv‡`‡k
wewfbœ A‡j †h cÖwµqvq †h․bcjx D‡Q` Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges ivóª I Zvi cÖkvmb
Zvi RbMY‡K i¶vi cwie‡Z© †hfv‡e D‡Q`Kvixi c¶ wb‡q‡Q Zv‡Z †h․bKg©
26
UvbevRvi (1999), gv¸iv (2003), cUzqvLvjx (2003), Rvgvjcyi (2004, 2008),
gqgwmsn (2005, 2007), Uv½vBj (2006), dwi`cyi wm GÛ we (2006, 2007, 2008),
ev‡MinvU (2006), bvivqbMÄ (2007), gxi nvwRievM I hvÎvevox GjvKvi fvmgvb †h․bKg©xiv
evox †_‡K D‡Q` (2006) G D‡Q` Ges D‡Q` Kivi †Póv Kiv nq|
176
wKsev †h․bKg©x †`k I mgvR †_‡K wbg~©j nIqvi cwie‡Z© GwU AviI RwUjZi
mvgvwRK e¨vwa wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡Q| †h․b‡ckv ïii ci †_‡K wVK KZevi
G ai‡Yi nVKvwiZvi Avkªq †bqv n‡q‡Q Zv Avgv‡`i ARvbv _vK‡jI 1999
mvj †_‡K 2008-Gi b‡f¤i gvm ch©š GB `k eQ‡i27
wewfbœ †h․bcjx Avjv`v
Avjv`vfv‡e †gvU †P․Ïevi Avevi eQi Abyhvqx GK K‡i †`L‡j †gvU mvZevi
D‡Q` wKsev D‡Q‡`i †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| A‡bK †¶‡ÎB wbe©vPb‡K mvg‡b †i‡L
G ai‡Yi BQv cÖKvk Kiv nq †`k I mgv‡Ri e„nËi ¯^v‡_©i †`vnvB w`‡q wKsev
wKQy wKQy ivR‣bwZK †bZvi †ewk †fvU cvevi Avkvq| A_P †h․bKgx©ivI
G‡`‡ki †fvUvi| †h․bcjxi evB‡i D‡Q‡`i Avk¦vm w`‡q GB me †bZviv
GKw`‡K †hgb evnev Kzovq Ab¨w`‡K Avevi Gi wfZ‡i wZwb ¶gZvq †M‡j
Avgv‡`i AvBb I gvbevwaKvi cÖwZôvq mn‡hvwMZv w`‡eb GB Avk¦v‡m
†h․bKgx©‡`i Kv‡Q †fvU wf¶v PvB‡ZI KzÚv K‡ib bv| Avgiv g‡b Kwi Gme
wKQyi g~‡j weMZ miKvi¸wji AvBbMZ wel‡q A®úó Ae¯vb|
†h․bKg©xiv G mgv‡Ri e„nËi bvix mgv‡RiB Ask -Zviv Avjv`v †Kvb †kªYx bq|
ZvB RvZxq ch©v‡qi bvix †bZ…Z¡‡KI †h․bKg©x‡`i gvbevwaKvi cÖwZôvq GwM‡q
Avm‡Z n‡e| †h․bKg©x‡`i gZ wekvj bvix †kªYx‡K wewQbœ †i‡L cwic ~Y© bvix
AwaKvi cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
cªwZôvZv 15wU msMV‡bi bv‡gi ZvwjKv
µg msMVb µg msMVb
1. bvix gyw³ msN, Uv½vBj 9. †m․if mgvR Kj¨vY ms¯v, Rvgvjcyi
2. bvix RvMiYx msN, evwbqvkvšv, 10. GKZv bvix msN, PÆMÖvg
3. A¶q bvix msN, bvivqYMÄ 11. Dév bvix msN, XvKv
4. bvix AwaKvi msN, dzjZjv 12. gv¸iv
5. gwnjv GKZv mwgwZ, ev‡MinvU 13. mvfvi
6. Rq bvix Kj¨vY msN, dwi`cyi 14. eÜb wnRov msN, XvKv
7. gqgbwmsn eª‡_j 15. `~R©q bvix msN, XvKv
8. gyw³ gwnjv mwgwZ, †`․jZw`qv
27
UvbevRvi (1999), gv¸iv (2003), cUzqvLvjx (2003), Rvgvjcyi (2004, 2008),
gqgwmsn (2005, 2007), Uv½vBj (2006), dwi`cyi wm GÛ we (2006, 2007, 2008),
ev‡MinvU (2006), bvivqbMÄ (2007), gxi nvwRievM I hvÎvevox GjvKvi fvmgvb †h․bKg©xiv
evox †_‡K D‡Q` (2006) G D‡Q` Ges D‡Q` Kivi †Póv Kiv nq|
177
cÖ_g Kvh©Kix KwgwU
c`ex bvg msMVb
mfvcwZ ggZvR Dév bvix msN, XvKv
m¤úv`K nvwm bvix gyw³ msN, Uv½vBj
†Kvlva¨¶ iex Rq bvix Kj¨vY msN, dwi`cyi
cÖPvi m¤úv`K iv‡k`v gyw³ gwnjv mwgwZ, †`․jZw`qv
`ßi m¤úv`K Rqv evab wnRiv msN, XvKv
m`m¨ (1) kvnvbvR `~R©q bvix msN, XvKv
m`m¨v (2) G¨vbx bvix RvMiYx msN, evwbqvkvšv
eZ©gvb Kvh©Kix KwgwU
c`ex bvg msMVb
mfvcwZ Rqv wmK`vi evaub wnRiv msN, Kzwoj,XvKv
mn-mfv‡bÎx PzgwK `~R©q bvix msN, XvKv
m¤úv`K †nbv Av³vi Avgvi Rxeb Avgvi †Pv‡L, XvKv
mn-mvaviY m¤úv`K KvRj A¶q bvix msN, bvivqYMÄ
†Kvlva¨¶ K_v m‡PZb wkíx msN, wLjMvI, ZvjZjv, XvKv
cÖPvi m¤úv`K bvmwib Rxe‡bi AwaKvi msN, ev‡MinvU
`ßi m¤úv`K ivbx kw³ bvix msN, h‡kvi
m`m¨ (1) cvij Dév bvix msN, XvKv
m`m¨v (2) dv‡Zgv Av‡jvwKZ bvix Dbœqb msN, dzjZjv, Lyjbv
m`m¨v (3) dwi`v mwÜ bvix msN, wm‡jU
†m·IqvKv©im †bUIqvK© Ae evsjv‡`kÕi c¶ †_‡K †h․bKg©x‡`i wbgœ ewY ©Z AvU
`dv `vex DÌvcb Kiv n‡jv:-
1. RvZxq ev‡R‡U †h․bKg©x I Zv‡`i mšvb‡`i DbœqbK‡í eivÏ PvB|
2. RvZxq bvix Av‡›`vj‡b †h․bKg©x‡`i Ašf©~w³ PvB|
3. wQbœg~j bvix I wkï‡`i cybe©vm‡bi cvkvcvwk †h․bKg©x I Zv‡`i mšvb‡`i
mvgvwRK cybe©vm‡bi wel‡qI cÖavb gš¿xi †NvlYv PvB|
4. Kvh©Kix I ¯vqxZ¡kxj weKí Rxe‡bi my‡hvM m„wó e¨wZ‡i‡K †Kvb †h․bcjx
D‡Q` Kiv hv‡e bv Ges GB cÖwµqvq wm×vš MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î Avgv‡`i mwµq
AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. †h․bKg©x bq eis gvbyl wnmv‡e Avgv‡`i †g․wjK gvbevwaKvi i¶v‡_© †kvlY,
wbcxob I wbhv©Zb e‡Ü Kvh©Ki e¨e¯v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. D‡Q` bq eis AcÖvß eq¯‥ †g‡q‡`i †h․b †ckvq Avmv eÜ Kivi j‡¶¨
ivóª‡K `xN©‡gqv`x Kg©cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. †h․bKg©x‡`i cÖwZ AvB‡bi AccÖ‡qvM †ivaK‡í Kvh©Ki e¨e¯v MÖnY Ki‡Z
n‡e Ges mswkó mKj AvB‡bi A¯úóZv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e|
178
8. Avgv‡`i I Avgv‡`i mšvb‡`i wel‡q †h †Kvb ai‡Yi bxwZ I Kg©‡K․kj
wbav©iY Ges Zv ev evq‡b Avgv‡`i mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
- mvbwR`v kkx, mgšqKvix, †m·IqvKv©im †bUIqvK© Ae evsjv‡`k
Z_¨m~Ît
1| Kvh©Kix KwgwU, †m·IqvK©vim †bUIqvK© Ae evsjv‡`k
2| evrmwiK Kvh©µg AMÖMwZ cÖwZ‡e`b (†deªqvwi 1998 - gvP© 2003), `~R©q bvix msN
3| cÖwZ‡e`b, †h․bKg©x‡`i cÖ_g RvZxq m‡¤§jbÕ 2002
4| †kqvwis jvwb©s wi‡cvU©, Kbmvb© evsjv‡`k
5| wd‡i †`Lv
6| evsjv‡`k msweavb
179
cwi‛QbœZvKg©xi †ckv I Rxeb: gvbevwaKvi
cwiw¯’wZ
†gvt Aveyj evmvi
f~wgKv:
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Drcv`b LvZ Avi †mev LvZ hv-B ewj bv †Kb, cÖvq mKj
Lv‡Zi kªwgK b¨vh¨ AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ| Zv‡`i †Pnvivi w`‡K ZvKv‡jB Zv‡`i
eÂbv-AcÖvwß †evSv hvq| cwiQbœZvKg©xiv g~jZ †mev Lv‡Zi kªwgK| †ckv I
RvwZMZ cwiP‡qi Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i mvgvwRK Rxeb Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv †ckvi kªwgK‡`i
†P‡q Avjv`v| Zviv bvbvb ai‡bi AeÁv-eÂbv-•el‡g¨i wkKvi| GB cÖe‡Ü
Avgv‡`i msweavb I AvšR©vwZK gvbevwaKvi †NvlYvi Av‡jv‡K cwiQbœZv
Kg©x‡`i AwaKvi Kx Ges Zv‡`i Rxeb hvcb Avm‡j †Kgb Gi GKwU
Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e| †ckv`vi wn‡m‡e cwiQbœZvKg©xiv wK wK myweav
cvIqvi AwaKvi iv‡L †m wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e| Ab¨w`‡K GB †ckvq
_vKvi d‡j gvbyl wn‡m‡e †m mgv‡R wKfv‡e †eu‡P _v‡K, †m wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ
Kiv n‡e| cÖe‡Üi †klvs‡k cwiQbœKg©x‡`i m¤ú‡K© mvgvwRK gb¯Ë¡; Gi d‡j
GB †ckvi Rb‡Mvôxi bZzb cÖR‡b¥i weKv‡k wK wK cÖwZeÜKZv we`¨gvb Ges
m‡e©vcwi wKQz cÖ ve wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb I Avš—R©vwZK gvbevwaKvi †NvlYvt cwi‛QbœZv Kg©xi Rxeb:
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b 28 (1) avivq ejv n‡Q, ÔÔ†Kej ag©, †Mvôx,
eY©, bvix-cyi‚l‡f` ev Rb¥¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y †Kvb bvMwi‡Ki cÖwZ ivóª •elg¨ cÖ`k©b
Kwi‡eb bv|ÕÕ
1948 mv‡ji 10 wW‡m¤i RvwZmsN mvaviY cwil` KZ©„K M„nxZ gvbevwaKv‡ii
mve©Rbxb †NvlYvcÎ-G ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔÔ†h †Kvb cÖKvi cv_©K¨, †hgb: RvwZ, †MvÎ,
eY©, bvix-cyi‚l, fvlv, ag©, ivR‣bwZK ev Ab¨ gZev`, RvZxq ev mvgvwRK
DrcwË, m¤§wZ, Rb¥ ev Ab¨ gh©v`v wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡jB †NvlYvc‡Î D‡jwLZ mKj
AwaKv‡ii Askx`vi| AwaKš‘, †Kvb e¨w³ †h †`k ev A‡ji Awaevmx, Zv
¯^vaxb, AwQf~³ GjvKv, ¯^vqZ ¡kvwmZ A_ev Ab¨ †h †Kvb cÖKv‡i mxwgZ
mve©‡f․g‡Z¡i g‡a¨ _vKzK bv †K‡bv, mve©Rbxb gvbevwaKv‡ii mydj jv‡f †m
e¨w³i †¶‡Î †Kvb cv_©K¨ Kiv Pj‡e bv; Zvi ivR‣bwZK, mxgvbvMZ ev Avš—
R©vwZK gh©v`v hv-B _vKzb bv †Kb|ÕÕ
180
AZGe †ckv`vi wn‡m‡e GKRb cwiQbœ Kg©xi Rb¥ cwiPq ev †ckvMZ cwiPq
hv-B †nvK bv †Kb, Zvi cÖwZ †Kv‡bv •elg¨ Kiv Pj‡e bv e‡j gvbevwaKvi
msµvš mve©Rwbb †NvlYvq ejv n‡q‡Q| Avgv‡`i msweavbI Zv-B ej‡Q| d‡j
cwiQbœ&Zv Kg©xiv †Kv‡bviƒc •el‡g¨i wkKvi nIqvi K_v bq|
wKš‘ ev¯—eZvUv †Kgb?
Avgv‡`i †`‡k hviv wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb, †c․imfv, nvmcvZvj, iv¯v-NvUmn wewfbœ
miKvwi cÖwZôv‡b cwi¯‥vi cwiQbœZvi KvR K‡ib Zv‡`i‡K Avgiv cwiQbœZv
Kg©x ejwQ| GQvovI wewfbœ †emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡bI wKQz gvbyl cwiQbœZv Kg©x
wn‡m‡e Kg©iZ Av‡Qb| Avi †Kv‡bv cwiP‡qi K_v D‡jL bv Ki‡jI GB †ckvi
gvbyl‡`i yÕwU cwiPq GLv‡b LyeB ¸iZ¡c~Y©| GK. †ckvMZ cwiPq| `yB.
RvwZMZ cwiPq| RvwZMZ w`K †_‡K Avevi GB †ckvi gvbyl‡`i yÕiK‡gi
cwiPq Av‡Q| GK`j‡K, 1834 †_‡K 1850 mvj- GB mgqKv‡j weªwUk cÖkvmb
fvi‡Zi Gjvnvev`, gywk©`vev`, Kvbcyi, bvMcyi, AÜ« cÖ‡`k, DËi cÖ‡`k, Dwol¨v
I wenvi †_‡K wewfbœ KvR †`qvi K_v e‡j GB GjvKvq G‡b Zv‡`i Ab¨vb¨
†ckv QvovI †ewkifvM Ask‡K cwiQbœZvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ K‡i| Giv fvlvMZ
w`K †_‡K †Z‡j¸, Kvbcyix I †`kIqvwj| Av‡iK `j n‡Q evOvjx gymwjg|
GB `yB `‡ji g‡a¨I GKUv RvZcv‡Zi aviYv I PP©v M‡o D‡V‡Q| evOvwj
gymwjg cwiQbœZv Kg©xiv G‡`i g‡a¨ n‡q‡Q DPeY©| Zv‡`i †_‡K AevOvwj
cwiQbœZv Kg©xiv AQy¨r| GB `yB `‡ji g‡a¨ AevOvwjiv †ewk gvÎvq mvgvwRK
•el‡g¨i wkKvi| G †¶‡Î †ckvMZ cwiP‡qi PvB‡Z RvZ-cvZ I eY© cÖ_v
mvgvwRK •el‡g¨i e¨vcv‡i †ewk gvÎvq wµqvkxj|
Avgv‡`i e³e¨ n‡Q, GB †ckvi gvby‡liv †ckv I RvwZMZ Kvi‡Y
mvgvwRKfv‡e •el‡g¨i wkKvi| Rb¥ I †ckvMZ Kvi‡Y m„ó •elg¨wU GB
Rb‡Mvôxi gvby‡li Rxeb‡K K‡qKfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| Zvi g‡a¨ D‡jL‡hvM¨
n‡Q,
ïay cwiQbœZv Kg©x nIqvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i GKwU wbw ©ó GjvKvi evB‡i
evm Kivi AwaKvi †bB (!)| hv‡K mevB myBcvi K‡jvwb e‡j| Ab¨
†Kv‡bv GjvKvq evmv fvov Ki‡Z †M‡j myBcvi cwiP‡qi Kvi‡Y Zv‡K
evmv fvov †`qv nq bv| GQvov Zviv †h K‡jvbx‡Z evm K‡i Zv‡K
ZvwQj¨ K‡i ejv nq †g_i cwÆ|
GB cwiP‡qi Kvi‡Y `wjZiv †Kv‡bv ¯vei m¤úwËi gvwjK n‡Z cv‡i bv|
A_P, msweav‡bi 42(1) avivq ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔAvB‡bi Øviv Av‡ivwcZ
evav-wb‡la mv‡c‡¶ cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki m¤úwË AR©b, aviY, n¯—vš—i ev
181
Ab¨fv‡e wewj-e¨e¯’v Kwievi AwaKvi _vwK‡e......Õ| GLv‡b ivóª
cwiQbœZv Kg©x‡K m¤úwË AR©‡bi AwaKvi cÖ`vb Ki‡jI mgvR Zv‡K †m
AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ Ki‡Q|
Avw_©K wePv‡i cwiQbœZv Kg©xiv `vwi‡ ªi wkKvi| Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg KviY
n‡Q, Zv‡`i DcvR©b Kg| Ges †h‡nZz Zviv ¯vei m¤úwË AR©‡bi †¶‡Î
mvgvwRKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z bq d‡j Zvi hw` †Kv‡bv iK‡g DØ„Ë Ki‡Z cv‡iI
Zv Zviv wUwK‡q ivL‡Z cv‡i bv, A‡bK mgq PvqI bv| Avgiv Rvwb,
XvKv wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb-G cÖvq 8 nvRvi cwiQbœZv Kg©x Av‡Q; hvi g‡a¨ 1
nvRvi Kg©xi m‡e©vP †eZb n‡Q 8 nvRvi 8 kZ UvKv| †`o nvRvi Kg©x
cvq 5 nvRvi 6 k Avi evKxiv cvq 4 nvRvi 6 kZ UvKv K‡i| Zv‡`i
PvKwii †gqv` †kl nIqvi ci †Kv‡bv Aemi fvZv cvq bv| XvKvi
evB‡ii Ab¨ wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi †¶‡Î Gme Kg©x‡`i †eZb KvVv‡gv Av‡iv
Kg| †Rjv kn‡i I †c․imfv¸‡jv‡Z GB me cwiQbœZv Kg©x‡`i †eZb
9 k †_‡K ïi K‡i 1 nvRvi 5 kZ ch©š|
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î 17 eQi PvKwi Kivi ciI cwiQbœZv Kg©x‡`i
PvKwi ¯vqx nqwb Ges G‡`i cÖwZw`‡bi †eZb gvÎ 100/-| †Kv‡bv
mvßvwnK QzwU †bB| GB cwiQbœZv Kg©x‡`i mvgvwRK I A_©‣bwZK Rxeb
hvc‡bi w`‡K bRi w`‡j †`L‡Z cv‡ev ivóª I AvšR©vwZK ms¯vmg~n
hZUzKz my‡hvM-myweav I AwaKvi GB Rb‡Mvôx‡K cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q Zvi
†ewkifvMB mvgvwRK gb:¯vwË¡K Kvi‡Y †m †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
Dc‡ii Gme Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv eyS‡Z cviwQ, msweavb Ges AvšR©vwZK
gvbevwaKvi †NvlYv Abyhvqx cwiQbœZv Kg©xiv †h ai‡bi Rxeb hvc‡bi AwaKvi
cvIqvi K_v, Zv Zviv cv‡Q bv| d‡j Avgiv GLv‡b ej‡Z cvwi, cwiQbœZv
Kg©xiv gvbevwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ n‡Q|
†ckvRxex wn‡m‡e cwi‛Qbœ Kg©xi AwaKvi:
cwiQbœZv Kg©xiv mvaviYZ iv¯v cwi¯‥vi K‡i, Wv÷web cwi¯‥vi K‡i, gqjv
¯vbvši K‡i Ges my¨qv‡iR jvBb cwi¯‥vi K‡i| e¨w³MZ ev †emiKvwi ch©v‡q
Kv‡iv m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯v SzuwKc~Y© n‡q co‡j Zv‡`i †W‡K cwi¯‥vi K‡i †bq|
Gme KvR Ki‡Z Avgv‡`i †`‡k †hme DcKiY e¨eüZ nq Zv n‡jv- Svo ev
SvUv, gqjv GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨Î miv‡bvi Rb¨ †VjvMvwo, GKUv †ejP¨v Ges
evjwZ| Avi my¨qv‡iR jvBb cwi¯‥vi Kivi Rb¨ AuvPov Qvov Ab¨ wKQz †Pv‡L
c‡owb| Gme DcKiY w`‡q `y‡Uv nv‡Zi Kmi‡Z Avgv‡`i †`‡ki cwiQbœZv
Kg©xiv bMi I Zvi cÖwZôvbmg~n cwi¯‥vi K‡i iv‡L| wKš‧ GKwU kni cwi¯‥vi
182
ivLvi Rb¨ Zviv †h c×wZ‡Z KvR K‡i Zv mvaviYZ ¯^v¯¨ SzuwKi KviY| GB
KvR¸‡jv Kivi Rb¨ cwiQbœZv Kg©x‡`i ¯^v¯¨ wbivcËvi Rb¨ †hme DcKiY
`iKvi nq, Zv Avm‡j Zv‡`i mieivn Kiv nq bv| Avgiv cÖvq mgq msev`c‡Î
†`wL my¨qv‡iR jvBb cwi¯‥vi Ki‡Z wM‡q welv³ M¨v‡m cwiQbœZv Kg©x wbnZ|
Avgv‡`i msweav‡bi 18(1) Aby‡Q‡` ejv n‡Q, Ô......Rb¯v‡¯¨i DbœwZmvab‡K
ivóª Ab¨Zg cÖv_wgK KZ©e¨ ewjqv MY¨ Kwi‡eb....Õ| msweav‡bi cÖwZkÖwZ
†gvZv‡eK ivóª cwiQbœZv Kg©x‡`i ¯^v‡¯¨i wbivcËv weavb Ki‡jI Zviv Zv †_‡K
ewÂZ n‡Q, hw`I mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨ †ckvi Ges `wi`ª †jvKRbI GB AwaKvi
†_‡K ewÂZ| GQvov Avgv‡`i kªg AvB‡b Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek cwiQbœ ivLv wel‡q
we …Z wb‡`©kbv _vK‡jI cwiQbœZv Kg©x‡`i e¨vcv‡i Avjv`v K‡i †Kv‡bv K_v
D‡jL Kiv nqwb| GwU cwiQbœZv Kg©x‡`i m¤ú‡K© g‡bv‡hv‡Mi Afve •e wKQz
bq| wKš‧ Avgiv ej‡Z PvB cÖRvZ‡š¿i bvMwiK I Kg©x wn‡m‡e †m ¯^v¯¨ wbivcËv
cvevi AwaKvix|
A¯ú„k¨Zv I mvgvwRK eÂbv ev cÖvwš—KxKiY Pµ:
cwiQbœZv Kg©x‡`i †ckv m¤ú‡K© Rbgvb‡m †h aviYv weivRgvb, Zvi
d‡j †m mgv‡R Agh©v`v wb‡q evu‡P| GgbwK †Kv‡bv gvbyl‡K Agh©v`vevb
ej‡Z wM‡q ev †evSv‡Z wM‡q we`ªc K‡i †g_i e‡jI Mvwj †`qv nq|
Aek¨ A¯ú„k¨Zv aviYvi m‡½ ïay †ckvi m¤úK© †bB| Gi m‡½
fviZe‡l©i RvZcvZ cÖ_v I eY©ev`x mgvR e¨e¯vq `vwq| Aek¨ eY©ev`x
e¨e¯vi kªgwefvRb Ôwbgœe‡Y©Õi gvbyl‡`i Rb¨ mgv‡Ri ÔDPeY©Õ wKQz KvR
wba©viY K‡i w`‡q‡Q| evOvwj cwiQbœZv Kg©x‡`i †ckv‡K mvgvwRKfv‡e
gh©v`vKi †Kv‡bv †ckv g‡b Kiv bv n‡jI Zv‡`i A¯ú„k¨ Kiv nq bv|
Ggb wK Pv‡qi †`vKvb, †mjyb, †nv‡U‡j, gw›`‡i ÔwbgœeY©Õ †_‡K AvMZ
cwiQbœZv Kg©x‡`i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z †`qv nq bv| wKš‧ evOvwj cwiQbœZv
Kg©x‡`i †¶‡Î GgbUv N‡U bv|
`wjZ †jvKRb GKwU †QvÆ N‡i AšZ wZbwU cÖRb¥ evm Kivi d‡j
Zv‡`i mšvb‡`i gvbwmK weKvk N‡U bv| GK ai‡bi g‡bvweK…wZ •Zwi
nq, hv †_‡K Zviv mgv‡Ri KvQ †_‡K wb‡Riv Av‡iv ~‡i m‡i †h‡Z eva¨
nq| Zviv wb‡Riv iv¯v-NvU I iv¯vi wb‡Pi gjg~Î cwi¯‥vi K‡i
†eov‡jI Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i Avevm j Ges ZrmsjMœ bvjv¸‡jv _v‡K
me‡P‡q †bvsiv| Gi d‡j Zviv wb‡Riv A‡bK ai‡bi AmyL wemy‡Li
gy‡LvgyLx nq| `vwi ª, A¯ú„k¨Zv Ges mvgvwRK eÂbvi d‡j Zviv µ‡gB
mgvR †_‡K Avjv`v n‡Z _v‡K Ges G‡Kev‡iB cÖv‡š wM‡q Sz‡j _v‡K|
A¯ú„kZv I mvgvwRK eÂbvi Kvi‡YB `wjZiv nxbgb¨Zvq fy‡M| Gme
eÂbvi Kvi‡YB Zv‡`i mšvbiv bvMwiK n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i bv| nZvk n‡q
183
wcZ…‡ckv MÖnY K‡i Ges c~e©cyi‡li Rxeb‡K MÖnY K‡i| Gfv‡e GKwU
cÖvwšKxKiY P‡µ Zviv AvU‡K hvq|
mvgvwRK gb —Ë¡:
GLb Avgiv †`L‡ev GB cwiQbœZv Kg©xi m‡½, KZK¸‡jv mvgvwRK g~j¨vqb ev
fvebv mgvRgvb‡m †j‡Þ Av‡Q| Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k hviv GB cwiQbœZv Kg©xi
`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib, mgvR Zv‡`i‡K mvaviY `wi`ª †jvK‡`i g‡Zv K‡i fv‡e
bv| Zviv †hb Ab¨ iKg `wi ª| mvaviY `wi`ª‡`i cÖwZ mvaviY ga¨weË, DPweË
gvqv ev Kibv cÖ`k©b Ki‡jI cwiQbœZv Kg©x‡`i cÖwZ GK ai‡Yi N„Yv cÖ`k©b
K‡i; hvi bvg Avm‡j A¯ú„k¨Zv| Giv Avw_©Kfv‡e `wi`ª, mvgvwRKfv‡e A¯ú„k¨
I N„wYZ| hviv evOvwj cwiQbœZv Kg©x Zviv wb‡R‡`i myBcvi ev Svo vi Ggb
cwiP‡q cwiwPZ K‡i bv Ges mgv‡Ri gvbylI Zv‡`i‡K Kg gRyixi `wi`ª g‡b
K‡iB ¶vš †`q| wKš‧ hviv fvi‡Zi wewfbœ cÖ‡`k †_‡K G‡m GLv‡b cwiQbœZv
Kg©xi KvR Ki‡Q Zv‡`i‡KB N„bv Ges A¯ú„k¨ K‡i ivLv n‡Q| A¯ú„k¨Zv I
`vwi`ª-GB wØgyLx cÖwZeÜKZv cwiQbœZv Kg©x‡`i GKwU we‡kl †Mvôx wn‡m‡e
wPwýZ K‡i‡Q| GB Kvi‡YB Zv‡`i Avjv`v evm v‡b ivLv n‡q‡Q| Av‡Rv Gi
†Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nqwb| GgbwK mvaviYZ Zv‡`i Kv‡Q †KD Rwg wewµ Ki‡Z
Pvq bv| KviY G‡Z K‡i Zviv cÖwZ‡ekx n‡e| GKRb cwiQbœZv Kg©x ev myBcvi
cÖwZ‡ekx †nvK Avgv‡`i mgvR Zv gvb‡Z cv‡i bv, gvb‡Z Pvq bv|
mgvR Zv‡`i gvbyl g‡b K‡i bv| mgv‡Ri mvaviY `wi ª‡`i wb‡q miKvwi-
†emiKvwi me gn‡jB ¸iZ¡ mnKv‡i Av‡jvPbv n‡jI `wjZ‡`i e¨vcviwU †_‡K
hvq G‡Kev‡i g‡bv‡hv‡Mi evB‡i| Zviv GB mgv‡Ri †c‡U †e‡o DV‡jI
cwiwPwZ cvq ÔAb¨ gvbylÕ wn‡m‡e| A_©vr Zviv ÔAb¨Õ n‡q D‡V| Avjv`v n‡q
c‡o e„nr mgvR †_‡K |
DËi‡Yi cÖwZeÜKZv I cÖ¯—ve:
Gfv‡e hviv K‡qK cÖRb¥ a‡i Rxeb-hvcb Ki‡Q, Zv‡Z `wjZ‡`i gvbevwaKvi
i¶v Ges Dbœq‡bi †mªv‡Z Zv‡`i hy³ Kivi j¶Y †`Lv hv‡Q bv| G Ae¯vi ga¨
w`‡q cwiQbœZv Kg©x‡`i fwel¨r cÖR‡b¥i Ici Dbœq‡bi Av‡jv co‡Z cv‡i bv|
d‡j †`‡ki cÖvq 55 jvL gvbyl G‡Kev‡iB AÜKv‡i i‡q hv‡e| GKwU wekvj
Rb‡Mvôx‡K AÜKv‡i †i‡L Avi hv-B †nvK GKwU ivóª wn‡m‡e ev RvwZ wn‡m‡e
c_ Pj‡Z †M‡j †h‡Kv‡bv mgq IB AÜKvi Avgv‡`i †cQ‡b Uvb‡e -GUvB
BwZnv‡mi wk¶v|
184
GB Ae ’v †_‡K D‡Ëvi‡Yi Rb¨ Avgiv g‡b Kwi, GB cwi‛QbœZv Kg©x‡`i
1. evm v‡bi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki c`‡¶c wb‡Z n‡e|
2. A¯ú„k¨Zv †iv‡a AvBb cÖbqbmn mvaviY gvbyl‡K ms‡e`bkxj Ki‡Z
Dchy³ Kg©m~wP nv‡Z wb‡Z n‡e|
3. cwiQbœZv Kg©x‡`i mšvb‡`i wk¶vi Rb¨ cÖ‡Yv`bv e„wË Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e
Ges wk¶vq †KvUv c×wZ Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. cwiQbœZvKg©x‡`i ¯^v¯¨wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek Z_v Kv‡Ri DcKi‡Yi AvaywbKvqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. cwiQbœZv Kg©x‡`i wkw¶Z mšvb‡`i Dchy³ Kg©‡¶‡Î wb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ ivóªxq
wb‡ ©kbv •Zwi K‡i Zv ev¯evqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
- †gvt Aveyj evmvi: Kg©m~Px Kg©KZ©v, bvMwiK D‡`¨vM
185
†nv‡Uj †i÷z‡i›U kªwgK‡`i Ae ’v:
Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ KiYxq
nvmvb gvngy` Lvb
†nv‡Uj †i÷z‡i›U I K¨vw›U‡b Kg©iZ kªwgKiv evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU Ab¨Zg e„nr
†ckvRxex m¤cÖ`vq| wKš‧ ev¯weK A‡_© G †ckvq kªwgKiv Zv‡`i AwaKvi I
my‡hvM myweav †_‡K m¤ú~Y©fv‡eB ewÂZ| hv Zv‡`i‡K GKwU cÖwšK, Ae‡nwjZ I
`wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx‡Z cwiYZ K‡i‡Q| GLv‡b †nv‡Uj †i÷z‡i›U ej‡Z A‡c¶vK…Z
Kg e¨‡qi Lvevi †nv‡Uj †i÷z‡i›U I wewfbœ miKvwi, †emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi
K¨vw›Ub‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
cÖv_wgKfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ‡K․kj wek¦we`¨vj‡qi K¨vw›U‡b Kg©iZ kªwgK‡`i
KvQ †_‡K Zv‡`i bvbv eÂbvi K_v ï‡bB Avgiv, myweav ewÂZ gvbe Dbœqb
ms¯v (mvegvm) Zv‡`i mv‡_ KvR Ki‡Z AvMÖnx nB| wKš‧ Zv‡`i wel‡q Z_¨
msMÖn Ki‡Z wM‡q †`Lv hvq, G †ckvRxex m¤cÖ`v‡qi Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯v
msµvš †Kvb Z_¨B †Kv_vI †bB| G Ae¯vq kªwgK‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g
Zv‡`i AskMÖn‡bi wfwˇZ Zv‡`i Ae¯v I mgm¨vmgyn wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ wimvP©
Bwbwm‡qwUfm&, evsjv‡`k (wiBe) Gi mnvqZvq GKwU AskMÖnbg~jK AbymÜvb
M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| G M‡elYv XvKv, MvBevÜv I cÂMo †Rjvi cÖvq 76
wU †nv‡Uj †i÷z‡i›U I K¨vw›U‡b cwiPvwjZ nq Ges cÖvq 500 Rb kªwgK G‡Z
AskMÖnb K‡i| c×wZMZ w`K †_‡K G M‡elYvwU GKwU wgkª c×wZ‡Z,
AskMÖnb‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q mivmwi Av‡jvPbv, †dvKvm MÖc, Rwic, Kg©kvjv I
†KBm ÷vwWi gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ nq| G M‡elYvi cÖwZwU ¯‡iB kªwgKiv Zv‡`i
wb‡R‡`i Ae¯v I mgm¨vmg~n wPwýZ K‡i| M‡elK `j ïaygvÎ Z_¨mg~n
GKwÎKi‡Yi KvR K‡i|
G M‡elYvq †nv‡Uj †i÷z‡i‡›U Kg©iZ kªwgK‡`i eûgywL mgm¨v, Ae‡njv, `vwi ª
I wbh©vZ‡bi wPÎ †ei n‡q G‡m‡Q| G cÖe‡Ü me wel‡q wek` eY©bv †`qvi
my‡hvM bv _vKvq GLv‡b Avgiv msw¶ß cwim‡i cÖavb wKQy Z_¨ Zy‡j aiwQ|
AvMÖnxiv M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`b †_‡K wek` Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q Kg `vwg †nv‡Uj †i÷z‡i›U I K¨vw›Ub¸‡jv‡Z mvaviYZ Kg
eqmx †Q‡jivB †ewk KvR K‡i| G †¶‡Î wK‡kvi I hyeK‡`i cÖvavb¨ †ewk|
†ckvq Kg©iZ kªwgK‡`i msL¨v A‡bK| cÖvq 16.5% kªwg‡Ki eqm 14 eQ‡ii
186
wb‡P| AwaKvsk wkï kªwgK‡`i Mvmeq ev †cUeq wn‡m‡e ivLv nq Ges
Zv‡`i‡K w`‡q mve©¶wbKfv‡e †auvqv‡gvQvi KvR¸‡jv Kiv‡bv nq hv Zv‡`i
¯^v‡¯¨i Rb¨ SuzwKc~Y©| G †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ bvix kªwgK‡`i msL¨v cyil Kg©x‡`i
Zzjbvq A‡bK Kg| cÖwZwU †nv‡U‡j GKRb ev `yBRb bvix kªwgK KvR K‡ib|
kªwgK‡`i G †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ nevi KviY AbymÜvb Ki‡Z †M‡j mK‡jB
`vwi`ª‡K cÖavb KviY wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i| A‡b‡Ki c‡¶B wk¶vi e¨q
enb‡hvM¨ bq e‡j Zviv cov‡kvbv †Q‡o G Kv‡R P‡j Av‡m e‡j Rvbvq| GQvov
cvwievwiK fv½b, cwiev‡ii mv‡_ Ø›Ø, mvgvwRK Ø›Ø BZ¨vw` KviYI Ab¨Zg|
Gi evB‡i MÖvg †_‡K kn‡i G‡m G †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ nevi wcQ‡b Av‡iKwU eo
KviY n‡Q e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK FY| ZvQvov G †ckvq †Kvb c~e© AwfÁZvi
cÖ‡qvRb †bB e‡j †h †KD mn‡R KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
AwaKvsk kªwgK Zv‡`i G †ckvq mš‧ó bq Ges cÖvq 83% kªwgK Zv‡`i GB
†ckv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z AvMÖnx| Zviv g‡b K‡i GLv‡b Zviv ewÂZ n‡Q Ges G
Kv‡Ri †Kvb fwel¨Z †bB|
G †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ AwaKvsk kªwgKB eû m`m¨ wewkó cwiev‡ii m`m¨| cÖvq
51% kªwgK‡`i cwiev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨v 6 †_‡K 10 Rb Ges 41% kªwgK Zv‡`i
cwiev‡ii cÖavb DcvR©bKvwi e¨w³| hv †_‡K Zv‡`i A_©‣bwZK `vwqZ¡ m¤^‡Ü
GKwU aviYv cvIqv hvq|
†nv‡Uj †i÷z‡i›U-G Kg©iZ kªwgK‡`i GKwU eo Ask wbi¶i | cÖvq 51%
kªwgK †jLv cov Rv‡bbv ev f~‡j †M‡Q, hv‡`i g‡a¨ 34% KL‡bv ¯‥z‡jB hvqwb|
`vwi‡ ªi Kvi‡Y ¯‥z‡j bv hvIqv Ges cÖvBgvwi wk¶v †kl bv K‡i ¯‥zj †Q‡o Avmvq
G Ae¯vi Ab¨Zg KviY e‡j kªwgKiv g‡b K‡i|
G ch©š cÖ`Ë Z_¨ †_‡K G †m±‡i Kg©iZ kªwgK‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯v m¤^‡Ü
GKwU aviYv cvIqv hvq| hw`I `vwi`ªcxwoZ GB Rb‡Mvôx Zv‡`i Ae¯v †_‡K
cwiÎv‡Yi j‡¶¨B G †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ nq| wKš‧ Zv‡`i Kg©¯‡ji mgm¨vmg~n
Zv‡`i‡K Av‡iv cðvrMvgx K‡i‡Q|
Kg©¯‡j kªwgK‡`i G mgm¨v ïi nq Zv‡`i wb‡qvM cÖwµqv †_‡K| †nv‡Uj
†i÷z‡i‡›U Kg©iZ kªwgK‡`i †Kvb wbqgZvwš¿K wb‡qvM e¨e¯v †bB| ïaygvÎ gy‡Li
K_v‡ZB Zviv KvR ïi K‡i| †Kvb iK‡gi wb‡qvMcÎ Zv‡`i‡K †`qv nq bv|
d‡j kªwgK‡`i cÖwZ Zvi gvwj‡Ki †Kvb `vqe×Zv _v‡Kbv| Zv‡`i PvKwii †Kvb
wbðqZv †bB| †h †Kvb mgq gvwj‡Ki BQvq Zv‡`i PvKwi P‡j hvq| PvKzwi
cieZ©x †Kvb my‡hvM myweavI †bB|
187
kªwgK‡`i Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq A‡bK Kg cvwikªwgK †`qv nq| hv Øviv
Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i c‡¶ PjvB KwVb n‡q `vuovq| wkï kªwgK I bvix kªwg‡Kiv
cvwikªwg‡Ki †¶‡Î •el‡g¨i wkKvi nq| GQvovI wVK mg‡q cvwikªwgK bv †`qv,
cvwikªwgK bv w`‡q PvKzwi †_‡K ewn®‥vi K‡i †`qv BZ¨vw` bvbv ai‡bi mgm¨v
i‡q‡Q| cÖvq 35% kªwgK gv‡m gvÎ 300 †_‡K 700 UvKv †c‡q _v‡K|
Zv‡`i‡K †Kvb ai‡bi †evbvm, fvZv ev Ab¨ †Kvb ai‡bi Avw_©K myweav †`qv
nqbv|
kªwgK‡`i Ifvi UvBg ev †Kvb Avw_©K myweav QvovB A‡bK †ewk mgq a‡i KvR
Ki‡Z nq| AwaKvsk †¶‡Î Zviv Nyg †_‡K DVvi ciB KvR ïi K‡i Ges
Avevi Nyg‡Z hvevi AvM ch©š KvR K‡i| cÖvq 40% kªwgK‡K 14 N›UviI †ewk
mgq a‡i KvR Ki‡Z nq|
†nv‡Uj †i÷z‡i›U kªwgKiv KL‡bvB QywU cvqbv| Zv‡`i Rb¨ mvßvwnK, gvwmK ev
evrmwiK †Kvb QywUi e¨e¯v †bB| GgbwK we‡kl cÖ‡qvR‡b hw` †KD QywU †bq
Z‡e Zv‡K Ab¨ KvD‡K Zvi cwie‡Z© Kv‡R w`‡q †h‡Z nq| Ab¨_vq QywU wb‡j
Zvi PvKzwi P‡j hvq| gvwj‡Ki wbR¯^ †Kvb Kvi‡Y hw` †nv‡Uj eÜ _v‡K Z‡e †m
mg‡qi Rb¨ kªwgK‡`i‡K †Kvb cvwikªwgK †`qv nq bv|
A¯v¯¨Ki cwi‡e‡k `xN©mgq a‡i KvR Kivi Kvi‡Y AwaKvsk kªwgKB bvbv
ai‡bi kvixwiK mgm¨vq f~‡M| cÖvq 40% kªwgK †Kvb bv †Kvb `xN©‡gqvw` I
RwUj kvixwiK Amy Zvq Avµvš| gvwjK‡`i KvQ †_‡K Zviv †Kvb ai‡bi
wPwKrmv mvnvh¨ cvqbv| Avi Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q hvIqvi gZ Avw_©K ¯^QjZvI
Zv‡`i †bB| ZvB Zviv AwaKvsk †¶‡Î iv¯vi Jla we‡µZv‡`i DciB
wbf©ikxj| G‡Z K‡i A‡bK †¶‡Î Zviv f~j wPwKrmvi wkKvi nq| kixi †ewk
Amy ¨ n‡q co‡j Zviv KvR †Q‡o P‡j †h‡Z eva¨ nq|
G †ckvq Kg©iZ kªwg‡Ki †Kvb Avevmb e¨e¯v †bB| d‡j Zviv †i÷z‡i‡›Ui
wfZ‡iB A¯v¯¨Ki cwi‡e‡k GKmv‡_ _vK‡Z eva¨ nq| wewfbœ eq‡mi kªwgKiv
GK mv‡_ _vKvi Kvi‡Y bvbv ai‡bi mgm¨vi m„wó nq Ges wkï kªwg‡Kiv cÖvqB
kvixwiK wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi nq| G QvovI †i÷z‡i‡›Ui wfZ‡i †Pqvi †Uwe‡ji
Dci I ivbœv N‡i Nygv‡Z wM‡q wewfbœ mgq `~N©Ubv N‡U _v‡K|
†nv‡Uj †i÷z‡i›U kªwg‡Ki Rb¨ †Kvb ai‡bi m¨vwb‡Uk‡bi e¨e¯v †bB| Zviv
mvaviYZ wbKUeZ©x evRvi ev cvewjK Uq‡jU e¨envi K‡i| A‡bK †¶‡Î Zviv
†Lvjv gv‡V ev R½‡j gj Z¨vM K‡i hv Zv‡`i wewfbœ kvixwiK mgm¨v m„wó K‡i|
Rb¯v‡¯¨i Rb¨ GwU gvivZ¥K ûgwK ¯^iƒc| G Ae¯vi Kvi‡Y kªwgKiv cÖvq
kvixwiK mgm¨vq f~‡M _v‡K|
188
kªwgK‡`i GKgvÎ myweav †h Zviv Lvevi †c‡q _v‡K| wKš‧ `yt‡Li welq, †h
Lvevi Zv‡`i‡K †`qv nq Zv Zv‡`i kvixwiK cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq AcÖZzj Ges
AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB LiP Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ wbgœgv‡bi Lvevi †`qv nq| kªwgK‡`i
Lvev‡i Avwgl _v‡K bv ej‡jB P‡j| A‡bK †¶‡Î Zviv w`‡bi ci w`b ïay fvZ
I mewR †L‡q _v‡K|
AwaKvsk kªwgKB SuywKc~Y© I A¯v¯¨Ki cwi‡e‡k `xN©mgq a‡i KvR K‡i| cÖvq
me †i÷z‡i‡›Ui ivbœvNi AZ¨š A¯v¯¨Ki I wNwÂ| ivbœvNi †_‡K †auvqv wbM©g‡Yi
mye¨e¯v bv _vKvq wfZ‡i Kg©iZ kªwgKiv dzmdz‡mi mgm¨vq Avµvš nq|
AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB ivbœvN‡i cÖ‡e‡ki I wbM©g‡Yi c_ AZ¨š msKxY© _v‡K| hvi
d‡j AwMœKvÊ NU‡j gvivZ¥K `~N©Ubv N‡U| GQvov `ªZ mvwf©m †`qvi Rb¨
AwaKvsk kªwgK Lvwj cv‡q KvR K‡i| hviv evmb gvRvi I Ab¨vb¨ †auvqv‡gvQvi
KvR K‡i Zviv Mfm ev Ab¨ wKQy e¨envi bv Kivi Kvi‡Y nv‡Z I cv‡q ¶Z m„wó
nq| G mKj †nv‡Uj I †i÷z‡i›U kªwgK‡`i Rb¨ mvgvb¨Zg cÖv_wgK wPwKrmviI
e¨e¯v †bB|
kªwgK‡`i Av‡iKwU cÖavb mgm¨v n‡Q kvixwiK I gvmwmK wbh©vZb| wkï I Aí
eqwm kªwgKivB cÖavbZ kvixwiK wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi nq| Z‡e gvbwmK wbh©vZb
mevB‡K mn¨ Ki‡Z nq| kªwgKiv gvwjK I Kv÷gvi `yc‡¶i KvQ †_‡KB
wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi nq| Lvevi mieivn Ki‡Z GKUz †`wi n‡j ev gvb Lvivc n‡j
Kv÷gviiv gvwjK bv e‡j kªwgK‡`i MvwjMvjvR K‡i| A‡bK †¶‡Î gviaiI
K‡i| kªwgK‡`i †Kvb KvR AcQ›` n‡jB gvwjKiv Zv‡`i wbh©vZb K‡i| bvix I
wkï kªwgKiv gvwjK I Ab¨vb¨ kªwgK‡`i ØvivI wbh©vwZZ nq|
kªwgK‡`i wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨I wewfbœ cÖKvi we‡f` I mgm¨v i‡q‡Q| wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨
H‡K¨i Afve Zv‡`i‡K AviI `~e©j Ki‡Q| Gi d‡j gvwj‡Ki †Kvb Ab¨vq
AvPiY ev Kv‡Ri cÖwZev` Kivi gZ mvnm Zv‡`i _v‡Kbv| wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨,
A‣b‡K¨i Kvi‡Y, kªwgK‡`i Dci A‣bwZKfv‡e †Kvb wKQy Pvwc‡q w`‡qI
gvwj‡Kiv cvi †c‡q hvq| kªwgKiv wb‡Riv cÖvqB bvbv ai‡bi SMov weev` K‡i
_v‡K| G mKj we‡f` ev gZv‣bK¨ wgUv‡bvi †Kvb c×wZI Zv‡`i Rvbv †bB |
h_vh_ wk¶v I Z‡_¨i Afve kªwgK‡`i µgvMZ wcwQ‡q w`‡Q | G‡K‡Zv Zv‡`i
h‡_ó wk¶v †bB, Gi Dci †Kvb wel‡q †Kvb Z_¨I Zv‡`i Kv‡Q †cu․Qvq bv|
d‡j Zv‡`i wK Kiv DwPZ G wel‡qI Zviv mwVK wm×vš wb‡Z cv‡ibv| GQvov
AvZ¥ Dbœqb I `¶Zv e„w×i Afve Zv‡`i‡K w`‡b w`‡b Av‡iv cðvrc` Ki‡Q|
h_vh_ Z_¨ I Áv‡bi Afve‡K kªwgKiv Av‡iKwU eo mgm¨v e‡j g‡b K‡i|
GKwU †ckv wn‡m‡e G Kv‡Ri †Kvb gh©v`v ev ¯^xK…wZ †bB e‡j kªwgKiv g‡b
K‡i| †Kv_vI wM‡q †nv‡Uj †i÷z‡i›U kªwgK e‡j cwiPq w`‡j gvbyl m¤§vb K‡i
189
bv eis †QvU K‡i †`‡L| ZvB GB †ckvq Kg©iZ kªwgKiv nxbgb¨Zvq †fv‡M Ges
Zviv G †ckvi ¯^xK…wZ PvB|
mywbw`©ófv‡e G kªwgK Rb‡Mvôxi AwaKvi wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ wbw`©ó †Kvb AvBb
†bB| d‡j cÖPwjZ AvBb Øviv Zv‡`i AwaKvi wbwðZ n‡Q bv Ges Zviv AvBbx
myweav †_‡K ewÂZ n‡Q| kªg AvBbI G †ckvq Kg©iZ kªwgK‡`i †¶‡Î ev¯
evwqZ n‡Q bv| RvZxq bxwZ wba©viY I wm×vš MÖn‡bi †¶‡Î GKwU †ckvRxex
m¤cÖ`vq wn‡m‡eI Zviv cwiwPZ bq| hvi d‡j Zviv µgvMZB Ae‡nwjZ n‡Q
Ges Dbœqb cÖwµqv †_‡K wcwQ‡q co‡Q|
bvix cyi‡li •elg¨ G †ckvi Av‡iKwU Ab¨Zg mgm¨v| bvix kªwgKiv G †ckvq
bvbvg~Lx •el‡g¨i wkKvi n‡Q| Zv‡`i‡K cyil kªwgK‡`i †P‡q Kg cvwikªwgK
†`qv nq| GQvov Zviv bvbvb ai‡bi gvbwmK wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi n‡Q| bvix
AwaKvi †_‡K Zviv m¤ú~Y©B ewÂZ n‡Q|
kªwgK‡`i A‡b‡KB bvbvb ai‡bi Lvivc Af¨vm I †bkvq Avµvš| hvi g‡a¨ g`
I Ryqv †Ljv Ab¨Zg| GwU Zv‡`i A_©‣bwZK Ae¯v‡K Av‡iv SuzwKc~Y© Ki‡Q|
we‡bv`‡bi †Kvb e¨e¯v bv _vKvq Ges cwievi †_‡K `~‡i _vKvi Kvi‡Y
kªwgK‡`i GKwU eo Ask SuywKc~Y© †h․b AvPi‡Y Af¨¯| d‡j G †ckvq Kg©iZ
kªwgKiv GBPAvBwf, GBWm Gi Rb¨ GKwU SuywKc~Y© Rb‡Mvôx|
m‡ev©cwi G‡¶‡Î Kg©iZ kªwgK‡`i wb‡R‡`i gZ cÖKv‡ki †Kvb ¯^vaxbZv †bB|
†Kvb wel‡q Zv‡`i gZvgZ MÖnb Kiv nqbv ev ¸iZ¡ †`qv nq bv| Zviv me wKQy
†g‡b Pj‡Z eva¨| Gi d‡j Zviv g‡b K‡i Zv‡`i ¯vaxbZv †bB| m‡e©vcwi
†nv‡Uj †i÷z‡i›U kªwgK‡`i mgm¨vmg~n Zz‡j aiv I Gi mgvav‡bi j‡¶¨ Zv‡`i
gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki †Kvb cvUdg© †bB hv Zv‡`i‡K µgktB Av‡iv wb‡®úwlZ
Rb‡Mvôx‡Z cwibZ Ki‡Q| G M‡elYv †_‡K G welq G‡Kev‡iB cwi®‥vi †h G
†ckvi kªwgKiv GKwU Ae‡nwjZ ,wbh©vwZZ I wcwQ‡q cov Rb‡Mvôx| G Ae¯vi
cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ wKQy mycvwikI kªwgK‡`i mivmwi AskMÖn‡bi gva¨‡g wba©viY
Kiv nq| G¸‡jv nj:
kªwgK‡`i mwVK Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ G †ckvq Zv‡`i mivmwi AskMÖn‡bi
gva¨‡g mywbw`©ó cwiKíbv cÖYqb| Zv‡`i AskMÖnb wbwðZc~e©K Zv
ev evq‡bi e¨vcK wfwËK D‡`¨vM MÖnb| kªwgK‡`i mivmwi AskMÖnb
Zv‡`i wel‡q †h †Kvb cwiKíbvi †¶‡Î AZ¨š ¸iZ¡c~Y©| †Kbbv, wewfbœ
ev eZvi mv‡_ Zviv GZUvB m¤ú„³ †h, Zv‡`i AskMÖnb Qvov †Kvb
cwiKíbvq djcÖmy n‡e bv |
190
kªwgKiv †h me †nv‡Uj †i÷z‡i›U ev K¨vw›U‡b KvR Ki‡Q †mLv‡b Zv‡`i
AwaKvi wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ †i÷z‡i›U wfwËK kªwgK‡`i ¶z`ª ¶z`ª msMVb M‡o
†Zvjv cÖ‡hvRb| G mKj msMV‡bi `¶Zv e„w×i gva¨‡g kªwgK‡`i AwaKvi
Av`v‡qi j‡¶¨ ev¯e wfwËK D‡`¨vM MÖnb Kiv `iKvi| †UªW BDwbqb¸‡jv
hLb RvZxq ivRbxwZi mv‡_ mivmwi m¤ú„³ G Ae¯vq †i÷z‡i›U wfwËK
mywbw`©ó mgm¨vmg~n mgvav‡b G ¶z`ª msMVb¸‡jv ¸iZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
kªwgK‡`i wbR¯ D‡`¨v‡M M‡elYvi gva¨‡g eZ©gvb cwiw¯wZi wfZi †_‡KB
Dbœqb mnvqK c×wZ I cwi‡ek D™¢veb I cÖ‡qvM Kiv| G j‡¶¨ kªwgK‡`i
cwiPvwjZ MYM‡elYv GKwU ¸iZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
kªwgK‡`i gZ cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM m„wó Kiv I Zv‡`i K_v ej‡Z †`qvi Rb¨
kªwgK, gvwjK, Kv÷gvi, †UªW BDwbqb I Ab¨vb¨ †÷K‡nvìvi‡`i mgš‡q
GKwU cvUd‡g©i cÖ‡qvRb| G cvUd‡g© me †÷K‡nvìvi hvi hvi Ae¯vb
†_‡K K_v ejvi my‡hvM cv‡e Ges G Rb‡Mvôxi mgm¨v I mgvavb wel‡q
GKwU †evSvcovi m„wó n‡e|
†nv‡Uj †i÷z‡i›U kªwgK‡`i hveZxq AwaKvi wbwðZ Kivi j‡¶¨ cÖPwjZ
AvB‡bi ms¯‥vi cÖ‡qvRb| GQvov cÖ‡qvR‡b G wel‡q bZzb AvBb cÖYqb
Kiv&| †nv‡Uj †i÷z‡i›U¸‡jv wkí wn‡m‡e wPwýZ bq| Kv‡RB G Kv‡R
wb‡qvwRZ kªwgKiv wkí kªwg‡Ki myweavw` †_‡KI ewÂZ| G †ckv wel‡q †h
mKj AvBbx RwUjZv i‡q‡Q Zvi AemvbKiY Ges kªwgK‡`i Rb¨ AvBbB
mnvqZv wbwðZ Kiv|
kªwgK‡`i ¯^v¯¨, wk¶v I wPwKrmv mgm¨vmg~n mgvav‡bi j‡¶¨ Lye `ªZ
D‡`¨vM MÖnb Kiv Riix| G †¶‡Î gvwjK, kªwgK, miKvwi-†emiKvwi I
Ab¨vb¨ mn‡hvMx ms¯vi AskMÖn‡bi gva¨‡g c`‡¶c MÖnb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
Ab¨_vq G Rb‡Mvôxi mvgvwRK AMÖMwZ gvivZ¥Kfv‡e e¨vnZ n‡e|
†nv‡Uj †i÷z‡i›U kªwgK‡`i Rb¨ ¯^v¯¨Ki m¨vwb‡Ukb I Avevmb e¨e¯v
KivI AZ¨š Riix| kªwgK‡`i g‡a¨ ¯^v¯¨, wk¶v, AvZ¥-Dbœqb I Ab¨vb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq wel‡q e¨vcK m‡PZbZv •Zwi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| GQvov hv‡Z Zviv
G †ckvq fvj Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi Rb¨ †ckvMZ `¶Zve„w×g~jK cÖwk¶‡Yi
e¨e¯v Kiv| Z‡e G wel‡q gvwjK‡`i‡K ¸iZ¡c~Y© fywgKv cvjb Ki‡Z
n‡e|
gvwjK, Kv÷gvi, †UªW BDwbqbmn mKj †÷K‡nvìvi‡`i g‡a¨ D³
Rb‡Mvôxi wewfbœ mgm¨v m¤^‡Ü GKwU e¨vcK wfwËK avibv •Zwi Ges
mKj‡K Zv‡`i cÖwZ mnvbyfywZkxj Kiv|
191
RvZxq bxwZwba©viY I Dbœqb cwiKíbvq GKwU myweav ewÂZ I wcwQ‡q cov
Rb‡Mvôx wn‡m‡e Zv‡`i Dcw¯wZ wbwðZKiY Ges Zv‡`i welqwU‡K
¸iZ¡mnKv‡i we‡ePbv Kiv|
m‡ev©cwi G Ae‡nwjZ kªwgK Rb‡Mvôx‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨
RvZxq, AvšR©vwZK, miKvwi, †emiKvwi wewfbœ Dbœqb I †mev `vbKvwi
ms¯vi mgš‡q GKwU mv‡cvU© †bUIqvK© M‡o †Zvjvi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i‡K mwVK
mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
me‡k‡l G K_v ejv hvq †h, †nv‡Uj †i÷z‡i›U †m±‡i evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU eo
Rb‡Mvôx Kg©iZ| wKš‧ Zv‡`i AwaKvimg~n h_vh_fv‡e c~iY bv Kivi Kvi‡Y
GB weivU Rb‡Mvôx `vwi ªmxgvi wb‡PB i‡q †M‡Q Ges µgvMZ Av‡iv `wi ª n‡q
co‡Q| G Ae¯vq cÖ`Ë mycvwikmg~‡ni wfwˇZ †nv‡Uj †i÷z‡i›U kªwgK‡`i
mwVK Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ D‡`¨vM †bqv Riix|
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192
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Avmjvg Lvb
DbœZ †`kmg~‡ni wek¦vq‡bi K¨v‡¤úB‡b mvaviYfv‡e gvbyl †f‡e wb‡qwQj Mixe
†`k abx n‡e, Drcv`b evo‡e, û û K‡i wkíKviLvbv M‡o DV‡e, Mixe †`‡ki
Drcvw`Z cb¨ abx †`‡ki yqvi w`‡q Zv‡`i evRv‡i Xy‡K co‡e| mviv we‡k¦i
Øvi D‡b¥vPb n‡e kªªwg‡Ki Kv‡Ri Rb¨, wewb‡qvM evo‡e, Aeva mylg
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq b¨vh¨Zv cÖwZwôZ n‡e| GgbUvB g‡b Kiv n‡qwQj wek¦vqb n‡Q
A_©‣bwZK ms¯‥vi Kg©m~wP| A_©‣bwZK cÖe„w×, gvby‡li Rxe‡bi gvb Dbœqb, `vwi`ª
we‡gvPb, e¨emv evwYR¨ e„w×, wkívqb I Dbœq‡bi j¶¨ wb‡q wek¦ e¨vsK,
AvBGgGd GKwU A_©‣bwZK e¨e¯v cÖeZ©‡bi mycvwik K‡i| Avw_©K ms¯‥v‡ii G
bv‡gB wek¦vqb c„w_ex‡Z cwiwPZ n‡q DVj| wek¦vqb cÖwµqvq gvby‡li mvgvwRK
web¨vm `ªZ cwiewZ©Z n‡Q| iƒcvšwiZ n‡Q Avgv‡`i gyj¨‡eva, cwiewZ©Z n‡Q
Rxeb hvcb c×wZ, bZzbfv‡e web¨¯ n‡Q cÖ_v cÖwZ‡ek Ges A_©bxwZ|
K‡c©v‡iU cuywRi AvšR©vwZK PjvPj Ges G‡`i Drcvw`Z cb¨ wek¦e¨vwc Aeva
evRvi m„wói cÖvwZôvwbK Av‡qvRb M‡o †Zvjvi bvgB wek¦vqb| G wek¦vqb
Neoliberal Globalization ev be¨ D`vi wek¦vqb bv‡g cwiwPZ| hv‡K K‡c©v‡iU
wek¦vqbI ejv nq| evsjv‡`kI wek¦vq‡bi †XD‡q †`vjvwqZ| wek¦e¨vsK,
AvBGgGd Gi †cÖmwµck‡b †`k cwiPvwjZ n‡Q| ÒcÖvB‡fUvB‡Rkb †evW©Ó
MVb K‡i ivóªvqvZ¡ KjKviLvbv e¨w³ gvwjKvbvq †Q‡o †`qv n‡q‡Q|
KjKviLvbvmg~n AvaywbKvqb bv K‡i eÜ Kiv n‡q‡Q| weÁvb cÖhyw³i
AvaywbKvqb, `¶ kªwgK, ¸YMZ gvb m¤úbœ c‡Y¨i mv‡_ Avgv‡`i †`‡ki cyi‡bv
hš¿cvwZ, K‡g©v‡`¨v³vi Afv‡e, A`¶ kªwgK, evgyb n‡q DbœZ †`‡ki nvwZi mv‡_
Amg cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wUK‡Z cvi‡Qbv| wkí KjKviLvbvi †jvKmv‡bi Rb¨ ïaygvÎ
kªwgK Ges †UªW BDwbq‡bi Dci `vqfvi Pvwc‡q †`Iqv nq wKš‧ we‡ePbvq
†bIqv nqbv wewb‡qvM, evRvi c‡Y¨i gvb, gvwj‡Ki KwgU‡g›U, miKvwi
c„ô‡cvlKZv, kªwg‡Ki cÖwk¶Y G welqmg~n| †jvKmvbK…Z wkí e¨vsK †_‡K
UvKv FY wb‡q †mB UvKv w`‡q KjKviLvbv wK‡b wb‡q wKQz w`b Pvjv‡bvi ci †j-
Ad K‡i †`Iqv nq| d‡j e¨w³Lv‡Z mn‡R eo‡jvK nIqvi †Ljvwc F‡Yi
GKwU ¯vqx †jvfbxq KjPvj‡Ki m„wó n‡q‡Q| wek¦vqb cÖwµqvq ivR‣bwZK
wek¦vqb ¯^vaxb mv‡e©v‡f․g miKvi ¯^vaxb bq, wek¦ e¨vsK, AvBGgGd G‡`i
†cÖmwµck‡b Pj‡Z nq| mvs¯‥…wZK wek¦vq‡b weÁvc‡b ïay `¶Zv †hvM¨Zv
cÖwZ‡hvwvMZvi K_v ejv nq wKš‧ wK‡mi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, Kvi mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Zv
193
Avi ejv nqbv| d‡j kªwgK g‡b K‡i †m A`¶ Zvi gRywi Kg n‡e| †UªW
BDwbqb wkí Drcv`‡bi mnvqK bq eis euvav| 20/25 eQ‡i mvs¯‥…wZK wek¦vqb
kªwgK‡K AviI `ye©j K‡i w`‡q‡Q| abx †`kmg~n Mixe †`‡k wkí Drcv`b †nvK
Zv Pvq bv D‡ëv e‡Üi Rb¨ fZ©ywK †`q| D`vniY ¯^iƒc ejv hvq Av`gRx RyU
wgj| 71 mvj †_‡K 97 mvj ch©š G 26 eQ‡i Av`gRxi †jvKmvb 300 †KvwU
UvKv| Avi cieZx©Kv‡j 98 mvj †_‡K 2002 mvj ch©š wek¦e¨vs‡Ki wb‡`©‡k
WvDb mvBR Ki‡Z wM‡q †jvKmv‡bi cwigvb 900 †KvwU UvKv| hw`I 31 eQ‡i
(2002 Ryb ch©š) Av`gRx RyU wgj †`‡k 2 nvRvi 238 †KvwU UvKvi •e‡`wkK
gy`ªv G‡b‡Q| 3Õk 68 †KvwU 10 jvL UvKv e¨vsK my` eve` cwi‡kva K‡i‡Q|
miKvwi †KvlvMv‡i Rgv c‡o‡Q 9 k †KvwU UvKv| wewfbœ wej eve` w`‡q‡Q 197
†KvwU 85 jvL UvKv| G Z_¨ mg~n †Mvcb †i‡L †jvKmv‡bi cªPvi †ewk †ewk
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evsjv‡`k 25 †KvwU Wjvi we‡`kx mvnvh¨ cÖ`v‡bi Pzw³ Kiv n‡Q ZLb Avevi
fvi‡Zi cvU wk‡íi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ 25 †KvwU Wjvi cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Av`gRx RyU
wgj e‡Üi ¶q ¶wZ ïay Av`gRxi g‡a¨B mxgve× _v‡K bvB, Gi cÖfve c‡o‡Q
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nv‡Zi KvR, †mjvB‡qi KvR, wewo KviLvbvi KvR, `wR©i KvR, ïUwK gvQ
cÖwµqvKiY, evjycv_i en‡bi KvR BZ¨vw`| ZviciI G Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ‡`i
†Kvb w`K wb‡ ©kbv bxwZ I AvBb †bB|
j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e cÖvwZôvwbK LvZ ªZB msKzwPZ n‡q AwaKZi Pvc co‡Q
AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi Dci| eZ©gvb miKvi ¶gZvq Avmvi ci Pvi gv‡mi g‡a¨B
miKvwi gvwjKvbvaxb 17 wU wkí cÖwZôvb wewµi wm×vš †bq| GQvov ¶gZv
Qvovi Av‡MB Av‡iv 32 wU cÖwZôvb ch©vqµ‡g wewµi cÖ¯ve Aby‡gv`b Kiv nq|
†emiKvwiKi‡Yi bv‡g we-wek¦vqb n‡Q | we-wek¦vqb cÖwµqvq AcÖvwZôvwbK
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Ki‡Z AvBGjI AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi wbgœwjwLZ •ewkó¨mg~n wPwýZ K‡i‡Q-
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- cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶vi NvUwZ;
- Kg gRywi;
- eva¨Zvg~jK Ifvi UvBg;
- †g․wjK AwaKvi A¯xKvi;
- PvKwii Kg wbðqZv;
- Kg©Pzw³ bv _vKv;
- †`kxq m¤ú` wbf©iZv;
- ¶z`ª AvKv‡ii cwiPvjbv cÖYvjx;
- kªg FY I hš¿mnvqK;
- Awbqwš¿Z I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvc~Y© evRvi;
- D‡`¨v³v KZ©„K mivmwi Zvi cY¨ †fv³vi Kv‡Q weZiY;
- mywbw`©ó mgq Abyhvwq cwiPvwjZ|
AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªwgK‡`i‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, †hgb: gRywi
kªwgK, ¯^wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK I cvwikªwgK Qvov cvwievwiK kªwgK| AcÖvwZôvwbK
LvZ GKwU ev eZv | G ev¯ eZvi mgm¨v i‡q‡Q gRywi m‡švlRbK bq|
KvR cvIqvi cÖwµqv t `vjvj AvZ¡xq¯^Rb cvwievwiK cwiP‡q cÖ‡ek K‡i|
Pzw³i aiY t wjwLZ bq †g․wLK|
PvKwii weeiY t AvbyôvwbK c×wZ M‡o D‡Vwb|
eqm I Avq t eqm Abyhvwq Avq Kg †ewk nq|
Kg©N›Uv t 8 N›Uvi †ewk Ki‡Z nq|
gRywi t Ifvi UvB‡gi gRywi A‡bK mgq †`Iqv nqbv|
bvixi gvZ„Z¡ Kvjxb QzwU †bB, mvgwqK QzwU bv _vKv, gRywi •elg¨ cÖwZev` Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv, †UªW BDwbqb AwaKvi †bB| gvwjKiv kªwgK wn‡m‡e †g‡b wb‡Z PvB
bv| kªwg‡Ki AwaKvi D‡cw¶Z| ZeyI GLv‡ZB †`k GMy‡Q, mgm¨v mgvav‡b
HK¨e× HK¨gZ cÖ‡qvRb|
AvkvnZ bq Avkvev`x n‡Z n‡e t
e¨w³ †Mvôxi Drcv`bkxj g‡bvfve, †gav m„RbkxjZv, •ah©¨, P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejvq
mvnm, e¨w³ cwievi D‡`¨v³vi BwZnvm Avgv‡`i †`‡k bZzb bq| †XwK‡Z avb
†_‡K Pvj evbv‡bv, gvwUi evmb †Kvmb •Zwi, ¶z`ª Kvgvikvjvq `v Kzovj •Zwi,
evwo‡Z e‡m ZvgvK cvZv evbv‡bv, KzwUi wk‡íi KvR, wbg©vb Kv‡R kªwgK, ¶z ª
AvKv‡i †MvôxMZfv‡e gvQ aiv I wewµ, ïUwK cÖwµqv KiY G ai‡bi KvR
HwZn¨MZfv‡e n‡q AvmwQj| wKš‧ cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯wZ‡Z cÖvwZôvwbK LvZ M‡o
D‡V‡Q| Avevi wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e Avgv‡`i †`‡k cÖvwZôvwbK LvZ msKzwPZ
195
n‡Q| abx †`k Pvqbv Mixe †`k `uvovK| GK GK mgq GK GK w_Iwi
evRviRvZ K‡i A_©‣bwZK wbcxob Pvjvq| evsjv‡`‡kI Zvi Kib cwiYwZ
ivóªxq iMœ LvZ, e¨vcKZv †c‡q‡Q AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ| `vZv‡`i me civgk© †g‡b
bv wb‡q wkí i¶vq `i KlvKwl Kiv, Kg© cwi‡ek •Zwi Kiv, gvwjK kªwgK
mym¤úK© e„w× Kiv, †UªW BDwbq‡b AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki gvbyl †h †Kvb `~‡h©vM, A_©‣bwZK g›`v †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
†h †Kvb KwVb cwiw¯wZ‡Z Lvc LvIqv‡Z cv‡i| Avkvq eyK †eu‡a Rxeb msMÖv‡g
Svwc‡q c‡o| So-SvÅvq nvj †Q‡o †`q bv| k³ nv‡Z GwM‡q hvq| wb‡R‡`i
m¤ú` Kv‡R jvwM‡q jä Ávb cwikªg K‡i †QvU †QvU wkí KviLvbv euvwP‡q
ivL‡ev| G †`‡ki kªwgKiv cvi‡e msKU DËi‡Yi c_ †`Lv‡Z| †h c‡_ G¸‡e
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1. cÖvwZôvwbK I AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ t evsjv‡`k kªg AvBb 2006 Gi
Av‡jv‡K
evsjv‡`k kªgAvBb 2006 Gi 2(K) Abyhvqx, ÔDrcv`b cÖwµqvÕ A_© †h‡Kvb
cÖwµqv h_v, †Kvb e¯‧ ev c`v‡_©i e¨envi, weµq, cwienb, weZiY, cÖ`k©b ev
n vš‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ Dnv cÖ¯‧Z, cwieZ©b, †givgZ, AjsKiY, isKiY, †a․ZKiY,
m¤ú~Y© ev wbLuyZKiY, MuvU ev †gvoK e›`xKiY A_ev Ab¨ †Kvbfv‡e wbg©vY
cÖwµqvq Av‡ivcKiY‡K †evSv‡e|
2(6) aviv Abyhvqx, ÔKg©kvjvÕ A_© †Kvb evwoNi ev Avw½bv †hLv‡b †Kvb wkí
cÖwµqv P‡j I 2(7) aviv Abyhvqx ÔKviLvbvÕ A_© Ggb †Kvb Ni-evox ev Avw½bv
†hLv‡b erm‡i †Kvbw`b mvaviYZt cuvPRb ev Z‡ZvwaK kªwgK Kg©iZ _v‡Kb
Ges Dnvi †Kvb As‡k †Kvb Drcv`b cÖwµqv Pvjy _v‡K (wKš‧ †Kvb Lwb Bnvi
Ašf©y³ nB‡e bv); Ges 2 (60) aviv Abyhvqx, ÔwkíÕ A_© †h‡Kvb e¨emv,
evwYR¨, Drcv`b, e„wË, †ckv, PvKzwi ev wb‡qvM; 2 (31) aviv Abyhvqx, ÔcÖwZôvbÕ
A_© †Kvb †`vKvb, evwYR¨ cÖwZôvb, wkí cÖwZôvb A_ev evwo-Ni ev Avw½bv
†hLv‡b †Kvb wkí cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ kªwgK wb‡qvM Kiv nq; 2(61) aviv Abyhvqx,
Ôwkí cÖwZôvbÕ A_© †Kvb Kg©kvjv, Drcv`b cÖwµqv A_ev Ab¨ †Kvb cÖwZôvb
†hLv‡b †Kvb e¯‧ cÖ¯‧Z nq, Awf‡hvwRZ nq, cÖwµqvRvZ Kiv nq A_ev Drcbœ
nq, A_ev †hLv‡b e¨envi, cwienb, weµq, Pvjvb A_ev n¯vši Kivi j‡¶¨
†Kvb e¯‧ ev c`v‡_©i •Zwi, cwieZ©b, †givgZ, AjsKiY, m¤ú~Y© ev wbLuyZKiY
A_ev MuvU ev †gvoKe›`xKiY A_ev Ab¨ †Kvbfv‡e wbg©vY cÖwµqvq Av‡ivc
Kivi †Kvb KvR cwiPvwjZ nq|
wKš‧ 1(4) (Y) aviv Abyhvqx M„ncwiPviK I 1 (4) (X) aviv Abyhvqx Ggb †Kvb
K…wlLvgvi †hLv‡b mvaviYZt `k R‡bi Kg kªwgK KvR K‡ib, †mLv‡b
kªgAvBb 2006 cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv|
28
bvMwiK D‡`¨vM I cvU©bviwkc Ae DB‡gb Bb GKkb (cvIqv) Gi D‡`¨v‡M 02-03 A‡±vei 2009 AbywôZ
AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi RvZxq kªwgK Kb‡fk‡b Dc¯vwcZ
197
A_©vr kªg AvB‡bi Dc‡iv³ msÁvbyhvqx, cÖPwjZ AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ wnmv‡e
cwiwPZ A‡bK Kg©kvjv, cÖwZôvb wKsev KviLvbv †hgb wbg©vY wkí, gvSvix
AvKv‡ii n¨vPvix, †cvwëª wkí, eybb I †mjvB KviLvbv, e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb ¶z`ª
AvKv‡ii cY¨ Drcv`b I †givgZ KviLvbv cÖf„wZ cÖvwZôvwbK LvZ wnmv‡e
cwiMwYZ n‡e| wKš‧ eZ©gvb Av_©-mvgvwRK ev¯ eZvq cÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi D³
msÁv ev ‡e Kvh©Ki bq| eis cÖvwZôvwbK LvZ ej‡Z Avgiv mvaviYZt eo eo
KviLvbv¸‡jv‡K ey‡S _vwK| Ab¨w`‡K ¶z`ª, gvSvix I e¨w³ ch©v‡qi KviLvbv
wKsev Kg©‡¶Î‡K cÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi Aš©fy³ Kivi †Kvb D‡`¨vM cwijw¶Z
nqwb| cÖPwjZ GB a¨vb-aviYv Ges `vex Dc¯vc‡bi j‡¶¨ msMVwbK KvVv‡gv I
mvsMVwbK D‡`¨v‡Mi Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y AcÖvwZôvwbK Gme LvZ‡K cÖvwZôvwbK
Lv‡Zi AvIZvq wb‡q Avmvi cÖ‡qvRbxq D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi wPšv miKvwi ch©v‡q
Abyf~Z nqwb Ges †emiKvwi ch©vq n‡ZI G wel‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq I Kvh©Ki D‡`¨vM
I `vex Dc¯vwcZ nqwb|
2. evsjv‡`‡ki kªgkw³i wefvRb
evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb e~¨‡ivÕi kªgkw³ Rwic 2005-06 Gi wnmve Abyhvqx 15+
eq‡mi †gvU kªgkw³ 49.5 wgwjq‡bi g‡a¨ 47.4 wgwjqb Rbkw³ kª‡g
wb‡qvwRZ; Gi g‡a¨ cÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªgkw³ 10.2 wgwjqb Ges
AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ 37.2 wgwjqb| 1999-2000 G AcÖvwZôvwbK
Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªgkw³ wQj 29.3 wgwjqb, hv 2002-03 mv‡j e„w× †c‡q
`uvwo‡q‡Q 35.1 wgwjq‡b Ges 2005-06 G 37.2 wgwjq‡b|
3. wek¦vqb I AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ
wek¦vqb I evwYR¨ D`vixKi‡Yi d‡j cÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi ms‡KvPb I
AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi e„w× D‡ØMRbKfv‡e e„w× cv‡Q| cÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi
Drcv`be¨e¯vi e¨q ms‡KvP‡bi j‡¶¨ AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi ¸iZ¡ e„w× cv‡Q|
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wkKvi n‡Q| †mBmv‡_ evo‡Q `vwi`ª| `vwi`ª n«v‡mi †h j¶¨gvÎv wb‡q RvwZmsN
mnmªvã Dbœqb j¶¨gvÎv wba©viY K‡i‡Q, Zv AR©b e¨vnZ n‡Q|
wek¦vq‡bi g~j ZË¡ evwYwR¨K A_©bxwZ‡Kw›`ªK wewae¨e¯v A_©vr gy³evRvi m¤ú„³,
hvi gva¨‡g mvivwek¦e¨vcx c‡Y¨i Aeva cÖevn, cY¨ Drcv`b e¨e¯vq miKvwi
n ‡¶‡ci bxwZgvjvi Aemvb A_©vr ivóªvqvZ¡ Kj-KviLvbvi weivóªxKiY BZ¨vw`
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Kivi e¨e¯vB wek¦vqb| cb¨ Drcv`b I wecbbe¨e¯v mivmwi kª‡gi mv‡_
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198
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Ae‡njvi †Pv‡L †`Lv nq|
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cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi bxwZ wba©vwiZ nq wek¦evwYR¨ ms¯vi m`m¨ iv󪸇jvi wØ-evwl©K
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djvd‡j KvVv‡gv I `¶Zvi wePv‡i ye©j ivóª ‡jvi RvZxq bxwZgvjv I
AvBbmgyn D‡c¶vi wkKvi nq| evsjv‡`‡k kªgAvB‡b kªwg‡Ki AwaKvi,
Kg©cwi‡ek, †ckvMZ ¯v¯¨ wbivcËv, kªwgK Kj¨vY, †h․_ `iKlvKwl cÖwZwU
wel‡q mywbw`©ó AvBb wjwce× _vK‡jI we‡`kx †µZviv ¯vbxq Drcv`K‡`i
Zv‡`i cÖYxZ wbR¯ †KvW Ae KÊv± †g‡b Pj‡Z eva¨ K‡i| d‡j ¯vbxq
Drcv`Kvix ißvbxKviKiv †`‡ki AvBb †g‡b Pjvi †P‡q †µZv‡`i †KvW Ae
KÊv±‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q _v‡K| D‡jL¨ †h, MZ 9/11 G UzBb UvIqv‡i nvgjvi ci
Av‡gwiKvb †µZviv ¯vbxq Drcv`bKvix‡`i ÔwmwUwcGwUÕ bvgK GKwU †KvW Ae
KÊv± †g‡b Pj‡Z eva¨ K‡i| Z_vKw_Z wbivcËvRwbZ GB †KvW Ae KÊv±
†g‡b Pj‡Z wM‡q ¯vbxq Drcv`K‡`i evowZ A_© LiP Ki‡Z nq| †mB mv‡_
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i wU‡K _vKvi j‡¶¨ Drcv`b g~j¨I n«vm Ki‡Z nq, hv
Drcv`‡Ki gybvdvq mivmwi AvNvZ K‡i|
gybvdv n«v‡mi welqwU‡K mgšq Kiv Ges •ewk¦K evwYR¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K
_vKvi j‡¶¨ cÖvwZôvwbK LvZ‡K A‡±vs‡k AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi Ici wbf©i Ki‡Z
nq| d‡j vbxq Drcv`K ißvbxKviKMY GKw`‡K wb‡qvwRZ cÖvwZôvwbK
kªwg‡Ki gRywi I myweavi ms‡KvPb bxwZ MÖnb K‡i, Ab¨w`‡K Drcv`b mswkó
cÖvwZôvwbK Kvh©µg‡K AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z mieivn K‡i n«vmK…Z gybvdv mgš‡qi
†K․kj Aej¤b K‡i| d‡j GKw`‡K cÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªwgKiv A_©‣bwZK
eÂbvi wkKvi nq, †mBmv‡_ AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªwgKiv AvBbx wbivcËv bv
_vKvi Kvi‡Y kªg‡kvl‡Yi wkKvi nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb ißvbxg~Lx wkí Mv‡g©›Um Lv‡Zi wewfbœ ms‡hvRb DcKiY
†hgb GwcK I GgeªqWvwi, †dweªK mdU wKsev nvW© Kiv, vbxq ch©v‡q Drcvw`Z
†evZvg, KviPzwci KvR¸‡jv AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z Drcvw`Z n‡q Mv‡g©›Um
KviLvbvq mieivn Kiv nq| B‡›`v‡bwkqv, †ci, K‡¤vwWqvi Mv‡g©›Um wkí
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i wU‡K _vKvi j‡¶¨ BwZg‡a¨ wbqwgZ cÖvwZôvwbK
199
kªwg‡Ki cwie‡Z© K›Uªv›U kªwgK wb‡qv‡Mi w`‡K Suy‡K co‡Q, hv †mme †`‡ki
cÖvwZôvwbK kªwgK‡K AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi w`‡K †V‡j w`‡Q|
5. AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi wùwZ t †hLv‡b kªwg‡Ki gh©v`v I gRywii cÖkœ
Ae‡nwjZ
GKw`‡K cÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi ms‡KvPb, Ab¨w`‡K AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z kªgkw³
e„w×i d‡j AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªwgKe„‡›`i g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ïi nq| c~‡e©B
D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q, 1999-2000 G AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªgkw³ wQj
29.3 wgwjqb, hv 2002-03 mv‡j e„w× †c‡q uvwo‡q‡Q 35.1 wgwjq‡b Ges
2005-06 G 37.2 wgwjq‡b; A_©vr MZ 5 eQ‡i AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z 7.9
wgwjqb bZzb kªwgK hy³ n‡q‡Q| hvi cÖfve c‡o‡Q GB Lv‡Zi kªwg‡Ki
gRywi‡Z| d‡j µ‡gB †`‡ki e„nr RbmsL¨v Avq wbivcËvnxbZvi g‡a¨ emevm
Ki‡Q|
`vwi`ªZvi Kvi‡Y cyi‡li cvkvcvwk bvixivI AvR N‡ii evB‡i G‡m cÖvwZôvwbK
I AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªgevRv‡i hy³ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e cÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi
cÖ‡qvRbxq `¶Zvi Afv‡e †ewkifvM bvix kªwgK AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi kª‡g
wb‡qvwRZ n‡q‡Q| Zzjbvg~jK wePv‡i Ab¨vb¨ Lv‡Zi g‡ZvB bvix kªwgK‡`i
AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡ZI A‡bK †ewk •elg¨ I mwnsmZvi wkKvi n‡Z nq, hv
A_©‣bwZK Kv‡R bvixi AskMÖnb‡K evavMÖ¯ Ki‡Q|
AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z kªwgK‡`i g~jZt wbgœ gRywi cÖ`vb, Aw wZkxj Avq, Awbw ©ó
Kg©N›Uv, bvix kªwgK‡`i cÖwZ gRywi •elg¨, QzwU I cÖPwjZ myweavw` cÖ`v‡bi
weavb bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y cÖwZwbqZ Zv‡`i kªg †kvl‡Yi wkKvi n‡Z nq| hvi d‡j
AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi kªwgK‡`i Rxeb I RxweKv AwbðqZvi g‡a¨ †_‡K hvq|
6. wek¦vqb I AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ t iv‡óªi f~wgKv
evwYwR¨K `„wófw½‡Z cY¨ Drcvw`Z nq gybvdv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨, Ab¨w`‡K
iv‡óªi bxwZgvjv cÖYxZ nq RbmvaviY‡K †mev cÖ`v‡bi j¶¨ wb‡q| evwYwR¨K
wek¦vq‡bi Ke‡j c‡o iv󪸇jv we‡klZt evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv FY I mvnvh¨wbf©i
¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmgyn RbmvaviY‡K †mevcÖ`v‡bi †P‡q evwYwR¨K `„wófw½B MÖnb
Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡Q| hvi d‡j †`‡ki e¨vcK kªgkw³‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi w`‡K ivóª
g‡bv‡hvM cÖ`v‡b e¨_© n‡Q Ges ivóª Zvi RbKj¨vYg~Lx f~wgKv †_‡K µgvMZ
m‡i G‡m evwYwR¨K cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ n‡Q|
ivóª evwYR¨, wewb‡qvM I cÖe„w× AR©‡b hZUv g‡bv‡hvMx, wVK Z‡ZvUvB
RbKj¨vYKi Kvh©µg Ae‡njvi wkKvi| wek¦vq‡bi Ab¨Zg j¶¨, Drcv`b I
†mev cÖ`v‡b iv‡óªi f~wgKv‡K n«vm K‡i e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb cÖwµqv‡K kw³kvjx
200
Kiv| †mKvi‡YB †`‡ki Kj-KviLvbv, e¨vsK I Rb‡mevcÖ`vbKvix
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K †emiKvwi gvwjKvbvq †Q‡o †`qvi Rb¨ D`vibxwZi cÖe³v
AvšR©vwZK A_©jMœxKvix ms¯v¸‡jv ¯^‡ívbœZ iv󪸇jv‡K µgvMZ Pvc cÖ`vb K‡i
Avm‡Q| Kj-KviLvbvi †emiKvwiKi‡Y †`‡ki w¯wZkxj Awbqwš¿Z AcÖvwZôvwbK
LvZ Avi †ewk ùxwZjvf K‡i kªwg‡Ki Avq-wbivcËv I RxweKv‡K ûgwKi gy‡L
†V‡j w`‡Q| AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z Ges cÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z ¯^í Av‡qi kª‡g
wb‡qvwRZ †`‡ki e¨vcK `wi ª Rb‡Mvôx Z_v bvMwiKe„›`‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq †mev
cÖ`v‡bi j‡¶¨ Rb‡mevcÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb †hgb we`¨vjq, nvmcvZvj, e¨vsK,
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A¯xKvi K‡i mvnvh¨ I FYwbf©i ivóª mg‡qi mv‡_ Zvj †i‡L GwM‡q †h‡Z
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bxwZgvjvi ev¯ evqb Ki‡Z cv‡i| wek¦evwYR¨ ms¯vi we‡kl I cv_©K¨g~jK wewa-
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wek¦vq‡bi `vex Dc¯vwcZ n‡q‡Q| ïaygvÎ evwYR¨, wewb‡qvM I cÖe„w×i †Rvqv‡i
Mv fvwm‡q bv w`‡q †`‡ki e¨vcK kªgkw³i Kj¨v‡Y wek¦vq‡bi b¨vh¨Zvi cÖ‡kœ
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kªwgK‡`i Avq-wbivcËv wbwðZ Kivi D‡`¨vM MÖnb Ki‡Z n‡e| K…wl I
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cÖZ¨¶ cÖfve co‡Q AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ Ges G Lv‡Z Kg©iZ kªwgK, we‡klZ bvix
kªwgK‡`i Dci| Rxebgvb Dbœq‡b w`b-ivZ wbiši †L‡U P‡j‡Q m¤¢vebvgq G
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†eovuRv‡j AvUKv c‡o Av‡Q| hLb Rxe‡bi †P‡q jf¨vsk, b¨vqwePv‡ii †P‡q
evwYR¨‡K cÖvavb¨ †`qv n‡Q, ZLb •bwZKZv iƒc wb‡Q AivRKZvq|
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wejvmRvZ K‡i jvf jy‡U wb‡Q K‡cv©‡iU ms¯v¸‡jv| G K‡cv©‡iU ms¯v¸‡jv
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†bB| Giv †gvU kªgkw³i cÖvq 90 fvM| G‡`i Avevi GKwU eo AskB bvix
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wUK‡Z bv †c‡i nvwi‡q hvq, hvi cÖZ¨¶ cÖfve c‡o kªwg‡Ki Rxeb-RxweKvi
Dci| Gi d‡j PvKzwinviv n‡q kªwgK‡K _vK‡Z nq Abvnv‡i-Aa©vnv‡i|
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204
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206
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