ch02 Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry

40

5 10

10 20

2-2

100

2A

2A-1

(American Chemical

Society, ACS) 1

ACS

(primary standard)

13A-2

(National Institute of Standards and 1 Committee on Analytical Reagents, Reagent Chemicals, 10th ed. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2005,

(NIST)

(National Bureau of Standards)

2-3

Technology, NIST)

(reference

standard)2

2A-2

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

2 NIST (Standard Reference Materials Program, SRMP) www.nist.gov NIST NIST

2-4

6.

7.

2B

()

3

2C

2-1

3 38

2-1

2-5

(bumping)

(wet ashing)

2D

2D-1

(analytical balance) 1 g

105

106

(macrobalance)

160 200 g

160 200 g 0 .1

mg

1 g

105

2-6

0.1 mg (semimicroanalytical

balance) 10 30 g

0.01 mg (microanalytical balance)

1 3 g 0.001 mg (1 mg)

(equal-arm balance)

(single-pan analytical balance) 1946

(electronic

analytical balance)

2D-2

2D-3

2D-2 4

2-2

(levitate)

1 3 g

0.001 mg

1 g

4 R. M. Schoonover, Anal. Chem., 1982, 54, 973A; DOI: 10.1021/ac00245a003.

10 30 g

0.01 mg

2-7

(servo system)

2-3

(cell)

(flexure)

2-3a 2-3b

(taring control)

100

2-2 (a) (b) (a) R. M. Schoonover, Anal. Chem., 1982, 54, 973A. Published 1982 American Chemical Society.

2-8

30 g 0.01 mg

2D-3

2-3 (a) (b) (a) R. M. Schoonover, Anal. Chem., 1982, 54, 973A. Published 1982 American Chemical Society. (b) K. M. Lang, Amer. Lab., 1983., 15(3), 72. Copyright 1983 by International Scientic Communications, Inc.

2-9

2-4

(beam) (knife edge) (A)

(B)

(stirrup)

(beam arrest) (pan

arrest)

2 -4 [

R . M . Schoonover , Ana l . C h e m . , 1 9 8 2 , 5 4 , 973A. Published 1982 American Chemical Society.]

2-10

(air damper) (dashpot)

(< 1 mg)

100 mg

2-4

0 100 mg (reticle)

0.1 mg

2-11

1.

2.

3. 2E-6

4.

5.

6.

7.

2D-4 5

(buoyancy error)

6

W1 W2 dobj

dwts dair dair

0.0012 g/cm3

2-5 2-1

2 g/cm3 0.1

pH

5 R. Battino and A. G. Williamson, J. Chem. Educ., 1984, 61, 51, DOI: 10.1021/ed061p51.6 M. R. Winward et al., Anal. Chem., 1977, 49, 2126, DOI: 10.1021/ac50021a062.

2-12

7.8 8.4 g/cm3 8

g/cm3

10 15 mg 2-6

2-5

= 8 g/cm3

2-13

Static-Master

2-6

110

AB 7.5 g KCl

2-1

7.6500 g 0.92 g/cm3

9.9700 g (d = 8.0 g/cm3)

9.9700 _ 7.6500 = 2.3200 g

2.3200 g 2-1 dair

0.0012 g/cm3 dobj 0.92 g/cm3 dwts 8.0 g/cm3

2-14

100 mg

2D-5

150 200 g 1 mg

25,000 g

0.05 g

2E

2-15

0.2 0.3 mg

2E-1

(weighing bottle)

2-7

2E-2

(desiccator) 2-8

(Drierite)Anhydrone Dehydrite

0.2 0.3 mg

2 -7

2-16

2E-3

105 110

2-9

2-8 (a) (b)

2-9

2-17

2-10

2E-4

2E-5

2-10

2-18

2E-6

2F

2F-1

2-19

2-11

2-16

(sintered-glass) (fritted-glass)

fm c

200

(Gooch crucible)

500

2-11

2-20

38C-11

9 11 cm

0.1 mg

()

2-1

1

2-21

140 260

110

12 16

5 6 7

8

(Meker)

(Tirrill) (Bunsen)

(muffle furnace) 1100

2F-2

7 E. S. Beary. Anal. Chem., 1988, 60, 742, DOI: 10.1021/ac00159a003.8 R. Q. Thompson and M. Ghadradhi, J. Chem. Edu., 1993, 70, 170, DOI: 10.1021/ed070p170.

2-11

2-22

2-15

0.3 mg

(decantation)

(washing) (transfer)

2-12a

2-12b

2-12(a) (b)

2-23

(rubber

policeman)

(creeping)

Triton X-100

2F-3

2-13 60 deg

(a)

(b) (c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

2-24

2-13 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

2-14

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)

2-25

2-14 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

1 cm

2-15

2-15

2-26

2-16

2F-4

1.

2.

3.

4.

2G

2-16

2-27

2G-1

(liter) (L)

(milliliter) (mL) (0.001 L)

(mL) 10_6 L

10_3 mL

2G-2

0.025%/5

10_3 L

5 40.00 mL

20

20

20

1

2G-3

(pipet) (buret) (volumetric

A B PyrexKimax

A 2 - 2 9 2-31 B

A

2-2

2-28

flask)

TD TC

2-17

2-2 (volumetric)

(transfer) 2-17a 0.5 200 mL

2-17 (a ) (b) (c ) (d) Eppendorf (e) (f)

2-29

(measuring pipet) 2-17b c

0.1 25 mL

2-2

Eppendorf 2-17d

2-18a

1

* TDTC**

2-30

2-18b

LCD

10 L 20 mL

2-18 (a) 100 1000 L 100 L 3.0% 0.6% 1000 L 0.6% 0.2% 525 L

2-31

2-19a

Teon

2-19b

5 mL 5 L

(TC)

2-20

(TD)

2G-4

2-32

2-19 (a)(b)

2-20

(meniscus)

(parallax)

2-33

2-21 (a)

12.58 mL (b)(c)

12.62 mL (d)(e)

12.67 mL (f)

(c) (d)

2-21

2-34

Propipette (B) AC D

A B A C C D D

2G-5

2

3 cm

2-22a 2-22b

2-22c

2-35

2-22 (a) (b)

(c) (d) (e)

(f) (g) (h)

2-22d 2-22e

2-22f

10

2-22g, h

2-36

2G-6

(1)

(2)

(3)

1.

2.

3.

5 10 mL

0.01 mL

2-37

(~ 1 min)

0.01 mL

2-23

1 mL

2

3 30

0.01 mL

1.

2.

3

3.

2-23

2-38

2G-7

(~ 1 min)

2-39

2H

2D-4

2-1

(T) 2-2

20

2-3

2-3

T (1)

(2) 20

2-40

2H-1

2-3

25 mL 25

24.976 g 2-3 25 20

*

2-41

2-3

1

0.00 mL

10

125 mL

10 mL/min

10 mL

1

2-3

2-42

0.02 mL

20 mL

10 mL

2-3

50 mL 500 mL

50 mL 500 mL

2I

2-43

2I-1

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

2I-2

9

2-24

1.

2.

3.

9 Howard M. Kanare, Writing the Laboratory Notebook. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1985.

2-44

4.

1.

2.

3.

2-24

2-45

2J

1.

2.

(Ofce of Safety and Health Administration, OSHA)

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

2-46

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.