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Antebellum ExpansionAntebellum Expansion
Unit IVAUnit IVA
AP United States HistoryAP United States History
Fundamental Questions
►Was the onset/cause of the Civil War solely on the issue of slavery or was it a series of circumstances?
►What is the historical basis and precedence of the sectional conflict between the North and South?
Democracy in America (1840)
► Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville originally set to examine prison systems in U.S.
►Thesis: the success of republicanism/representative democracy in U.S. and America preserving the balance between liberty and equality Individualism
►Equal opportunity broke old traditions of social hierarchy Lead to development of new “aristocracy” based
on industry►Religion most significant political institution
to preserve democratic principles
Second Party System (1828-1854)
► National political campaigns and spoils system galvanize political parties
► Democrats: states’ rights laissez-faire and free trade Expansionism Pro-slavery equal opportunity South and West working class Andrew Jackson, Martin van Buren,
James K. Polk► Whigs:
American System strong federal government Mixed on slavery social conservatives New England, Northerners upper and middle class
professionals Henry Clay
► Rise of Third Parties► Anti-Masonic Party:
issue party concerned about Freemasons
promoted economic nationalism and social conservatism
introduced party conventions
► Liberty Party: abolitionist party
► Free Soil Party: Against expansion of
slavery in new territories
Election of 1840► Democrat
Martin Van Buren (NY) suffers from poor economy
► Whigs nominate General William Henry Harrison
► Harrison dies a month later
► Tyler assumes office and pursues Democrat policies
Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny
►Away, away with these cobweb tissues Away, away with these cobweb tissues of the rights of discovery, exploration, of the rights of discovery, exploration, settlement,… [The American claim] is settlement,… [The American claim] is by the right of our by the right of our manifest destinymanifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty… - John L. great experiment of liberty… - John L. Sullivan, Sullivan, Democratic ReviewDemocratic Review, 1845, 1845
American Progress
Justification for Manifest Destiny
►Empire of Liberty►Safeguard and expand the agricultural
character of the American (yeoman farmer) Misery of industrialization and urbanization
►Ulterior motive or smoke screen for the expansion of slavery Annexation of Texas
►Providence - God’s will►Economical expansion
Feed the eastern industries Preserve trade markets for farmers Asian markets
►Expansion of “civilization”
Efficiency of Manifest Destiny► Infrastructure
Telegraph and communication
Canals and roads Railroads
►Trails Oregon Trail Santa Fe Trail Spanish Trail Mormon Trail
Texas► American settlement
Fueled by Manifest Destiny Encouraged by Mexican
government► empresarios
► Texas Revolution (1836) Mexico, Texas, and slavery Santa Anna’s policies The Alamo (Feb-Mar 1836) Sam Houston and Battle of
San Jacinto (Apr 21, 1836)► Annexation of Texas by U.S.
North opposes and South desires
Major campaign issue in 1844 Polk persuades joint resolution
and to deal with Mexican reaction to annexation
Expansion and Possible Wars
►Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) Boundary dispute settled with Britain regarding
British Canada and Maine, also Minnesota area U.S. wins land rich in iron ore deposits
►Oregon Dispute between U.S. and Britain “54’ 40 OR FIGHT!” Treaty established border at 49th parallel (1846)
►Texas Nueces River or Rio Grande?
Election of 1844
► Democrats nominate James K. Polk over Tyler Tyler could split the
party Expansion platform
► Texas, Oregon
► Whigs nominate Henry Clay
► Liberty Party may have spoiled election for Whigs
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
► Thornton Affair (4/24/1846) and declaration of war
► War Plan and Execution John Fremont in California Stephen Kearny in New
Mexico Zachary Taylor in Texas Winfield Scott in Veracruz
and Mexico City
► Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) Rio Grande as Texas border Mexican Cession (California
and New Mexico)► $15 million and assumption
of claims against Mexico
Mexican Cession
Mexican-American War and Sectionalism
►Whigs oppose war and treaty as attempt to expand slavery; Democrats want even more territory
►Wilmot Proviso (1846) Texas as slave state and Mexican Cession
lands as free Passed House, but died in Senate
Election of 1848► Whigs nominate
war hero Zachary Taylor Slaveowner and
vague on slave issues
► Democrats nominate Lewis Cass Split over slavery
► Free Soil Party nominates Martin van Buren Splits Democrats
► Millard Fillmore assumes office after Taylor dies in 1850 Will be the last Whig
president
Maintaining the Balance and Peace
► In 1812, there were 9 free states and 9 slave states►Afterwards, the admission of states became more
paired up in order to preserve the balance Missouri and Maine in 1820 Texas (1845) and Wisconsin (1848)
►Gag Rule House of Representatives institutes a prohibition of
discussing and debating slavery in late 1830s and early 1840s
►With the admission of California in 1850, the balance continued to favor the free states until the Civil War By 1859, there would be 19 free states and 15 slave
states
California Gold Rush► January 24, 1848 at Sutter’s Mill in
northern California President Polk confirmed gold in Dec.
1848► Discovery of gold led to massive
influx of settlers and immigrants Forty-Niners Mostly came by sea since trails were
dangerous San Francisco
► Before gold… 5,000 in 1848; after gold… 25,000 in 1850
► Gold rush led to quick statehood of California in 1850 despite being acquired in 1848
Compromise of 1850► Henry Clay’s brainchild
Admit California as free state Mexican Cession into Utah Territory and New Mexico
Territory; decide slavery by popular sovereignty Disputed territory between Texas and New Mexico and assume
$10 million Texas debt Reinforced Fugitive Slave Law - supported by Daniel
Webster Slave trade abolished in D.C.
► Stephen A. Douglas’s (D) Efforts Vote and pass each provision separately
► Seen as an overall political victory for union and both political parties
► Calhoun and some Southern states oppose “I trust we shall persist in our resistance [to the admission of
California] until the restoration of all our rights, or disunion, one or the other is the consequence. We have borne the wrongs and insults of the North long enough.” - John C. Calhoun
Compromise of 1850
Fugitive Slave Law► Enforcement of capturing
and returning escaped slaves Hunted down recent and
earlier fugitives
► Right to trial by jury denied► Special Commission
$10 for those finding for slaveholder
$5 for those finding for fugitive
► Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe Fueled anti-slavery sentiment
in the North
Sectionalism and Expansion► Ostend Manifesto (1852)
Secret negotiation to purchase Cuba from Spain
Failed due to public awareness and sectional conflict►Northerners viewed it as
southern attempt to expand slavery
► Gadsden Purchase (1853) $10 million for land to build
railroad Debate over slavery slowed
negotiations and showed how slavery gripped the politics and nation
Result of Manifest Destiny
Slavery and Literature
► Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe Moral and emotional
argument against slavery► Impending Crisis of the
South by Hinton Helper (1857) Empirical analysis of
economic impact of slavery on the South
► Sociology for the South (1854) by George Fitzhugh Capitalism and liberalism
virtually enslaved the lower classes
Slavery not only for black but also poor whites
► Cannibals All! (1857) by George Fitzhugh Southern slaves lived
more productive and healthier lives than Northern wage workers
Underground Railroad► Established as a
network of stations to help slaves escape into the North or Canada Fugitive Slave Law
forced escaped slaves to venture for Canada
► Mostly run by free blacks and fugitive slaves Harriet Tubman and
Box Brown► Abolitionists and
white supporters Few white families in
South assisted Slave catchers
knowledge
Election of 1852
► Democrats nominate Franklin Pierce Compromise
choice “dark horse”
candidate “Doughface”
► Whigs nominate Winfield Scott Conscience
Whigs Cotton Whigs
The Death of Compromising?► The Compromise of
1850 was the last major debate of the Great Triumvirate
► The Great Triumvirate was no more by 1852 John C. Calhoun died in
1850 Henry Clay and Daniel
Webster died in 1852►Stephen Douglas,
William Seward, Jefferson Davis become the next generation of political leaders in Congress
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
►Stephen Douglas’s attempt to build a transcontinental railroad in central U.S. out of Chicago needed Southern support
►Kansas-Nebraska Act Separate Nebraska Territory into Nebraska and
Kansas Each territory voted for slavery based on popular
sovereignty► Legacy
Douglas won his railroad and Southern support Dissolved the Missouri Compromise’s 36’ 30 line Signaled end of the Whig Party Led to rise of the Republican Party
End of Second Party System
►Whigs split among northern and southern factions
►Democrats dominated government►Social and political tensions led to
third parties Know Nothing Party Free Soil Party Republican Party
The Republican Party► Founded in 1854 in Wisconsin as reaction to
Kansas-Nebraska Act and Fugitive Slave Law►Coalition of Free Soil and anti-slavery Whigs
and Democrats Abolitionists found indirect support in Republicans
►Members mostly included northern and western moderates
►Platform: Increasingly against expansion of slavery Protective tariffs Homestead Act/sale of federal lands Funding for transcontinental railroad
Election of 1856► Democrats
nominate Pennsylvanian James Buchanan as safe bet “Doughface”
► Republicans have strong showing for sectional party Nominate John
Fremont► Attested to
growing sectionalism and conflict between North and South
Bleeding Kansas (1854-1861)
► Kansas Territory settled by two groups: anti-slavery Midwesterners and pro-slavery settlers from Missouri
► Establishment of different types of governments led to further fighting and deaths
► President Pierce and the federal government did little to suppress the violence
Brooks-Sumner IncidentMay 22, 1856
► Senator Charles Sumner (MA) criticized administration and other Senators for Bleeding Kansas, Slave Power ‘Crime Against Kansas’
Speech► Rep. Preston Brooks
(SC) defends his uncle by caning Sumner
► Northern politicians ask for censure while Southerners applaud Brooks
Lecompton Constitution (1857-1858)
► Kansas legislature attempts to draft constitution for U.S. admission
► Bitter and embarrassing fight to determine free state or slave state status
► President Buchanan pushes pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution to Congress Despite Kansas vote to not
enter as a slave state► Legacy
Republicans viewed it as another conspiracy of pro-slavery forces and Democrats/doughfaces
Douglas’s opposition and Buchanan’s efforts split the Democrats
Scott v. Sandford (1857)Dred Scott Decision
► No citizenship for blacks► Slaves as property► Missouri Compromise is
unconstitutional► “[Blacks] had for more than a
century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order, and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations, and so far unfit that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.” – Chief Justice Roger Taney
Panic of 1857►Causes
Decline in European purchase of agricultural goods
Decline in grain prices Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Co.
fails Overspeculation and railroad
company failures Dred Scott Decision
►Northern banking and industries, Great Lakes region hit hard while Southern cotton farming not much affected Senator James Hammond (D-SC) –
“Cotton is King Speech”►Mudsill Theory
Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)► “A house divided against
itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free.” – Abraham Lincoln
► Douglas stated Lincoln’s moral position against slavery denotes racial equality
► Freeport Doctrine Douglas affirms popular
sovereignty in wake of Dred Scott if voters and legislatures refuse to enact slave codes
Traps Douglas between choosing affirmation of Supreme Court decision to protect slavery and popular sovereignty
► Douglas elected to U.S. Senate for Illinois
John Brown and Harper’s Ferry
► John Brown was a radical abolitionist
► Famous/Infamous for exploits in Bleeding Kansas
► Attempts to lead a slave revolt by raiding federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry (1859)
► Federal troops lay siege and capture Brown who is executed by Virginia government
► Northerners condemn violence but honestly regret failure; Southerners feared insurrection from slaves and the North
► "I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood. I had, as I now think, vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed it might be done."
Election of 1860► Democrats fracture
Douglas secures nomination from moderates
Breckenridge selected by Southern Democrats
► Republicans solid under Lincoln Tariffs, infrastructure, no
expansion of slavery► Crittenden Compromise
Slavery legal south of 36’ 30; fails
► Electoral victory by Lincoln leads to secession South Carolina secedes in
December 1860 ► Confederate States of
America Established February 8,
1861 Will include South
Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, [FORT SUMTER], Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina
Union vs. Confederacy
Sectionalist PresidentsWilliam Henry Harrison - Whig
(1841)► War hero of Battle of Tippecanoe► Whigs portray him as a common man
Log Cabin and Hard Cider Tippecanoe and Tyler Too! Really came from a wealthy, slave-
owning family from Virginia
► Inaugural Address Cold and wet day Wanted to prove he was strong like
Jackson despite his critics Walked entire route and gave two hour
speech without hat or overcoat
► Death Contracts pneumonia and dies a month
later
Sectionalist PresidentsJohn Tyler - Whig
(1841-1845)► Born from Virginia
planter aristocracy► U.S. Senator
Supported Jackson’s war on the Bank, but supported South Carolina in Nullification Crisis
► Assumes presidency after Harrison’s death “His Accidency” and “His
Ascendency”► Fights against own Whig
party policies Cabinet resigns in protest Whig Party disavows him
Sectionalist PresidentsJames K. Polk - Democrat
(1845-1849)►Darkhorse candidate►Ardent expansionist
Believed in Manifest Destiny
Oregon - “54 40 or Fight!” Texas annexation Mexican-American War
►Mexican Cession
► Legacy Polk’s land acquisitions
stirred debate on slavery and disrupted the balance of free and slave states
Sectionalist PresidentsZachary Taylor - Whig
(1849-1850)► War hero of Mexican-
American War► Political novice and criticized
over intellect► Views on Slavery
Slaveowner Defender of South’s right to
slavery► But opposed to idea of
secession Against expansion of slavery in
new territories Disagreed with Compromise of
1850
► Died after a year in office
Sectionalist PresidentsMillard Fillmore - Whig
(1850-1853)► Assumes the presidency
after Taylor’s death► Enthusiastically signs
Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Law bitterly
opposed by North Reluctantly supported by
Southerners
► Effect on Whig Party Policies lead to party
fracture and eventual dissolution►Conscience Whigs►Cotton Whigs
Sectionalist PresidentsFranklin Pierce - Democrat
(1853-1857)► Jackson Democrat from New
Hampshire► Ardent expansionist and
submissive to pro-slavery forces Supported Compromise of 1850 Signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act
► Supported pro-slavery Kansas settlers
► Barely addressed violence in Bleeding Kansas
Signed the Gadsden Purchase Ostend Manifesto - Cuba William Walker and Nicaragua
► Endorsed Walker’s filibuster efforts
Sectionalist PresidentsJames Buchanan - Democrat
(1857-1861)►Democrat from
Pennsylvania►Considered slavery evil,
but unwilling to challenge its legitimacy Supported Kansas-
Nebraska Act and Dred Scott decision
►Weak against growing secessionist threat and movement
Free and Slave States (1789-Free and Slave States (1789-1861)1861)
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