Bogor - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

7/5/2015 BogorWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogor 1/27

BogorCity

KotaBogor

Fromtop,clockwise:BogorPalace,GreatMosqueofBogor,BogorBotanicalGarden,Kujang

Monument

Seal

Nickname(s):KotaHujan(CityofRain)

LocationofBogorinIndonesia

BogorFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Bogor(Indonesian:KotaBogor,Dutch:Buitenzorg)isacityontheislandofJavaintheWestJavaprovinceofIndonesia.ThecityislocatedinthecenteroftheBogorRegency(Indonesian:KabupatenBogor),60kilometers(37mi)southoftheIndonesiancapitalJakarta,althoughitisadministrativelyindependentfromthatregency.Bogoristhe6thlargestcityofJabodetabek(theJakartametropolitanregion)andthe14thnationwide,withapopulationhavingpassed1million[2]itisanimportanteconomic,scientific,culturalandtouristcenter,aswellasamountainresort.

IntheMiddleAges,thecitywasthecapitalofSundaKingdom(Indonesian:KerajaanSunda)andwascalledPakuanPajajaran.DuringtheDutchcolonialera,itwasnamedBuitenzorg(meaning"Withoutacare"inDutch)andservedasthesummerresidenceoftheGovernorGeneralofDutchEastIndies.

Withseveralhundredthousandpeoplelivingonanareaofabout20km2(7.7sqmi),thecentralpartofBogorisoneoftheworld'smostdenselypopulatedareas.Thecityhasapresidentialpalaceandabotanicalgarden(Indonesian:KebunRayaBogor)oneoftheoldestandlargestintheworld.Itbearsthenickname"theRainCity"(KotaHujan),becauseoffrequentrainshowers.Itnearlyalwaysrainsevenduringthedryseason.

Contents

1History1.1Precolonialperiod1.2Colonialperiod

1.2.1DutchEastIndiaCompany1.2.2RuleoftheKingdomoftheNetherlands

1.3194219501.4AspartofIndonesia

2Geography,topography,geology3Climate

4Population

Bogor

Coordinates:6360S106480E



Coordinates:6360S106480E

Country IndonesiaProvince WestJava

Founded 1482Othernames PakuanPajajaran(1746)

Buitenzorg(17461942)

GovernmentMayor AgusSoesanto,M.Kom

Area[1]

Total 118.5km2(45.8sqmi)

Elevation 265m(869ft)

Population(2014)Total 1,022,002Density 8,600/km2(22,000/sqmi) [2]

Timezone WIB(UTC+7)

Postalcode 16100to16169Areacode(s) +62251Vehicleregistration

F

Website kotabogor.go.id(http://www.kotabogor.go.id/)

TheKingdomofSundahaditscapitalinPakuanPajajaran

4Population5AdministrativeDistricts

5.1Administration6Economy7Transport8Housingandfacilities9Educationandscience10Culture11Health12Media13Sport14Travelandplaces15FamouspeopleborninBogor16Seealso17References18Externallinks

History

Precolonialperiod

ThefirstmentioningofasettlementatpresentBogordatestothe5thcenturywhentheareawaspartofTarumanagara,oneofthefirststatesontheterritoryofmodernIndonesia.[3][4][5]AfteraseriesofdefeatsfromtheneighboringSrivijaya,TarumanagarawastransformedintotheSundaKingdom,andin669,thecapitalofSundawasbuiltbetweenthesmallriversCiliwungandCisadane.ItwasnamedPakuanPajajaran,thatinoldSundanesemeans"aplacebetweentheparallel[rivers]",andbecamethepredecessorofthemodernBogor.[6][7]

Overthenextseveralcenturies,PakuanPajajaranbecomeoneofthelargestcitiesinmedievalIndonesiawithpopulationreaching48,000.[7]ThenamePajajaranwasthenusedfortheentirekingdom,andthecapitalwassimplycalledPakuan.[7][8][9][10][11]ThechroniclesofthattimewerewritteninSanskrit,whichwasthelanguageusedforofficialandreligiouspurposes,usingthePallavawritingsystem,onrockstellascalledprasasti.[4][12]TheprasastifoundinandaroundBogordifferinshapeandtextstylefromotherIndonesianprasastiandareamongthemainattractionsofthecity.[4]

Bogor



ADutchmapshowingthelocationofthePakuanPajajaranrelativelytoBuitenzorg.

A1600yearoldstoneinscription(prasasti)oftheTarumanagarakingdomera.

Inthe915thcenturies,thecapitalwasmovingbetweenPakuanandothercitiesofthekingdom,andfinallyreturnedtoPakuanbyKingSiliwangi(SriBadugaMaharaja)on3June1482thedayofhiscoronation.Since1973,thisdateiscelebratedinBogorasanofficialcityholiday.[13][14]

In1579,PakuanwascapturedandalmostcompletelydestroyedbythearmyofSultanateof

Banten,[15][16]ceasingtheexistenceoftheStateofSunda.Thecitywasabandonedandremaineduninhabitedfordecades.[7][13]

Colonialperiod

DutchEastIndiaCompany

Inthesecondhalfofthe17thcentury,theabandonedPakuanasmostofWestJava,whileformallyremainingundertheSultanateofBanten,graduallypassedundercontroloftheDutchEastIndiaCompany(VOC).Theformaltransitionoccurredon17April1684bysigninganagreementbetweentheCrownPrinceofBantenandtheVOC.[17]

Thefirst,andtemporal,colonialsettlementatPakuanwasacampoflieutenantTanuwijaya,aSundaneseemployedbytheVOCwhowassentin1687todevelopthearea.[9][17][18]Itwasseriouslydamagedbytheeruptionon45January1699oftheMountSalakvolcano(Indonesian:GunungSalak),howevertheconcomitantforestfiresremovedmuchforest,leavingmuchareafortheplannedriceandcoffeeplantations.[9]Inashorttime,severalagriculturalsettlementsappearedaroundPakuan,thelargestbeingKampungBaru(lit."newvillage").[4]In1701,theywerecombinedintoanadministrativedistrictTanuwijayawaschosenastheheadofthedistrictandisregardedasthefounderofthemodernBogorRegency.[17][18]

Thedistrictwasfurtherdevelopedduringthe1703DutchmissionheadedbytheInspectorGeneraloftheVOCAbrahamvanRiebeeck(thesonofthefounderofCapeTownJanvanRiebeeckandlaterGovernorofDutchEastIndies).[9][17]TheexpeditionofvanRiebeeckperformedadetailedstudyofthePakuanruins,discoveredanddescribedmanyarchaeologicalartifacts,includingprasasti,anderectedbuildingsfortheVOCemployees.[18]TheareaattractedtheDutchbyafavorablegeographicalpositionandmildclimate,preferredoverthehotBataviawhichwasthentheadministrativecenteroftheDutchEastIndies.[18]In17441745,theresidenceoftheGovernorGeneralwasbuiltinPakuanwhichwashostingthegovernmentduringthesummer.[18]



ThegreatpostroadpassingBuitenzorginthe19thcentury

BogorPalacein1910swhenitwasstilltheresidenceofGovernorGeneral.

In1746,bytheorderoftheGovernorGeneralGustaafWillemvanImhoff,thePalace,anearbyDutchsettlementandninenativesettlementsweremergedintoanadministrativedivisionnamedBuitenzorg(Dutchfor"beyond(oroutside)concerns,"meaning"withoutworries"or"carefree,"cf.FredericktheGreatofPrussia'ssummerpalaceoutsidePotsdam,Sanssouci,withthesamemeaninginFrench.)[19][20]Aroundthesametime,thefirstreferencetoBogorasthelocalnameofthecitywasdocumenteditwasmentionedintheadministrationreportfrom7April1752withrespecttothepartofBuitenzorgadjacenttothePalace.[21]LaterthisnamebecameusedforthewholecityasthelocalalternativetoBuitenzorg.[19]

ThisnameisbelievedtooriginatefromtheJavanesewordbogormeaningsugarpalm(Arengapinnata),whichisstillusedintheIndonesianlanguage.[21][22]AlternativeoriginsaretheoldJavanesewordbhagar(meaningcow),orsimplythemisspellingof"Buitenzorg"bythelocalresidents.[21]

Thecitygrewrapidlyinthelate18thearly19thcenturies.[18]ThisgrowthwaspartlystimulatedbythetemporaryoccupationoftheDutchEastIndiesbyUnitedKingdomin18111815theBritishlandedonJavaandotherSundaIslandstopreventtheircapturebyNapoleonicFrancewhichthenconqueredtheNetherlands.TheheadoftheBritishadministrationStamfordRafflesmovedtheadministrativecenterfromBataviatoBuitenzorgandimplementednewandmoreefficientmanagementtechniques.[18][23]

RuleoftheKingdomoftheNetherlands

AfterBuitenzorgwasreturnedtotheDutch,itfellundertheruleoftheKingdomoftheNetherlandsratherthanVOC.TheBuitenzorgPalacewasreinstatedasthesummerresidenceoftheGovernorGeneral.Abotanicalgardenwassetupnearbyin1817,whichwasoneoftheworld'slargestgardensinthe19thcentury.[18][19][24][25]

On10October1834,BuitenzorgwasseriouslydamagedbyanothereruptionoftheSalakvolcanocausedbyanearthquake.[18][26]Takingintoaccounttheseismicactivityoftheregion,thegovernor'spalaceandofficebuildingsconstructedin18401850werebuiltshorterbutsturdierthanthosebuiltpriortotheeruption.[18]TheGovernor'sdecreeof1845prescribedseparatesettlementsofEuropean,ChineseandArabmigrantswithinthecity.[18]

In18601880,thelargestagriculturalschoolinthecolonywasestablishedinBuitenzorg.Otherscientificinstitutionsincludingacitylibrary,naturalsciencemuseum,biology,chemistry,andveterinarymedicinelaboratorieswerealsoconstructedduringthisperiod.Bytheendofthe19thcentury,BuitenzorgbecameoneofthemostdevelopedandWesternizedcitiesinIndonesia.[9][18]

In1904,BuitenzorgformallybecametheadministrativecenteroftheDutchEastIndies.However,realmanagementremainedinBatavia,whichhostedmostoftheadministrativeofficesandthemainofficeofthegovernor.[4][19]Thisstatuswasrevokedintheadministrativereformof1924,whichdividedthecolony



AerialpictureofBogorduringthe1930s.

R.A.A.MuharramWiranatakusuma,presidentofthePasundanStatewithhissecretaryinBogor(1948)

intoprovincesandsetBuitenzorgasthecenterofWestJavaProvince.[4]

19421950

DuringWorldWarIIBuitenzorgandtheentireterritoryofDutchEastIndieswereoccupiedbyJapaneseforcestheoccupationlastedfrom6March1942untilthesummerof1945.[27]AspartoftheeffortsbytheJapanesetopromotenationalist(andthusantiDutch)sentimentsamongthelocalpopulationthecitywasgiventheIndonesiannameBogor.[25]Thecityhadoneofthemajortraining

centersoftheIndonesianmilitiaPETA(PembelaTanahAir"DefendersoftheMotherland").[28]

On17August1945,SoekarnoandHattaproclaimedindependence,buttheDutchregainedcontrolofthetownandadjoiningareas.InFebruary1948,BogorwasincludedinthequasiindependentstateofWestJava,(Indonesian:NegaraJawaBarat)whichwasrenamedinApril1948intoPasundan(Indonesian:NegaraPasundan).ThisstatewasestablishedbytheNetherlandsasasteptotransformtheirformercolonialpossessionsintheEastIndiesintoadependentfederation.[29][30]InDecember1949,PasundanjoinedtheRepublicoftheUnitedStatesofIndonesia(Indonesian:RepublikIndonesiaSerikat,RIS)establishedattheDutchIndonesianRoundTableConferenceof23August2November1949.[30][31]InFebruary1950,asaresultofdefeatofPasundaninaquickmilitaryconflictwiththeRepublicofIndonesia,thecitybecamepartofIndonesia,asformalizedinAugust1950,[30][31]anditsnamewasofficiallydeclaredasBogor.[13][32]

AspartofIndonesia

AspartofindependentIndonesia,Bogorbegantoplayasignificantroleinthecultural,scientificandeconomicdevelopmentofthecountryandWestJavainparticularprimarilyduetotheinfrastructurebuiltduringthecolonialperiod.ItsspecialpositionwasfurtherreinforcedbythetransformationoftheformersummerresidenceofthegovernorgeneralintothesummerpalaceofthePresidentofIndonesia.[9][33]Inthe1990s2000s,thecityregularlyhostedvariousinternationalevents,suchasministrylevelmeetingsoftheAsiaPacificinstitutions[34]andtheAPECsummitof15November1994.[35]Since2008,aChristianchurchcongregationinBogorhasbeenembroiledwithIslamicfundamentalistsoverthebuildingpermitfortheirnewchurch.[36]

AsofFebruary2015,thenewpresidentJokoWidodomovedtheseatofthepresidentfromMerdekaPalacetoBogorPalace.[37]

Geography,topography,geology



CiliwungRiverontheoutskirtsofBogor

BogorandMountSalak

ThecityissituatedinthewesternpartofJavaisland,about53kmsouthofthecapitalJakartaand85kmnorthwestofBandung,theadministrativecenterofWestJavaProvince.[1]BogorspreadsoverabasinnearvolcanoesSalak,whichpeaksatabout12kmsouth,andMountGedewhosetopis2225kmsoutheastofthecity.[38]Theaverageelevationis265meters,maximum330m,andminimum190metersabovesealevel.[1]Theterrainisratheruneven:17.64kmofitsareahasslopesof02,80.9kmfrom2to15,11kmbetween15and25,7.65kmfrom25to40and1.20kmover40[39]thenorthernpartisrelativelyflatandthesouthernpartismorehilly.[40]

Thesoilsaredominatedbyvolcanicsedimentaryrocks.[40]Giventheproximityoflargeactivevolcanoes,theareaisconsideredhighlyseismic.[38]Thetotalareaofgreenspaceis205,000m,ofwhich87,000mareBogorBotanicalGardens,19,400maretakenby35parks,17,200mby24grovesand81,400marecoveredwithgrass.[41]

SeveralriversflowthroughthecitytowardtheJavaSea.Thelargestones,CiliwungandCisadane,flankthehistoriccitycenter.Smallerrivers,Cipakancilan,Cidepit,CiparigiandCibalok,areguidedbycementtubesinmanyplaces.[38]Itisworthnotingthat"ci"intherivernamesmerelymeans"river"inSundanese,andtheactualnamebeginsafterit,butthe"ci"isneverthelessincludedintonationalandinternationalmaps.Thereareseveralsmalllakeswithinthecity,includingSituBurung(lit.BirdLake"Situ"meaning"Lake")andSituGede(lit.GreatLake),withtheareaofseveralhectareseach.Riversandlakesoccupy2.89%ofthecityarea.[42]

Climate

Theclimateisequatorial,andmorehumidandrainythaninmanyotherareasofWestJavatheaveragerelativehumidityis70%,[38]theaverageannualprecipitationisabout1700mm,butmorethan3500mminsomeareas.[38]MostrainfallsbetweenDecemberandFebruary.Becauseofthisweather,Bogorhasthenickname"RainCity"(Indonesian:Kotahujan).[43][44]ThetemperaturesarelowerthanincoastalJava:theaveragemaximumis25.9C(cf.32.2CinJakarta).Dailyfluctuations(910C)areratherhighforIndonesia.Theabsolutemaximumtemperaturewasrecordedat38Candtheminimumat3C.[1]



SchoolgirlsinMuslimdressintheBogorBotanicalGarden

ClimatedataforBogorCityMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

RecordhighF(C) 91(33)97(36)

93(34)

90(32)

99(37)

100(38)

97(36)

93(34)

99(37)

95(35)

97(36)

90(32)

100(38)

AveragehighF(C) 77(25)77(25)

79(26)

79(26)

79(26)

79(26)

79(26)

79(26)

81(27)

81(27)

79(26)

77(25)

79(26)

DailymeanF(C) 72(22)72(22)

72(22)

72(22)

72(22)

72(22)

72(22)

72(22)

72(22)

73(23)

72(22)

72(22)

72(22)

AveragelowF(C) 64(18)64(18)

64(18)

64(18)

64(18)

64(18)

63(17)

63(17)

63(17)

64(18)

64(18)

64(18)

64(18)

RecordlowF(C) 52(11)48(9)

48(9)

50(10)

50(10)

55(13)

45(7)

37(3)

55(13)

50(10)

52(11)

50(10)

37(3)

Averageprecipitationinches(mm) 9.84(250)9.13(232)

7.17(182)

7.17(182)

4.06(103)

1.85(47)

0.98(25)

2.09(53)

2.76(70)

3.78(96)

7.76(197)

7.87(200)

64.45(1,637)

Avg.precipitationdays 21 21 21 18 12 8 7 6 8 13 20 21 176

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAveragewindspeed(km/h) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5

Topwindspeed(km/h) 37 44 115 76 72 54 61 93 46 74 59 46 115

Population

AccordingtothenationalcensusheldinMayAugust2010,949,066peoplewereregisteredinBogor.[45]Theaveragepopulationdensityisabout8,000peopleperkmitreaches12,571personsperkminthecenteranddropsto5,866peopleperkminthesouthernpart.[45]

Year 1956 1961 1971 1981 1988 1999 2010Population 124,000[46] 154,000[47] 197,000[48] 246,000[48] 285,000[48] 585,000[48] 949,000[45]

TherapidpopulationgrowthinBogorafter1960isrelatedtourbanizationaswellastheinfluxofworkforcefromotherpartsofthecountry.[48]Thebirthratein2009was563childrenper10,000people,withthemortalityvalueof272.Duringthesameyear,12,709permanentresidentmovedinand3,391peopleleftthecity.[49]Menconstituted51.06%andwomen48.94%ofthepopulation[45]28.39%oftheinhabitantswereunder15yearsold,67.42%wereaged1565yearsand3.51%over65years.[49]The2005estimateofthelifeexpectancyis71.8years,whichisthehighestfigureforWestJavaandoneofthehighestinIndonesia.[50]

Mostpopulation(87%)areSundanese,withconsiderablenumbersofJavanese,Chineseandother,oftenmixedethnicities.[51][52]VirtuallyalladultsarefluentinIndonesiantheofficiallanguageofthecountry.Sundaneseisusedathomeandinsomepublicareasandeventsfor



CoatofarmsofBogor

example,thesolemnspeechofthemayorattheCityDaycelebrationof3June2010wasdeliveredinSundanese.[52]ThelocaldialectofSundanesesignificantlydiffersfromtheclassicalversionbothlexicallyandphonetically.[53][54]

Themajorityofpopulation(94%)areMuslims,[55]withjustover5%Christians.However,therearemanyChristianchurchesinthecity,[56][57][58]aswellasBuddhist(mostlyintheChinesecommunity[59])andHinducommunities.

Religiousstatisticsof2009[49]

Religion Adherents Fractionofpopulation(%) NumberofreligiousbuildingsIslam 838,533 92.64 715Protestantism 30,807 3.40 27Catholicism 21,957 2.43 8Buddhism 9,246 1.02 13Hinduism 1,352 0.15 9Confucianism 502 0.06 13Others 2,736 0.30

AdministrativeDistricts

BogorCityissurroundedbytheBogorRegency(kabupaten)butinitselfisaseparatemunicipality(cat).[13][60]Thecityisdividedintosixdistricts(kecamatan),whichcontain68lowleveladministrativeunits,31ofwhichhavethestatusofsettlementand37arevillages.[61]

DistrictsofBogorCity[45][61]

Englishname Indonesianname AreainkmPopulationat2010Census

Numberofsettlementsandvillages

NorthBogor KecamatanBogorUtara 17.72 170,320 8SouthBogor KecamatanBogorSelatan 30.81 180,745 16EastBogor KecamatanBogorTimur 10.15 94,572 6WestBogor KecamatanBogorBarat 32.85 210,450 16CentralBogor KecamatanBogorTengah 8.13 102,203 11TanahSereal KecamatanTanahSereal 18.84 190,776 11

Administration

Thecityisheadedbyamayor,whoiselectedbythecitizenseveryfiveyears,togetherwithavicemayorinthepast,themayorwasappointedbytheprovincialadministration.[60]DianiBudiartobecamethefirstelectedmayorofBogoron25October2008andassumedhispositionon7April2009.[62]Legislative



AbuildingindowntownBogor

GuppyfishesareexportedinlargequantitiesfromBogor.

powerisprovidedbytheCityCouncilwhichconsistsof45people'srepresentativeswhoarealsoelectedbytheresidentsfora5yearterm.NinepoliticalpartiesconsistingoffivefactionsarerepresentedintheCouncil.[63][64]

ThecoatofarmsofBogorisarectangularheraldicshieldwithapointedbaseandthesidelengthsratioof5:4,dividedbyacrossintofourparts.TheupperleftquartercontainstheNationalEmblemofIndonesiathemythicalbirdGaruda,intheupperrightisthepresidentialpalace,inthebottomleftistheSalakvolcano,andinthelowerrightisthenationalSundanesedaggerkujang.Theinscriptionontopreads"KOTABOGOR"whichtranslatesto"THECITYOFBOGOR".[65]

Economy

Bogorhasdevelopedautomotivechemicalandfoodindustries[66]

itsoutlyingareasareusedforagriculture.[67]Duringthecolonization,Bogorwasmostlyproducingcoffee,rubberandhighqualitytimber.Chemicalindustrywasintroducedtothecityattheendofthe19thcentury,[9][18]andcarandmetalproductioninthe1950s,duringtheindustrializationofindependentIndonesia.Thefasteconomicdevelopmentofthe1980swassloweddownbythecrisisofthe1990sandrecoveredintheearly2000ssothegrowthrateoftheeconomyinBogorwas5.78%in2002,6.07%in2003and6.02%in2009.[66]Attheendof2009,theGrossRegionalProduct(GRP)was12.249trillionIDR[68](approximately1.287billionUSD[69])andtheinvestmentsamountedto932.295billionIDR.[68]

Despitetheeconomicalgrowth,thenumberofcitizenslivingbelowthepovertylevel(definedbynotonlycashincome,butalsoaccesstobasicsocialservices[70])isincreasing,primarilyduetotheinflowofpoorresidentsofthesurroundingruralareas.In2009,17.45%ofthepopulationlivedbelowthepovertylevel,almosttwicehigherthanin2006(9.5%)[68]Minimumwageisestablishedbythecityauthoritiesat800,000IDR/month.[71]



BogorrailwaystationBecakparkingatthecenterofBogor

Branchofeconomy ShareinGRP(%)[72]

Trade,hotelandrestaurantbusiness 30.14Industry 28.2Financialservices 13.77Transportandcommunication 9.7Customerservices 7.54Construction 7.48Energyandwatersupply 3.16Agriculture,fishing 0.36

In2008therewere3,208officiallyregisteredindustrialenterprisesinBogoremploying54,268people,morethanhalf(32,237)ofwhomworkedatthe114largestcompanies.[73]Theoutskirtsofthecitycontainabout3,466hectaresofagriculturalarea,including111hectaresofwaterbodiesusedforfisheryandfishfarming.[67]Themaincropsarerice(1165hectaresasof2007,theannualharvestin2003was9,953tonnes),variousvegetables(772acres,8,296tonnes),corn(382acres,6,720tonnes)andsweetpotato(480acres,3,480tonnes).[74]Thelivestocksectorhas25registeredcompanies(asof2007)mostlybreedingcows(morethan1000animalsyieldingmorethan2.61millionlitersofmilk),sheep(about12,000),chickens(morethan642,000)andducks(ca.8,000).[75][76]

About2530tonnesofvariousspeciesoffishareproducedperyearby4registeredcompanies.Thefishesaremostlybredartificially,inpondsandpaddyfields.[77]Breedingaquariumfishandalsocatchingthemintheirnaturalhabitatisanimportantindustrysector,whichyielded367,000USDfrom2008exportsalesonly,mostlytoJapanandMiddleEast.[72]AsubstantialpartofotherBogorproduction,144billionIDRin2008,isexported.Examplesareclothesandfootwear(toUS,EU,ASEAN,Canada,Australia,Russia),textiles(US,NewZealand),furniture(SouthKorea),cartires(ASEANcountriesandSouthAmerica),toysandsouvenirs(Japan,Germany,Brazil),softdrinks(ASEANcountriesandMiddleEast).[78][79]Mostofthelocalsellsarecarriedoutviatheeightmajorshoppingcenters,ninesupermarketsandsevenmajormarkets.[78]

Transport

BogorisamajortransportcenterofJava.Itcontains599.2kilometersofroads(asof2008)whichcover5.31%ofthecityarea30.2kilometersoftheroadsareofnationaland26.8kmofprefecturalimportance.[80]The22transportlinesareoperatedby3,506busesand

minibuses.Inaddition,10busroutesconnectthecitywiththe



nearestmetropolitanarea(4,612buses)and40withothercitiesofWestJava(330buses).[81]Therearetwomajorbusterminals,BaranangsiangandBubulak.Theformerhasanareaof22,100mandisdedicatedtolongdistanceandfreighttrafficwhilethelatter(area11,850m)servesurbanpassengerroutes.[82]AseparatestationisdedicatedtotouristcoachesandbusestothenearestSoekarnoHattaInternationalAirportinJakarta,locatedabout55kilometersfromBogor.[82]RecentyearsseeasignificantincreaseinthenumberoftraditionalIndonesianrickshaw(becak)atmorethan2,000unitsasof2009.[83]ThetrainstationofBogorwasbuiltin1881,andcurrentlyservesabout50,000passengersandhasabout70departuresand70arrivalsperday.[82]

Housingandfacilities

Residentialbuildingsoccupy26.46%ofthecity,or71.11%ofitsbuiltuparea514storeybuildingsdominatethecentralpartandtheoutlyingareasaremostlybuiltupwithsinglestoreyedhouses.[71][84]Thepopulationriseinthe1990s2000sduetotheinflowofexternalworkforcesharplyincreasedthenumberofsubstandardhousing,mainlyontheoutskirtsofthecity.Morethanhalfoftheslums(1,242,490m)arelocatedinnorthernBogor,whereastheirareaisonly89,780minsouthernpartofthecity.[84][85]Toimprovethissituation,thecityadministrationlaunchedaprogramofconstructionofcheaphousingtypes(lightprefabricatedhouses)inthewesternBogor.Thesehousescombinereasonablerent($22peryear[86])atacceptablelivingconditions.[71]

ElectricitytoBogorissuppliedbyIndonesianstatecompanyPerusahaanListrikNegara,whichservestheprovincesofWestJavaandBanten.ElectricityisprovidedbymorethantenregionalthermalandhydroelectricpowerplantsviatwolocaltransformerstationslocatedintheBogordistrictsofCimahparandCibilong.[87]Whereasmostofthehouses(excludingsomeslumareas)areprovidedwithelectricity,streetlightingcoversonly35.38%ofthecity(4,193lightsources,asof2007),however,thenumberofstreetlightsisincreasingatanannualrateof1015%.[88]

Asof2009,only47%ofBogorisprovidedwithcleantapwaterthroughacentralizedwatersupplysystemsmanagedbystateownedTirtaPakuan.[89]ThemunicipalsystemtakeswaterfromriversCisadane(1240literspersecond),andthreenaturalsources:KotaBatu,BentarKambingandTangka(410literspersecond).Although,thewaternetworkhasatotallengthof741kilometersandcoversabout70%ofthecity,connectiontoitisoftenproblematicforfinancialandtechnicalreasons.Morethanhalfofresidentsusewaterwellsornaturalreservoirs.[89]

Garbagecollectionservicecovers67%oftheurbanarea.Fromabout800,000m3ofwasteperyear,about90%isburiedatanexternallandfillatGaluga,about7%isrecycledforcompostandabout3%isburnedinfiveincineratorswithinthecity.[90]

ThesevencemeteriesofBogorarenamedbythecitydistrictsasCilendek,Kayumanis,Situgede,Mulyaharja,Blender,DrededandGunungGadung.Thefirstsixhavethestatusof"publiccemeteries"(Indonesian:Tempatpemakamanumum),andhavenorestrictionsbyreligionorethnicity.However,giventhereligiouscompositionofBogor,thecemeteriesarepredominantlyMuslim,andChristiangravesare



VeterinaryschoolsandlaboratoriesexistedinBogorfromtheperiodofDutchcolonization.Photo1907.

locatedeitherinseparateareasofcemeteriesorinasmallcemeteryadjacenttochurches.[91]Somemosquesalsohavesmallburialplots.[92]GravesforpoorandnamelessaremostlylocatedatKayumanis,[93]andGunungGadungcemeteryisrestrictedtoChineseresidents.[94]

Educationandscience

BogorisoneofthemajorscientificandeducationalcentersinIndonesia.AsignificantpartofacademicandresearchbasewaslaidintheperiodofDutchcolonization.Inparticular,sincethebeginningofthe19thcenturytherewereestablishedlaboratoriesandprofessionalschoolsfocusedprimarilyonimprovingtheefficiencyofthecolonialagricultural[9][18][19]Inthelate19thearly20thcenturieshavebeenestablishedovermajorscientificinstitutionstheResearchInstituteandRubberResearchInstituteofForest.[95][96]

SimilartotheprevailingprofileofresearchandacademicactivitywasretainedinBogorIndonesiaandaftergainingindependence.Asinthesecondhalfof20thcentury,andinthe2000sstrongestareaswereagriculturalscience,BiologyandVeterinary.Themaineducationalandscientificcenterwiththeutmostnationalimportance,istheBogorInstituteofAgriculture,whosestructure,inadditiontoeducationalfacilities,includesdozensofresearchcentersandlaboratories.Academyofanalyticalchemistry.[97][98]

Education Percentageofthepopulation[72]

Lessthan6classes 24.3Elementaryschool(grades16) 29.3Secondaryschool(grades79) 16Highschools(grades1012) 23.2Bachelor 3.1Masterandabove 4.1

EducationalinstitutionsofBogor[49]

TypeNumberofinstitutions

(public/private)

Numberofstudents

Thenumberofteachers

Kindergartens 154(1/153) 7,194(175/7,019)765(11/754)

Schoolsforhandicapchildren

9(0/9) 408(0/408) 78(0/78)

Elementaryschools 288(248/40)

97,794(84,289/13,505)

5,004(4,267/737)

Secondaryschools 115(19/96)

43,153(18,867/24,286)

2,634(892/1,742)

Highschools 50(10/40) 22,349(9,450/12,899)1558(566/992)

Technical 63(nodata) 28,375 1826



schools (3,334/25,041) (246/1,580)

Universities 15(5/10) 16,998(12,304/4,694)1,787(1,225/562)

TheliteracyrateinBogor(98.7%)isratherhighforIndonesia.[49]BogorInstituteofAgriculture(Indonesian:InstitutPertanianBogor)isthemainagriculturaluniversityofthecountry.Itwasfoundedin1963basedontheagriculturalcollege,whichwasestablishedbackinthe19thcenturybytheDutchcolonialadministration.[97][99]ThelargestprivateuniversitiesarePakuan,Juanda,NusaBangsaandIbnKhaldun.[99]Inadditiontoregularschools,thereareover700Muslimschools(madrasah)andseveralChristianschoolsandcolleges.[49]

MostscientificresearchinBogoriscarriedoutinagriculture,soilscience,dendrology,veterinaryandichthyology.[97][98]Morespecificareasincludenaturalpesticidesandrepellents,intercropping,industrialapplicationsofessentialoilsandnaturalalkaloids,increasingyieldsofvariouskindsofpepper,improvingpreservationprocesses,etc.[100]ThecityhoststheCenterforInternationalForestryResearch(CIFOR)(http://www.cifor.org)anonprofitscientificstructure,operatingundertheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearch(CGIAR).[101][102]

TheheadquartersofOrganisationforthePreservationofBirdsandtheirHabitatareinBogor.

Culture

BogorisoneoftheleadingcitiesofIndonesiabythenumberofmusea,someofwhichareamongtheoldestandlargestinthecountry.[103]TheZoologicalMuseum(Indonesian:MuseumZoologi)whichwasopenedin1894bytheDutchcolonialadministrationasanadjuncttotheBotanicGardensandcontainsthousandsofexhibits.[104]Otherprominentmuseaaremorerecent.Sothemuseumofethnobotany(Indonesian:MuseumEtnobotani)wasopenedin1982andhasmorethan2000exhibits[105]museumoftheearth(Indonesian:MuseumTanah,1988)representshundredsofsoilandrocksamplesfromdifferentpartsofIndonesia[106]museumofthestruggle(Indonesian:MuseumPerjuangan,1957)isdevotedtothehistoryoftheIndonesiannationalliberationmovement[107]andmuseumofPETA(1996)reflectsthehistoryoftheIndonesianmilitarymilitiaPETA(PembelaTanahAir"DefendersoftheMotherland")createdduringWorldWarIIbytheJapaneseadministration.[108]

Thecityhasadramatheater,[109]dozensofmovietheaters,nineofwhich(asofmid2010)aresetupatinternationalstandards.[110]Thepresidentialpalace,administrativebuildingsanduniversitiesregularlyhostartexhibitions,andthereareregularfestivalsoffolkart,conferencesandculturerelatedseminars,suchastheCongressofIndonesianculture(Indonesian:KongresKebudayaanIndonesia)of2008.[111]

Health



ThefirsthospitalswereestablishedinBogorinthefirsthalfofthe19thcenturybytheDutchauthorities.Bytheearly20thcentury,therewereseveralcivilianhospitals,amilitaryhospital,[112]andalargepsychiatrichospitalwithdoctorsfromEuropeandNorthAmerica.[113]Inthe1930s,theDutchRedCrossSocietyhospitalbecamethelargestinthecity.Mostoftheexistinghospitalsandclinicsarebuiltinthe1980s1990s.[114]Theyinclude11hospitals,373privateclinics,51singledoctorclinicsand134pharmaciesanddrugstores,andemploy274generalpractitioners,122dentists,74sanitationdoctors,37radiologists(Xray),141gynecologists,32nutritionists,55assistants,710nurses,63pharmacistsand99doctorsofotherspecialties.[49][114]

The11hospitalsofBogorare:

1. HospitaloftheIndonesianRedCrossSociety(Indonesian:RumahSakitPalangMerahIndonesia)general,theoldestinthecity

2. "KaryaBhakti"(Indonesian:RumahSakitKaryaBhakti)general3. "Salak"(Indonesian:RumahSakitSalak)Armygeneralhospital4. "Ciawi"(Indonesian:RumahSakitCiawi)hospitaloftheIndonesianRedCrossSociety,general5. "AtangSanjaya"(Indonesian:AtangSanjaya)AirForcegeneralhospital,alsoanAirForcebase6. BogorMedicalCentergeneralpractitioners,private7. IslamicHospital(Indonesian:RumahSakitIslam)general,onlyforMuslims8. "Azra"(Indonesian:RumahSakitAzra)womenandchildren9. "Melania"(Indonesian:RumahSakitMelania)womenandchildren

10. "Hermina"(Indonesian:RumahSakitHermina)womenandchildren11. "MarzukiMahdi"(Indonesian:RumahSakitMarzukiMahdi)infectiousdiseasesandpsychiatric

hospital

Media

BogorhasthreedailyIndonesianlanguagenewspapers[115]"RadarBogor",foundedin1998and"PakuanRaya"infoundedin2005andJurnalBogor,foundedin2008.theyprintinabout25,000copiesandhaveelectronicversions.BogorofficesalsopartlyprintpartsomeJavaneseandnationalnewspapers.Thereareafewmagazinesandscientificpublicationsofthelocaluniversities.

ThetwomunicipalTVchannels,"BogorTV"and"MegasvaraTV"broadcastatUHFchannel25overthecityandnearbyareasofWestJava.[116]Therearealsoatleast30localradiostations,ofwhich20areintheFMand10intheAMrange.[117]

Sport

AsofMarch2010,theBogorteamswereregisteredin28sportstoparticipateinnationalandregionalcompetitionsconductedbytheNationalSportsCommitteeofIndonesia(Indonesian:KomiteNasionalOlahragaIndonesia).Theirachievementsareregardedaspoor.SoattheJavacompetitions,Bogorathletestook5goldmedalsinsteadoftheplanned42.[118][119]Thelargestamong15sportsorganizations[49]istheBogorFootballUnion(Indonesian:PersatuanSepakbolaBogor),headedbythecurrentMayorDianiBudiarto.Thelocalfootballteam"PSBBogor"nevertookprizesinthenationalchampionships.[120]ThelocalStadiumPajajarancanaccommodate25,000spectators.[121]



LilypondintheBogorBotanicalGarden.

TheformerresidenceoftheGovernorGeneral,nowthesummerpalaceofthePresidentofIndonesia

Travelandplaces

Onanationaltourismexhibitionof2010inJakarta,BogorwasrecognizedasthemostattractivetouristcityofIndonesia.[122]Thecityanditssurroundingareaarevisitedbyabout1.8millionpeopleperyear,ofwhommorethan60,000areforeigners.[123]ThemaintouristattractionistheBogorBotanicalGarden.Foundedin1817,itcontainsmorethan6,000speciesoftropicalplants.Besides,about42birdspeciesbreedwithinthegarden,althoughthisnumberisdecliningandwas62before1952.[124]Thegarden's87hectareareawithinthecitywassupplementedin1866bya120hectareparkinsuburbantownofCibodas.[125][126]Muchoftheoriginalrainforestwaspreservedwithinthegardenprovidingspecimensforscientificstudes.Besides,thegardenwasenrichedbycollectionsofpalms,bamboos,cacti,orchidsandornamentaltrees.Itbecamefamousinthelate19thcenturyandwasvisitedbynaturalistsfromabroadtoconductscientificresearch.Forexample,theRussianSt.PetersburgAcademyofScienceshadaBuitenzorgscholarshipforyoungscientiststoworkatBogor.[125]ThestaffofBogorgardenalsoadministerthreeothermajorgardensofIindonesia:theCibodasBotanicalGardenfounded1862inWestJava,thePurwodadiBotanicalGardeninEastJavaandtheEkaKaryaBotanicalGardenfoundedin1959onBaliisland.[127]

Anothertouristattractionisthepresidentialpalacewiththetotalareaof28hectares,including1.8492hectaresofthepalacebuildings.Thepalaceissurroundedbyaparkwithasmallpond.[125][128]Theparkishometoaherdoftamedeerandisopentothepublicmostoftheyear.Thepalaceisaccessibleduringholidays,suchastheCityDayandIndependenceDayithasacollectionof450paintingsand360sculptures.[125]

Thecityanditssuburbscontaindozensofmedievalstonestelae(prasasti).FifteenprasastiofthegreatesthistoricalandculturalvaluearecollectedinaspecialpavilioninthedistrictofBatutulis.[129]InthewesternpartofBogorthereisalargelakeGede(area6hectares)surroundedbythereservedforestareaandaforestpark.Intheprotectedareathereareseveralresearchfacilities,andtherecreationareashostsportsactivities,boatingandfishing.[130][131]

Ontheterritoryofthebotanicgarden,thereisacemeteryestablishedin1784.[132]Itcontains42historicalgravesoftheDutchcolonialofficials,militaryofficersandscientists,whoservedinBogor,JakartaandothercitiesinWestJavafromthelate18thtoearly20thcenturies.[132]Nearby,therearethreegravesoftheearlySundaKingdom(15thcentury):thewifeofthefounderofBogorSilivangi,GaluhMangkuAlam,vizierBa'ulandcommanderJapra.Thelocalsregardtheseindividualsasthecity'spatrons.[133]OtherhistoricalplacesaretheBogorCathedralbuiltin1750,itisoneoftheoldestoperationalCatholicChurchesinIndonesia,[134]andtheBuddhisttempleHokTekBio,builtin1672intheclassicalSouthChinesestyle.ItisthefirstBuddhisttempleofBogorandoneoftheoldestinIndonesia.[135]



Cathedral.Photo1920

NearbyistheJaksaWaterfall.

FamouspeopleborninBogor

ThelistincludesonlypeoplewithWikipediapagesinatleastthreelanguages.

AdriaanFokker(18871972)DutchphysicistHeinterPoorten(18871968)CommanderofthearmedforcesoftheDutchEastIndiesintheearlysecondWorldWarIIRudenHamer(19171988)DutchOlympicwaterpoloplayerAyuUtami(b.1968)IndonesianwriterRudiSoedjarwo(b.1971)IndonesianplaywrightSuzzanna(19422008)IndonesianactressDr.SyedMuhammadNaqibalAas(5September1931)Muslimscholar

Seealso

ListoftwintownsandsistercitiesinIndonesia

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