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religia
30oTxTavi (S – 962), lukas saxarebis dasawyisi,1054 w.
31
bibliabiblia wignTa wignia. kacobrioba am wignSi eZebda pasuxs globalur kiTxvebze: rogor warmoiSva samyaro? rogor gaCnda sicocxle? vin varT Cven? saidan movdivarT? ra zneobrivmoraluri kategoriebiT unda icxovros adamianma?
bibliaSi bevr kiTxvaze SeiZleba pasuxis povna, oRond TiToeuli
imdens iTvisebs, ramdenis misaRebadac TviTon aris mzad.
biblia berZnuli sityvaa da wigns niSnavs. ufro zustad, berZnebi
bibloss (βίβlos) uwodebdnen papiruss, egviptur mcenares, romlisga
nac sawer masalas amzadebdnen. masze daweril wigns ewodeboda bib
lion (βίβlίoν). Semdeg βίβlos ewoda yvela wigns, maTgan gamosarCevad ki
bibliur wigns daurTes ganmsazRvreli epiTeti – wmida. esaa wigni,
romelmac daikanona wodeba wmida wignisa, wmida werilisa.
rodis Seiqmna biblia, ra enaze daiwera, ra Sedgenilobisaa – ai
kiTxvebi, romelTac pirvel rigSi unda vupasuxoT.
biblia Sedgeba sxvadasxva avtoris sxvadasxva dros dawerili
wignebisgan. is moicavs or mTavar nawils: Zvel aRTqmasa da axal
aRTqmas. Zveli aRTqma Seqmnilia XII (qristemde) – II (qristes aqeT)
saukuneebSi, ZiriTadad ebraul enaze, axali aRTqma ki qristianul
epoqaSia dawerili berZnul enaze.
Zveli aRTqma gulisxmobs SeTanxmebas, kavSirs RmerTsa da rCeul
ebrael xalxs Soris, axali aRTqma ki axali kavSiria RmerTsa da kacob
riobas, RmerTsa da TiToeul adamians Soris.
vin iyvnen ebraelebi da ratom gamoarCia isini RmerTma? Zvelad
ebraelebi ewodebodaT dasavleTsemituri modgmis erebs, romlebic
XVIXIV saukuneebSi (qristemde) SuamdinareTis sanaxebidan Crdi
loarabul naxevarudabnoSi Camosaxldnen. ibrim – rogorc uwodebd
nen Tavis Tavs ebraelebi, niSnavs mdinaris gadaRmidan mosuls.
XIII sSi (qristemde) ebraelebi damkvidrebulan mkvdari zRvis max
loblad, palestinaSi, sadac isini Serevian iqaur mosaxleobas da
laura grigolaSvili
lailaSis biblia, X-XI s.
moqvis saxareba, XIII s.
32
SeuqmniaT TavianTi saxelmwifo. ebraelebma erTgvarad daagvirgvines
Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizacia, rogorc am didi kulturis
erTerTma uZvelesma warmomadgenlebma. aRsaniSni isic aris, rom
mTeli maTi kultura moqceulia erT did wignSi – bibliaSi da moicavs
Zveli qveynebis istorias, msoflaRqmasa da esTetikur mimarTebas
samyarosadmi. uZvelesi droidan mokidebuli biblia kacobriobasTan
erTad dResac cocxlobs. is SemaerTebeli xidia Zvel civilizacieb
sa da axal civilizacias Soris.
bibliuri gadmocemiT, ebraelebi egviptelTa monobidan RvTis
mowodebiT daixsna mose winaswarmetyvelma, romelic Seiqna maTi re
ligiuri moZRvari, politikuri beladi, damfuZnebeli Zveli aRTqmis
monoTeisturi religiisa*. rogorc Zveli aRTqma mogviTxrobs,
RmerTma ixmo mose da amcno mas: `da aw ukueTu smeniT isminoT QNmisa
Cemisa da daicvaT aRTqumaL Cemi, iyvneT Cemda eri sazepuroL yovel
Tagan naTesavTa, rameTu Cemi ars yoveli queyanaL” (gamoslv. 19,5).
xalxma ufals aRuTqva yovelives Sesruleba da RmerTma moses si
nas mTaze ori fiqali (dafa) uboZa, romelzedac aTi mcneba (`deka
logi~), zneob rivi cxovrebis 10 wesi iyo gansazRvruli. Amis Semdeg
winaswarmety velma samsxverploze Sewiruli xarebis sisxli apkura
xalxs da uTxra: `aha sisxli aRTqumisa, romeli aRTqumayo RmerTman
Tquenda mimarT yovelTa amaT sityuaTaTMs~ (gamoslv. 24,8).
ufali rCeul ebrael xalxs hpirdeboda aRTqmul qveyanas, romelic dakarguli samoTxis msgavsi iqneba. ase Camoyalibda ebraeli xalxis RvTisagan gamorCeulobis idea. gamorCeulobis statusi ebraelebs mieniWaT imis gamo, rom RmerTma gamoarCia da gamoixsna isini gansacdelisgan.
Zveli aRTqma Seicavs 51 wigns da iyofa sam nawilad: kanoni, winas
warmetyvelebi da dawerilebi.
pirvel nawilSi, romelsac xuTwigneuli (xumaSi), kanoni (Tora)
ewodeba da miewereba mose winaswarmetyvels, moTxrobilia qveynisa
da adamianis gaCenis Sesaxeb, adamisa da evas codvaze, samoTxidan maT
gandevnaze, ebraeli xalxis cxovrebaze palestinaSi.
meore nawilSi gaerTianebulia 4 didi da 12 mcire winaswarmetyve
lis wignebi. am wignebSi mxilebulia kacTa modgmis codvebi. es mxile
ba erTgvar gafrTxilebadac gaismis mosalodneli sasjelis Sesaxeb,
Tu ebraelebi ar daicavdnen RvTis mcnebebs.
religia
* mose winaswarmetyvelis pirovnebiT STagonebulma araerTma xelovanma asaxa igi Ta-vis SemoqmedebaSi. gavixsenoT miqelanjelos mose, v. rosinis opera `mose egvipteSi~, a. Sonbergis `mose da aaroni~ da sxv.
dausvamT kiTxva: ra enaze esaubreba RmerTi mose winas-warmetyvels? religiuri isto-riografia gvpasuxobs: RmerTis ena is zeadamianuri idiomaa, romliTac RmerTi angelozebs esaubreba.
winaswarmetyvelTa wignebs didi da mcire ewodaT imis gamo, rom maTi winaswarmety-velebani moculobiT gansxvav-debian erTmaneTisgan, zogi didia, zogi ki – mcire.
mose, 1515, avtori: meqelanjelo buon-aroti, san pietro in vinkoli, romi.
33
mesame nawili aerTianebs sxvadasxva Janris wigns sxvadasxva
avtorisa. am wignebs gansakuTrebuli mizidulobis Zala hqondaT Zve
ladac da dResac. es wignebia: daviT winaswarmetyvelis `fsalmunebi~,
solomon brZenis `igavni~, `eklesiaste~ da `qeba qebaTaL~, iobis wigni,
esTeris wigni, ivdiTis wigni da sxv. yuradReba gavamaxviloT zogierT
maTganze:
fsalmunni (qarTulad – daviTni) bibliis, Zveli aRTqmis erTer
Ti mniSvnelovani wignia. ebrauli tradicia am wigns qebis, didebis
wigns uwodebs, radgan fsalmunTa umetesoba RvTis sadideblad war
moTqmuli sagaloblebia. berZnul enaze Targmnil bibliaSi ki am wigns
ψάλτεριον (fsalterion) ewodeba. am terminiT aRiniSneboda simebiani
sakravi, aT an Tormetsimiani qnari, romlis TanxlebiTac sruldebo
da ebraul sagalobelTa umravlesoba.
fsalmunTa wignSi gaerTianebulia asormocdaaTi (`asergasisi~)
fsalmuni. azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa sagalobelTa avtoris vinaobaze.
zogi saeklesio moRvawe 150save sagalobels daviT winaswarmetyvels
miakuTvnebs, zogierTi ki fiqrobs, rom fsalmunebi sxvadasxva avto
ris mieraa Seqmnili. mTavari mainc is aris, rom daviT winaswarmetyve
li centraluri figuraa am sagaloblebisa. sxvebi mas hbaZaven, mis
kvals mihyvebian, mis suliskveTebas gamoxataven.
fsalmunebi Tavisi zogadi SinaarsiT exmianeba daviT winaswarmety
velis cxovrebis gzas, dawyebuls samuel winaswarmetyvelis mier da
biblia
33
fslmunni, samuel winaswarmetyveli mirons acxebs daviTs.
fsalmunis mkiTxveli godebis kedelTan, ierusalimi, 2007.mefe daviT mefsalmune
34
viTis mironcxebiT, damTavrebuls misi mefobis ukanaskneli wlebiT.
Tumca didi saeklesio moRvawis, grigol noselis (ax.w. 335394) TqmiT,
`fsalmunTa~ kompozicia ar aris dafuZnebuli istoriul movlenaTa
qronologiur Tanmimdevrobaze, aramed saTnoebaTa asaxviT warmoa
Cens adamianis amaRlebas RmerTamde. amitom iqca daviTi renesansis
epoqis SemoqmedTaTvis (miqelanjelo, donatelo, verokio da sxv.)
STagonebis wyarod.
eklesiis udidesi mama aTanase aleqsandrieli (ax.w. 297373), `fsal
munTa~ brwyinvale komentatori, miiCnevs, rom fsalmunTa umTavre
si ganmasxvavebeli niSani wm. werilis sxva wignebisgan isaa, rom masSi
sasimRero intonaciiTa da poeturi formiT gamoxatulia TiTqmis
yvela sxva bibliuri wignis Sinaarsi. fsalmunTa meSveobiT adamiani
Seimecnebs Tavisi sulis moZraobas. is RmerTs esaubreba, guls gada
uSlis mas, Sendobas SesTxovs, aqebs, ganadidebs `sityvier msxverpls~
gaiRebs misTvis.
solomon brZens, daviT winaswarmetyvelis Svils, miiCneven sami
sofiologiuri (sibrZnismetyvelebiTi) wignis avtorad. es wignebia:
`igavni solomonisni~, `eklesiaste~, `qebaL qebaTaL~. es sami wignic
grigol nosels esaxeba erTgvar kibed, romlis meSveobiT adamiani
srulyofas aRwevs.
solomonis wignebs did mniSvnelobas aniWebda kabadokieli mama
basili didi (ax.w. 330379). misi gagebiT, igavTa wigni emsaxureba ada
mianis zneobriv aRzrdas, eklesiaste mogviwodebs fuWad, amaod
ar davxarjoT sasicocxlo Zalebi warmavali cxovrebis warmavali
faseulobebisTvis. `qeba qebaTa~ ki warmoaCens sulieri srulyofis
gzas, radgan gamoxatavs siZisa da sZlis Sewyvilebas, e. i. adamianisa
da logosis SekavSirebas.
`qebaLs~ Sinaarss Seyvarebuli wyvilis dialogi warmarTavs. vaJi
warmodgeba siZed, is xan mwyemsia, xan – mevenaxe, xan – mefegvirgvi
nosani (TviT solomon mefe); qali, Seyvarebuli, sZali ki xan mwyemsi
gogonaa, xan – venaxis mcveli, xan – mefis asuli, xan – dedofali. urT
ierTobaSi isini xan daZmad miiCneven erTmaneTs, xan – siZepatarZ
lad, xan – colqmrad. maT garda poemaSi Canan patarZlis megobari
qalwulebi da siZis megobari vaJebi. avtori arsad Cans.
qristianulma msoflaRqmam `qebaLSi, rogorc SevniSneT, dainaxa
`siZisa~ da `sZlis~ siyvaruli, romelic mimaniSnebelia qristesa da
kacobriobis/eklesiis kavSiris saidumloze. miiCneven, rom am wignSi
yvela winaswarmetyvelebaze ufro naTladaa warmodgenili mesiis –
qristes gacxadebis Sesaxeb. saRvTismetyvelo moZRvrebiT, `qebaL~ ki
ar winaswarmetyvelebs mesiis gankacebaze, aramed warmogvidgens mas,
rogorc ukve gankacebuls. `qebaL~ zeimis, netarebis, sixarulis ga
religia
meFfe solomonisa da sabas dedoflis Sexvedra, 1452-1466, avtori: piero dela franCeska, san franCeskos bazilika, areco, italia.
berZnuli oTxTavi, ioanes saxarebis dasawyisi, XII s.
35
momxatveli wignia. am netarebam aTqmevina solomon brZens frTian ga
moTqmad qceuli sityvebi: ̀ mtkice ars, viTarca sikudili, siyvaruli~
(qebai 8,6).
qristianobis apologetebma Zveli aRTqma dasaxes axali aRTqmis
moswavebad, axal aRTqmaSi ki Zveli aRTqmis komentarebs xedavdnen.
iudaizmi, romelic Zvel aRTqmas efuZneba, aRiarebs mxolod Zvel
aRTqmas, qristianoba ki – rogorc Zvel, ise axal aRTqmas.
axali aRTqma ieso qristes mowafeTa da mociqulTa mier Seiqmna.
masSi gadmocemulia macxovris moZRvreba SemorCenili mis TviTmxil
velTa mexsierebaSi da ganaxlebuli suliwmidis mier (ioane 14, 26).
axali aRTqma 27 wignisagan Sedgeba. es wignebia: saxareba (misi Sesaty
visi berZnuli terminia evangele, romelic qarTul literaturul
tradiciaSic gvxvdeba), igive oTxTavi (radgan saxareba oTxia da dawe
rilia oTxi maxareblis – maTe, markoz, luka da ioanes mier), saqme mo
ciqulTa, mociqulTa epistoleebi da gamocxadeba, anu apokalifsisi
ioanesi.
am wignebSi moTxrobilia ieso qristes amqveyniuri cxovrebis Sesa
xeb, qristes mowafeTa samociqulo Rvawlze, samyaros ukanasknel
dReze. oTxi maxareblis wignebs adarebdnen samoTxidan momdinare
oTx mdinares, romlebic rwyaven edemis baRs.
biblia
wyarosTAvis saxareba, X-XI ss. maTe, markozi, luka da ioane maxareblebi.
36
palestinaSi aRmocenebul religias qristes mowafeebi uqadagebdnen ara mxolod ebraelobas, ara med warmarTebsac. amitom es religia gavrcelda romis mTel imperiaSi. qristes mociqulebi saxarebas avrcelebdnen ara maxviliTa da SubiT, aramed sityviTa da siyvaruliT.
sagulisxmoa, rom mociqulebs uwodebdnen meTevzurebs, mebadu
rebs, mesaTxevlebs. marTalia, qristes mowafeTagan zogi marTlac
mebaduri iyo, magram maT es saxeli SeerqvaT imis gamo, rom RvTis
sity vis meSveobiT adamianTa gulebs aqcevdnen badeSi. aki TviT mac
xovarma mouwoda maT: `da hrqua maT: movediT da SemomidegiT me, da
gyvne Tquen mesaTxevle kacTa~ (maTe 4,19).
axalma aRTqmam safuZveli daudo axal welTaRricxvas, romelsac efuZneba mTeli evroamerikuli civilizacia (sxva welTaRricxva aqvT magaliTad, Cinelebs, arabebs). axalma aRTqmam daamkvidra axali gageba axali cxovrebisa, axali adamianisa, axali gzisa, axali galobisa. es is faseulobebia, romelTa meSveobiTac myardeba kavSiri uzarmazari evropuli sivrcis kulturul xalxTa Soris.
religia
36
eTiopiuri biblia, 1350-1450, napovnia gizis udabnos platoze.
petre mociquli, laTinuri biblia, 1407, malmsberis saabato, uiltSiri, inglisi.
37
biblia
mainc ra aris am kulturis safuZvelTa safuZveli?
axali aRTqma axali kavSiria RvTisa da adamianisa. saRvTismetyve
lo swavlebiT, Tu Zveli aRTqma, sinas mTaze rom daido RmerTsa da
israels Soris, saqorwino kontraqtia samsxverploze mitanili Sesa
wiris sisxlis SxefebiT beWeddasmuli, axali aRTqma saqorwino kav
Siria, dabeWdili ieso qristes sisxliT, romliTac jvarcmulma mac
xovarma gamoisyida codviTdacemuli kacobrioba. cnobilia, rom jer
kidev Zveli aRTqma mianiSnebda morwmuneebs saqorwino urTierToba
ze RmerTsa da mis rCeul xalxs Soris: `da mogiTxoo Sen Tavisa Cemisa
saukunnod, da mogiTxoo Sen Tavisa Cemisa sarwmunoebiT, da icna Sen
ufali~ (osia 2, 1920). miiCneven, rom esaa gulmxurvale mowodeba, mox
moba eklesiisa Seemecnos ufals, gaxdes sZali qristesi.
`qebaTaqebaTaLs~ komentatorebmac, rogorc aRvniSneT, Zveli
aRTqmis am yvelaze idumal wignSi dainaxes RmrTisa da misi rCeuli
xalxis saqorwino urTierTobis alegoria, sityvisa da sxeulis Sekav
Sirebis igavi, ieso qristesa da eklesiis, anu qristesa da yoveli ada
mianis SeerTebis (erTqmnis) ganmadidebeli himni.
bibliaSi SeiniSneba am ideis TandaTanobiT ganviTareba. axali
aRTqmis igavebiT (maTe 25, 113; maTe 22, 113) gacxadebulia, rom Rmer
Ti swored qristeSi xorcieldeba siZed. bibliam adamianis srulqmnis
aRmniSvnel universalur simbolod qorwineba miiCnia.
axalma aRTqmam daamkvidra sruliad axali gageba siyvarulisa.
qristianoba RmerTis arsad acxadebs siyvaruls: `RmerTi siyuaru
li ars~ (1 ioane 4, 8). RmerTi, antikuri religiis RmerTebisgan gansx
vavebiT, mxolod ki ar uyvarT, aramed TviTonaa ganmsWvaluli yvelas
siyvaruliT. siyvaruli daisaxa adamianis mowodebad, misi Rirsebis
ganmsazRvrelad: ̀ Tqmul ars: Seiyuaro moyvasi Seni da moiZulo mteri
Seni. xolo me getyv Tquen: giyuarded mterni Tquenni~ (maTe 5, 4344).
siyvaruli zneobiTi ierarqiis saTaveSi moeqca da umTavres ide
alad gamoikveTa. pavle mociqulma, romelmac sulisSemZvreli himni
uZRvna siyvaruls (1 kor. 13, 413), Semdegi sityvebiT daagvirgvina is:
`xolo aw esera hgies: sarwmunoebaL, sasoebaL da siyuaruli, sami ese;
xolo ufroLs amaTsa siyvaruli ars~.
axali aRTqmis (da saerTod bibliis) damamTavrebeli wigni – ga
mocxadebaL ioanesi (apokalifsisi), romelic samyaros ukanasknel
dRes aRwers, mTavrdeba axali galobiT, romelSic monawileobs
uricxvi raodenoba angelozebisa, maT galobas uerTdeba galoba yo
vel Ta dabadebulTa, `romelni arian caTa Sina da queyanasa zeda da
ufskrulTa Sina da zRuaTa~ (gamocx. 5, 13). codviT dacemis Sedegad
darRveuli harmonia samyarosi unda aRdges, am harmoniis safuZvlad
ki siyvarulia miCneuli.ioanes gamocxadeba, rusuli xati, XVI s.
38
axali aRTqma daedo safuZvlad axal religias – qristianobas, ro
melmac Tavis mxriv Camoayaliba Tvisebrivad axali sazogadoebrivi
cnobiereba, axali sakulto da kulturuli arqetipebi. maT axali
kulturis safuZvlebi gansazRvres.
qristianobis RmerTi – pirovnuli samsaxovani erTarseba Rmer
Ti – aris absoluturi WeSmariteba, sikeTe, mSveniereba, siyvaruli,
arafrisgan yovelives Semoqmedi. adamiani umTavres faseulobad ga
mocxadda; is Seqmnilia RvTis saxed da xatad, angelozTa darad mini
Webuli aqvs Tavisufali neba. adamiani pirvelcodvis Sedegad dascil
da RvTis xats. adamiani movalea aRidginos RvTaebrivi xati. magram
daibada kiTxva: rogor eziareba adamiani RmerTs, Tu TviTon RmerTi
ar Seva adamianSi? amitom moxda RmerTis kacqmna, `amisTMs RmerTma
makacebr moqmed iqmna zeSTa RmerTTaL, raLTa kacebr uwyodnis vnebani
Cuenni da RmrTeebr iNsnides bralTagan, romelTa qalwulad qadagon
qalwuli dedaL,~ – ityvis daviT aRmaSenebeli Tavis ganTqmul sinanu
lis sagalobelSi.
gavixsenoT isic, rogor esaubreboda Tavis xalxs ilia WavWavaZe,
eris mamad miCneuli didi mwerali da moazrovne: `viT mama zecisa iyav
Senc srulio~, umoZRvra kacs da amiT gvamcno, rom kaci SemZlebel
ars aRsvlad RvTaebis sisrulemde. raodeni didebaa da pativi kacis
bunebisa am eqvs sityvaSi, RvTis bageTagan warmoTqmulSi!.. iRvawe da
RvTis sisrulemde Senc SegiZlian axvide da miaRwioo. esodeni gan
dideba da aRmateba adamianis Rirsebisa jer manamde ara adamians ar
gaegona~.
qristianulma religiam gansazRvra samyaros modeli, adamianis roli, evoluciis arsi. yovelive es ki safuZvlad daedo am kulturis eTikur da esTetikur principebs. moZRvreba mSveniersa da amaRlebulze erTnairad gansazRvravda arqiteqturis, mxatvrobis, musikis, sityvieri da gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis ragvarobas. bibliur mxatvrulsaazrovno sivrceSi Camoyalibda motivebi, Temebi, saxesimboloebi, romlebic evropuli literaturisa da xelovnebis niSansvetebad iqcnen.
axali aRTqmis samyaro saukuneTa manZilze STagonebis wyaro iyo
mxatvrebisTvis, moqandakeebisTvis, mwerlebisTvis, poetebisTvis,
musikosebisaTvis, arqiteqtorebisaTvis, renesansis epoqam axali si
cocxle mianiWa bibliur Temebs. miqelanjelo, rafaeli, ticiani, el
greko, rembrandti Sedevrebs qmnidnen Zveli da axali aRTqmis siu
Jetebze.
religia
38
somxuri biblia, 1256 w.
jruWis II saxareba, XII s.
39
bibliis kulturologiuri mniSvneloba ganuzomelia. nu dagvaviwy
deba, rom es wigni mxolod `saRmrTo~ daniSnulebisa ar aris. is iyo da
aris `TviTmyofadi poeturi qmnileba, vrceli tilo, sadac warmod
genilia sityvieri Semoqmedebis, dResdReobiT arsebulis, TiTqmis
yvela Janri. igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, Tanamedrove msoflio mwerlobis
uZvelesi qrestomaTiaa. aq SevxvdebiT folkloruli warmoSobis
sawesCveulebo simRerebs, igavarakebs, Segonebebs, filosofiur na
kvesebs, miTosis fragmentebs, saistorio da sayofacxovrebodoku
mentur prozas, novelistur ambebs, godebebs, saRvTo sagaloblebs,
sagmiro leqsebs, satrfialo lirikas, diplomatiur mimoweras, ora
torul sityvas, publicistikasac ki~ (z. kiknaZe).
... qarTveli xalxi qristian erTa Soris dgas. is qristianobis miRe
bisTanave daewafa biblias, adridanve gadmoTargmna misi calkeuli
wignebi (saxareba, fsalmunni, winaswarmetyvelebi...). Cvenamde moRweu
li mTliani biblia (oSkis, igive aTonisa) ki 978 wliTaa daTariRebuli.
39
biblia
martvilis saxareba, 1050
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