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8/14/2019 Ancestral Domain 3-D Modeling in the Philippines
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Mapping Ancestral Domain in theMapping Ancestral Domain in the
PhilippinesPhilippines
byby
Giovanni B. ReyesGiovanni B. Reyes
Sec-Gen, Koalisyon ng Katutubong Samahan NgSec-Gen, Koalisyon ng Katutubong Samahan NgPilipinasPilipinas
Kankanaey Tribe, Sagada, Mountain Province,Kankanaey Tribe, Sagada, Mountain Province,PhilippinesPhilippines
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OUTLINE
I. Historico-LegalPerspective
II. 3- DimensionalMap
III. Illustrative Case
IV.
Threats/Challenges
V. Opportunities &Lessons
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I. 15I. 15thth 20 20thth Century ColonialCentury Colonial
Laws Created Myths & LiesLaws Created Myths & Lies
1. Regalian Doctrine1. Regalian Doctrine
It is our will thatIt is our will thatALLALL lands heldlands held
without true deeds of grants bewithout true deeds of grants be
restored to usrestored to us because theybecause they
belong to usbelong
to us
33
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44
1898 Treaty of Paris: $20M sale ofPhilippines from Spain to the U.S
National Minorities no longer exist to an extentsufficient to justify continuation of Non-Christian
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The State Reiterated MythsThe State Reiterated Myths
& Lies& Lies
2. Legal Fiction2. Legal Fiction
All lands of the public domainAll lands of the public domain
andand otherothernatural resourcesnatural resourcestherein aretherein are owned by theowned by
the
StateState
55
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66
Not one from the 110 ethno-linguistic tribesparticipated in the Treaty of Paris. Instead , a SupremeCourt ruled that ancestral lands are private and
NEVER TO HAVE BEEN PUBLIC LAND...
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A century later, the ruling isA century later, the ruling isechoed in the Philippineechoed in the Philippine
Constitution and formedConstitution and formedpart of the legal system ofpart of the legal system ofthe land.the land.
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Section. 5Section. 5 The State shallThe State shall
..protect the rights of..protect the rights ofIndigenous CulturalIndigenous CulturalCommunities to theirCommunities to theirancestral landsancestral lands
Sec. 17 Art. XIVSec. 17 Art. XIV The State shallThe State shall
recognize, respect andrecognize, respect andprotect the rights ofprotect the rights ofICCs to preserve andICCs to preserve anddevelop their culturesdevelop their culturesand traditions.and traditions.
1987: Philippine1987: Philippine
ConstitutionConstitution
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Indigenous Peoples Rights Act ofIndigenous Peoples Rights Act of
19971997Recognition of IPRecognition of IP ownershipownership ofoftheir:their:
ADs -ADs - lands, inland waters, coastallands, inland waters, coastal
areas, andareas, and natural resources thereinnatural resources therein,,held under a claim of ownershipheld under a claim of ownershipsince time immemorial up to thesince time immemorial up to thepresentpresent
ALs lands under claims of individualALs lands under claims of individualownership including residential lots,ownership including residential lots,rice paddies & swidden farms.rice paddies & swidden farms.
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IPRA specifies SELF-DELINEATION in the identification ofIPRA specifies SELF-DELINEATION in the identification of
ancestral domains (sec 51)ancestral domains (sec 51) :: As such, the ICCs/IPs concernedAs such, the ICCs/IPs concernedshall have decisive role inshall have decisive role in all activitiesall activities pertinent theretopertinent thereto..
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What does this mean?
Delineation is NOT solely a technicalexercise, directed by, andunderstandable only to the technically
literate;
The community participate in all aspectsof the delineation process;
The authority to implement them, isdefined by LAW & NOT by bureaucrats!
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II.II. A scale model reflecting importantA scale model reflecting importantland and water features like residential,land and water features like residential,
agricultural and timberland.agricultural and timberland.
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It is rooted from peoples memoryIt is rooted from peoples memory
about landmarks and affirming theirabout landmarks and affirming theirhistorical, cultural, social, ecologicalhistorical, cultural, social, ecological
and spiritual assets.and spiritual assets.
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How does 3-D modelingHow does 3-D modeling
Begin?Begin?
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CommunityCommunity
Acceptance &Acceptance &
ParticipationParticipationExtents of the territory isidentified and sketched;
Common boundary markers
identified and consensus isbuilt.
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Mapping
grade GPS
ParticipantsParticipants
undergo trainingundergo training
prior to surveyprior to survey
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Next, ground survey is led byNext, ground survey is led by
village leaders using surveyvillage leaders using survey
equipmentequipment
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The AD area isThe AD area isidentified in theidentified in thebase map;base map;
Contour lines of theContour lines of theAD are traced fromAD are traced froman enlarged basean enlarged basemap;map;
Each layer is cutEach layer is cutrepresenting arepresenting aspecific contourspecific contourinterval of theinterval of theancestral domain.ancestral domain.
Building the 3DModel
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Contour layers are glued together;Contour layers are glued together;These are smoothened to gain better slopeThese are smoothened to gain better slope
accuracy.accuracy.
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Local landmarksLocal landmarks Trails, access routesTrails, access routes Extents of territoriesExtents of territories Movement patternsMovement patterns
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Information can be seen! ItInformation can be seen! It
isis
tangible!tangible!!!
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Land-uses and community resources areLand-uses and community resources are
color-coded;color-coded;
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Households
Trails
Kaingin
Main
road
ForestPeoplePeoplevisualizevisualize
pressures,pressures,
threats orthreats or
stresses instresses intheir particulartheir particular
resource mgt.resource mgt.
areasareas
Migrants
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Participatory GISParticipatory GIS
Cost-effective;Cost-effective;
Technology is noTechnology is nolonger the domain oflonger the domain of
experts and theexperts and the
eliteelite..
Tool for planningTool for planning
Accommodates socio-Accommodates socio-
cultural informationcultural information
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III. IllustrativeIII. IllustrativeCase:Case:
What 3-D modeling hasWhat 3-D modeling has
donedone
Id tifi dId tifi d
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IdentifiedIdentified
DisputedDisputed
BoundariesBoundaries
Conflict enmeshedConflict enmeshed
across:across:
Inter-tribal, inter-villageInter-tribal, inter-village
and inter-municipaland inter-municipal
dispute involving 7dispute involving 7ethno-linguisticethno-linguistic
groups, 14 villagesgroups, 14 villages
and 3 townsand 3 towns2626
ove commun es n oove commun es n o
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ove commun es n oove commun es n oactionaction
Identification of tribalIdentification of tribal
boundaries in the Peaceboundaries in the Peace
Pact. (bodong)Pact. (bodong)
Contending PartiesContending Parties
ReconcileReconcile
70,000 hectares in 1:500070,000 hectares in 1:5000
scalescale
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Warring tribes ArrivedWarring tribes Arrived
at Negotiatedat Negotiated
BoundariesBoundaries
War footing brokenWar footing broken
parties face &parties face &realize commonrealize common
legend and spacelegend and space
2828
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Reactionfrominterest
groupsagainstmapping of
IndigenousLands hasbeen
violent.
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R.A. 8065R.A. 8065Geodetic Engineers LawGeodetic Engineers Law
Only licensed GeodeticOnly licensed GeodeticEngineers are allowed toEngineers are allowed to
conduct mappingconduct mapping
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OPPORTUNITIES
Survey regulations DO NOT APPLY to ancestralland and domains, as these are not, and werenever part of public land.
Native Title/Cario Doctrine UNREVERSED
Whatever the law upon these points may be everypresumption is and ought to be against the government.. It isproper and sufficient to say that when, as far back astestimony or memory goes, that land has been held byindividuals under a claim of private ownership, it will
be presumed to have been held in the same way frombefore the Spanish conquest, AND NEVER TO HAVE BEENPUBLIC LAND (Cario vs. Insular Government, 41 Phil 935).
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V. LESSON:V. LESSON: Maps are powerfulMaps are powerful
tools that allow people,tools that allow people,institutions and states toinstitutions and states to
record history, plan, managerecord history, plan, manage
and claim areas.and claim areas.
we have lost more landbecause of maps rather thanto bullets! But now we aretaking them back with the
use of maps
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KASAPIKASAPI
Land TenureLand TenureProject SitesProject Sites
(2009-2011)(2009-2011)
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