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Flávia Talarico Saia. Chemistry Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho – UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil Contexto: Tercer Seminario Regional Agricultura y Cambio Climático: "Nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático". Santiago de Chile, 27/09/2012 Más información: http://fao.org/alc/u/2u
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Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la
agricultura al cambio climático
Arqueas metanógenas en al mitigación del Arqueas metanógenas en al mitigación del cambio climático en la agriculturacambio climático en la agricultura
Flávia Talarico SaiaFlávia Talarico SaiaChemistry Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho –
UNESP, Araraquara, SP, BrazilEmail: ftsaia@yahoo.com.brEmail: ftsaia@yahoo.com.br
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METHANMETHANEE
Methane has global warming potential (GWP) 21-25 times more than CO2
Fonte: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
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Methane accounts for about 20% of global warming
Inte
rgov
ernm
enta
l pan
el o
n cl
imat
e ch
ange
(IPC
C), 2
007
19th centuryanthropogenic
Methane concentration in the atmosphere
Recovered and used as clean energy
Methane to Market
CH4 as a greenhouse gas
CH4 as a source of energy
Anaerobic treatment of waste
CH4
• Mitigation strategies for methane emissions
• Use of methane as a energy source
• Sources of methane emission• Methanogenic microorganisms• Sources of methane emission• Methanogenic microorganisms
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THEY ARE THE ONLY MICROORGANISMS KNOWN THAT PRODUCE METHANE
Methanogenesis: The Process
Anaerobic condition
multi-step process carried out by different groups of microorganisms
1. Hydrolytic Bacteria2. Fermentative Bacteria3. Acetogenic Bacteria4. Methanogenic Archaea
• It is important for carbon cycle since methanogenesis prevents a build-up of organic matter, allowing the other microorganisms to support the oxidation of substrates
HydrogenotrophicH2, formate
AcetoclasticAcetate
Methilotrophic Methanol
Methilotrophic Methanol
Methanobrevibacter Methanosaeta Methanosarcina
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1
2
3
WHERE ARE METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA ?Methanogens are ubiquitous in anoxic
environments
Hydroeletric Rice fieldswetlands
Landfill
Anaerobic digestersLivestock - cattle Termites
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Agriculture - source of methane
Yusulf et al. (2012) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Major sources of methane emissions: • Agriculture :Agriculture : In 2010 accounted for 53% of global methane emission• Energy: oil and natural gas systems• Waste: solid waste and wastewater treatment
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Yusulf et al. (2012) Renewable and Sustenaible Energy Reviews
• Manure: stored or treated in liquid system- Top emmiting counties: U.S., Germany, India, China, France, Russia, Turkey and Brazil.
Agriculture sectors
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Agriculture - CH4 emissions in Brazil
ManureManagement
7%
Wastewater Treatment
7%
Landfills 10%
Agriculture accounting for 45% of
CH4 emission10
Agriculture sectorsgreencleanguide.com
glogster.com
novotempo.com
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Largest beef exporter in the world
Vinasse – liquid waste from ethanol SugarcaneSugarcane EthanolEthanol VinasseVinasse
Vinasse has been used as fertilizer to sugarcane fields•Emission of methane during storage of vinasse• Emission of N2O from soil
Rego e Hernández (2006); Oliveira (2011); Carmo et al., 2012
Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane ethanol in the world and immense volume of vinasse is generated – 10L vinasse/L ethanolIn 2006/2007, 190 billions of liters of vinasse were produced
Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane ethanol in the world and immense volume of vinasse is generated – 10L vinasse/L ethanolIn 2006/2007, 190 billions of liters of vinasse were produced
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Brazilian authorities announced that the country will target a reduction in its GHG between 36.1 and 38.9% from projected 2020 levels.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - IPCC (2007)
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Mitigation Strategies: Enteric Fermentation
•Large number of MA are in the ruminal liquid: 107 to 109 cells/mL (Kamra, 2005).
• CH4 is not only GHG but it is also a waste of fed energy for the animal
Hydrogenotrophic methanogens: Methanobacteriales, Methanomicrobiales, Methanosarcinales have been found
Methanobrevibacter smithii Methanobacterium formicicum Methanosarcina barkeri
microbewiki13
Enteric Fermentation – mitigation strategies (MS) to methane emission
MS target the methanogens of the rumen directly or indirectly
• Diet Composition: use of easy degradable carbohydrate – reduce pH in the rumen – decreases MA. However, accumulation of organic acids can occur, leading to subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) and disruption of the rumen microbiota (Plaizier et al., 2008).
• Lipids: Fatty acids and oils (Johnson and Johnson, 1995; Hook et al., 2010).
- inhibition of protozoa which supply methanogens with hydrogen - Increase the production of propionic acid - it is not used for methanogens - Binding to the cell membrane of methanogens and interrupting membrane transport
• Defaunation: decrease the number of protozoa by the use of copper, sulphate, acids, (Hook et al., 2010)
• Vaccines: target methanogens directly (Wedlock et al., 2010) Hook et al. (2010)
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Enteric Fermentation – mitigation strategies (MS) to methane emission
Researches have shown:
• MS are limited by the diet feed, the management conditions, physiological condition, use of the animal, and government laws.
• Long-term experiments in vivo need to be done to implement MS
• Economic viability of the producer needs to be addressed
Researches have shown:
• MS are limited by the diet feed, the management conditions, physiological condition, use of the animal, and government laws.
• Long-term experiments in vivo need to be done to implement MS
• Economic viability of the producer needs to be addressed
• Other strategies: selection of high quality grasses, increase grain level and increasing feed conversion efficiency to produce meat and milk
15Hook et al. (2010); Yusuf et al., 2012
Brazil: Brazil: diversty of methahogens related with diet – hay proportions (Neves et al., 2010) improvement of meat production related with sugarcane feeding in dry season (Primavesi et al., 2003)
Rice fields
Phillipot et al. (2009), Dubey (2005)
CH4 is produced by anaerobic degradation of organic matter that occurs in soil and also in roots
CH4 oxidation by methanotrophic
bacteria
MS = net methane emission16
www1.ethz.ch
Anaerobic CH4 oxidation
Methanolinea
Sakai et al., 2012
Methanobacterium kanagiense
Kitamura et al., 2011
• Acetoclastic but mainly hydrogenotrofic methanogens• Acetoclastic but mainly hydrogenotrofic methanogens
Methanoculleus chikugoensis
Dianou et al., 2011
• Methanotrophic bacteria• Methanotrophic bacteria
Methylosinus
Adachi et al 2001
Methylomonas koyamae sp
Ogiso et al., 2011 17
Mitigation Strategies: Rice field• Mitigation strategies include: - reduction of methane production; increasing methane oxidation, lowering methane transport through the plant
• Selection of cultivars with low exudation rates
• To keep the soil as dry as possible in the off- rice season : adverse environmental condition for methanogenesis
• Use of fertilizer: ammonium nitrate and sulphate instead of urea
• Selection of cultivars with low exudation rates
• To keep the soil as dry as possible in the off- rice season : adverse environmental condition for methanogenesis
• Use of fertilizer: ammonium nitrate and sulphate instead of urea
Current information is insufficient for the development of technology and strategy for reduction in methane emission
Phillipot et al. (2009), Dubey (2005)
To improve the knowldgement of methanogens and methanotrophic bacteria in soil and in roots
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Mitigation Strategy: anaerobic treatment of manure and vinasse
Land applications(N, K, P)
pathogenic microorganisms
Aim: to apply anaerobic technologyanaerobic technology to
PRODUCE METHANE for BIOENERGY PURPOSES
Aim: to apply anaerobic technologyanaerobic technology to
PRODUCE METHANE for BIOENERGY PURPOSES
Methane has a high energy value (ΔHo= 816 kJ/mol or 102 kJ/e- eq) that can be captured through combustion and used for space heating or eletricity 19
• Studies have been carried out to better understand the anaerobic process in order to control the process and achieve optimum biogas yield.
Lettinga (1980)
Foresti et al. (1995)
Configuration of reactors Support medium
• Effect of inhibitory substances:ammounium, salt content, sulphate, temperature
UASB
HAIB
Polyhurethane foam
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Microorganisms – biodigestors treating manure slurries
• Methanosarcinaceae and Methanobacteriales are predominant in anaerobic reactors treating different kinds of manure
• Due to high levels of ammonium, pointig out the importance of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis (Netmman et al., 2010)
MethanomicrobiumMethanosarcina
Methanobrevibacter
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Microorganisms – biodigestors treating vinasse
• Acetoclastic and hydrogenothrophic methanogens Methanomicrobium sp
Methanosarcina Methanosaeta
bacmap.wishartlab.comAraújo et al. (2003)microbewiki
• Termophilic process – vinasse is produced at high temperatures (80-900C)Souza et al. (1992); Viana (2006); Ribas (2006) • Termophilic process – vinasse is produced at high temperatures (80-900C)Souza et al. (1992); Viana (2006); Ribas (2006)
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- sludge stable among harvests - It is necessary to decrease temperature - process is faster than mesophilic
Hydrogen and methane production
Use of two -stage bioreactors to produce hydrogen and methane
Acidogenic reactor
Acidogenic reactor
H2 and acids production
Methanogenicreactor
Methanogenicreactor
Consumption of acids and production of methane
Vinasse
Peixoto et al. (2012)23
Conclusions
Studies have shown that there are mitigation strategies, however a better understanding of the microorganisms, the factors affecting symbiotic relation with other microbial population and their environment, also long term expriments are needed to implement MS
Studies have shown that there are mitigation strategies, however a better understanding of the microorganisms, the factors affecting symbiotic relation with other microbial population and their environment, also long term expriments are needed to implement MS
Emissions of methane from agriculture activities are a worlwide problem, mainly regarding enteric fermentation, rice field and manure managment
In Brazil: contribution of vinasse used as fertilizer
Emissions of methane from agriculture activities are a worlwide problem, mainly regarding enteric fermentation, rice field and manure managment
In Brazil: contribution of vinasse used as fertilizer
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Brazil
• Studies focused on microbial diversity:
Amazon and Pantanal Amazon and Pantanal
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Muchas graciasMuchas gracias
Flávia Talarico SaiaFlávia Talarico Saiaftsaia@yahoo.com.brftsaia@yahoo.com.br
55 16 3301950655 16 33019506
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