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IMMIGRATION, EXPANSION, & SECTIONAL CONFLICT (1840-1848)
CHAPTER 13
EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT WITH EVIDENCE:
Expansion brought sectional antagonism to the boiling point, split the Democratic party in the late 1840’s, and set the nation on the path to the Civil War.
IMMIGRATION: EXPECTATIONS & REALITIES Causes: Religious freedom for Mormons
& Norwegians; Economic opportunity for Germans, British, & Irish.
Most were Irish & German. Hucksters Harsh voyage Many lacked capital needed to start a
farm. Germans were typically skilled and many
were farmers; settled further inland.
(CONTINUED)
Famous German immigrants- German neighborhoods, newspapers,
doctors, lawyers, etc….self-sufficient Irish were Catholic, poor & unskilled and
lived in eastern cities to work. (factories, canals, RR)
Irish enemies: free blacks, abolitionists, & nativists. Why?
ANTI-IMMIGRANT FERVOR
Awful Disclosures of the Hotel Dieu Nunnery
Nativism & the Know-Nothing Party (formerly Order of the Star Spangled Banner)
Labor Protests Commonwealth v. Hunt Immigrants were fully committed to
Democratic Party. Why?
POLITICAL SUPPORT
Democrats Jackson supporters Immigrants “Common man” Anti-reform
Whigs Old Federalists Anti-Jacksonians Reformers
THE WEST
Adams-Onis Treaty 1819
Oregon claimed by Russia, Britain, & U.S.
Tejas (Texas) owned by Mexico.
How does the U.S. end up with both?
1. EVENTS LEADING TO TEXAS REVOLUTION 1836
Causes for Texas migration Why did Mexico close the border to U.S.
immigrants? 1836: 30,000 Americans, 5,000 slaves,
4,000 Mexicans Slavery Causes of Texas Revolution
2. TEXAS REVOLUTION 1836 (TEXAS INDEPENDENCE)
1836- rebellions suppressed by Santa Anna
Sam Houston Alamo & Goliad Battle of San Jacinto Treaty of Velasco Texas Republic: Should the U.S. annex?
3. ANNEXATION OF TEXAS, 1845
Yes- manifest destiny
No- could lead to war with Mexico & there was the issue of slavery
Tyler enters in 1841 after death of William Henry Harrison
Tyler loses election of 1844, but leaves with a legacy: Texas
(CONTINUED)
1844- dark horse candidate James K. Polk (Democrat) was an expansionist.
Tyler considered Polk’s win as a signal to push annexation.
Tyler persuaded Congress to pass a joint resolution which only required a simple majority. Texas annexed!
4. MEXICAN WAR 1846-1848
Causes- $2 million debt, Alamo & Goliad, Texas Annexation, border dispute
Polk’s decision to start a war (& offer to purchase CA, NM)
Lincoln’s “Spot Resolution”
Major military leaders: Zachary Taylor & Winfield Scott
5. RESULTS OF THE MEXICAN WAR
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: U.S. gets Texas, border settled at Rio Grande, and bought New Mexico & California for $15 million.
Why did we pay for territory? Why didn’t we take all of Mexico? With the vast amount of additional
land, what controversial issue arises? SLAVERY!
ATTEMPT TO SETTLE ISSUE OF SLAVERY & EXPANSION
Wilmot Proviso David Wilmot of Pennsylvania. Proposed that slavery be prohibited in
newly acquired territories. Southern Dems opposed on basis that it
was south of the Missouri Compromise. Passed in the House, but not the Senate. Caused a split in the Democratic Party
along sectional lines. Could Congress prohibit slavery?
6. OREGON
1840-1848: 11,500 Americans travelled to Oregon territory.
Oregon issue was significant in election of 1844: “54◦40’ or FIGHT!”
Polk compromised at the 49th parallel.
Angered western Dems.
UNITED STATES MAP IN 1853
JAMES K. POLK
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