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9/20/2011
1
Dr. Tahir Zaidi
Advanced Digital Signal Processing
Lecture 1
Introduction
DSP is Everywhere
Sound applications Compression, special effects, synthesis,
recognition, echo cancellation,
Cell Phones, MP3, Movies, Text-to-speech,
Communication Modulation, coding, detection, equalization, echo
cancellation,
Cell Phones, dial-up modem, DSL modem, Satellite Receiver,
Automotive ABS, Active Noise Cancellation, Cruise Control,
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DSP is Everywhere
Medical Magnetic Resonance, Tomography,
Electrocardiogram,
Military Radar, Sonar, Space photographs, remote
sensing,
Image and Video Applications DVD, JPEG, Movie special effects, video
conferencing,
Mechanical Motor control, process control, oil and mineral
prospecting,
Limitations of Analog Signal Processing
Accuracy limitations due to
Component tolerances
Undesired nonlinearities
Limited repeatability due to
Tolerances
Changes in environmental conditions
Temperature
Vibration
Sensitivity to electrical noise
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Limitations of Analog Signal Processing
Limited dynamic range for voltage and currents
Inflexibility to changes
Difficulty of implementing certain operations
Nonlinear operations
Time-varying operations
Difficulty of storing information
Digital Signal Processing
A/D DSP D/A analog signal
analog signal
digital signal
digital signal
Analog input analog output
Digital recording of music
Analog input digital output
Touch tone phone dialing
Digital input analog output
Text to speech
Digital input digital output
Compression of a file on computer
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Pros of Digital Signal Processing
Accuracy can be controlled by choosing word length
Repeatable
Sensitivity to electrical noise is minimal
Dynamic range can be controlled using floating point numbers
Flexibility can be achieved with software implementations
Non-linear and time-varying operations are easier to implement
Pros of Digital Signal Processing
Digital storage is cheap
Digital information can be encrypted for security
Price/performance and reduced time-to-market
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Cons of Digital Signal Processing
Sampling causes loss of information
A/D and D/A requires mixed-signal hardware
Limited speed of processors
Quantization and round-off errors
DSP Introduction
Application of mathematical operations to digitally represented signals
IN OUT
A/D D/A DSP
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
x[0] x[1]
n
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General Introduction Discrete Time Signal
sequence x[n]
- as opposed to continuous-time signals x(t)
- time = independent variable
Examples Discrete in Nature
- stock market indices
NasDaq daily closing value from Aug 1995 to Jan 1996
- population statistics
Birth in Canada from 1995-1996 to 1999-2000
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Example
Sampled continuous-time (analog) signals
- Speech
Digital Images
2-D arrays (matrices) of numbers
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Typical DSP Applications
Digital
RadiographicImaging
Ultrasound MedicalImaging
Spy SatelliteImagingMilitaryAppls
Real Time Video Cameras
& Cell Phones
VideoCommunications
Space
Imaging
Appls
Optical Wearable Computers
Web wirelesstechnologyData Storage
& Transmission
Car Awake warning system
Real
Time DSP
Embedded Systems
Speech
Recognition
Example: Speech Modeling
Impulse
Train
Generator
Noise
Generator
Pitch
Period
u(n)
Time-
varying
digital
filter
Vocal Tract
Parameters
s(n)
G
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An Embedded System
Control Panel
PROGRAMMABLE
DSP
PROGRAMMABLE
DSP
ASIC
FPGA
MICROCONTROLLER
CODEC
Dual Port Memeory
System Bus
Controller Process
User interface
process
DSP
Assembly
Code
Analog
interface
Real Time
Operating
system
Embedded signal
Processing System
Host port
Memory interface
Host port
Memory interface
Example Embedded System
Output
Bitstream
49.152
MHz
Sine wave
clock
Xilinx 4062TMS320C6201
68332
SRAM
FLASH
SBSRAM
DDS
A/D
HSP52014
8-bit DAC &LPF
amplifier &squarer
I/Osquare waveoutput
To RF Board
From RF Board
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SDR Board Design
FPGA
SPARTAN3
XC3S1500FG676I
- XC3S2000FG676I
VCCINT=1.2V/470mA
VCCAUX=2.5V/100mA
VCCO1=3.3V/mA
VCCO2=2.5V/mA
AD9640
DUAL ADC
14BIT, 105 MSPS
AVDD=1.8V/310mA
DVDD=1.8V/34mA
DRVDD=3.3V/35mA
GC5016
Quad Wideband DUC/DDC
VPAD=3.3V/180mA
VCORE=1.8V/420mA
DUAL Channel
14 bit ,
125 MSPS (Max)
DAC,
DAC2904,
VA=3.3V/64mA
VD=3.3V/19.5mA
RS232 Interface DB9
DSP
TMS320DM6446
CVDD 1.2V/767mA
DVDD 1.8V/102mA
DVDD 3.3V/6mA
32
47
IN
AD8352
Differential
Amp
AMP
FILTER
NETWORK
Not
implemente
d
IN
POWER
IN
HPI / VLYNQ
interface
LVCMOS_1.8V
32BIT
JTAG
Title: Tranceiver Board
Size: A Revision: 1.3
Date: 08/04/08 Drawn by: ASK
RSSI
Analog
Interface
8 Channel ADC
MCP3008
VD=3.3V/0.5mA
4-Bit
RS232 TRANSCEIVER
MAX3232EID
I-Input
Q-Input
I-Output
Q-Output
16
7
Clock
Generator
AD9513
3 outputs
GAIN CONTROL (6-BIT)
PA
interface6-Bits Output power control
Filter
Selection3-Bit Rx Filter Selection
HMC610
RSSI
x2
1-Bit T/R Control
5-Bit Frequency controlSythesizer
Interface
T/R Switch
/2
2x MT47H64M16BT-5E
1G DDR SDRAM
64M x 32
1.8VD/mA?
OSC
Ethernet
Interface
RJ45
Ethernet PHY
DP83848I
IOVDD=3.3V/150mA
AVDD=3.3V/100mA?
20
Digital Power
(SMPS)
1.2VD
1.8VD
2.5VD
3.3VD
Analog
(LDO Linear PSU)
1.8VA
3.3VA
PLATFORM
FLASH
XCF08P 3.3VD/20mA
28F256J3, 128Mb
16MB Intel Strata flash
3.3V/80mA
JTAGEXP
HEADER16-32 IO
64-LFCSP_VQ
SOIC-16
TQFP-48
PBGA-252
FG-676 (BGA) FSG-48 (BGA)
PBGA-N361
LQFP-48
SPI
IN
IN
IN
16-LFCSP_VQ
SOIC-16
Spartan3
SUPPORTS
LVCMOS-1.8
AUDIO SERIAL PORT
ASP HEADER
SSN
Silicon Serial Number
Device 0
Data Data
Waveform 1
Software Defined Radio All configurable HW
FPGA
Device 4
Device 1
DSP
General Purpose Processor
Algo4 Proprietary
FEC Framer 1 V.35
16 QAM
OFDM
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SDR Platform
Key Features 1. DSP core from TI 2. FPGA from Xilinx 3. Dual-channel analog-to-digital
converter 4. Dual-channel digital-to-analog
converter 5. Bandwidth (5 MHz or 20 MHz) 6. RF module operating between 360
MHz and 960 MHz 7. Ethernet remote access capabilities 8. ARM Processor
Design Options 1. Tactical military communications 2. Military communication gateways 3. Handset and man pack systems 4. Vehicular systems
Course Objectives
To establish the idea of using computing techniques to alter the properties of a signal for desired effects, via understanding of Fundamentals of discrete-time, linear, shift-
invariant signals and systems in Representation and Analysis: sampling, quantization,
Fourier and z-transform;
Implementation: filtering and transform techniques;
System Design: filter & processing algorithm design.
Efficient computational algorithms and their implementation.
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Course Outline
Course Outline
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Prerequisite
A fundamental course in signal and system
Liner System analysis and transform analysis
convolution and filtering
Fourier transforms
Laplace and z transforms
Textbooks
Oppenheim, Schafer and Buck, Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 2nd edition (Prentice-Hall, 1999)
Mathematics of DSP
Refrences: McClellan, Schafer, & Yoder, DSP First
Ifeachor Jervis Digital Signal Processing- A Practical Approach, Prentice Hall
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Historical Perspective
Who is who of DSP
Cooley and Tuckey
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Inventors: Oppenhiam, Schaffer ...
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Inventors: Parks & McCllelan
Inventors: Gold and Rader
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Inventor: J. Kaiser
Inventor: Haskell
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Original Speech
Analysis:
Voiced/Unvoiced decision
Pitch Period (voiced only)
Signal power (Gain)
G
Pulse Train
Random Noise
Vocal Tract
Model
V/U
Synthesized Speech
Decoder Signal Power
Pitch
Period
Encoder
Linear Predictive Coding
Inventor: James G. Dunn
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DSP Components
Microprocessor
Any CPU that is contained on a single chip
Little chip is the heart of a computer. Often referred to as just the processor
Does all the computations like adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing
In PCs, most popular Intel Pentium chip
In Macs, the PowerPC chip (Motorola, IBM, and Apple)
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Digital Signal Processor
A DSP is a general purpose processor with features specifically designed to make Signal processing applications fast and efficient
DSP, RISC, CISC Processor
A processor is frequently categorized based on the width of its busses (4,8,16,32,64)
Clock Rate (i.e. at what rate does the processor execute instructions)
Complexity of Instruction Set
CISC : Complex Instruction Set Computer
RISC : Reduced Instruction Set Computer
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Embedded Systems Characteristics
Real-Time
Real, defined timing requirements for particular actions to be accomplished
Event Driven
Actions of the system are in response to events, not a predefined sequence.
Resource constrained
Memory Size, speed, power constrained
Special purpose
Device must only perform certain well defined tasks
Embedded System Example
Events :
Button Press
Knob Turned
New Sample needed
by D/A converter
Data block available
from CD drive
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Design Options for Digital Systems
Special Purpose Hardware
Custom ICs / ASICs
Software Programmable Processor
Pentium, PowerPC, etc
FPGA (possibly with embedded general purpose microprocessor)
Xilinx, Altera, etc
DSP
TI, ADSP, etc
Comparison of Options
Specific HW Gen Purpose HW
NRE/Dev Cost
Speed
Flexibility
Time to Market
Production Cost
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Embedded SW Design Flow
Develop Code for a Target processor
Since target is minimal (not much memory, I/Oetc. Code development done on a separate machine. (e.g a PC)
Cross Compiler / Assembler
Simulator
Code then run in the target system and observed. Debug support programmed into the software
Emulation / Debugging
In-Circuit Emulator
Debug Kernel BIOS
JTAG Emulation
Interactively Run Code
Breakpoints
Single Step
Watch Variables
Observe interaction with rest of system
Development environment is frequently processor specific
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TI TMS320C6713 DSP
TI TMS320C6713 DSP Features
DMA Controller
Serial Ports (I/O)
Multiple Computation Units
Cache
On-chip PLL
Host Port Interface
Timers
Floating Point Units
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Basic Numbering Formats
Three main numbering formats:
unsigned representation
2s complement representation (signed)
floating point representations
Fixed point representations of fractions
Saturating arithmetic
Multiplication of fractions
Basic Numbering Formats
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Recommended