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Introduction:
Benthos is the community of organisms which live on, in, or near the seabed, also known as
the benthic zone.This community lives in or near marine sedimentary environments, from tidal pools
along the foreshore, out to the continental shelf, and then down to the abyssal depths.
Benthos examples:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Echinodermata
Subphylum: Echinozoa
Class: Echinoidea
Sea urchins or urchins are small, spiny, globular animals which, with their close kin,
such as sand dollars, constitute the class Echinoidea of the echinoderm phylum. They inhabitall oceans. Their shell, or "test", is round and spiny, typically from 3 to 10 centimetres (1.2 to
3.9 in) across. Common colours include black and dull shades of green, olive, brown, purple,and red. They move slowly, feeding mostly on algae. Sea otters, wolf eels, triggerfish, and
other predators feed on them. Humans harvest them and serve their role as a delicacy. The
name urchin is an old name for the round spiny hedgehogs that sea urchins resemble.
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Superfamily: Cypraeoidea
Family: Cypraeidae
Genus: Cypraea
Cowry, also sometimes spelled cowrie, plural cowries, is the common name for a group of
small to large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries. The word
cowry is also often used to refer only to the shells of these snails, which overall are often shaped
more or less like an egg, except that they are rather flat on the underside.
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PHYLUM:MOLLUSCA
FAMILY: PESTINEDAE
EXAMPLE:ASIAN MOON SCALLOP
GENUS:CHLAMYS
Asian moon scallop is bottom-dwelling saltwater bivalve. Almost round, flat shells, the top
being distinctively smooth with concentric circular bands of brownie reds, darker towards the
outside edge. The meat averages 13g and the shell can grow to 14cm in length, though generally
around 8cm.Found in open salt water.
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Family:Tonnidae
Subfamily:Cassinae
Genus: Phalium
Species: P. Bandatum
Phalium bandatum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family
Tonnidae.
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Crustacea
Class:Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Infraorder: Anomura
Superfamily: Paguroidea
Hermit crabs are decapod crustaceans of the superfamily Paguroidea.[1] Most of the 1100
species possess an asymmetrical abdomen which is concealed in an empty gastropod shell that is
carried around by the hermit crab.
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Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Parazoa
Phylum: Porifera
Spongesare animals of the phylumPorifera. Their bodies consist of jelly-like mesohyl
sandwiched between two thin layers of cells. While all animals have unspecialized cells that can
transform into specialized cells, sponges are unique in having some specialized cells that can
transform into other types, often migrating between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the
process. Sponges do not have nervous, digestive or circulatory systems. Instead, most rely on
maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove
wastes, and the shapes of their bodies are adapted to maximize the efficiency of the water flow.
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Kingdom: Animalia
Superphylum: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Annelida
The annelids(also called ringed worms) are a large phylum of segmented worms, with over
17,000 modern species including ragworms, earthworms and leeches. They are found in marine
environments from tidal zones to hydrothermal vents, in freshwater, and in moist terrestrial
environments.
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Subclass: Pteriomorpha
Order: Arcoida
Family: Glycymerididae
Glycymerididae, previously known as Glycymeridae, common namesdog cockles or
bittersweets, is a worldwide family of marinebivalvemollusks, related to the ark clams. In this family
the shell is generally round in outline, is slightly longer than it is wide, and the external ligament
lacks transverse striations. The shell in some genera is smooth and in others is ribbed. This family
contains 45 species in four genera.
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Subclass: Pteriomorpha
Order: Arcoida
Family: Arcidae
Genus: Anadara
Anadarais a genus of ark clams, in the familyArcidae.
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum:Crustacea
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Infraorder: Brachyura
Family: Grapsidae
Subfamily: Grapsinae
Genus: Grapsus
Grapsus is a genus of lightfoot crabs, comprising the following species.
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Superfamily: Pterotracheoidea
The Pterotracheoidea is, according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi,
2005), a taxonomicsuperfamily ofsea snails or sea slugs, marinegastropodmolluscs in the clade
Littorinimorpha. They are commonly called heteropods or sea elephants.
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Echinodermata
Subphylum: Crinozoa
Class: Crinoidea
Crinoids are marine animals that make up the class Crinoidea of the echinoderms (phylum
Echinodermata). Crinoidea comes from the Greek wordkrinon, "a lily", and eidos, "form". They live
both in shallow water and in depths as great as 6,000 meters. Sea lilies refer to the crinoids which, in
their adult form, are attached to the sea bottom by a stalk.Feather stars or comatulids refer to the
unstalked forms.
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Echinodermata
Subphylum: Asterozoa
Class: Ophiuroidea
Brittle stars, or ophiuroids, are echinoderms, closely related to starfish. They crawl across
the seafloor using their flexible arms for locomotion. The ophiuroids generally have five long slender,
whip-like arms which may reach up to 60 centimetres (24 in) in length on the largest specimens.
They are also known as serpent stars.
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Echinoidea
Subclass: Euechinoidea
Superorder: Gnathostomata
Order: Clypeasteroida
Sand dollar, or Sand-dollar is a name used for many species of extremely flattened,
burrowing sea urchins belonging to the orderClypeasteroida. Other species within the orderare not quite as flat, and are sometimes called "sea cookies" or "sea biscuits".
All members ofClypeasteroida have a rigid skeleton known as a test. This is the
typical remains found washed up on beaches. The living animals have a skin of motile spines
covering the test, which consists of calcium carbonate plates. Movement is accomplished by
the coordinated action of the spines. Like other sea urchins, sand dollars have five paired
rows of pores. The pores are arranged in a petal-like pattern. These pores are perforations in
the endoskeleton through which the podia, used in gas exchange, project from the body.Echinarachniusparma, also known as the Common Sand Dollar, is widespread in oceanwaters of the Northern Hemisphere, from the intertidal zone to considerable depths. It can be
found in temperate and tropical zones.
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Echinoidea
Superorder: Atelostomata
Order: Spatangoida
The heart urchins or Spatangoida are an order of sea urchins.Their body is a
somewhat elongated oval in form, and is distinguished by the mouth being placed towards
one end of the animal, and the anus towards the other. As a result, heart urchins, unlike mostother sea urchins, are bilaterally symmetrical, and have a distinct anterior surface. The
presence and position of the mouth and anus typically give members of this group the distinct
"heart" shape from which they get their name.Heart urchins have no feeding lantern, and
often have petaloids sunk into grooves. They are a relatively diverse order, with a number of
varying species.
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Pleuronectiformes
The flatfish are an order (Pleuronectiformes) of ray-finned fish, also called theHeterosomata, sometimes classified as a suborder of Perciformes. The name means "side-
swimmers" in Greek. In many species, both eyes lie on one side of the head, one or the othermigrating through and around the head during development. Some species face their left side
upward, some face their right side upward, and others face either side upward.Many
important food fish are in this order, including the flounders, soles, turbot, plaice, and halibut.There are more than 400 species of this order. Some flatfish can camouflage themselves on
the ocean floor.
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