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ls%ia;shdks O¾uh13 jk fYa%Ksh
.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
^2010 jif¾ isg l%shd;aul fõ'&
wd.ï fomd¾;fïka;=júIhud,d ixj¾Ok mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
fmrjok
ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,dj mdi,a moaO;shg y÷kajd§fï ld¾hh 13 jk fYa%Ksfha .=re
ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y y÷kajd§u;a iuÕ iïmq¾K fõ’ 12 jk yd 13 jk fYa%Ksj, isiq isiqúhka
úYaj úoHd, m%fõYh i|yd mj;sk ±ä ;r.hg f.dÿreùu ksid ksrka;rj u hï ;rul
mSvkhlg hg;a fõ’ kj úIhud,dj m%:u j;djg w’fmd’i’ ^W’fm’& i|yd fhdod .efkk úg
fuu mSvkh ;j;a ±ä fõ’ tjeks wjia:djl Tn w;g m;ajk .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh”
úIh ks¾foaY ;rug u .=rejrekg jeo.;a jkafka h’ fuys uq,slj u .=rejrhd ie,ls,a,g
.; hq;= me;s ;=kla we;’ tkï .=re ud¾f.damfoaY úIh ks¾foaYh yd mq¾Kj .e<mS ;sîu”
úIhud,dfõ wfmalaIs; ksmqK;d mdolj úIhud,dfõ o¾Ykh yd ±lau uq,afldg f.k
ilid ;sîu yd 12 - 13 fYa%Ksj, orejdf.ka wfmalaIs; idOk uÜgu fufkys fldg ilid
;sîu’ tfyhska fuh fyd¢ka mßYS,kh lsÍu .=rejrhdg w;HjYH ld¾hhla yd j.lSula
jkafkah’
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh by; lS lreKq ;=k u Tnf.a wjOdkhg f.k tau i|yd 13 jk
fYa%Ksj, b.ekaùï lrk ish¨u .=rejrekg ta i|yd wjYH mqyqKqùï ,nd§u i|yd o
ls%hd;aul ù isà’ ksrka;rj meje;afjk fuu mqyqKq ieisj,g wod< .=rejreka iyNd.sùu
w;sYhska u wjYH lreKla jkafka fuys ±lafjk bf.kqï-b.ekaùï uQ, O¾u yd ls%hdodu
jgyd .ekSug mqyqKqj fnfyúka bjy,a jk ksid h’ úfYaIfhka u mdi,a mdol we.hSï ls%hd”
ksmqK;d j¾Okh i|yd bjy,a lr .ekSu wfmalaId flf¾’ úIh lreKqj,g muKla
b.ekaùu hg;aùug fkd§ isiqkf.a l=i,;d Tm .ekaùfï wNs,dIh bgqlr§ug fï ish¨
ueÈy;aùï wjYH nj wOHdmk yd we.hSï ld¾hfha kshef,k wm ish¨ u fokd jgyd .;
hq;= fõ’
.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ms<sfh, lsÍfï w;sYh fjfyildÍ ld¾hh bgqlr,Sug ueÈy;a jq cd;sl
wOHdmk wdh;kfha ish¨u Ydia;S%h wxYj, ks,OdÍka we;= ld¾h uKav, yd ndysrj ta
i|yd odhl jq úoaj;a yeu fokdg u o udf.a úfYaI ia;+;sh ysñ fõ’
wdpd¾h Wmd,s tï’ fiaorwdpd¾h Wmd,s tï’ fiaorwdpd¾h Wmd,s tï’ fiaorwdpd¾h Wmd,s tï’ fiaorwdpd¾h Wmd,s tï’ fiaorwOHlaI ckrd,acd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
i
ix{dmkhix{dmkhix{dmkhix{dmkhix{dmkh
fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh 2010 j¾Ifha isg 13 jk fY%aKsh i|yd bf.kqï - b.ekaùïl%shdj,sh ixúOdkh lr .ekSu i|yd .=re Nj;=kayg m%fhdackj;a fõ'
fuu fmd; iïmdokh lsÍug mdol lr.;a úIh ks¾foaYh fuf;la mej;s úIh ks¾foaYj,gjvd fjkia jQjls' tu fjki y÷kd .ekSug fhduqjk Tng th ksmqK;d mdol úIhks¾foaYhla nj oelsh yels h' tfy;a ksmqK;d uÜgï yd tla tla ksmqK;d uÜgï hgf;aoelafjk bf.kqï M, tu fY%aKsh ;=<§ u w;am;a lr .; hq;= fõ' tneúka Tng fY%aKshgwod< mdvï ie,iqï lr .ekSfï § tu ksmqK;d uÜgï yd bf.kqï M, fnfyúka m%fhdackj;afõ' fuu bf.kqïM, bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § tla tla wruqKq ilid .ekSugfukau mka;s ldurfha § isÿ flfrk we.hSï WmlrK ilia lr .ekSfï § ks¾Kdhl f,ifhdod .ekSu flfrys Tnf.a wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu wfmalaId flf¾' fuu úIh yeoEÍfï§ mßYS,kh l< hq;= w;sf¾l fmd;a m;a fuka u fjí wvú mss<sn| isiqka oekqj;a lsÍug ofuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh Tng m%fhdackj;a fõ'
fuys fhdað; l%shdldrlï Tn ks¾udKYS,s .=rejrfhl= jYfhka l%shd lsßfï wfmalaIdiys;j wdo¾Yj;a f,i bÈßm;a l< tajd jYfhka i,lkak' tysoS .=re flakaøSh mka;s ldurl%shdj,sh fjkia lr YsIH flakaøSh njla we;s lsÍu úfYaIfhka wfmalaId flf¾' tneúkaisiqka úúO fmd;am;a mßYS,kh wka;¾cd, Ndú;h jeks .fõIKhg fhduq flfrkbf.kqï wjia:d yels yeuúg u Wod l< hq;= fõ' b.ekaùfï § iïm%odhsl f,i igykabÈßm;a lsÍu fjkqjg wdl¾IKSh f,i kj oekqu uQ,O¾u wdÈh bÈßm;a l< hq;= fõ' tai|yd ;dlaIKh yels;dla ÿrg fhdod.;a ikaksfõok Wml%u ks¾udKYS,S j Ndú; lsÍugkj mka;sldurh ;=< § Wkkaÿ úh hq;= fõ'
13 jk fY%aKsfha § fuu úIh b.ekaùu wrUk Tnf.a isiqkag úIh ks¾foaY ukdj meyeÈ,slr fokak' j¾Ih mqrd l%shd;aul lrk Tnf.a b.ekaùfï ie,eiau y÷kajd fokafka kïth isiqka ;=< fm<Uùula jkq we;' uq¿ úIh ks¾foaYh wdjrKh lr .ekSug mdi, fj;isiqka wdl¾IKh fõ' fuu úIhud,d m%;sixialrK rgg oefkk mka;s ldur bf.kqï -be.kaùï l%shdj,sfha fjkila we;s lrkq i|yd wod< úIh ks¾foaYh fuka u fuys fhdað;l%shdj,s weiqfrka Tnf.a ks¾udKYS,s yelshd mqnqÿjd .kakd fuka b,a,ñ'
fuu ud¾f.damfoaY ieliSfï § odhl jQ úoaj;a ieug" .=reNj;=kag iy cd;sl wOHdmkwdh;kfha ks,Odßkag udf.a ia;=;sh ysñ fõ' fï ld¾hh i|yd u`.mkajQ wOHlaI ckrd,awdpd¾h Wmd,s tï' fiaor ue;s÷ka fuka u uqøK lghq;= isÿ lr mdi,aj,g ,nd§fï j.lSuNdrf.k lghq;= l< wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a we;=¿ ld¾hh uKav,hg uf.aúfYaI ia;=;sh mqo lrñ' fuys we;=<;a lreKq ms<sn| j ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd wef;d;a udfj; ,nd fokafka kï lD;{ fõ'
úu,a ishU,df.dvúu,a ishU,df.dvúu,a ishU,df.dvúu,a ishU,df.dvúu,a ishU,df.dviyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a^úIhud,d ixj¾Ok mSGh&
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
ii
iii
wOHdmk flduidßia ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvhwOHdmk flduidßia ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvhwOHdmk flduidßia ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvhwOHdmk flduidßia ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvhwOHdmk flduidßia ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvh
WmfoaYl uKav,h yd f,aLl uKav,h
fufyhùu ( wdpd¾h Wmd,s fiaorwOHlaI ckrd,acd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
WmfoaYkh ( úu,a ishU,df.dv uy;audiyldr wOHlaI ckrd,aúIhud,d ixj¾Ok mSGhcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
wëlaIKh # wdpd¾h mQcH udUq,af.dv iqukr;k ysñwOHlaI ^wd.ï&cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
WmfoaYl uKav,h# w;s W;=ï foajO¾udpd¾h je,kaia fukaäia ro.=re ysñmdfKda'iNdm;s" wOHdmk" O¾fudamfoaY yd nhsn,a wOHdmkh ms<sn| ro.=refldñiu
w;s W;=ï foajO¾udpd¾h f;dauia fi!kaøkdh.ï ro.=re ysñmdfKaWm iNdm;s" O¾fudamfoaY yd nhsn,a wOHdmkh ms<sn| ro.=refldñiu
w;s.re whsjka fmf¾rd msh;=udcd;sl lf;da,sl wOHdmk wOHlaI
w;s.re wdpd¾h chisß mSÍia foaj.e;s;=uduyf,alï" cd;sl ls%ia;shdks uKav,h
.re {dkuq;a;= msf,akaøka msh;=udwxY m%Odks" ls%ia;shdks yd bia,dï ixialD;sl wOHhk wxYhhdmkh úYaj úoHd,h
.re f.%.ß m%kdkaÿ id'fn'ks msh;=udiyldr wOHdmk wOHlaIwd.ñl yd id¾O¾u wxYh" biqremdh" n;a;ruq,a,
wdpd¾h I¾,s ,d,a úfÊisxym%Odks" ls%ia;shdks ixialD;sl wOHhk wxYh" le,Ksh úYaj úoHd,h
iïnkaëlrKh .re f,dhsâ Ydka;sl=ud¾ msh;=udjHdmD;s ks,Odß" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
.re .euqKq vhia chj¾Ok msh;=udiyldr jHmD;s ks,Odß" cd;sl wOHdmkh wdh;kh'
iv
f,aLluKav,h ( wdpd¾h .re isis,a fcdahs fmf¾rd msh;=udwOHCI" foaj O¾u ksfla;kh" fld<U 08
Ydia;%m;s .re bkaød r;akisß m%kdkaÿ msh;=udwOHlaI " w.ro.=re moú O¾fudamfoaY fiajdj
Ydia;%m;s .re fIfrdka pkaok vhia msh;=udlÓldpd¾h" cd;sl foõi;ay, " wïmsáh
Ydia;%m;s .re wdkkao ùrfldaka msh;=udlÓldpd¾h" foaj O¾u ksfla;kh" l=reKE., YdLdj
Ydia;%m;s .re ms,smaia B' fÊiqodika msh;=ud—wñ, Wohï˜ Wmamqfõ,s" ;s%l=Kdu,h
Ydia;%m;s tia' Ô'fla' ã' t,a' iS' m%idoa uy;aud.re WmfoaYl" fydaud.u wOHdmk l,dmh
úúO iyh ( Ydia;%m;s .re ls%iafgdam¾ nd,ardÊ foaj.e;s;=ud
Ydia;%m;s .re rxð;a chùr foaj.e;s;=ud
Ydia;%fõ§ .re iqrx. o ue,a foaj.e;s;=ud
iqrx.s fk¿ud uy;añh
à'fÊ' fmda,a weka;kS uy;añh
ã'whs' fcdaYma fukúh
ta' fla' tia' takac,a fïß fukúh
ta' ueá,avd mqIamrdKs fukúh
t*a'ta't*a' ksiañhd uy;añh
ixialrK iyh ( Ydia;%m;s .re wdkkao ùrfldaka msh;=ud
mß.Kl jpk ieliSu( wd¾' wd¾' fla' m;srK uy;añh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
msgljrh ( t*a'ta't*a' ksiañhd uy;añh
ld¾ñl iyldr
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
v
mgqk
msgqj
fmrjok i
ix{dmkh ii
wOHdmk flduidßia ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvh
WmfoaYl uKav,h yd f,aLl uKav,h iv
úia;rd;aul úIh ks¾foaYh 1
mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafirelrKh 228
vi
1
ksmqK;dj 6'0 ( hq.fhka hq.hg jQ iNd jHdma;sh y|qkd.ksuska j¾;udk
iNdfõ Wkak;sh Wfoid lemfjhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1 ( iNdfõ wdrïNl wjêh ms<sn| lreKq yodrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( ld,ÉfPo 50
bf.kqï M, (
² Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ uq,a hq.h .ek wOHhkh lsÍug uq,dY% fidhd .ekSu'
² wfmdia;=¨jrekaf.a hq.fha wjidk ld,fha§ iNdj jHdma;j mej;s wdldrh
is;shfï ,l=Kq lrhs'
² uq,a iNdj b;d fõ.fhka jHdma; ùug odhl jQ mqoa.hkaf.a kï ,ehsia;= .;
lrhs'
² uq,a iNdj b;d fõ.fhka jHdma; ùug ;=vq ÿka fya;= idOl idlÉPd u.ska oek
.kshs'
² Y=oaO mdjq¨ ;=ud O¾u¥; .uka j,ska neyeÿgq ia:dk is;shul i|yka lrhs'
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr oSug w;aje,la (
6'1'1 ls;=kq iNdfõ wdrïNl wjêh (
iNdj hkq l=ula o@ wmf.a iajdñka jq fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafia foaj mq;%hdKka
f,i;a" ish¨ f,daljdiskaf.a ñÿï lrejdKka f,i;a ms<sf.k Wkajykafia
flfrys úYajdi lr Wkajykafiaf.a b.ekaùï ms<sf.k" ðj;a ù Wkajykafia
f.a kdufhka nõ;siau iakdmkh ,nd ðj;a fjk lKavdhu wms iNdj yeáhg
y÷kajuq'
iNdfõ wdrïNl hq.h fyj;a b;sydih hkq l=ula o@ uq,a iNdfõ b;sydih hkq
iNdfõ wdrïNfha mgka m<uqjk Y;j¾I 03 la ;=< iNdj w;a ÿgq j¾Okh
tkï iNdfõ ia:dms;h" wdrïNl jHqyh" kuialdr l%uh" tys wNsjDaêh" jHdma;sh
iNdfõ bgq l<djq hym;a ls%hd" iNdjg we;sjqKq úreoaO;ajh" th uqyqK ÿka
wNsfhda.h" th ,nd.;a ch yd mrdch jeks o;a;hkah' fï hq.h wfmdia;,sl
hq.h" iNd mshjrekaf.a hq.h" ÿ¾j,;dj,g úreoaO ù ksjerÈ u; bÈßm;a l<djq
ld, mßÉfþoh f,i ye|skaúh yels h'
fï hq.h oek .kakg Wmldrjk uq,dY%hka -
wfmdaia;=¨jrekaf.a ls%hd fmd;" wfmdia;=¨jrekaf.a" úfYaIfhka mdjq¨;=udf.a
ixfoaY hejqï m;%&" iqndrxÑ fmd;a y;r iNd mshjrekaf.a yd laIukjd§kaf.a
.%ka: tl< ls%ia;shdks fkdjk b;sydi{hkaf.a ^maf,aúhka" fcdaima" firia"
maf,ks jeks wh& .%ka: hkdosh uq,dY% fõ'
2
ls%ia;=ia jykafia ;uka jykafiaf.a fufyh wdrïNfha oS Wkajykafia iu`.
isáug;a" Y=NdrxÑh m%p,s; lsßug;a fodf<dia fokdj f;dardf.k Tjqkaj
iqodkï lrñka udla 3 ( 13 -19& Tjqkaj m%dfhda.slj mqyqKq udla 6(6- 13& lf<a
h' fuf,i Wkajykafia iNdjg w;a;sjdru ouñka we;=,dka; jHqyh ilia
l<y ; ;jo fï lKavdhu iu`. ;j;a ye;a;Efofokl= tl;= lr.;ay'
ta lKavdhfï kdhl;ajh oeÍug fmaÿre;=udg kshu lrk ,§' uf;õ 16(19&
Tjqka úiska bgq l< hq;= fufyjr meyeÈ,s lrk ,§' — Tn f.dia il, cd;Ska
f.da,hka lrkak' mshdKkaf.ao mq;%hdKkaf.ao Y=oaOd;auhKdkaf.ao kdufhka
Tjqka nõ;siau iakdmkh lrkak'˜ ^uf;õ 28( 18 - 20&
ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a urKfhka miqj fï lKavdhu Wkajykafiaf.a ueKShkajQ
ußh;=ñh yd wfkl=;a msßi we;=<;a lrf.k 120 fokd f.ka hqla; jQ
lKavdhu yeáhg j¾Okh úh' ^ ls%hd 1 ( 15&
Wkajykafia iNdjg wjYH ish,a, iqodkï lr ksu jQ miq ta lKavdhu
ls%hdYS,S ùug Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a wd.ukh n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka
isákakehs mjiñka iaj¾.dfrdayKh úh' —Tn fcrei,fuka bj;aj fkdf.dia
ud jod< mßÈ mshdKka jykafiaf.a fmdfrdkaÿj n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka isákak'''
fkdfnda ojilska Tn Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.ka nõ;siau ikdmkh lrKq
,nkakdyqh'ZZ ^ ls%hd 1 (- 4 - 5&
Y=oAOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a wd.ukh ^ls%hd ( 2 ( 1 - 13&
fÊiqia jykafiaf.a jokg wkqj f.da,fhda 120 muK msßila fcrei,fï
Wvquy,a ldurhl hdÉ[dlrñka Y =o aOd; auhdKkaf. a wd.ukh
n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka isáfhda h'
cqfoõjkaf.a fmka;fldia; ux.,Hh <xúh' cqfoõjkaf.a kuialdrfha §
úfYaI ux.,Hh ;=kla ;snqKs'
1' mdial= - ñirfha jy,alfï isg r;= uqyqo ;rKh lrñka úuqla;sh
,eîfï isoaêh u;la lsÍula'
2' i;s ux.,Hh - 50 fjks Èk ^fmka;fldia;& ux.,H - iSkdhs
lkafoa È .súiqu isys lrkq ,eîu'
3' l=vdrï ux.,H - jir 40 ldka;drfha § ðj;ajqKq wdldrh isys
lsßu
3
fï ux.,H Èkj, foúhka jykafia f;dard .;a whg ;uka bÈßfhys meñKSug
wK lf<ah' kuq;a mdial= ux.,Hfha § m,ia;Skfha ðj;ajqKq cqfoõfjda
muKla fcrei,ug meñKsfhdah' tfy;a fmka;fldia; ux.,Hhg f,dj
iEu ;eku me;sß isá cqfoõfjda fndfyda fofkla fcrei,ug meñKsfhda h'
fmka;fldia; Èkfha § n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjq wkaoñka Y=oaOd;auhdKf.a
wd.ukh isÿúh' ls%hd ( 2 ( 1-13& ta isoaêh jpkfhka úia;r lsÍug l;=jrhd
;elal, wdldrho oelsh yels h'˜ zziev iq<`.la yukakdla jeks y`vla yosisfhka
wyiska kslauqfKa h''' .sks o¨ jeks Èõ fnÈ f.dia''''˜ mrK .súiqu ;=< foúhka
jykafiaf.a uysuh úia;r lsÍug Ndú;fldg we;s jpko fuys Ndú; lsÍu
;=<ska Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia foúhka jykafia njo" t;=udKka by< isg
my<g meñfKk njo l¾;Djrhd fmkakqï lrhs'
Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia fnÿkq .sks Èõ f,i tys /iaú isáhdjQ wh u;
jevyqka nj l;=jrhd meyeÈ,s lrhs' — .sks o¨ jeks Èõ fn§ f.dia Tjqka
tlsfkld u; msysgkq ' ' '˜ ish¨ fokdu Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.ka mQ¾K úh' wkH
NdIdj,ska l;d l<y'''' fmka;fldia; ux.,Hfha úfYaI;ajh Y=oaOd;auhdKka
jykafiaf.a meñKSu iy Wkajykafia tys isá ish¨ fokd u; my< ùu
hkakh'
fuys§ Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia iuyr whg iuyr ld,hlg muKla fkdj
tys /iaj isáhd jQ ish¨ fokdgu iodld,slj my< jQ fial'˜ Tjqka ys|f.k
isá f.h uq¿ukskau thska msÍ .sfha h' fuh fcdfj,a Èjeisjrhdf.a joka
u.ska ;yjqre fõ' zzwka;su ojfia § ish,a,ka u; uu udf.a wd;auh
j.=rjkafkñ'ZZ fuf,i úia;r lsßu ;=<ska fuu l¾;Djrhd w¨;a hq.hl
wdrïNh .eko kj ðjkh ,nk wdldrho Y=oaO jq iNdfõ wdrïNh o fuf,i
fmkakqï lr isáhs' Y=' iNdfõ Wmka Èkh f,i fmka;fldia; Èk y÷kajkq
,efí'
- fÊiqia jykafiaf.a f.da,fhda Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.ka mQ¾K jQ nj Tjqkaf.a
ls%hdj ;yjqre lrhs' kq.;a .,S,shhka úiska wi,a jdis NdIdjla l;d lsÍu"
cqfoõjkag Nh ù jeiqKq ldurhl ie`.ú isá f.da,hka tä;r ù msg;g f.dia
úYd, ixLHdjla bÈßfhys ks¾Ns;j Y=NdrxÑh foaYkd lsÍu Tjqka
Y=oaOd;auhKkaf.a Èukdj iïmq¾Kfhka ,en isá nj ;yjqre lrhs'
- f,dalfha ieu ;eku isg fcrei,ï k.rhg meñK isá cqfoõjka ;u
;ukaf.a NdIdfjka Y=NdrxÑh foaYkd lsßu ijka §u ;=<ska ;yjqre jkafka
4
Tjqka f,dalfha yeu ;ekgu f.dia Y=NdrxÑh foaYkd l<hq;= njh' fmaÿre;=ud
úúO foaYfhka meñKs whg ks¾Ns;j l;d lsÍu' ls;= oyu hï lsis cd;slhg
fyda NdIdjlg fyda isud fkdjk w;r th uq¿ f,dalhgu § ;sfnkakdjQ
wd.ula nj ;yjqre lrjhs'
- f.da,fhda fodf<diafokdf.a kñka fmaÿre;=ud l< m%:u foaYkh fmaÿre;=udf.a
kdhl;ajho wfmdia;=¨jrekaf.a bf.kSï o meyeÈ,s lrhs' Èjeisjrekaf.a
wkdjels fÊiqia jykafia ;=< iïmq¾K jq nj fmkakqï lrñka fÊiqia jykafia
foúhka jykafia úiska f;dard.;a" osjeisjrekaf.a wkdjels wkqj Tjqka
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jq fuishiaa jykafia u nj meyeos,s lrhs' fï fÊiqia jykafiaj
jHjia:dj fkdokakd wh l=reim;a lr urd oeuqfjdah' kuq;a foúhka jykafia
Wkajykafiaj urKfha fõokdfjka .,jdf.k kej; W;a:dk l< fial'
^ls%hd 2 ( 23 - 32&
- fmaÿre;=udf.a foaYkdj lrKfldgf.k ;=kaoyilg wêl msßila foúhka
jykafia flfrys úYajdih ;nñka ;ukaf.a jerÈ f;areïf.k miq;eú nõ;siauh
,nñka iNdjg tla jqfjda h' miqod fmaÿre;=ud foajud,s.dfõ iqjm;a lrñka
i,fudka uKavmfha § l< foaYkh u.ska mkaoylg wêl msßila foúhka
jykafia ;=< úYajdih ;enQy' fuf,i Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a my,a
úfï isoaêfhka Wmka iNdj Èfkka Èk jHdma; úh'
cqfoõ miqìu ;=< ls;= iiqk
ls;= oyu ^iNdj& cqfoõ miqìfuys ìys úh' cqfoõjkaf.a w.kqjr jk
fcrei,fuys cqfoõjka w;r wdrïN úh'
- fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafia cqfoõ mjq,l bmÿK cqfoõfjls" cqfoõ wd.ñl"
ixialD;sl miqìfuys jevqKq flfkls cqfoõjkag ;ukaf.a Y=NdrxÑh foaYkd
lf<a h'
fÊaiqia jykafia f;dard.;a Y%djlfhda cqfoõfjdah' Tjqyq cqfoõjkagu
Y=NdrxÑh foaYkd l<y'
- fmka;fldia; ux.,Hh ksñ;af;ka fcrei,fï /iaú isá cqfoõjkag fÊiqia
jykafia ms<sn| foaYkd lrk ,§' fyfn%õ NdIdj ke;akï .S%l jeks fjk;a
NdIdjla l;d l<d jq cqfoõjka ;=kaodyla jeks msßila miq;eú nõ;siauh
,nñka iNdjg tl;= jQy' i,fudkaf.a uKavmfha§ miq;eù nõ;siauh ,enq
mkaoyila fokd o cqfoõfjdah'
5
- iaf;amkaf.a fõoidlaIs; urKfhka miq ieu ;ekgu úisr .sh f.da,fhda
;ukaf.a cd;sh jk cqfoõjkag ta ta ia:dkj, Y=NdrxÑh foaYkd lf<da h'
- ls%ia;=ia jykafia flfrys wkq.dñlhska ;enq úYajdih Tjqka ish¨ fokdju
tla/ia lrk ,§' Tjqka cqfoõ iuQyh ;=< b;d iq¿ lKvdhula yeáhg Ôj;a
úh' Tjqkag ls%ia;= O¾uh cqfoõ wd.fï ;j;a YdLdjla yeáhg mej;sKs'
- uq,a ls;=kqfjdaa ish¨ fokdu cqfoõjka yeáhg isáh ksid merKs cqfoõ wd.ñl
isß;a úß;a w;a yeßh hq;= hehs fkdis;=y' m<uqj fÊiqia jykafia;a miqj
wfmdia;=¨jrekq;a miqj ish¨u ls;=kqjkqka fcrei,ï foajud,s.djg;a
iskf.da.hg;a f.dia" tys meje;ajqKq cqfoõ kuialdr j,g;a mqcdjka yd
hdÉ[dj,g;a" iyNd.S jQy' Tjqkaf.a ux.,Hhkaj,§;a " hdÉ[dld,j,§;a"
oK kuialdr bßhõj o jpk Ndú;h o ;j ÿrg;a lrf.k .shy'
- ;ukag lshd nõ;siauh" frdà leãu" ysi by<ska w;a újD;j ;nd hdÉ[d
lsÍu" mdmfudapk isß;a úß;a" wdf,am lsÍu" újdyh" yia;df,amkh hk
úfYaI wx. kuialdrh ;=< ;snqKq kuq;a Tjqka iudkHfhka p¾ufÊokh "
ksrydrj isàu" jeks cqfoõ j;a ms<sfj;a yd kS;s Í;s o ms<smÈk ,§'
- wfmdaia;=¨jrekaf.a b.ekaùï u.ska ðj;ajqKq kuq;a ls%ia;shdks whg lshd tla
Y=oaO ,shú,a,la fkd ;snqKs' cqfoõjkaf.a Y=oaO ,shú,a, ^mrK .súiqu&
;ukaf.ao Y=oaO ,shú,a, f,i Tjqyq ms<s.;ay'
- fï ;;a;ajh ls%ia;=j¾I ye;a;Efõ § fcrei,ï foajud,s.dfõ frdaujreka
f.ka myr§ïj,g ,lafjñka cqfoõjkaf.a cñkd ix.uh úiska ls;=kqjka
cqfoõ ix.ïj,ska fkrmd ouk f;la mj;ajdf.k hk ,§'
- Y;dêm;s fldrfka,shiaf.a is;a yeÍfuka miq" úfYaIfhka fcrei,ï
uka;%K iNdfõ ;SrKh lrK fldg f.k úcd;slhska iNdjg we;=,;a ùu
iu. fuf;la l,a cqfoõ wNdIfhka msß ;snqKq iNdj l%ul%ufhka
úcd;slhkaf.a wNdIhg ,la úh'
- fï fjkiaùï ksid ls;= oyu cqfoõ wd.fï YdLdjla fkdj ;ks wd.ula hk
woyia we;s ùug fya;=jla úh' l%ul%ufhka ls;=kqjka cqfoõ wd.ñl kuialdrh
yd isß;a úß;a j,ska ñÈ ;ks wd.ula f,i mßj¾;kh úh'
6
- ls;=kqjkaf.a ixLHdj j¾Okh ùu;a iu. iNd mßmd,kh wêldß;aj jHqy
ms<sfj,lg lrkq ,eîh' m%:ufhka iNdfõ kdhl;ajh oerefõ fmaÿre;=udh'
B<`.g wfmdia;=¨jrekaf.a lKavdhu" B<`.g m%Odkska" jeäysáhka"
f;ajdpd¾hjreka" f.da,hka" weoys,s jka;hka" j¾.SlrKh lrkq ,eîh' iNdõ
kdhl;ajh n,h ,;a fohla f,i fkdj ck;djg fiajh lrkakdjQ /<
wdrlaId lrkakdjQ tfârdf.a fufyhg iudkj ;snqfKa h'
uq,a iNdfõ úfYaI ,laIK ^ls%hd 2$42 - 47 4 ( 32 - 37" 5 ( 12 - 16" 6 ( 1- 7&
- fodf<diafokd jeks iq¿ msßilska wdrïN jQ iNdj Tjqkaf.a oeä W;aidyh
foaYkh" b.ekaùï" ydialï ksid iS.%j j¾Okh úh' fmaÿre;=udf.a
fmka;fldia; Èk foaYkhg miqj ;=kaoyilg wdikak msßila fmaÿre;=ukaf.a
b.ekaùï ms<sf.k fÊiqia jykafiaj woyd .;ay' miqjod fcrei,fï i,fudkaa
uKavmfha l< fojk foaYkdfõ § msßñ mkaoyila we;= ;j;a msßila ls%ia;=ia
jykafia flfrys woyd .;ay'
- uq,a iNdfõ wfmdia;=¨jrekaf.a b.ekaùï ms<sf.k fuishia yd iajdóka jk
fÊiqia jykafia flfrys úYajdih ;enq whg CIKslj nõ;siau iakdmkh
,nd foñka Tjqkaj iNdjg we;=¿ lr .;a y'
- nõ;siauh u.ska iNdjg we;=¨jqKq wh" tlu úYajdifha ne÷Kq tla iudchla
f,i Ôj;a jQy' nyq;r cqfoõjka w;r iq¿ iudchla f,i ðj;a jqjo Tjqkaj
wfkl=;a cqfoõjkaf.ka fjkal< yels iuyr úfYaI .=Kdx. Tjqka i;=j
;sîu wmg oelsh yels h'
- — Tjqka b.ekaùfuyso" iyNd.slfuys o" frdà leäfuys o hdÉ[dfjyso" ksr;j
l,a .; l<y'˜ ^ls%hd 2$42& wo wms uq,a iNdfjys wd.ñl j;dj;a j, mej;s
jeo.;a ,laIK y;rla .ek bf.k .kafkuq'
- uq,a ls;=kqjka fmaÿre;=udf.a foaYkdj ;=<ska Tjqka m<uqj ,nd.;a weoys,a,"
miqj wfmdaia;=jrekaf.a foaYkd weiSu ;=<ska j¾Okh ù Yla;su;a úh'
- Tjqyq ish¨ fokd wfmdia;¨jrekaf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a fmdÿ ðú;hla
.;lrñka wfkHkh iyfhda.fhka yd j.lSfuka hqla;j isáhy' wjxl
ls;=kqfjla f,i ls%ia;=iajykafia bÈßm;a l<d jq fm%auhka o" tluq;= lñka o
tlg Ôj;a jQy'
7
- uq,a ls;=kqfjdaa fcrei,ï foajud,s.djg iskf.da.hg f.dia tys kuialdrhgo"
mQcdjgo" iyNd.s jQy' kuq;a iEu fokdu ;u ksfjiaj, yjia jrefõ tl;= ù
ls;=kqjkag wdfõKsl jQ Y=oaO iyNd.slfï kuialdrfha§ hg;a is;ska yd
ms%;sfhka iyNd.s jQy' frdá leãu hkq Y=oaO jQ iyNd.slfï foaj fufyh
i|yka lrkakg fhdod .ka;d jQ jpkhhs' ;jo in;a Èko b;d Nla;sfhka
wkq.ukh lf<dah'
- Tjqyq ;ks ;ksju muKla fkdj tlg tl`. ú tla mjq,la f,i tla iuQyhla
f,i foúhka jykafia m%Yxid lr ;ukaf.a yd wka whf.a wjYH;dj Wfoid
foaj Woõ b,a,d hdÉ[d lf<dah'
- Tjqka w;r wfmdaia;=¨jreka u.ska ydialïo isÿúh' Tjqyq foúhka jykafia
;uka w;r jevisák nj úYajdi lr foajìfhka Ôj;a jQy' fuf,i" W;a:dk
jq ls%ia;=ia jykafiag idlaIs oerE iuQyhla f,i Ôj;a jQy'
- Tjqka w;r lsisu fjkialula fkdue;sj Tjqqyq tluq;=j tlais;aj fm%aufhka
mq¾K ú wka whgo wdo¾Yj;a f,i ðj;a jQy'
- uq,a ls;=kqjkaf.a ðú;fha§ iudc fiajhg úfYaI ;ekla ;sìKs' jekaoUqjka"
wkd:jqjka" jeäysáhka jeks wh úfYaI ie,ls,a,g Ndckh úh'
- tu ksid Tjqka wka whf.a m%Yxidjg ,la úh' foúhka jykafiaf.a wkq.%yh
yd wdYs¾jdoh Tjqkag ,enqfKah' Èkm;d w¨;a idudðlhkao Tjqkag tl;= úh'
- fuf,i jefvkakdjq iNdj ;=< yeu foh ;=<skau iïmQ¾K;ajh olskakg
ms<sjka úh' iNdj ÿ¾j, ck;djlska hqla; úh' tuksid iNdfõ hï hï wvq
mdvq o olakg ,enqKs' wkkshdia imsrd isoaêh" .%Sl NdIdj l;d lrk ls;=kqjka
yd fyfn%õ NdIdj l;d lrk ls;=kqjka w;r we;s .egqï fuhg ksoiqka fõ'
fcrei,fï uka;%K iNdj ^ls%hd 15 ( 1 - 29&
- iaf;amkaf.a urKh úYd, cqfoõ le/,a,lg uq,a úh' .S%l NdIdj l;d l,
cqfoõjka msvdjg ,laúh' wfmdia;=¨jreka fcrei,fuys ie.ù ðj;a jQ w;r
wfkl=;a ls;=kqfjda fcrei,fuka msg cqodys .ïìï m%foaYj,o iudßhdj"
lhsidßh" bia;%dj" fcdmamdj" ouialh" fmksish" ihsm%ih" .,S,h" wka;sfhdalsh
jeks m%foaYj,g úisr .sfhdah' fï mSvdjkaj, § m%Odkshd jqfha mdjq¨ keu;s
idjq,a h'
8
- úisr .sh wh ;uka .sh ieu ia:dkhl§u Y=NdrxÑh m%ldY l<y' iaf;amkaf.a
fõoidlaIsl urKh;a Bg miqj we;s jQ le/,a,;aa fya;=fldg f.k Y=NdrxÑh
fcrei,fuka msg;g jHdma; úh' ckhd l< kmqre ls%hdj ;=<ska foúhka
jykafia hym; we;s l< fial' .S%l NdIdj l;d l< cqfoõjka iNdfõ m%:u
O¾u¥; fufylrejka f,i ye¢kaúh yel' Tjqyq .sh ieu ;eku ;ukaf.a
cd;sh jk cqfoõjkagu Y=NdrxÑh m%ldY l<y'
- iaf;amkag miqj .S%l cqfoõjkaf.a kdhlhd f,i ms,sma lghq;= lf<ah'
iudßhdfjys ms,sma l< fufyh Y=NdrxÑh m%ldY lsÍu" wY=oaOd;auhka ÿre lsÍu"
frda.Ska iqj lsÍu" nõ;siau iakdmkh ,nd §u" iudßhhkaj ls%ia;=ia jykafia
fj;g yerùu" Tyqf.a úfYaI ls%hdjka úh' t;sfhdamSh kmqxilhdgo udhdldr
iSfudakago nõ;siau iakdmkh ,nd ÿkafka ms,smauh'
- fmaÿre yd fcdykaf.a fufyh jQfha iudßhdj bia;%dj" fcdmamdj fiißh jeks
m%foaYj,g f.dia tys ms,sma ia:dms; l< iNdjka neyeolsñka thg wkque;sh
,nd§u yd Èrs.ekaùu" hdÉ[d lrñka Y=oaOd;auhdKka ,nd§u " udhdldr isfudkag
;rjgq lsÍu" iqj lsÍu kej; Ôj;a lrùu jeks mqÿu ls%hd lrñka fndfyda
whf.a is;a yerùu wdosh úh'
- fmaÿre ;=ud lhsidßfhys oS Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.a u`. fmkaùug wkqj m%:ujrg
úcd;shhl= jk fld¾fka,shia kue;s Y;dêm;shd o" Tyqf.a mjqf,a who" Tyqf.a
ñ;=rkao iNdjg tla lf<a h'
- m%:ujrg úcd;slhka iNdjg tla lsÍu ksid fcrei,ï iNdj fmaÿre;=udg
úreoaO úh' úcd;slhska p¾ufþokh fkdlsßu" tkï Tjqka cqfoõjka fkdlsÍu"
wmú;% f,i ie,l+ Tjqkaf.a ksfjiaj,g hEu iy Tjqka iu. wdydr je<§u
fmaÿre ;=ud úiska cqfoõjkag úreoaOj l< jerÈ ls%hd f,i i,lk ,§'
- fcdmamdys § ;ud ÿgq" o¾Yk iy Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.ka ;ud ,o u`. fmkaùï
úia;r lrñka iNdj ;=< hï ikaiqka njla we;s lsÍug fmaÿre ;=ud iu;a úh'
kuq;a cqfoõ ls;=kqjkaf.a is;a ;=< ;j ÿrg;a fuu .eg¨j /£ ;snqKs' flfia
jqjo Y=oaO jq iNdfõ uq,slhd f,i lghq;= l< fmaÿre ;=ud Y=oaOd;au u`.
fmkaùu u; úcd;slhka iNdjg tla l< nj i|yka l< hq;= h'
9
fcrei,ï uka;%K iNdj /iaùug fya;= -
- fld¾fka,shia nõ;siau iakdmkh ,enQ isoaêh ls%hd fmdf;a ;=ka jrla i|yka
fõ' th tfia jkafka tys we;s jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lsÍu i|yd h' iNd
b;sydifha kj hq.hl wdrïNh fï isoaêh ;=,ska oelafõ'
- fld¾fka,shia f.a is;a yeÍug miq lhsidßfha iy wka;sfhdalsfhao" mdjq¨
;=udf.a m%:u O¾u¥; pdßldjg miq uOHOrKS rgj,o úcd;slfhda nyq,j
iNdjg tlajQy' cqfoõjka fÊiqia jykafia fuishia jykafia f,i ms<s.ekSug
miqng jqjo" úcd;slhka nõ;siau iakdmkh ,nñka iNdjg tla jqfha fÊaiqia
jykafia flfrys úYajdih ;nñks' fï fya;= fldg f.k iNdj l%ul%ufhka
— úcd;sllrKh˜ úh' fï ;;a;ajh ksid fcrei,fuys úiQ cqfoõfjda fndfyda
fia fkdi;=gg m;a jQy'
- fuf;la ls;= oyu cqod oyfï YdLdjla f,i is;+ cqfoõjkag iNdj ;=< we;s
jQ fuu fjki úYd, m%fya<sldjla$ m%Yakhla úh'
- ls;= oyu iy cqfoõ oyu w;r we;s in|;dj l=ula o@ th cqfoõ oyfï
YdLdjla o@ úcd;slhka iNdjg tlajk úg iïmQ¾K l< hq;= fldkafoais
fudkjdo @ p¾ufÊokfhka f;drj" fudafiiaf.a jHjia:dj fkdms<smeo"
ls;=kqjl= úh yels o@ uq,a ls;=kqjka cqfoõjka ksid Tõyq p¾ufÊokh ,enq wh
jQy' cqfoõjkaf.a Y=oaO ,shú,a, oek fudafiiaf.a jHjia:dj ms<smÈk wh jQy'
ls;= oyu cqfoõ oyfï YdLdjla f,i is;kakg mqreÿ jqfha fuh mdol lr
f.kh' kuq;a cqfoõ fkdjk wh ls;= oyu ÿgqfõ kj wd.ula iy fjk;a
wd.ula f,ih'
- nd¾Knia iy mdjq¨ ;=ud úiska fufyhjk ,o isßhdj ;=< wka;sfhdalsfha
iNdj ñY% iNdjls' th cqfoõ ls;=kqjkaf.ka iy cqqfoõ fkdjk ls;=kqjkaf.ka
iukaú; jQ w;r Tõyq iduldój ðj;a jQy'
- tla wjia:djl fcrei,fï isg isßhdfõ wka;sfhdalshg meñKs cqodjd§ka
msßila ;u foaYk ;=< my; oelafjk woyia o m%ldY l< y' fudafiiaf.a
jHjia:dj fkdms<smÈk" p¾ufÊokh fkd,enq whg nõ;siau iakdmkh ,nd
iNdjg tla úh fkdyel' ;jo úcd;slhkag .e,ùu ,eìh fkdyel'
- mdjq¨ ;=ud iy nd¾Knia fuu woyiaj,g úreoaOj ;¾l l<y' isßhdj ;=<
wka;sfhdalsfha iNdfõ l,n, iy fn§ï we;s ù fkdikaiqka ;;a;ajhla ìys
ùug fuu újdoh mdol úh' fuhg úi÷ï fiùu i|yd wka;sfhdalSh iNdj
10
lf<a mdjq ;=ud iy nd¾Knia iu. ;j;a iuyrl= fcrei,fï iNd kdhlhka
fj; msg;a lr yeÍuh' fuu lreKq fcrei,ï uka;%K iNdj /ia lsÍug
miqìu úh'
fcrei,ï uka;%K iNdfõ .;a ;SrK ^ls%hd 15 ( 4 - 35&
- ls%ia;= j¾I 50 § muK fcrei,fï /ia jQ fuu uka;%K iNdj ls;=kq iNdfõ
uq,au uka;%K iNdj f,i ye¢kafõ' fmaÿre ;=ud fuu uka;%K iNdfõ kdhl;ajh
oerE w;r úúO m%foaYj, isg wfmdaia;=¨jre iy kdhlfhda le|jkq ,en
isáhy'
- fufia /iaùug fya;=jQfha wka;sfhdalsfha iNdfõ we;sjqK .eg¨jg úi÷ï
fiùuh' tkï hï flfkl= ls;=kqjl= ùug fmr p¾ufÊokh ,eîu wksjd¾h
o @ fudafiiaf.a jHjia:dj ms<smeÈh hq;=u o@ hk m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re iemhSu
i|yd h'
- iyNd.S jQjka w;r m%Odk lKavdhï folla úh' tla lKavdhula iukaú;
jQfha tjlg fcrei,fï iNdfõ ìfIdma;=ud$ ro.=re;=ud j isá cdfldí ;=udf.a
kdhl;ajfhka hq;= cqodjd§ka yd mßisjrekah' wfkla lKavdhu mdjq ;=ud iy
nd¾Kniaf.a kdh;ajfhka hq;=jq úcd;slhkaf.ka iukaú;úh'
- m%:ufhka isÿ jQfha lKavdhï fol u.ska ;¾l ú;¾l bÈßm;a lsÍuh'
- wjidkfha § uka;%K iNdjg kdhl;ajh ÿka fmaÿre ;=ud ;u woyia bÈßm;a
lf<ah' t;=ud lhsidßfhys fld¾fka,shiaf.a nõ;siau iakdmfhaÈ ;ud ,o
w;aoelSu fnod .ksñka fufia mejiSh' — foúhka jykafia wmg Y=oaOd;auh
odkh l,d fiau Tjqkg o Y=oaOd;auh odkh isÿ fldg Tjqkao ms<s.;a fial' wm
yd Tjqka w;r lsisu fjkila Wkajykafia fkdolsk fial' fÊiqia jykafia
u.ska wm ñ§u ,nk wdldrfhkau Tõyq o ñ§u ,n;s' ˜
- fmaÿre;=udf.a l:dfjka Tjqkaf.a .eg¨jg úi÷ï ,eìK' p¾ufÊokh fkdj
weoys,a, u.ska wm mú;% lrkq ,nhs' wm ieug ñ§u ,nd fokafka fudafiiaf.a
jHjia:dj u.ska fkdj fÊiqia jykafiaf.a lreKj u.sks' fmaÿre ;=udf.a fuu
;SrK ish¨ fokd ms<s.;a w;r tajd úcd;slhkag mdCIslj ;snq nj i|yka l<
hq;=h'
11
- uka;%K iNdj ;=< fmaÿre ;=udf.a l;dfjka miq mdjq¨ ;=ud iy nd¾Kniao
;u O¾u¥; pdßldfõ § úcd;slhka w;r foúhka jykafia l< mqÿu ls%hd .ek
mjiñka uka;%K iNdj weu;+y' tu mqÿu ls%hd ;=, ms<sônq jkafka
Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.a wNsuqL;ajh iy u`.fmkaùu nj Tjqkaf.a wjOdrKh úh'
- wjidkfha § wfmdaia;= jrhl= yd fcrei,ï iNdfõ m%Odkshd jk cdfldí;=ud
;u ks.ukh bÈßm;a lf<a h' fmaÿre;=ud mejeiQ foa ;yjqre lrñka Èjeisjr
wdfudia ;=ud i|yka l< mßÈ uq,ska cqfoõjka o" miqj úcd;slhkao .e,ùu
,nk nj t;=ud fmkajd ÿkafkah' ^wdfudia 9 (1- 12&
- úcd;slhkag ;j;a wm lror fkdl< hq;= nj;a" Tjqkg p¾ufþokh ,eîug
wjYH fkdue;s nj;a t;=ud ;j ÿrg;a i|yka lf<a h'
- ;jo fuf;la .;a ;SrK cqqfoõjkag úfYaIfhka mßisjrekag tfrysjk tajd
ksid ta who i;=gq lsÍu msKsi t;=ud úcd;slhkag fufia mejiSh' — úcd;slhka
cqqfoõjka iu. isák úg cqfoõjka ms<sl=,a lrk wdydr je<§fuka je<lsh
hq;=h' tkï ms<suj,g ms¥ wdydr" f., ñßld uerE i;=ka" reêrh iu. udxY
je<§fuka je<lS wdydr j,g .scq núka uE;a ù isàu ls;=kq in|;djkag iqÿiq
fõ'˜
- wka;sfhdalSh iNdfõ .eg¨j i|yd uka;%K iNdj .;a ;SrK tu iNdjg
oekaùu i|yd ,smshl ,shd tu ,smsh uka;%K iNdj úiska f;dard .;a n¾iniaa
kï ,;a cqoia iy iS,iao mdjq¨ ;=ud iy nd¾Kniao wka;sfhdalSh iNdj fj;
hjk ,§'
- ,smsfha i|yka lreKq
1' wkjYH f,i úcd;slhka u; nr fkdmegúh hq;= h'
2' ms<suj,g ms¥ wdydr je<§fuka j<lskak'
3' i;=kaf.a reêrh wkqNj lsÍfuka j<lskak'
4' f., ñßld uerE i;=kaf.a udxY wkqNjfhka j<lskak
5' wdydrj,g .scq núka j<lskak'
- iuyr nhsn,a úYdrohskaf.a u;h jQfha fcrei,ï uka;%K iNdfõ idlÉPd
;=<ska u;=jQ m<uq ;SrKh muKla ,smsfha i|ykaj ;snq njh' cqfoõjka i;=gq
lrkq msKsi wksl=;a lreKq ,smshg we;=,;a lr ;snQ nj fjk;a wh woyia lr;s'
- fcrei,ï uka;%K iNdfõ ;SrK ;=<sska we;sjQ ls;=kq iNdfõ iuyr fjkialï
ls;= oyu úYaùh oyuls'
th lsisÿ cd;shlg fyda NdIdjlg fyda muKla iSud fkdfõ'
12
Y=' iaf;amka;=ud yd iNd jHdma;sh
- iNdj j¾Okh ù ls;=kqjkaf.a ixLHdj jeäùu iu." Tjqkaf.a fmdÿ ðú;h
;=< .eg¨ we;s úh' wfmdia;= jreka oyï foiqug uq,a ;ek §u fya;= fldgf.k
Tjqkag iudc fiajhg ksis ld,h fokakg fkd yels úh'
- f;ajdpdh¾hjreka Èhdfldakjreka& wdydr fnod §u" tkï iudc fiajdj i|yd
m;aú ;snqKq kuq;a" Tjqka ^iaf;amka" ms,sma& oyï foiqugo" nõ;siau iakdmkh
lsÍugo" ydialï lsÍugo fhÿKs'
- iuyr cqqfoõ mqcljreka mjd fÊiqia jykafiaj iajdñka jykafia f,i ms<sf.k
iNdjg we;=`t jQ ksid ls;=kqjka flfrys cqfoõjkag ;snq ffjrh jeä úh' l%u
l%ufhka ls;=kq cqqfoõ .egqï j¾Okh úh'
- cqqfoõ .egqïj,g ;=vq ÿka idOl -
cqqfoõjka fÊaiqia jykafiaj l=reis m;a lsßug bÈßm;a l< ta fya;=ka ksidu"
ls;=kqjkag;a tfiau úreoaO úh'
- cqqfoõjka " úYd, yuqodjla iu. meñfKk fuishia jykafia j n,dfmdfrd;a;=j
isáh neúka .jf,kl bmÿKq jvqjl=f.a mq;% fÊiqia jykafiaj fuishia jykafia
f,ig ms<s.ekSug iqodkï j isáfha ke;' Wkajykafiaf.a b.ekaùïo" ls%hdjkao
Tjqkaf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=jg mgyeksj ;snqKq neúka Wkajykafiaj tfia
ms<s.ekSug neßùug tho ;j;a fya;=jla úh' ;jo fÊaiqia jykafiaf.a l=reisfha
urKh ksid fÊaiqia jykafia foúhka jykafia úiska Ydm lrk ,enq whl= nj
Tjqkaf.a woyi úh' kuq;a ls;=kqfjda fÊiqia jykafiaj fuishia jykafia
f,i muKla fkdj foaj mq;%hd f,i o ms<s.ksñka úYajdi l< y'
- ;jo ls;=kqfjdaa fÊiqia jykafia f.a urKh ms<sn| cqfoõjkag fodia mej?y'
wdn%yï" fcdaima" fudafiia jeks wh u.ska l;d l< Y=oaOd;auhdKkag Tjqka
ijka fkdÿkaa njgo fodia mej?y' fÊiqia jykafiaf.a meñKSu fmr lS
Èjeisjreka o Tjqka urd oeuq njg;a fodia lS y'
- frdaujreka úiska fcrei,ï foaj ud,s.dj ì| oeóu yd " frdau jreka úiska
Tjqka mSvdjg ,la ùu isÿjQfha o" ls;=kqjka fÊiqia jykafiaj fuishia f,i
ms<s.ksñka we;sjqKq mdmh ksid nj cqfoõfjda lshd isáhy'
- ioaÿisjreka yd cqfoõ mQcljreka kej; ke.sàu .eko" u;= csú;h .eko
úYajdi fkdl<y' kuq;a ls;=kqfjda W;a:dkh .ek úYajdi l<d muKla fkdj"
13
kej; kej; th .ek foaYkd lrñka" fÊiqia jykafiaf.a W;a:dkhg ;ukaj
idlaIs lrejka f,io bÈßm;a l<y' fÊiqia jykafiaf.a kñka ydialïo l<
y'
- cqfoõfjda fudafiiaf.a jHjia:djg;a fcrei,ï foaj ud,s.djg;a uq,a ;ek
ÿkay' kuq;a ls;=kqfjda cqfoõ isß;a úß;a" fudafiiaf.a jHjia:dj jeks foag
t;rï m%uqL;ajhla fkdÿkay' ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a fm%aufhka hqla; wK mK;go"
fma%ukSh iuqyhla hk woyigo úfYaI ;ek ÿkay'
- cqfoõ kdhlhka o jQ ioaÿisjreka mßisjreka yd kdhl mQcljreka o ls;=
oyfï jHdma;sh .ek ìhg m;a jQy' ;ukag ysñ ia:dko ke;sù ;ukaf.a /lshd
mjd wysñ fõ hhs is;=y' by; lS fya;=ka ksid cqfoõfjda ls;=kqjka j ms<sl=,a
l< y'
- fï .egqïldÍ ;;a;ajfha WÉpia:dk .S%l NdId l:d lrk cqfoõjka yd cqfoõ
f;ajdpdÍ ^Èhdfldak& iaf;amka w;r fudafiia f.a jHjia:dj" foaj ud,s.dj
ms<sn|j we;s jq ;¾l ;=<ska olakg yelsh' iaf;amka .%Sl ixialD;sl cqqfoõjkaf.a
kdhlhd f,i isáfhah' Tyqg tfrysj ;¾l ú;¾l lrkakg fkdyels jQ
cqqfoõ ck;dj fmd<Ujñka " le/,a, we;s lrñka" Tyqj w;a wvx.=jg .ksñka
iaf;amkag úreoaOj bÈßm;a lrkq ,enq fpdaokd fufiah'
1' Y=oaO ia:dkhg yd jHjia:djg úreoaOj l:d lsÍu'
2' kdifr;ays fÊaiqia jykafia Y=oaO ia:dkh úkdY lr ouk nj mejiSu'
3' fudafiia wmg ,nd ÿka foa fÊiqia jykafia fjkia lrk nj mejiSu'
- kdhl mQcljrhd iaf;amka f.ka úuiQ úg" Tyq ;udf.a kHdh bÈßm;a fkdlr"
Y=' nhsn,fhka ms<s;=re ÿkafkah' ^ls%hd 7( 9 1-5&
- jHjia:djg úreoaOj iaf;amka l:d l< njg fpdaokd l< úg Tjqka jHjia:dj
fkdms<smÈk njg Tjqkag úreoaOj iaf;amka fpdaokd lf<a h'
- foúhka jykafiag bYardfh,ajrekaf.ka msg ;uka jykafiag ck;dj f;dard.;
yels hehso foaj ud,s.dfjka msg foúhka jykafiaj keueÈh yels njo mjiñka
ls;= oyu cqfoõ oyfï YdLdjla fkdj w¨;a wd.ula hk woyi bÈßm;a lf<a
h'
- fï ksid wdfõ.YS,S jQ cqfoõfjda k.rfhka msg;g iaf;amkaj weo f.k
f.dia .,a .id uerd oeuQy'
- iaf;amka ;ukag .,a .eiq wh fjkqfjka hdÉ[d lrñka Èú msÿfõ h'
14
iNdfõ j¾Okh
- tod fcrei,fï § fmka;fldia; Èk Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.a meñKSu ;=< tlish
úisfofkl=f.a Y%djl;ajfhka werô iNdj blaukska j¾Okh ù uq¿ f,dj mqrd
jHdma; úh' th Y=' nhsn,fha i|yka wn wegfha Wmudj fuks'
- tfia we;s jQ iNdfõ jHdma;sh i|yd fndfyda fofkla odhl jQ y'
- tÈk fmka;fldia; ux.,Hfha wdrlaIdj iemhSu i|yd meñKs frdau fin¿ka
tu odhl;ajfha m%:u lKavdhu f,i ye¢kaúh yel' fÊiqia jykafiaf.a ÿla
ú£u urKh iy kej; ke.sàfï mqj;g ijka §ug tÈk Tjqkag wjldY
,eîKs' Tjqka wdmiq ;u m%foaYj,g .sh úg tu mqj; ;u wi,ajdiSka iu.
fnod .kakg we;ehs fuys§ Wml,amkh l< yel'
- odhl;ajfha B<`. lKavdhu fmka;fldia; ux.,Hh i|yd f,dj iEu foiskau
meñKs cqfoõjkah' wdmiq ;u m%foaYj,g .sh cqfoõfjda tÈk ijka ÿka iy tys
§ ÿgq ish¨ foa ;u ck;dj iu. fnod .;ay'
- fmka;fldia; Èk Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.a meñKSu;a iu. n,j;a jQ wfmdaia;= jreka
b;d Wkkaÿfjka foaYkd l<y ( ydialï iy ,l=Kq bÈßm;a l<y' tys m%;sM,h
jQfha oyia .Kkla ^3000 - 5000 la muK& miq;eú,s ù iNdjg tla ùuhs'
- uq,a ls;=kq iudcfha ;snq fm%auh" tluq;=lu" fnod.ekSu iy iudk;ajfhka
hqla; jq wdo¾Yj;a Ôjk l%uh iNdj fj; fndfyda fokd wdl¾Ykh l< idOl
f,i ye¢kaúh yel'
- iaf;amkaf.a fõo idCIsl urKfhka miq ls;=kqjkag úreoaOj wdrïN jq cqfoõ
le/,a, ls%ia;= O¾uh fcrei,fuka Tíng jHdma;ùug bjy,a úh' .S%l NdIdj
l:d l< cqfoõ ls;=kqfjda ìh ù wdrlaIdj m;d cqfoõ .%dóh m%foaYj,g;a"
iudßh" lisidßh" ¨ia;%dj" fcdmamdj" ouialh" mskSish" ihsm%ih" .,S,h iy
wka;sfhdalshg;a Èj .shy' miq;ejqKq oyia .Kkla iNdjg we;=`t ùug fya;=
jQfha fufia úisß .sh ls;=kqjka ;uka .sh iEu m%foaYhlu ls;=kq Y=NdrxÑh
m%ldY lsÍuh'
- fmaÿre;=ud úiska lhsidßfha wkH cd;sl frdau Y;dêm;shl= jQ fld¾fka,shiag"
Tyqf.a mjqf,a whg fiau Tyqf.a ksjig /ia jq ys; ñ;=rkag Y=oaOd;au u.
fmkaùu ;=< nõ;siau iakdmkh ,nd §fuka Tjqka iNdjg tla lr .kakd ,È'
fuh iNd j¾Okfhys kj hq.hl wdrïNh f,i ye¢kaúh yel' ukao nõ;siau
iakdmkh ,nd §fuka fuf;la iNdjg we;=,;a lr .kakd ,oafoa Y=NdrxÑh
wid úYajdi l< cqfoõjka muKla jk fyhsks'
15
- ls;=kqjka úh yelafla cqfoõjkag muKlah hkak tod uQ,sl woyi úh' fï
w;r wkH cd;slhl= jQ fld¾fka,shia nõ;siau iakdmkh ,nd iNdjg we;=,;a
jQ m%:u wkH cd;slhd jQ w;r tu.ska isÿjQfha iNdfõ fodrgqj wkH cd;slhkag
újD; ùuh' tys m%;sM,h jQfha fld¾fka,shiag miqj wkH cd;sl oyia .Kka
msßia iNdjg we;=,;a ùuh' ta wkqj cqfoõ ls;=kqjkaf.kq;a" wkH cd;sl
ls;=kqjkaf.kq;a iukaú; úYd, ñY% ls;=kq iudchla wka;sfhdalsfha ìysúh'
- fuu ñY% iNdfõ wdrïNfhays § we;s jq .eg¨ iy.; ;;a;ajh ksrjq,a lsÍu
i|yd fcrei,fï m<uq uka;%%K iNdj le|jk ,§' tys § .kq ,enQ ;SrK wkH
cd;slhkag jdis iy.; f,i mej;sK" weoys,af,a w;HjYH foaj,a yer fjk;a
lsisu nrla wkH cd;slhka u; megúh hq;= ke;' wm ish¨ fokd mú;% lrkq
,nkafka p¾ufþokhfhka fkdj weoys,af,ks' wm ish¨ fokdgu ñ§u ,nd
fokafka fudafiiaf.a jHjia:dj fkdj fÊiqia jykafiaf.a wkq.%yhhs'
^jrm%idohhs&
- iNdj jHdma; ùfuys ,d uy;a odhl;ajhla ,nd ÿka wfhls" Y=oaO jQ mdjq¨
wfmdaia;=¨ ;=ud ^fma%ß; ;=ud& uq,§ ls;=kq iNdjg úreoaOj lghq;= l< t;=ud
ouialhg hk w;r u. ,enq ukiaia:dmkfha w;aoelSu ;=< fjkia mqoa.,hl=
njg m;aúh' bkamiq t;=ud úiska lrk ,o O¾u¥; pdßld u.ska iNdfõ
j¾Okhg ,enqfKa buy;a odhl;ajhls'
- t;=udf.a oeä W;aidyh ksid;a" yrnr foaYkd ksid;a wfmdaia;¨jrekaf.a
ld,fha iNdj fcrei,u" cqohdj" iudßh" .,S,h" wka;sfhdalsh" ihsm%ia ¥m;a"
mïms,shdj" .,d;sh" m¾.h" isßhdfõ wka;shdalsh" bfldaksh" ¨ia;%dj" o¾nh"
ms,smamsh" tmSih" ;sfhda;srd" ,fjdaÈih" f;if,daksi" fldßka;sh" frdauh" iaurK
wd§ m%foaY lrd jHdma; úh'
- iNdj j¾Okh jQfha tys idudðl ixLHdfjka iy ls;=kq iuQyhkaf.ka muKla
fkdfõ' weoys,sjka;hkaf.a ðú;" mßmd,k jHqyh" kuialdr úê" foaj O¾uh
iy wd.ñl wOHdmkhk u.ska o iNdj uy;a f,i j¾Okh úh'
- iNdjg úreoaOj we;sjqKq cqfoõ frdau ler,s" ls;= oyu úkdY lsÍug jvd
ls;=kqjkaf.a úYajdih ;yjqre lsÍug bjy,a úh' fuu ler,s j,§ fukau fuu
ler,s j,g ;=vq ÿka fya;= wNsuqj" ls;=kqjka oelajQ bjiSu" ffO¾hh" Tjqka
úYajdi l< i;H;djhka fjkqfjka l< idlaIs oeÍu iy i;Hh fjkqfjka
;ukaf.a ðú;hu mqo fokakg bÈßhg meñKSu ler,s lrejka miq nEulg ,la
l< jeo.;a idOl njg m;a jQKs' ;jo fuu idOl ;uka lrk foa ms<sn|j
16
is;Sug ler,s lrejka fm<Uùugo fya;= mdol úh' fõo idlaIslhkaf.a reêrh
iNdfõ îchla njg mßj¾;kh úh'
- iNdfõ bÈß .uk je,elaùu msKsi tys we;=t jQ fNao foaj Od¾ñl wOHdmkfhys
j¾Okhg Wmldr úh' /ialrk ,o fndfyda uka;%K iNd úiska iNdfõ
i;H;djka oeä úuiSulg Ndckh lrk ,os' ;jo i;H;djka ms<sn| meyeÈ,s
ks¾jpkhka iy f;areï .ekSï ,nd§ug fuu uka;%K iNd oeä msájy,la ùh'
fndfyda foaj O¾u úÿy,a ìysjQfha fuu jgmsgdj ;=< h'
- fojk iy f;jk Y;j¾Ij,§ ck;dj w;r we;s jQ wd.ñl we,au iy wd.ñl
mqk¾ðjkh ls;= oyfï j¾Okhg fndfyda fia WmldÍ úh' ls;= oyfï we;s
wd.ñl u;jdo fj; ck;dj uy;afia wdl¾Ykh jQy' mSã; Ôú;fha nr orñka
mSvdjka w;aú¢ ukqIHhkag úkdYfkdjk wd;auh" mdm ludj" iod;k ðú;h
jeks b.ekaùï j,ska ,enqfKa uy;a iykhls'
- ls%ia;= O¾uh iEu fmfoilu m%p,s; ùug my; i|yka lreKq fndfyda fihska
Wmldr úh' frdau wêrdcHfha jHqyh" ieleiau iy mßmd,kh fya;= fldg
f.k we;s jq iduldñ ;;a;ajh" tlu mßmd,khla hgf;a wjg we;s rdcHhka
fj;g fhduq jq fyd| ux udj;a ; ta ksidu ìys jQ wdrlaId iys; .ukd.uk
l%ufõohka iy iEu ia:dkhlu .%Sl NdIdj Ndú; jQ ksid tlsfkld iu.
iïnkaO ùug ;snq yelshdj wdosh'
- ;=kajk ishjfia iNdj wdishdkq" wms%ldkq iy hqfrdamd uydoaùm ;=< ;snQ
uisfodaksh" ñirh" .S%ish" b;d,sh" iamd[a[h" m%xYh" c¾uksh" ì%;dkHh"
iafldÜ,ka;h" wh¾,ka;h" m¾ishdj iy wdrdìh jeks rgj,g jHdma; úh'
- iNd j¾Okfha uq,a Y; j¾I ;=k ;=< th uqyqK mE cqfoõ le/,a," frdau le/
,a," fNao iy ÿ¾u; wd§ fndfyda úfrdaO;d iy ndOd iNd j¾Okhg fndfyda
wys;lr f,i n,mEy' tfy;a fuu ndOd iy úfrdaO;d uOHfha uq,a ishjia
;=k ;=< we;s jq iNd j¾Okh iy jHdma;sh fuka j¾Okhla iy jHdma;shla
fjk lsisu lf,l iNdj ;=< oelsh fkd yel' ta ksid iNd b;sydifha m<uq
ishjia ;=k iNdfõ z iaj¾Kuh hq.hZ f,i ye¢kafõ'
17
6'1'2 Y=oaO mdjq ;=udf.a O¾u¥; .uka
mdjq,q kue;s idjq,a uq,a iNdfõ j¾Okh i|yd fndfyda f,i odhl jQ flfkls'
foúhka jykafia úiska úcd;slhskaf.a wfmdaia;=¨jrhl= f,i f;dard .kq ,enq
t;=ud úcd;slhskag iqn wiak m%ldY lsÍu i|yd Tjqka fj; hjkq ,eîh' mdjq
;=ud O¾u ¥; pdßldj, fhÿfKa ;udg mejreKq tu ld¾hh bgq lsÍu i|ydh'
;u pdßld ;=<ska uOHOrKS uqyqo wdY%s; rgj, muKla fkdj f,dalfha iSudj
f,i tod ye¢kajqKq frdauh olajd t;=ud .uka lf<ah' t;=ud iqn wiak foaYkd
lf<a úúO úfrdaO;d iy mSvdjka uOHfha h' fndfyda fofkl=g iqn wiak
;=<ska miq;eùug u`. fmkajQ t;=udg ta ta ia:dkj, ls;=kq iuQyhla ia:dms;
lsßug yelsúh' tu ksid iNdfõ j¾Okh .ek ukd wOHhkhla lsÍu i|yd
mdjq¨ ;=udf.a Ôú;h iy fufyh .ek mq¿,aj oek isàu fhda.H lreKls'
Y= mjq¨ ;=udf.a ðú; miqìu
mdjq,q keue;s idjq,a .S%l NdIdj l:d l<" .S%l ixialD;shg wh;a cqfoõ cd;slfhls'
úfoaYsl wdl%uK fya;= fldg f.k m,ia;Skfhka úisÍ f.dia" iq¿ wdishdfõ
;d¾isia kï .S%l k.rfha ðj;a jQ fnkacñka f.da;%hg wh;a cqfoõ mjq,lg
odj ls%' j' 10 § t;=ud Wm; ,eîh' ;d¾isiaa tl, úYd, cqfoõ iuQyhla Ôj;a
jQ k.rhla úh'
- Tyq cqfoõjka muKla fkdj ;u mshd yryd frdau mqrjeisNdjh ,o flfkls'
zmdjq,aZ hk frdau .%Sl ku Tyq Ndú;hg .;af;a úcd;slhskaf.a wfmdaia;= jrfhla
f,i fiajh l< ld,h wdrïNfha § h'
- idjq,ag <ud úfhys § oekqu iy mqyqKqj ,enqfka .S%l wdNdIhg ,la jQ cqfoõ
mjq,la f,i Èú f.jq ;u fouõmshkaf.ks' ;u jhi wjqreÿ 06 isg Y=oaO
,shú,a, tkï mrK .súiqu iy fyfn%õ ni wOHhkh lsÍug t;=udg yelsjQfha
;driSia iskf.da.fha§ h'
- ;d¾isiaa jHdmdßl k.rhla jqjo tys wOHhk lghq;= i|yd úYajúoHd,o msysgd
;sìK' .S%l ixialD;sl uOHia:dkhla f,i ye¢kaúh yels tu k.rh fndfyda
úoaj;=ka iy od¾Ykslhska ìys l< ia:dkhla úh' fuu miqnu ;=< ye§ jevqKq
idjq,a " úcd;slhskag úfYaIfhka .S%l cd;slhskag iqn wiak f.k hEug
b;du;a iqÿiq mqoa.,hl= f,i ye¢kaúh yel'
- fÊiqia jykafiaf.a urKska miq ;u ;reK úfhys § fcrei,ug meñKs Tyq
Y=oaO ,shú,a, ukd f,i yeoErefõ .ud,sfh,a kï m`äjrhd hgf;a h'
m,ia;Skfha Ôj;a jQ cqfoõjka isß;a úß;a .ek ukd oekqula ,enQ Tyq jHjia:dj
yeoEÍug wu;rj th oeä f,i ms<smeÈ mßisjrhl= iy ríìjrhl= úh'
18
- bkamiq nd¾Knia úiska wka;sfhdalsfha § msysgqjkq ,enQ cqfoõ yd cqfoõ fkdjk
whf.ka hq;= jq m%:u ñY% iNdfõ fiajh lsÍu i|yd mdjq¨ ;=ud meñKs w;r
wjqreoaol muK ld,hla t;=ud tys fiajh lf<a h'
- tla Èkl" kuialdr wjia:djl§" ;u úfYaI ld¾hhla i|yd mdjq iy nd¾Knia
fjka lrk f,i" wka;sfhdalSh iNdfõ Èjeisjrekaf.ka iy .=rejrekaf.ka
Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia úiska b,a,d isák ,§'
- blaì;s Wmjdifha fhÿKq Tjqyq mdjq¨ iy nd¾Knia u; w;a ;nñka hd[d
l<y' bka miq úcd;Ska fj; iqn wiak m%ldY lsÍug Tjqka fofok msg;a lr
yßk ,o w;r Tjqka fofok .sfha nd¾Knia Wm; ,enQ ihsm%ihgh'
- mdjq¨ ;=udf.a O¾u¥; pdßld ixLHdj ;=kla ^03& f,i Y= ¨la ;=ud ls%hd
fmdf;ys olajd we;'
mdjq¨ ;=udf.a m<uqjk O¾u¥; pdßldj ^ls%hd 13" 14&
- isÿjQ ld,h ( ls%'j 46 isg 49 olajd
- iyNd.sjQfjda ( nd¾Knia iy fcdyka udla
- wruqK oelau (& wka;sfhdalSh iNdfõ ;ju;a iqn wiak fkdweiQ whg iqn wiak
foaYkd lsÍu' fuys È úfYaI lreKla jkafka Y=NdrxÑ foaYlhka msg;a lr
yeÍu iNdj úiska lrkq ,eîuh'
- ia:dk - ihsm%ihg .sks fldk m<d;aj,g iq¿ wdishdfõ k.rj,g
- .uka ud¾.h - wka;sfhdalSfha msysá is lSh jrdh olajd f.dv ìñka iy tys isg
ihsm%ihg keõ u.ska
- <`.d jQ ia:dk - i,ñih" mdmma" mïms,sfha m¾.dh" msisosfha wka;sfhdalsh"
bfldaksh" ¨ia;%dj" o¾nh
- isÿjQ jeo.;a isÿùï
mdmia - znd¾ fÊiqiaZ kï fndre Èjeisjrhd iu. isá i¾.shia mdjq,ia kï
foaYdêm;shdf.a yeÍu'
m¾.dh - fcdyka udla fcrei,ug yeÍ hdu
msisÈfha wka;sfhdalsh - m<uq in;a Èk O¾uYd,dj ;=, mdjq¨f.a foaYkh"
fndfyda fofkla mdjq¨ iy nd¾Knia wkqj hEu" fojk in;a Èk úcd;slhka
foaj jpkhg f.!rj oelaùu" yeÍu iy cqfoõjka mdjq iy n¾Kndia mSvkhg
m;a lr ;u fmfoia j,ska msg;g fkrmd oeóu'
¨ia;%dj - foaYkd lsÍu" weúo.; fkdyels ukqIHhdg iqjh" cqfoõjka mdjq¨g
.,a .id kqjßka msg;g oeóu" o¾nhg hEu
19
wdmiq .uk - jeo.;a isÿùï -
o¾nh" ¨ia;%dj" bfldaksh" msisosfha wkaf;sfhdalsh mïms,sh" m¾.dh" w;a;d,sh
isg wka;sfhdalshg keõ ke.Su"
foaYkd lsÍu - tla tla iNdjka i|yd iNd uQ,slhka m;a lsßu'
mdjq¨ iy nd¾Knia - wka;sfhdalsfha§ iNdj /ialr foúhka jykafia ;uka
u.ska l<d jq foa fnod .;ay'
mdjq¨;=udf.a fojk O¾u¥; pdßldj ^ls%hd 15 (36 - 18 ( 23&
isÿjQ ld,h - ls%'j 50 isg 52 olajd
iyNd.s jQfjda - iS,ia" ;sfuda;s" ¨la
wruqK oelau& - ia:dms; l< iNdjkag fcrei,ï uka;%K iNdfõ ;SrK
oekqï §u" Tjqkaj Èß .ekaùu iy weoys,af,a Yla;su;a
lsÍu" .egqï ksrdlrKh lsÍu'
.uka ud¾.h - wka;sfhdalsfha isg f.dvìñka .uka l<y'
<`.d jq ia:dk - isßhdj" is,sishdj" o¾nh" ¨ia;%dj" f;%dajih" ms,smamsh"
f;if,dakslh" fnßhdj" we;ekaia fldßka;sh
- isÿ jQ jeo.;a isÿùï
¨ia;%dj ;sfuda;shia f.a tlaùu iy p¾ufþokh wksjd¾h fkdjQjo Tyq
p¾ufþokh lsÍu" tfia lf,a .S%l fm<m;lg kElï lshQ Tyq cqfoõjka w;r
iqn wiak m%ldY lsÍu i|yd ndOdjla fkdjk msKsih'
- Y=oaOd;au u`. fmkaùu ;=< wdishdfõ foaYkd fkdfldg msÍ.sh iy .,d;sh
yryd f.dia ì;skshg hEug W;aiy l< y' kuq;a Y=oaOd;au u`. fmkaùu jqfha
ì;skshg fkdhEuh' ta ksid ñish miqfldg f;%dajihg meñKsh y'
- f;%dajih - mdjq¨ rd;s%fha ÿgq o¾Ykh
- ms,smamsh - jeo.;a isoaëka 04 ls'
1' ,sÈhdf.a yeÍu ^ls%hd 16 ( 11 - 15&
2' fmak lshk jy,a ;reKshlg iqjh ^ ls%hd 16 ( 16 - &
3' mdjq¨ iy iS,ia isr.; lsÍu ^ls%hd 16 ( 19 - 34&
4' mdjq¨ iy iS,ia ksoyia lsÍu ^ls%hd 16 ( 35 - 40&
f;if,dakslh - O¾uYd,dj ;=< in;a Èk 03 la cqfoõjka iu. jdo lsÍu"
uy;a iuQyhlf.a yeÍu" cqfoõjreka f.a lror ksid mdjq iy iS,ia fnßhdjg
msg;a lr heùu
fnßhdj - O¾uYd,dfõ foaYkd" fndfyda fofkl=f.a yeÍu ' f;if,dakslfha
cqfoõjre meñK l< le,öu
we;ekaia - tys miqìu wod<j mqcdik .ek i|yka lrñka wßfhdam. Yd,dfõ
20
l< foaYkh" iuyr whf.a yeÍu'
fldßka;sh - wls,d iy ms%ials,d uqK .eiSu" foaYkd lsÍu iy fldßka;sjre
fndfyda fofkl= woyd nõ;siauh ,eîu" rd;s%fha § mdjq¨ ;=ud ÿgq o¾Ykh"
jir 1 1$2 la fldßka;sf.a W.kajñka .; lsßu
- jir 03 la ;siafia isÿ jQ fuu pdßldj mdjq¨ ;=udf.a pdßldj, b;d jeo.;a
§¾>;u pdßldj nj i|yka l< yel' hqfrdamfha uq,a jrg iqn wiak m%ldY
lrkq ,enqfka fuu pdßldj ;=<§ h' ms,smamsh" f;if,dakslh iy fldßka;sh
;=< mdjq,a ;=ud ksr; jQ §¾> fufyh iy ia:dms; iNdjka .ek fuu pdßldj
;=< úfYaIfhka i|yka l< hq;= h' Okj;a .S%l ldka;djka mdjq¨ ;=ud iu.
fiajfha fhÿk w;r .S%l cqfoõjka mdjq¨ ;=ud miq mi hñka Tyqg lror
lf<da h' kuq;a frdau md,lhska fï jk úg ls;=kqjka flfrys hym;a woyia
w;s lr f.k ;sîuo úfYaIfhka fuys § i|yka lsÍu fhda.Hh'
mdjq¨ ;=udf.a ;=kajk O¾u¥; pdßldj ^ ls%hd 18 ( 23 - 21 ( 20&
isÿjQ ld,h - ls%' j 54 isg 58 olajd
iyNd.S jQfjda - ;sfuda;s" ;S;ia
wruqK oelau& - iNdjka kej; neyeolsñka ls;=kqjka Yla;su;a lsÍu
ia:dkh - .,d;sh" msß.sh" uisfodaksh
.uka ud¾.h - wka;sfhdalsfhda isg f.dvìñka .uka l< y'
<`.d jQ ia:dk - tmSih - jir 03 ;=kla tys /£ isá fiajh l<y' miqj
f;%dajih" ms,smamsh iy f;if,dakslh yryd fldßka;shg
.shy'
isÿjQ jeo.;a isÿùï -
tmSih ( frdau md,kh hgf;a wdishdfõ tla w.kqjrla jQ tmSih Okj;a
o¾YkSh k.rhls' f,dalfha we;s mqÿu yf;ka tlla jk vhkd foj`.k
fjkqfjka f.dv k`.d we;s foaj ukaÈrh o msysgd ;snqfKa tmSifha h' úfoaYslhka
úYd, jYfhka fuu k.rgh meñKs w;r fuu foaj ukaÈrh iy tys kuialdrh
ksido" tys ;snQ úÊcd iy N+; l¾u ksid o" tod f,dalh ;=< tmSih m%lg
k.rhla úh' vhkd foj`.kf.a iy foaj ukaÈrfha ;snQ ms<su j, wkq rE ilia
lr úlsKSu úYd, f,i uqo,a bmhSfï ud¾.hla úh'
- iakdjl fcdykaf.a Y%djlhska 12 fofkl= mdjq¨ ;=ud úiska nõ;siau lrkq
,enQ w;r Tjqka u; w; ;eîfuka miq Tjqyq wkH NdId j,ska l:d lrñka
Èjeis jels mejiQy'
21
- mdjq¨ ;=ud udi 03 l ld,hla iskf.da. ;=< foaj rdcH ms<sn|j foaYkd lf<a
h' iuyr wikakka l< fy<d oelSï ksid Tjqkaf.ka Y%djlhka fjka lr f.k
;=rdkiaf.a Ys,am Yd,dfõys § ;u ;¾l lsÍï bÈßhg f.k .sfha h'
- fndfyda fofkla woyd .;af;da h' uy;a ydialï isÿ jQ w;r fndfyda iqj ùï o
w;aoelSug yels úh'
- kdhl mQcljrhl= jQ iaflajd kï cqfoõjrhdf.a mq;=ka 07 fokd fÊaiqia
jykafiaf.a kdufhka wY=oaOd;au oukh lsßug f.dia ,enQ wñysß w;aoelSu"
- ms<su jkaokdjg úreoaOj foaYkd lsÍu" fndfyda fofkl= vhkd foj`.kf.a
foaj ukaÈrhg hEu w;a yeÍu" fuu lreKq ksid foaj ukaÈrfha wdodhu wvqùu'
- ms<su jkaokdjg úreoaOj mdjq ;=udf.a foaYkh" fofu;s%hia kï l,d lrejdf.a
ms<su ks¾udKhg th wNsfhda.hla ùu' hk fuu i|yka lreKq tmSifha uy;a
l< flda,y, we;sùug fya;= úh'
- fldßka;sfha iNd fj; .sh mdjq¨ ;=ud fcrei,ï iNdjg Wmldr lrk f,i
l< b,a,Su" ms,smamsfha § meje;a jQ miqlr hEfï ux.,Hhg miq" mdjq¨ ;=ud
f;%dajih n,d .sfha we;s jQ cqfoõ l%uka;%Kfha m%;sM, jYfhks'
- f;%dajifha § hq;slia kï ;reKhg mK §fï isoaêh'
- ñf,a;ig .sh mdjq¨ tmSihg mKsjqv hjd iNdfõ uq,slhka le|ùh' ls%hd 20
( 17 - 35 olajd wm olskafka mdjq¨ ;=udf.a iuq .ekSfï l:djh' Tyq l<
ish,a,;a Tyqf.a jeäÿr Wmfoia §u;a tys wka;¾.;h' 36 isg 38 mo j,
oelafjkafka Tjqka mdjq¨ ;=udf.ka b;d ye`.Sï nrj iuQ.ekSuhs'
- lhsidßh - ñf,a;fika keõ ke. mdjq¨ iy msßi k.r lsysmhlska miq
wjidkfha lhsidßh fj; <`.d jqy' tys § O¾u¥; ms,sia f.a ksjfia k;rj
isák ld,fha § w.nia kï Èjeisjrhd mdjq¨ ;=ud fcrei,fï § úcd;Skaf.a
w;a j,g mdjd §u .ek Y=oaOd;au u`. fmkaùu ;=< m%ldY lf<a h'
fcrei,ug fkdhk f,i l< b,a,Su m%;sCIam l< mdjq¨ ;=ud ;u msßi iu.
bka miq fcrei,ug <`.d úh'
- fcrei,u - ifydaorfhda ish¨ fokd wdorfhka ms<s.;ay' fuys È cdfldí yuq
ùug .sh mdjq¨ ;=ud /iaj isá iNd uq,slhka iu. úcd;Ska w;r ;u fufyh
ms<sn|j iy foúhka jykafia ;ud tu fufyh i|yd Ndú; l< wdldrh fnod
.;af;a h'
22
6'1'3 mdjq ;=udf.a m%Odk b.ekaùï
- mdjq¨ ;=ud úcd;Ska fj; .sh m%:u wfmdaia;¨jrhd muKla fkdj Tjqka fj;
meñKs m%:u ls;=kq foajO¾udpd¾hjrhd o úh'
- by< iqÿiqlï ,o cqfoõ mßisjrfhla jq mdjq, ;=ud cqfoõ jHjia:dj "
iïm%odh iy foaj O¾uh ukd f,i oek isá flfkls' thg iudk f,ig .S%l
o¾Yk jdoh ms<sn|j o Tyq oek isáfha h'
- Tyq ls;=kqjkag tfrys ùug fya;= jQfha Tyq ;=< cqfoõ oyu flfrys ;snQ
we,au;a" cqfoõ jHjia:dj .ek ;snQ oekqu;ah' iaf;amkaf.a fõo idCIsl urKska
miq fcrei,fuys wdrïN jQ cqfoõ wr.,hg idjq,a oeä Wkkaÿjlska iyNd.S
úh' idjq,a f.a ku weiQ muKska ls;=kqjka fndfyda fia ìhg m;a úh'
- ouialfha ls;=kqjka Ôjka jk nj oek.;a idjq,a Tjqka isrlrejka f,i
fcrei,ug f.k taug W;a;u mQcljrhdf.a wkque;sh ,nd .ekSfuka miq
;j;a wh iu. ouialhg .sfha h'
- ouialh fj; hk úg idjq,a ,enQ w;aoelSu Tyqf.a Ôú;fha úYd, fjkila isÿ
l< isÿùuls' W;a:dk jQ fÊiqia jykafia uqyqKg uqyqK yuqùu tu w;aoelSu
úh' wyiska meñKs wdf,dalhla idjq,a jgd me;sßK' oEia fmkSu ke;s jQ Tyq ìu
jegqfKaah' — idjq,a idjq,a" Tn ug mSvd lrkafka ukao @˜ hk y`v Tyqg weisKs'
— iajdóks Tn ljfrla o @˜ idjq,a úuiqfõh' túg — uu Tn úiska mSvd lrkq
,nk fÊiqiah' Tn ke.sg kqjrg we;=¿jkak' ' Tn l< hq;= foa Tng lshkq
,nkafkah'˜ tu y`v idjq,ag mejiS h'
oEia fmkSu ke;sj .sh idjq,a ouialhg /f.k hEug Tyq iu. meñKs wh
lghq;= l< y' tys § idjq,a wkkshiaf.ka nõ;siauh ,nd iNdjg tlaúh'
- ouialhg hk w;r u`. idjq,ag uqK .eiqKq W;a:dkjQ fÊaiqia jykafia ksid
Tyqf.a Ôú;fha úYd, fjkila we;súh' fï ksid ls%ia;=ia jykafiag úreoaOj
lghq;= l< idjq,a Wkajykafiaf.a wfmdai;= jrhl= úh' ta ksidu Tyq ls;=kqjkaf.a
ñ;=rl= njgo m;aúh' ;udg wdfõKsl jQ Êj,s; núka hq;=j fuu kj ld¾hh
b;d Wkkaÿfjka bgq lsÍug mdjq¨ ;=ud mgka .;af;ah'
foaj wkq.%yh
- zzfoaj jrm%idohZZ hk jpkhg Y= mdjq¨ ;=ud Ndú; lr we;s .S%l jpkh
zldßiaZh' fuu jpkfha w¾:h — ohdj˜ fyda — wp, fma%uh˜ fjhs'
23
- mdmfha n,mEfuka foúhka jykafiaf.ka fjka ù Wka jykafia iu. we;s
lr.;a iïnkaO;dj ì| oud kmqqrdg jy,aù Ôj;ajk ñksid fudafiiaf.a
jHjia:dj úYajdijka;j wkq.ukh lsÍu jeks hym;a ls%hdjka ;=<ska ;ukaj
;udu .,jd.kshs' tkï ;udj foúhka jykafiag m%ikak mqoa.fhl= njg
m;alr .kshs' hkak cqod wd.fï uQ,sl woyihs'
- foúhka jykafiag m%ikak mqoa.,fhl= ùu hkq foúhka jykafia bÈßfha
O¾ñIagfhl=ùu" foúhka jykafia iu. ì÷Kqq iïnkaO;dj kej; f.dv k.d
.ekSu" fyda .e,ùu ,nd.ekSu jeks w¾:h ,nhs'
- cqod wd.u flfrys yd cqod jHjia:dj flfrys .eUqre we,aula we;s cqod mßisjrhl=
jq mdjq¨" tu foaj O¾u ixl,amh ;=<u Ôj;aùh' ñksid jHjia:dj wkq.ukh
lrkúg ;u hym;a ls%hdjka u.ska ;udj foúhka jykafiag m%ikak mqoa.,fhl=
njg m;a lr .kS hk ixl,amh u; mdjq¨ jHjia:djg .re fkdl<
ls;=kqjkaf.aa i;=rl= fjñka Tjqkag mSvd lf<a h'
- t;=udf.a ouialh lrd .sh .ufka w;aoelSu" t;=udf.a jHjia:dj iïnkaO
ixl,amh kej; is;d n,kakg wjia:djla úh' W;a:dkjq ls%ia;=ia jykafia
;ud ls;=kqjkag mSvd l< mõldrfhlaj isáhÈ ^— uu Tn úiska mSvd lrkq
,nk fÊiqiahZ&;ud fj; wkqlï md ù" ;udf.a mõ ludlr Y=oaOd;auhdKka
jykafiaj odkh lr ;udj .,jd jid.;a fial' tu ksid ;udj foúhka
jykafiag m%ikak mqoa.,hl= njg m;a lf<a jHjia:dj fkdj ls%ia;=ia
jykafiaf.a fm%auhhs" Wkajykafiaf.a ohdjhs' ;udg .e,ùu odkh lf<a
jHjia:dj wkqj Ôj;aùfï hym;a ls%hdjka fkdj foúhka jykafiaf.a
jrm%idoh nj ms<s.;af;ah' zzoeka ñksiqka ^frdau 3 ( 21&
- ñksid jHjia:dj ms<sme§fuka fkdj" ls%ia;=ka jykafia flfrys ;nk
úYajdifhka muKhs Tyq foúhkajykafiag m%ikak mqoa.,fhl= jkafka' m%ikak
ùu foúhka jykafiaf.a ohd fõ ld¾hhls' foúhka jykafiaf.a fm%aufha
odhdohls' th foúhka jykafiaf.a jrm%idohls' mdjq¨ ;=udf.a b.ekaùu yd
Y=N wdrxÑh jkafka fuhhs'
- jHjia:dj foúhka jykafiaf.ka meñfKkafkah' th Y=oaO jQo hym;a jqo
fohls' th bYardfh¨kag foúhka jykafia úiska odkh lrk ,o úfYaI
iïm;ls' jHjia:dj mdmh l=ulaoehs meyeÈ<s lrhs ' kuq;a mdmfha .%yKfhka
fífrkafka flfiaoehs fkdmjihs' ñksidj mdmhg m;a lrkafka jHjia:djhs'
mdmhg jy,alrhs' idrO¾ufhao th fyd| krl .ek lshdfohs kuq;a hym;
lrkakg yelshdj fkdfohs frdau 7 ( 16& hkq mdjq¨ ;=udf.a wjika ;SrKhhs'
24
- wms mõ lrk úg jHjia:djg úreoaOj fkdj" foúhka jykafiag úreoaOj mõ
lrkafkuq' tu ksid mdmh uyd ÿIag fohls' thska .e,fjkakg ksula ke;s
jkaÈ f.úh hq;=hs' b;d l=vdjq " mõldrjq wm úiska lsisuodl ksula ke;s jkaÈ
f.ùug fkdyelsh' wmg wmju mdmfhka fírd.ekSug yelshdj ke;' wm
wmju foúhka jykafia bÈßfha O¾ñIaghka lr.ekSug fkdyelsh' wmg foaj
jrm%ido wjYHhh'
- uq,a ld,fha jHjia:dj foaj ck;djg u. fmkaùula yd WmfoaYlfhl= f,i
mej;=fKah' .e,jqïldrhl=f.a wjYH;dj is;a ;=, we;s lf<a h' kuq;a oeka
.e,jqï lrejdKka meñK wjidkhs' tu ksid jHjia:djg w¾:hla ke;' ls%ia;=ia
jykafia jHjia:dfõ mq¾K;ajhhs'
- fÊiqia jykafiaf.a jrm%idoh Wkajykafiaf.a l=reish u.ska wm fj; .,d ths'
Wkajykafia flfrys wm ;nk úYajdih" jrm%ido u.ska úYajdi lrkakdjq
iEu" foúhka jykafia ;uka jykafiag m%ikak mqoa.,hka njg m;alrk
fial' tuksid m%ikakùu fyda .e,ùu foúhka jykafia wmg fkdñf,a odkh
lrk jrm%idohls' foaj §ukdjls' tfia fyhska wms jHjia:dj iïnkaO ls%hdfjka
ksid fkdj weoys,a, u.ska úfYaIfhka ls%ia;=ia jykafia flfrys ;nkakd jQ
weoys,af,a n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka foúhka jykafiag m%ikak mqoa.,hska fjuq'
- lsisfjla jHjia:dj iïnkaO ls%hdjka u.ska foúhka jykafia bÈßfha O¾ñIag
wh fkdjkakdy' wmg jHjia:dj ,efnkakg;a jir ydrishh ;sylg fmr
wdn%yï ;u weoys,a, u.ska foúhkajykafia bÈßfha O¾ñIag flfkla úh'˜
zzTyq'' ^W;am;a;s 15 (6& wdn%yï ;u weoys,a, u.ska foúhka jykafia bÈßfha
O¾ñIagfhla jQjd fia" foúhka jykafia wdn%yïg ÿka fmdfrdkaÿj wkqj wm
fj; tjk ,o ls%ia;=ia jykafia woyd.ksñka foúhka jykafiag O¾ñIag wh
jkafkuq'
- .,d;sjre jHjia:dj .ek lsisjla fkdoek isá wjia:djl Y=oaOd;auhKka
jykafia ,nd.;af;da h' tfia jqfha Tjqka foaj fm%aufha Y=NwdrxÑh wid
foúhka jykafia woyd.;a ksidh ^ .,d;s 3 ( 1 - 4&
- cqfoõjka fõjd" wkH cd;slhska fõjd" wm ieu .e,ùu ,nkafka" foúhka
jykafia bÈßfha ms<s.kq ,nk whjkafka jHjia:dj u.ska fyda jHjia:djg
wod< ls%hdjka u.ska fkdj ls%ia;=ia jykafia flfrys we;s weoys,a, u.ska h'
25
- .e,ùu — ñ<§ .;a fohls lshd mdjq ;=ud i|yka lrhs' 1 fldß 6 ( 20 - .,d;s
3 ( 13& — foúhka jykafia ;uka jykafiaf.a f,hska Wreulr.;a ls%ia;=ia
jykafiaf.a Y=' iNdj .ek l;d lrhs ;S;ia 2 ( 14& ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a l,ajdß
hd.h wfma .e,ùuhs; foúhka jykafiag m%ikak ùuhs; foúhka jykafia
úiska O¾ñIaghhs .Kka .kq ,eîfï WmlrKhhs' ta fjkqfjka § we;s ñ,hhs'
- .e,ùu foúhka jykafiaf.a §ukdjhs' foaj jrm%idohhs' cqfoõjre jqjo wkH
cd;slhska jqjo iEu fokd mdmh u.ska foúhka jykafiaf.ka ,enqKq Wodr;ajh
ke;s lr.;ay' kuq;a ieu flkd ls%ia;=ia jykafia bgq l< .e,ùfï ls%hd u.ska
foúhka jykafiaf.a jrm%idofhka fkdñf,aa Wkajykafiag m%ikak wh jkakdy'
foúhka jykafia mõldrhskaj;a hym;a wh fuka .Kka .kakd fial'
6'1'3 kdhl;ajh yd neyeme;alu ^tmsi 1 ( 3 - 10' fldf,d 1 ( 15 - 20&
- ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a kdhl;ajh .ek mdjq,q ;=udf.a b.ekaùu fkdaiaáljrekaf.a
b.ekaùfï miqìu u;hs f;areï .; hq;af;a" fkdaiaájrekaf.a woyi wkqj
foúhka jykafia fj;ska kslauqKq úúO n, Yla;s w;ßka ls%ia;=ia jykafia tla
Yla;shls' tu ksid Wkajykafia Wiia" iudk l< fkdyels" tlu mqoa.,fhla
fkdjkafkah' ;jo foúhka jykafia ls%ia;=ia jykafia ;=<ska uqtukskau t<sorõ
jk njo Tjqyq fkdms<s.ks;s'
- fuhg úreoaOj" mdjq,q;=ud ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a iudk l< fkdyels Ndjh"
kdhl;ajh .ek l;d lrhs ls%ia;=iajykafia woDYH''''Z ^fldf,d 1 ( 15&
- — iajrEmhZ hk jpkhg mdjq,q;=ud Ndú; lrk .S%l jpkh —ksfhdacH˜ fy<sorõj
hk f;areu ,nhs' tu ksid mdjq¨;=ud foúhka jykafia ls%ia;=ia jykafia
u.ska iïmq¾Kj fy<sorõ jk nj mjihs' foúhka jykafiaj ukqIhd oel"
oekf.k f;areï .kak ;rug ls%ia;=ia jykafia Wkajykafiaj iïmQ¾Kfhka
ksfhdackh lrk fial' Wkajykafia foúhka jykafiah'
- ;j ÿrg;a mdjq¨;=ud ls%ia;=ia jykafia yd ueú,a, w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj .ek
l;d lrhs' ls%ia;=ia jykafia uq`t ueú,af,a w.;eka .kakd fialehs" lshhs'
fyfn%õ" .S%l Ñka;kfha fuu lshuk" ls%ia;=ia jykafia uq,a ueú,af,a w.;eka
.kakd njg" w¾:h fkdfohs" ta fjkqjg W;=ï nj yd f;acdkaú; nj i|yka
lrhs' tfia kï ueú,a, w;r b;d W;=ïnj yd f;acdúka;nj i|yka lrhs'
- zz;jo i.f,dj;a ' ' ' ' ujk ,oafoa h'ZZ ^fldf,da 1 ( 16&
26
- tmuKla fkdj ish¨ foa Wkajykafia Wfoid ujkq ,enqfõh' fÊiqia jykafia
ueú,s ish,af,a uejqïldrhdKka muKla fkdj" ueú,af,a mrud¾:ho wjidkho
jkfial" ueú,af,a wdrïNh yd wjidkhg w;rueo l,fha th wdrlaId
lrkakdjq ;ekeka jykafiah' fidndoyfï kS;sh ksl=;ajkafkao Wkajykafiaf.a
yojf;ys h'
- ;j ÿrg;a mdjq¨ ;=ud iNdj;a ls%ia;=ia jykafia;a w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj .ek
l;d lrhs' fldf,d 1 ( 18-19& ls%ia;=ia jykafia iNdj keue;s YÍrfha ysih"
ls%ia;=iajykafia ;=<ska iNdj Wm; ,enqfõh'
- mdmfha úmdlh u.ska foúhka jykafia yd ukqIHd w;r mj;sk hym;a
iïnkaO;dj is|ì| ñksid foúhkajykafiaf.ka wE;aj ðj;aúh' kuq;a foúhka
jykafia fkdlvjd ñksidg fm%au l<fial' tu ksid iu.s ikaOdkh lsÍu
i|yd ls%ia;=ia jykafiaj fuf,dj tjq fial' ls%ia;=ia jykafia iu.s lsÍfï
fiajdj i|yd fuf,djg jeäh fial'
- wyfia yd fmdf<dfõ ish,a, ;uka jykafia taldnoaO lr.ekSug Wkajykafia
woyia l< fial hs' mdjq,q ;=ud mjihs' ñksid iu. muKla fkdj mK we;s
mK ke;s iEu ueú,a,la taldnoaOùu Wka jykafiaf.a wNsm%dh úh' ls%ia;=ia
jykafia l=reisfha urKh u.ska ish¨ ueú,a, foúhka jykafia iu`. tldnoaO
úh' fufia mdjq¨;=ud ueú,s ish,a, ls%ia;=ia jykafiag iudk ke;' Wka
jykafia iEu ueú,algu jvd W;=ï jQ ;ek;a;ka jykafiah" b;d Wiia
;ekajykafiah" ls%ia;=ia jykafia f.a iajdñ;ajh wm ieu ms<s.; hq;=h" wfma
ðú;fha" wfma mjq,aj, Wka jykafia rcdKka úh hq;= hehs mjihs'
ne.Em;alu ^ms,sma 2 ( 5 - 11&
—Ôj;ajkafka ud fkdj" ud ;=< ls%ia;=ia jykafia Ôj;ajk fial' uf.a ðú;h
ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a Ôú;hg yrjkakg kï uf.a is; ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a is;
fuka úh hq;=h'' tu ksid ls%ia;=ia jykafia ;=< '''''' ˜ ^ms,sma 2 ( 5& lshd úia;r
lrk mdjq¨;=ud ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a ðú;h u.ska" ls%hdj u.ska" fy<sorõjq
Wka jykafiaf.a yojf;a iajNdjh wmg fmkakqï lr tu iajNdjhu wm yoj;a
;=< we;slr.; hq;=hehs lshd" úfYaIfhka Wkajykafiaf.a ne.Em;alfï W;=ïlu
wmg úia;r lrkafka h'
- foúhka jykafiaf.a iajrEmh orE Wka jykafia th bj;,d wm yd iudk
ukqIhl= jQ fial' — iajrEmh˜ lshd mdjq¨;=ud Ndú; lrk .S%l jpkh" kEu
mßirhl fjkia fkdjk nj i|yka lrhs' fÊiqia jykafia fjkia fkdjk
foaj;ajh oerE ;ekka jykafiah' Wkajykafia foúhka jykafia h'
27
- kuq;a Wkajykafia foúhka jykafia yd iudk;ajh ;uka úiska nodf.ku
;nd.; hq;= jia;=jlehs fkdis;= fial'
- ish¨ foa bj;,d fiajlhl=f.a iajrEmhla f.k wm yd iudk ukqIHhl= jQ
fial' —ysia lr.ekSu˜ mdjq¨;=ud Ndú; lrk .S%l jpkh" lsisjla fkd;nd
iïmQ¾K ysiaùuh th ke;s ùfï w¾:h fohs'
- fÊiqia jykafia f.a fuf,dj ðú; ;;a;ajh meyeÈ<s lrhs' fÊiqia jykafia
f.a udxY.;jQ fï wNsryi mdjq¨ ;=ud Ôjudkj úia;r lrhs' Wka jykafia
ukqIH;ajh .ekSu i|yd ;uka jykafiaf.a foaj;ajfhka ish leue;af;ka ysia
jQ fial' ;uka jykafiaf.a whs;Ska" foaj iajNdjh" f;acYS%h ieu bj; oeuq
fial'
- zzjy,l=f.a iajrEmh f.k — fu;ek kej; — iajrEmh ˜ hk jpkh fjkia
lsÍug fkdyels ;;A;ajh i|yka lrhs' fÊiqia jykafia ñksid fuka jy,l=
fuka r`.mEfõ ke;' ieneúkau ñksfila jQ fial' ñksidf.a i;=g ÿl"
fõokdj" È<sÿNdjh iEu wxYhlskau mx.=ldrhl=jQ fial' mdmh yer wks;a
ish¨ fohska ñksidg iudkjQ fial'
- ñksil=jQjd muKla fkdj" Wka jykafia jy,l= jQ fial' jy,l= hkq ;ud
fjkqfjka Ôj;a fkdjk flfkls' ;udg lshd lsisjla fkdue;s flfkls'
wks;a flkd fjkqfjka Ôj;afjk flfkls'
- l=reisfha urKh olajd Wka jykafia ne.Em;a jQ fial' jy,l= jqjd muKla
fkdj" b;d my;a uÜgfï jy,l= jQ fial' l=reisfha urKh jy,l=g ;udf.a
whs;sjdislï ish,a,u ke;sjQ flfkl=g kshñ; o`vqjï l%ufha b;d kSp
l%uhhs'
- ls%ia;=ia jykafia f.a fuf,dj Ôú;fha lemSfmkqk .=Kdx. jk ne.Em;alu
mß;Hd.h .ek mdjq¨;=ud úia;r lrhs' Wka jykafia ñksid u; n,h mEug
fkdj" Tjqkag fiajh lsßug leu;sjQ fial' Wka jykafia ;udf.a leue;a;
wkqj Ôj;a jQ flfkl= fkdj mshdKka jykafiaf.a leue;a; wkqj Ôj;a ùug
wNsm%dh l< fial' Wka jykafia ;uka jykafiaj Wiia lr.;af;a ke;'
ck;dj fjkqfjka ;ukaj my;a lrf.k ;udg ysñ uysuh w;a yeroeuqfõh'
- fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a ;Hd.YS,S lreKdj Tn okakdyq h' ''' ^ 2 fldß' 8
( 9&
28
- ;ud my;a lr.kakd Wiia lrkq ,nkafka h˜ lshd kj .súiqfï lshjd we;'
ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a ;HdYS,SNdjh Wka jykafiaf.a ysiaùu" ne.Em;alu" lsisÿ
ñksil=g fkd,enqKq f;acudk ;;a;ajh Wka jykafiag ,nd ÿKs' urKh
mrdch fldg kj Ôú;hla fj; W;a:dk lrkq ,eìKs' foúhka jykafia
Wkajykafia urKfhka W;a:dk l< fial" uysuhg m;al< fial'
- foúhka jykafia ls%ia;=ia jykafiaj uysuhg m;alr" Wkajykafiag ish¨
kduj,g jvd w.% kduh odkh l< fial' w¨;a kula ;eîu flfkl=f.a
Ôú;fha kjl ;;a;ajhla wdrïN lsÍu i|yka lrhs' foúhka jykafia ;enq
kj kduh —iajdñka jykafia˜ hkakhs' uq,a iNdfõ fÊiqia jykafia fï
kdufhka y÷kajkq ,eîh' Wka jykafia ieu fokdf.au whs;slre h' iajdókah'
6'1'4 mjq,a osúh ^1 fldß ( 6 ( 1-6 tmSi 5 ( 22 - 30
- ls;=kq mjq, Y=' iNdfõ Ôjkd,shhs' ls;=kq mjq,a rdYshlska f.dvke.=Kq foúhka
jykafiaf.a úfYaI mjq, Y= iNdjhs' ls;=kq mjq,la .Dyia: iNdjls' tu ksid
mjq,a Ôú;h yd Y= iNdfõ ðú;h w;r lsÜgq iïnkaO;djla we;'
- ls;=kq mjq,a ðú;h .ek Y=' mdjq ;=ud ;=< meje;s wdl,amfhao fjkila wo wms
olsuq' m%:ufhka ,shq ,smsj, ^fldß& újdyh iïnkaO úreoaO woyia yd újdy
ðú;h iq¿ fldg i<ld ;udfuka yeufoku újdy fkdù isàu hym;ehs
m%ldY lrhs'
- fldßka;sjrekg ,shk ,o m<uq ,smsfha Y= mdjq¨ ;=ud újdyh yd mjq,a ðú;h
.ek ,shd we;s foa wms ksishdldrj f;areï .ekSug kï fldßka;s ck;dj ðj;a
jq mßirh;a Tjqka uqyqK ÿka m%Yak;a fyd¢ka oek isáh hq;= h' tu ld,fha
fldßka;s k.rh jdkscuh" úfkdaoldñ iodpdrfhka wE;aj ðj;ajq ck;djla
isá tlls' mdmhg we£ hdug yels mßirhla yd mdmsIag ls%hdj, fh§ug
.e<fmk wjia:d we;s lrk jd;djrKhla o tys mej;=Ks'
- ;jo iuyr fldßka;sjrekaf.a woyia wkqj YÍrh whym;a fohls' tu ksid
th oukh l< hq;=h' úkdY l< hq;=h' tfia ke;skï iajNdúlj ish¨
wdYdjka ;DIaK ye`.Sï oukh l< hq;=h' flfkl= ienE ls;=kqfjl= ùug
leu;skï Tyq ;u YrSrh iïnkaO iEu fohska wE;a ú újdy fkdù isáh hq;=
hs'
- mdjq¨;=udf.a lSu wkqj újdy ðú;h u.ska iajdñ mqreIhd yd Nd¾hdj foúhka
jykafia flfrys ;sìh hq;= f.!rjh oelaùu wvq lrhs' tu ksid yeufokdu
29
újdy fkdù isàu hym;ahehs t;=ud lshhs' yeu fokdgu tjeks jrm%idohla
fkd ,efnhs' kuq;a fldßka;sfha mej;=Kq mßirh wkqj;a ñksia ÿ¾j,lu
ksid;a iajoukh lsÍug fkdyels kï ta whg újdy ðú;hg we;=¿ùu
iqÿiqhehs mdjq¨;=ud lshhs ^1 fldß 7( 1-7&
- tlsfkld ;u ;udf.a ;;a;ajh" wdYdjka" ÿ¾j,lï .ek oek isáh hq;= h'
mdjq¨ ;=udf.a fuu lSu" ldu ;DIaKdfõ mdmfhka je,lSug újdyh wkqu;
lrk nj yef`.a' bkamiq t;=ud újdy fkdjqjkag yd jekaoUqjkag W.kajk
fohska fuu woyiau olskakg ,efí' 1 fldß 7 (8-9& tu ksid mdjq¨ ;=ud ;=<
mej;=fKaa újdy ðú;h .ek úreoaO woyia yd wj;lafiarejla fõ'
- ;j ÿrg;a újdy ðú;fha iajNdjh" j.lSï" ysñlï .ek l:d lrhs'
- iajdñ mqreIhd" ;u Nd¾hdj ;udf.a wjYH;d bgqlr.ekSfï WmlrKhla yeáhg
fyda Nd¾hdj ;u iajdñ mqreIhd ;udf.a wjYH;dj iïmQ¾K lr .ekSfï
WmlrKhla yeáhg Ndú; fkdl< hq;= hs' iajdñ mqreIhdf.a YÍrh Nd¾hdjg
ysñfjhs' Nd¾hdjf.a YÍrh iajdñ mqreIhdg ysñh'
- újdy iïnkaO;djfha fofokd w;r .re lsÍula ;sìh hq;=h' fofokd YdÍßl
jYfhka o" wdOHd;añl jYfhka o" fomlaIh w;r" tlsfkld fjkqfjka wks;a
flkd ;udj lem l< hq;=h'
- — hdÉ[ ' ' ' ' tlafjkjd ˜ ^1 fldß 7 ( 5&
- újdy jq whg Y=' mdjq¨;=ud fok wjjdokh kï" iajdñ mqreIhd yd Nd¾hdj
fjkaù Ôj;aùu iqÿiq ke;' th foúhka jykafiaf.a ksfhda.hhs' tfia fjkaù
Ôj;a ùug isÿjQj;a" kej; újdy ùu iqÿiq ke;' yels;dla blaukska fofokd
tlaúh hq;=hs' iu.s úh hq;=hs'
- wkHd.ñl mqoa.,hska iu. újdyùu iïnkaOj fldßka;s k.rfha ck;dj
w;r jerÈ wdl,am mej;sKs' újdyfha fhfok ls;=kqjl= wkHd.ñl mqoa.,hl=
iu. újdy jqfkd;a" ta fofokd tlg Ôj;aùu jerÈh' wkHd.ñl mqoa.,hdj
yrjd heúh hq;= h'
- mdjq,q ;=ud by; lreKg úreoaOj fufia woyia m%ldY lrhs' tkï ls;=kqjl=
yd wkHd.ñlhl= újdy jqfKd;a fofokd tlaj Ôj;a úh hq;=hs' tfia lsÍfuka
hï úgl ls;=kqq mqoa.,hdf.a úYajdih u.ska wkHd.ñl ;eke;a;d Y=oaOj;a
flfkl= úh yels h'
30
- kuq;a wkHd.ñl ;eke;a;d fjkaú Ôj;aùug lue;a; oelajQjfyd;a tfia l<
yels h' ls;=kq md¾Yjfha ;eke;a;dg kej; újdy ùug ksoyi we;'
- kuq;a Tjqka tlaj Ôj;aùu mdjq¨;=udf.a leue;a;h'
- mdjq¨;=ud tmSijrekg ,shQ ,ssmsfha ;j;a woyila m%ldY lrhs' tmSi 5 ( 22-30&
újdyh .ek mdjq¨ ;=udf.a jeäjq woyia lsysmhla wms olsuq'
- iajdñ mqreIhd yd Nd¾hdj w;r ;sìh hq;= iïnkaO;djh b;d Wiia" msßisÿ
tlla fjhs' mdjq ;=ud iajdñ mqreIhd yd Nd¾hdj w;r ;sìh hq;= iïnkaO;dj"
ls%ia;=ia jykafia yd iNdj w;r we;s iïnkaO;djh g iudk lrhs' fuu
iïnkaO;djfha moku wdorhhs'
- mdjq¨ ;=ud iajdñ mqreIhd Nd¾hdj flfrys oelaúh hq;= wdorh .ek t;=udf.a
woyia m%ldY lrhs' th mß;Hd.YS,S wdorhls' ls%ia;=ia jykafia Y= iNdjg
fm%u l<dla fuka iajdñ mqreIhd ;u Nd¾hdjg fm%au l< hq;=h' lsisúgl th
iajwd,fha wdorhla fkdúh hq;= h'
- ls%ia;=ia jykafia iNdj u.ska hï fohla ,efnhs hk n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka
wehg fm%au lf<a ke;; kuq;a ;uka jykfia úiska iNdjg hym;a foa bgqùuhs
Wkajykafia f.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=j' iajdñ mqreIhd ;udg fuka ;u Nd¾hdjg
fm%au l< hq;=h' Nd¾hdj o ;u iajdñ mqreIhdg .re l< hq;=h' fufia mdjq¨
;=ud iajdñ mqreIhd yd Nd¾hdj w;r ;sìh hq;= fma%u iïnkaO;dj úia;r
lrhs'
- ls%ia;=ia jykafia ;=< Ôj;ajk Tjqka ;=< ia;S% mqreI fNaohla ke;' ta fofokd
ls%ia;=ia jykafia ;=< tla flfkla jkafka h' .,d;s 3 ( 28& fofokd foúhka
jykafiaf.a iajrEmhg ujkq ,enQ wh fj;s' tu ksid foúhka jykafia bÈßfha
Tjqka fofokd iudk jkafkda h'
- ls;=kq mjq,l iajdñ mqreIhd yd Nd¾hdj w;r ;sìh hq;= iïnkaO;dj .ek
l;d l< mdjq¨;=ud " wjidkfha fouõmshka yd orejka w;r meje;sh hq;=
iïnkaO;dj .eko l;d lrhs''' — orejks '''''˜ we;s oeä lrkak' ^tmSi 6(1-4&
ls%ia;=ia jykafia iNdjg ysi jkakdla fuka iajdñ mqreIhd N¾hdjg ysih'
th n,h fmkaùfï kdhl;ajhla fkdj fm%au lsÍfï kdhl;ajhla fõ'
- iNdj foúhka jykafiag hg;aj isákakdfia Nd¾hdjka iajdñ mqreIhskg
hg;a úh hq;= h' fuu hg ùu ìfhka fkdj fm%aufhka we;sfjk hgy;a my;a
Ndjhla úh hq;= h' ls%ia;=ia jykafia iNdjg oelajQ fm%auh ksid iNdj Y=oaOj;a
lr foúhka jykafiag ms<s.ekajQ fial' iajdñ mqreIhdf.a fm%auh o ;u
Nd¾hdj msßisÿ lr wehj jvd hym;a mqoa.,fhl= l< hq;= h'
31
- iajdñ mqreIhdf.a fm%auh Nd¾hdj flfrys ie,ls,a, olajk" wehf.a hym;a
ðú;h flfrys ie<ls,a, olajk fm%auhla úh hq;= h' iajdñmqreIhd ;u
YÍrhg fm%au lrkakdla fuka ;u Nd¾hdjgo fm%au l< hq;=hs' fuh fiajh
,nd.kakd wdorhla fkdj fiajh lsÍfï wdorhla úh hq;= h'
- iajdñ mqreIhd Nd¾hdj flfrys olajk wdorh lsisu Èkl fjka lrkakg neß
wdorhls' fuu fm%auh ksid iajdñ mqreIhd ;u fouõmshka w;ayer ish Nd¾hdjg
we¨ï jkafkah' ta fofokd tlafkla jkafkdah' fofokd tlu YÍrhla
jkafkdah'
ifydaor;ajh iy tluq;=lu ^ 1 fldß 8 ( 9 - 13" 13 ( 3 - 8" 2 fldß 8 ( 9&
- Y= mdjq¨ ;=ud .Dyia; iNdj keue;s mjq, ;=< iajdñmqreIhd yd Nd¾hdj"
fouõmshka yd orejka w;r ;sìh hq;= wdorh" iïnkaO;dj" tluq;=lu" .ek
l;d l< miq foúhka jykafiaf.a úYd, mjq,jk Y= iNdj ;=< ;sìh hq;=
fma%uh - ifydaor;ajh " tluq;=lu .ek W.kajhs'
- mdjq¨;=ud ;ud ouialhg .sh .ufkaÈ Y= iNdj yd ls%ia;=ka jykafia w;r
mj;sk fma%uh w;a ÿgqfõh' — idjq,a" idjq,a Tn ug mSvd lrkafka uka o@ — uu
Tn úiska mSvd lrkq ,nk fÊiqiah˜ tu w;aoelSfuka we;sjQ Woafhda.h" ;j
;j;a ;ud ;=< j¾Okh ù we;s nj t;=ud ,shd we;s ,smsj, wmg olskakg
,efí'
- tu ld,fha úúO ls;=kq iNd ;=<" úfYaIfhka fldßka;sfha iNdj ;=< olskakg
,enqKq fNao" wiu.sNdjh" wjia:djla lr .ksñka Y= mdjq¨;=ud Y= iNdj
iïnkaOj ;udf.a .eUqre woyia wmg meyeÈ,sj bÈßm;a lrhs'
- Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.a jrñka" ls%ia;=ia jykafia ;=< úYajdih ;nd ðj;ajk wh
ls%ia;=ia jykafia iu. yd tlsfkld iu. tluq;=j isá;s' m%ido ikdmkh
u.ska ls%ia;=ia jykafia f.a .e<ùfï ls%hdfõ iyNd.sù Wkajykafia iu.
Wkajykafia ;=< ðj;a fj;s'
- Y= mdjq¨ ;=ud Y= iNdfõ idudðlhska w;r mj;sk tluq;=lu" ñksia isrerl
wjhjhka w;r mj;sk tluq;=lu yd iudkfldg w;a olshs'
- ls;=kqjka ieug tlau wd;auhdKka jykafiaa Ôjkh fok fial' Tjqyq ish¨
fokd tlu b,lalh lrd .uka .kakd wh fj;s' Tjqyq ish¨ fokd tlu
n,dfmdfrd;a;=j we;sj ðj;ajk wh fj;s' Tjqka ieug tlu foúhka jykafia
h' ieu fok tlu úYajdifhka yd tlu m%ido iakdmkfhka mx.=ldrhka ù
tlu foúhka jykafiaj ;u tlu mshdKkajykafia f,i ms<s.;a wh fj;s'
32
tu foúhka jykafia ieufokd ;=<ska u iEufokd u.ska ls%hd lrk fial' tu
ksid ls;=kqjka ieufok tlu yoj;lska Ôj;aùfuka tu tluq;=lu /l.;
hq;=hs'
- mdjq ;=ud ls;=kqjkaj ;u ifydaor ifydaoßhka lshd wu;d" ;ud yd Tjqka tlu
mshdKka jykafiaf.a orejka nj isys.kajhs' tu ksid ls;=kq iudcfha fNao
ìkak fjkialï we;sùu iqÿiq ke;ehs u;la lrñka Tjqka ifydaor fm%aufha
tluq;=j ;=< ðj;a úh hq;=hs lshd W.kajhs'
- hful= ls;=kq ix>h g we;=¿jk úg tu ix>hg kshujQ ðú; l%uh Tyq
ðj;aúh hq;=hs' — Tn ,;a le|ùug '''' W;aidy lrkak ^tmSi" 4 (23& fuu
tluq;=lug " tal;ajhlg w;a;sjdru yd mokï jQ fya;=j kï" Tjqka ieufokdgu
tlu n,dfmdfrd;a;=j" tlu YÍrh " tlu iam%S;=j" tlu foúhka jykafia"
tlu weoys,a," tlu m%ido iakdmkh" tlu foú mshdKka we;s neúks'
- ls;=kq ðú;h ñksid yd ñksid w;r kj iïnkaO;djla y÷kajd fohs' fuu kj
iïnkaO;djfha cd;s - l=< - mqreI fNao uelShkafkah' — ukao cqfoõjrekao ''''''
iakdmkh ,eîuq˜ 1 fldß 12( 13& ls%ia;=ia jykafia ;=< ðj;ajk wh w;r fuu
fjkialï ke;' fuu kj iïnkaO;djh ish¨ f,!lsl uÜgfï iïnkaaO;djka
blaujd hk tlls'
- m%ido iakdmkh ,enQ Tn ish,a,ka '''''''' fNaohla ke;˜ ^.,d 3 ( 6 - 28&
- fuu woyiu Y=' mdjq¨ ;=ud ms,fudkag ,shk ,o ,smsfha olsuq' mdjq¨;=ud
jyf,lajq vfkaisuia kï mqoa.,fhl=j — ud ysrf.or isáhd oS udf.a orelug
m;ajQ Tfkaisuia˜ lshd wu;hs msf,dfudka 1 ( 10 & ;jo mdjq¨;=ud Tfkaisuiaj
ifydaorfhla fuka Ndr.kak lshd msf,fudkaf.a b,a,d isàhs' ^msf,fudka 1 (
17& wjidk jYfhka mdjq¨;=ud YÍrfha wjhjhka kyrj,ska taldnoaO lr
;sfnk ksid YÍrh ksfrda.sj ls%hdYS,Sùug yelsjkakdla fuka Y= iNdfõ ls%ia;=ia
jykafia ysih" wjhjkajq wms Wkajykafia iu. taldnoaO ù isàfuka iNdjo
ksis wdldrj ls%hdYS,s fõ hhs mjihs' fufia ls;=kqjka ish¨ fokd ;u ;udg
,nd we;s le|ùug wkqj úYajdijka;j ls%hd lsÍfuka iNdj iaÓrfjhs' j¾Okh
fjhs' fufia mdjq¨;=ud " iNdj ;=< ;sìh hq;= tal;ajh tluq;=lu ;yjqre lr
th wdrlaId lr f.dv ke.Sug wmg we;s j.lSu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
W;a:dkh yd fojk meñKSu
- Y= iNdfõ uq,a wjÈfha" u<djq wh kej; ke.sàu iïnkaOfhka meyeÈ<s f;areula
fkdmej;=Ks' fndfyda fokd ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a fojeks meñKSu läkñka
isÿfõhhs hk n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka b;d wdYdfjka n,d isáfhdah' tfy;a ls%ia;=ia
33
jykafia f.a meñKSu m%udo jQ w;r" ls;=kqjkaf.ka iuyrekag fuf,dj Ôú;fha
wjika ld,ho meñKsfhah' fufia ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a fojk meñKSug fmr
u<djq whg l=ula isÿfõo hk m%Yakhla Tjqka w;r u;=jqKs' 1 f;i 4 ( 14& ;jo
iuyr fldßka;sjre u<jqkaf.ka kej; ke.sàu .ek úYajdi lf<a ke;'
^1fldß ( 15(12&
- f;if,daksljreka yd fldßka;sjreka w;r mej;s u<djq wh kej; ke.sàu
iïnkaO ielh fyda .eg¨j ksrdlrKh lsÍu i|yd mdjq¨;=ud fï iïnkaO
b.ekaùu ,shd we;'
- u<djq wh kej; ke.sàu" wfmdaia;=¨jrekaf.a b.ekaùu ;=<ska wmg ,enqKqq
fohls' ls%ia;=ia jykafia kej; ke.sg jod< neúka" u<jqkaf.ka kej;
ke.sàu m%;slafIam l< fkdyels i;Hls' ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a udxY.;ùu
ms<s.kakd wms" Wka jykafiaf.a W;a:dkho ms<s.ksuq' tfia Wka jykafiaj
wkq.ukh lrk wmgo Wka jykafia fuka Èkl tu w;aoelSu ls%ia;=ia jykafia
fok fial' W;a:d ''''' ^1 f;i 4 ( 14& — ls%ia;=ia jykafia ''''' ^1fldß 15 - 13&
- foúhka jykafia uysudkaú;j fojk jrg meñfKk úg" ls%ia;=ia jykafia
flfrys úYajdih ;nd u<djq wh m%:ufhka W;a:dk lrkq ,nkafkdah' ls%ia;=ia
jykafia fojk jrg meñfKk úg Wkajykafia m%:ufhka ;uka jykafia
flfrys úYajdih ;enqjdjq ieu W;a:dk lrk nj mdjq¨;=udf.a woyi fjhs'
- ls%ia;=ia jykafia flfrys wm ;nkakdjq úYajdihfha m%ldYhhs m%ido iakdmkh
ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a kdufhka odkh lrkakdjq m%ido iakdmkh 1 fldß 1 ( 13&
tu m%idoiakdmkh ,nd.kakdjq ;eke;a;dj wm ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a urKh;a
iu. iïnkaO lrhs ^frdau 8 ( 3 fldf,d 2 ( 12& j;=f¾ iakdmkh ls%ia;=ia
jykafiaf.a urKh;a" j<,kq ,eîu;a ixfla;j;a lrhs' Èfhka f.dvùu ls%ia;=ia
jykafia iu. taldnoaOù W;a:dk ùug i,l=Kla fjhs' mdmhg keiSu;a"
ðú;h jrm%idohla fia ,nd.ekSu;a fjka l< fkdyels tlu ls%hdjls'
- wmf.a úYajdih" yd m%ido iakdmkh ud¾.fhka wms ls%ia;=ia jykafia yd
Wkajykafiaf.a Ôú;h urKh yd W;a:dkh iu. tlafjuq' — Ôj;ajkafka uu
fkdj" ud ;=< ls%ia;=ia jykafia ðj;ajk fial'˜ ls%ia;shdks ldrfhla" ls%ia;=ia
jykafia ;=< Ôj;ajk mqoa.,fhla Èkm;d mdmhg ueÍ ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a
kj Ôjkhg W;a:dkfjhs' Tyqf.a Ôú;h " ks;r ;ud ;=< keiShdu yd
W;a:dkùuh'
34
- m%ido iakdmkh u.ska Y=oaOd;auhdKkaj ,nd.;a ñksid foaj orefjla yeáhg
;ud ri ú¢k" foúhkajykafiaf.a uysuh mQ¾K;ajfha n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka
Ôj;afjhs' tu Èk§ Tyqf.a wd;auh muKla fkdj" Tyqf.a YÍrho úkdY fkdù
urKfhka yd mdmfha jy,a núka ñ§ug n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka mq, mq,d n,d
isá'
- Y= mdjq¨;=ud u<djq wh kej; W;a:dk jk nj úYajdi fkdlrk iuyr
fldßka;sjrekag b;d fldamfhka nekj§ — u<jqkaf.ka W;a' ' ' ' ' iy;slh
fõ ^1fldß 15 (12-20&
- fuu n,dfmdfrd;a;=j ;u Ôú;fha fndfyda wk;=rej,g uqyqK§ug Yla;sh
ÿka nj mdjq¨;=ud m%ldY lrhs' tfukau u;= meñfKkag ;sfnk uysuh .ek
ls%ia;shdksldrhka ieu ;=< n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla we;s lsÍu i|yd mdjq ;=ud fufia
lshhs ^frdau 8 ( 18-25&
- ñksid muKla fkdj ish¨ ueú,a, meñfKkakg ;sfnk uysuh i|yd
n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka isák nj lshhs' ñksid l< mdmh ksid idmhg ,lajQ
úYajh thska ksoyiaùu" crdm;aùfï jy,alñka ñ§u" n,d isá mdjq¨ ;=ud
cqfoõjka ;=< wka;su ojia .ek mej;=Kq woyia mokï fldg wo mj;sk
f,dalh .ek;a meñfKkakg ;sfnk f,dalh .ek;a l;d lrhs''' — fï ðú;fha
''' lrñ ˜ ^frdau 8 ( 18& tu ojfia§ foúhka jykafia id;ka yd ish¨u ÿIag
Yla;Ska chf.k il, ckhd" ueú,a, yd iajNdj O¾uh uqod.kakd nj lshhs'
uq¿ úYajhu foúhka jykafiaf.a tlu rdcHhla hgf;a f.k tkq ,nhs'
iduh yd i;=g ieu;ek me;sÍ hhs'
udxY W;a:dkh
- ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a W;a:dkh yd ls%ia;=ka jykfia flfrys úYajdih ;nd
keiS.sh whf.a W;a:dkh .ek;a ;yjqre lrk mdjq¨ ;=ud" wjidkj keiS.sh
wh fln÷ YÍrhlska kej; W;a:dkfõo hk lreKq .ek;a wmg W.kajhs'
thg fya;=j iuyr fldßka;sjre udxY W;a:dkh fkdms<s.;a neúks' j<,kq
,en Èrdm;aù .sh YÍrh kej; W;a:dkjkafka flfiaoehs Tjqyq m%Yak lr;s' tu
ksid .S%ljrekaf.a woyi wkqj Tjqyq Èrdm;a fkdjk wd;auh .ek woyi ms<s.;ay'
udxY W;a:dkh fkdms<s.;ay'
- mdjq¨;=ud u<jqkaf.a udxY W;a:dkh ;yjqre lrhs' u<djq wh j<,kq ,enq tu
isrefrkau wkHrEmjQ YÍrhlska W;a:dkfj;s' tkï j<,kq ,nkafka iajNdúl
YÍrhls' W;a:dk lrkq ,nkafka wdOHd;añl YÍrhls' W;a:dkjQ ls%ia;=ka
jykafiaf.a isref¾ we;s le<e,a olskakg ,enqfKaa h'
35
- W;a:dk lrkq ,nk YÍrfha iajNdjh úia;r lsÍug mdjq¨;=ud j<,kq ,nk
îchla Wmud lr.kafka h' wms ;sß`.= îchla jmqruq' th fmdf<dfõ ueÍ ;j;a
w¨;a me,hla yg.kS' foúhka jykafia" ;uka jykafiaf.a wNsm%dh wkqj tu
îchg w¨;a Ôú;hla fok fial' tlu îch kuq;a msgia;r fmkqu fjkia ù
we;' ^1 fldß 15 ( 35-38& j<,kq ,nk YÍrh;a" W;a:dk lrkq ,nk YÍrh;a"
jmqrkq ,nk îch;a thska yg.kakd me<h;a ndysr fmkqñka fjkia jkafka h'
tfy;a iïnkaO;djla yd fjk;a mßj¾;khla olskakg ,efnkafkah'
- mdjq¨;=ud" keiShk fudfydf;a YÍrfha iajNdjh yd W;a:dkjk úg YÍrfha
iajNdjh ixikaokh lr fmkajhs'
uefrk fudfydf;a - W;a:dkjk fudfydf;a
Èrk iq¨hs fkdÈrk iq¨hs
uefrk iq¨hs wurKSh iq¨hs
ÿ¾j,hs n,j;a YÍrhls'
ñksia iajNdjhls Y=oaOd;au iajNdjhh
mfika ujkq ,enq YÍrhls iaj¾.fhka meñKs ;ekekajykafiaf.a
YÍrh'
fojk meñKSu
- Y=oaOjQ mdjq¨ ;=ud ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a fojeks meñKSu .ek W.kajk foa wms
mrK .súiqfï wjika ld,h .ek lshd we;s woyia miqìï lrf.k tys fmkajd
we;s — foúhka jykafiaf.a ojia ˜ hk miqìu u; f;areï .; hq;=hs'
- cqfoõjrekaf.a wjika ld,h iïnkaO woyia wkqj f,dal b;sydih mj;sk
hq.h" meñfKkakg ;sfnk hq.h lshd ld,jljdkq folg fnod we;' wms oeka
mj;sk hq.fha isáuq' tys id;ka" urKh md,kh lrhs' fndfyda ú.iska fuu
hq.h wjidkhg meñfKhs' fuishia jykafia meñK id;kaj chf.k ck;dj
uqod meñfKkakg ;sfnk hq.h wdrïN lrhs'
- fuu ld,jljdkq folg w;r — foúhka jykafiaf.a oji˜ meñfKhs' tkï
mj;sk hq.fha wjidk Èkfha Wodfjk kj hq.h wdrïNfha fuh isÿfjhs' th
b;d ìh ckl ojihs' mj;sk hq.h wjika ù meñfKkakg ;sfnk hq.h
Wodfjhs' tu oji foúhka jykafia fuishia;=ud hjd id;ka iu. wjika
igka mj;ajd Tyq mrdch fldg f,dalh uqod.kakd ojihs' tu ojfia § N+ñlïmd
we;sù mDÓúh fid,jkq ,nhs'
- meñfKkakg ;sfnk hq.fha wms foúhka jykafiaf.a hgf;a" foaj rdcHfha
idufhka Ôj;afjuq' u<djq wh W;a:dk jkafka o meñfKkakg ;sfnk hq.fha
§ h'
36
- ouialhg hk u`. Y=oaO mdjq¨ ;=ud W;a:dk jq ls%ia;=ka jykafiaj uqK .eiSu
t;=udf.a Ôú;fha úYd, fjkila we;s lf<a h' ulaksido ls%ia;=ka jykafia
W;a:dkjQ fiala kï ienúka u meñfKkakg ;snqKq hq.h Wodù we;' urKh
chf.k id;kaj mrdch lr wjidkhs' tu ksid wjika igk o ksudù we;'
th fld;ko@ ljod isÿjqfKaa o @ th l,ajdßfha isÿfjkakg we;' tu ksid
ls%ia;=ka jykafia foúhka jykafia úiska fok ,o fmdfrdkaÿj yd Èjeisjreka
úiska fmr oekqï fok ,o bYardfh,ajreka úiska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ fuishd
nj ;SrKh lr.;a t;=ud ieneúkau" iaÒrfhkau th úYajdi lf<a h'
- ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a m%:u meñKSug yd fofjks meñKSug w;r ld,h
fuishiaf.a ld,h lshd wms kï lruq' tu ksid wms oeka fuishiaf.a ld,fha
Ôj;afjuq fuh mj;sk hq.hg;a meñfKkakg ;sfnkakdjq hq.hg;a w;r
ld,hhs' fuu ld,fha fuishd jk fÊiqia jykafia ;u Y=oaOd;au foayh jk
Y=oaOjq iNdj u.ska" f,da ieu ;ek me;sr ie`.ù ls%hd lrk ÿIag Yla;Ska fidhd
tajd úkdY lr uq¿ f,dalhu mshjfrka mshjr foúhka jykafiaf.a md,kh
hg;g f.k tk fial'
- Y= iNdfõ fiajdj u.ska ish¨ ueú,a, ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a md,kh hg;g
f.kajkq ,eîfuka miq ls%ia;=ka jykafia ú.i kej; ^fofjks j;djg&
uysudkaú;j meñK ck;dj úksYaph lr ;uka jykafiaf.a md,kh hg;g
f.keú;a uq¿ f,dalhu md,kh lrkakg foúhka jykafiag Ndr fok fial'
merKs .súiqfï — foúhka jykafiaf.a oji ˜ kñka y÷kajkqfha tu ojihs
kj .súiqfï — mrEishd˜ kñka y÷kajkq ,nk fuh foúhka jykafiaf.a
fofjks meñKSfï oji lshd f;areï ,nhs'
- tu oji Nhdkl ojihs ls%ia;=ka jykafia úksYaplr jodrkakg kej; meñfKk
úg i;=gqodhl úksYaph ,nkakg ud¾.h kï wms oeka isgu Wkajykafia
flfrys úYajdih ;eìu hq;= nj mjihs'
- mdjq¨ ;=ud ;udf.a fiajfha uq,a ld,fha f;if,daksfha fiajh l< úg
f;if,daksljrekag fuh meyeÈ,slr we;' tu woyi t;=ud úiska
f;if,daksljrekag ,shk ,o m<uq ,smsfha wmg olskakg ,efnhs' — ukao ' '
' ' iaj¾.fha nei ^ 1 f;i 4 ( 16&
- f;if,daksfha fiajh l< wjia:dõ ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a fojeks meñKSu
jydu isÿjk nj;a" tu fudfydf;a Ôj;=ka w;r isák wh w;rg mdjq¨;=ud
;udj;a we;=,;a lr.kshs' 1 f;i 4 (15& ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a fojeks meñKSu
m%udo jQ ksid jir y;rlg miq fldßka;sjrekag ,shk ,o m<uq ,smsh tu
ojfia È urKfhka W;a:dkjk wh w;r ;udo tla flfkla jk nj lshhs 1
fldß 6 ( 14&
37
- ls%ia;=ka jykafia uysudkaú;j kej; meñfKk úg Wkajykafia isÿ lrk
m%:u ld¾hh jkafka ;uka jykafia flfrys úYajdih we;sj keiS.sh wh
W;a:dk lsÍu nj mdjq¨;=ud mjihs' bkamiq Ôj;aj isák whjo j,dl=¿ ueÈka
Tijd foúhka jykfia yuqfõ Tjqkajo ys|jk fial'
- W;a:dkfha È keiS.sh wh wkHrEm fjhs' tkï wd;auhdKkag whs;s YÍrhla
,nhs' fu;ekÈ tl, cqfoõjka ;=< meje;s wdl,am j¾Okhla wmsg olskakg
,efí'
- ;jÿrg;a fldßka;sjrekag ,shk ,o fofjks ,smsfha ;j;a j¾Okhla olsuq'
fuys foaj fiajlhka w;r W;a:dkùu isÿjk nj;a" ñksidf.a we;=,dka;
iajNdjh w¨;alrkq ,nkúg wd;auhdKkag ysñ YÍrhla w;sjk nj lshhs'
;jo YÍrh uereKq ú.i iaj¾.fha ksji wmg ,efnk nj;a lshhs ^ 2 fldß
5 ( 2 - 10&
- frdaujrekag ,shk ,o ,smsfha mdjq¨;=ud m%ido iakdmkh u.ska ls%ia;=ka
jykafiaf.a urKfha mx.=ldrhka jQ wms ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a W;a:dkfha o
mx.=ldrhka jk nj mjihs' ^frdau 6(3" 8$15-17&
- ls%ia;=ka jykafia ieneúkau kej; meñfKk fial' kuq;a tu oji
yÈisfhka" fidfrla fuka" m%iQ; fõokdjla we;sjkjdfia lsisfjla=
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjq fõ,dfõ isÿfjhs' ls%ia;=ka jykafia mjd" tu oji
ljod isÿfõo lshd lsisu flfkl= fkdokakd nj;a" ;uka jykafiao ta nj
fkdokakd nj;a" mshdKka jykafia muKla oek isák nj;a mjid we; udla
13 (22&
- ta oji foúhka jykafia uq¿ ñksia ixy;shgu úksYaph jodrkakg meñfKk
oji kuq;a ls;=kqjka ta .ek ìh ùug fyda n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjQ tu Èkfha
l,n, ùug fyda fya;=jla fkdue;' w÷f¾ Ôj;ajk ;eke;af;da kmqre foa
lrk ;eke;af;da iQodkï ke;s wjia:dfõ foúhka jykafia meñKsúg
Wkajykafiag uqyqK §ug fkdyelsj l,n,hg m;afj;s' jrolrejka yeáhg
wiqfj;s' kuq;a wdf,dalfha Ôj;ajk ls;=kqjkag tu oji ljod isÿjqk;a
m%Yakhla fkdue;' —ls%ia;=ka jykafia iu`. ' ' ' ' ' ' úksYaphla fkdue; ˜
^frdau 8 (11&
- wjidkj mdjq, ;=ud ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a fofjks meñKSug fmr f,dalh ;=<
hï hï i<l=Kq olskakg ,efí hehs mjihs' ^ 2 f;i 2(3 -12&
- id;kaf.a kmqre n,fõ. fuf;la uq¨ukskau úkdY fkdù mj;sk ksid"
kmqre n,fõ. ueo ls;=kqjd wjÈfhka yd isys l,amkdfjka Ôj;aúh hq;=h'
tfia Ôj;a ùfuka Tyq ´kEu wjia:djl tu ojig uqyqK §ug iqÿiafila
fjhs'
38
Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.a §ukd yd M, ^1 fldß 12" 14 (1 - 8&
- wd;auh hk jpkh y÷kajd §ug mdjq ;=ud Ndú; lrk .S%l jpkh zzfkhqudZZh'
— mrK .súiqfï Ndú; l< fyfí%õ jpkh — rE wdla˜h' fuu jpkh wd;auh
hk w¾:h muKla fkdj iqq<`. hk w¾:ho fohs' merKs .súiqfï fuu jpkh
ñksia Yla;sh blaujd hk foaj;ajfha Yla;sh" n,h" yelshdj hk w¾:h §ug
Ndú; lr we;'
- fuh kj Ôú;fha n,j;a" m%Odk Yla;shhs' foúhka jykafiaf.a Ôú;fha
n,hhs' ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a .e<ùfï ld¾h u.ska" ñksid mdmhg we§hk ñksia
iajNdjfhka ñ§ Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia u.ska jidf.k we;' Tjqka ;uka
;=< we;s ÿn, ñksia Yla;sh blaujd hk Yla;sh - n,h ,nd f.k we;'
- Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia fj;ska wm ,nkakdjQ úfYaI jrm%idoh — §ukd˜ hk
jpkfhka y÷kajkq ,nhs" th — lßiaud˜ hk jpkfhka .;a w¾:hhs' foúhka
jykafia wmg olajk Wkajykafiaf.a wiSñ; wdorh yd lreKdj fya;=fldg
f.k zzwmg fkdñf,a odkh lrk §ukd ˜ hkqfjkao th w¾:h ,nhs'
- foúhka jykafia wmg odkh lrk §ukd w;ßka Wiia;u §ukdj
Wkajykafiaf.a Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiah' tu Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia wm
yoj;a ;=< ,e.=ï .kakd fial' Wkajykafia fkdñf,a odkh lrk §ukd ;=<ska
Wkajykafiaj wmg t<sorõ lrk fial'
- uq,a wjÈfha Y=oaO iNdj ;=< fuu §ukd fndfyda fia olskakg ,enqKs' Y=
mdjq¨;=ud Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a §ukd .ek t;=ud ,shQ ,sms u.ska wmg
l;d lrhs' ^1 fldß 12&
- — ls%ia;=ka jykafia foúhka jykafia˜ lshd m%ldY lsÍug wmg yelshdj odkh
lrkafka o Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiah' ^1 fldß 12& ls%ia;=ka jykafia flfrys
weoys,af,ka isàug wmj fufyhjkafka Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiah' Wkajykafia
wmg odkh lrk m<uq" m%:u §ukdj fuhhs'
- ls%ia;=ka jykafia foúhka jykafia lshd ms<s.kakd whg" tu tlu Y=oaOd;auhdKka
odkh lrk ;j;a fndfyda §ukd we;' Wkajykafia fuu §ukd wmg odkh
lsÍfï mrud¾:h l=ula o@ lshd mdjq ;=ud úia;r lrhs' — wfkdHkH '''''' ùula
we;' ^1 fldß ( 12-7& fuu §ukd wfma fm!oa.,sl hym; i|yd fkdj fmdÿ
hym; yd ls;=kq ix>fha" Y=' iNdfõ hym; i|yd odkh lrk nj fmkajd
fohs'
39
- ish¨ fokdg ish¨u §ukd fkd,efí' Y= iNdj ;=< úúO ld¾hhka bgq lrk"
úúO mqoa.,hkag" úúO §ukd odkh lrkq ,nhs' fï ish,a, foúhka jykafia
fj;ska meñfKk neúka tajd Wka jykafiaf.au wNsm%dh wkqj Wka jykafiaf.au
fiajh i|yd Ndú; l< hq;=h'
- Y=oaOjQ mdjq ;=ud m%:ufhka m%{dfjka msreKq lÓl Yla;shla yd oek .ekafuka
msreKq lÓl Yla;shla .ek l;d lrhs' fuu ls%hdjka fol tlla fia fmkqko"
th foúêfha ls%hdjka fõ' — m%{dj˜ foúhka jykafia iu. we;s iïnkaO;dj
u; ,efnk Wka jykafia iïnkaO .eUqre i;H;djka oek.ekSfï yelshdj h'
— oekSu˜ tu m%{dj wfma tÈfkod Ôú;fha ls%hdfõ fhoùug yelsùuhs'
- ;jo mdjq¨ ;=ud fuu m%{dj yd oek .ekau ms<s.kakd úYajdih .ek i|yka
lrhs' by; È wms l%sia;=ka jykafiaj foúhka jykafia lshd ms<s.kakd úYajdih
.ek l;d lf<uq' th wms weoys,a, kï O¾u .=Kh lshd kï lruq' fuys wms
m%{dj yd oek.ekSu ms<s.kakd úYajdih .ek l;d lrkafkuq' mdjq¨ ;=ud th
yoj;ska ms<s.kakjd muKla fkdj th ls%hdjg kxjk yelshdj .eko" thg
úYajdijka;j Ôj;aùu .eko i|yka lrhs'
- bkamiq mdjq¨;=ud Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a §ukdjla jk iqj lsÍfï n,h
.ek i|yka lrhs' fuu yelshdj uq,a ls;=kq iNdj ;=< jHdma;j okskakg
,enqKq §ukdjls' wo iNdj ;=<o kej; wms th olsuq'
- bkamiq mdjq¨ ;=ud ydialï lsÍfï yelshdj .ek i|yka lrhs' th hlaIhd ÿ/
lsÍfï yelshdjhs' ta ld,fha ish¨ YdÍßl ÿ¾j,;djka hlaIhdf.a n,mEfuka
we;sjQ úmdl yeáhg i,lkq ,enqfõ h' tu ÿIag wd;auhka ÿre lsÍu Y= iNdfõ
fiajdjka w;r tlla yeáhg i,lkq ,enqfõh' wo;a iNdj ;=< wms fuu
fiajdj olsuq'
- ;jo mdjq¨;=ud Èjeia jelss foiSfï yelshdj .eko úúO Yíoj,ska l;d lsÍfï
yelshdj .eko tu Yíoh myod§fï yelshdj .eko l;d lrhs'
- wo wms Y=oaOd;au §ukd - m%{dj - f;areï .ekSu- oek.ekau oekque;slu- ffO¾hh"
foaj Nla;sh- foaj Nh lshd oek isákafkuq' ls;=kqjl=f.a ðú;h;a Y=oaO iNdfõ
fmdÿ fiajdjka ish,a,;a fuu Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a §ukdu; /£ we;'
- iuyr §ukd foaj fiajdjka iu. iïnkaO §ukd fj;s' tu fiajdjka"
wfmdaia;,sl fiajdj" Èjia foiSfï fiajdj" b.ekaùfï fiajdj" Y=NdrxÑh
foaYkd lsÍfï fiajdj" u`. fmkaùfï fiajdj" jeks úúO ¥; ld¾hhfõ'
40
- ;j;a iuyr jrm%ido" fiajh lsÍu" foaYkd lsÍu" Wkkaÿ lsÍu" ohdfõ ls%hdjka
jeks wjia:dj,È iNdfõ hym; i|yd m%fhdackj;a fjhs' m%{dfjka msreKq
foaYkh" oekSfuka hq;= foaYkh" úYajdih" iqjlsÍfï yelshdj" ydialï lsÍfï
yelshdj"úúO Yíoj,ska l;d lsÍu" wd;au úi£fï yelshdj jeks fiajdjka ;=<
fuu jrm%idofha iyh ,efnhs'
- wjidk jYfhka Y=oaO mdjq¨ ;=ud Y=oaOd;au §ukd w;ßka b;d Wiia §ukdj
keue;s fm%auh .ek l;d lrhs' ish¨u jrm%idohkaj,g moku jkfka fma%uhhs'
fma%uh ke;skï fjk;a lsisu fohlska wks;a iEu fohskau m,la ke;'
- fm%auh keue;s Y=oaOd;au §ukdfõ .=Kdx. myf<djla .ek mdjq¨ ;=ud lshhs'
bjiSu" hym; lsÍu" B¾IHd fkdùu" ;ud mdrÜgq fkdlr.ekSu" Wv`.= fkdùu"
my;a foa fkdlsÍu " ijwd,h fkdne£u" ffjr fkdlsÍu" whym; fkdme;Su"
whymf;a § i;=gq fkdùu " úYajdih n,dfmdfrd;a;=j" is;a ffO¾hh jeks
.=Kdx.fhdah'
- Y='mdjq¨;=ud ;DIaKdjkaj,g úreoaOj Y=oaOjq M, wmg bÈßm;a lrhs' fm%auh"
mS%;sh" iduh" bjiSu" lreKdj hym;alu" úYajdih" uDÿlu yd wd;au oukh
^.,d 5 ( 22&
- fm%auh kï jpkh Y= mdjq¨;=ud — w.dfma˜ hk .S%l jpkfhka wmg y÷kajd
fohs' lsisÿ m%;s,dNhla fkd;ld" wka wh wmg whym;u l<;a" me;=j;a" ta whg
hym; lrk" m;k .=Kdx.hhs' — w.dfma˜ hk jpkfhka i|yka lrkafka'
- mS%;sh hkq jpkfha w¾:h wkqj fuf,dj jia;=j,ska we;sjk i;=g fkdfjhs'
fuh foúhka jykafiaf.ka ,efnk jrm%idohls'
- iduh kï" rKavq onr fkdue;s ksid oefkk iduh fkdj" foúhka jykafiaf.ka
,efnk iqrlaIs;Ndjh ;=<ska ,efnk iduhhs'
- bjiSu hkqfjka wmg W.kajkafka" wka wh wmg whym; l<;a" m<s.ekSug
isf;a bv fkd§ foúhka jykafia wmg iudj odkh lrkakdla fuka wmg
whym; lrk whg mjd iudj §uhs'
- hym;alu - ls%ia;=ia jykafia mõldrhka fj; oelajQ ohdj lreKdj fuu jpk
;=,ska woyia lrhs'
- úYajdijka;lu - wka whf.a úYajdih Èkd .ekSu yd wka whg úYajdijka;
ùu'
- uDÿlu- ;ud.ek fkdis;d wka wh flfrys olajk lreKdj - ie,ls,sjka;
lu fuu jpkfhka woyia lrhs'
41
- wd;au oukh kï ;udf.a ye`.Sï md,kh lsÍu yd wka wh bÈßfha ne.Em;aùu
jeks .=Kdx. ñka woyia fõ'
fhdacs; bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh
mshjr 1- Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ wdrïNl wjêh .ek l;sldj;la f.dvk.kak'
mshjr 2 - mdjq¨;=uf.a O¾u¥; .uka .ek idlÉPd lrkak
mshjr 3- mdjq¨;=udf.a uQ,sl b.ekaùï .ek idlÉPd lrkak'
uQ,dY% -
• New Jerome Biblical Commentary
• Y=oaO jQ nhsn,h
• Alan Schreck f.a zz The Compact Histroy of the Catholic Church"
• J.W.C fjdkaâ' uq,a hq.fha ls%ia;= Ydik b;sydih ls%'j' 500 olajd&" mßj¾;kh(
ms<su;,dfõ ,xld foajO¾u Ydia;%d,h" jeia,s uqøKd,h" fld<U 06" 1972'
• uydpd¾h G.P.V fidaur;ak" ls;= iiqfka ixfYdaOkh
• JEDIN Hubert, History of the Church, Vols I-X , Crossroad, New York, 1989.
• LAUX John, M.A,Church History, Tan Books and Publishers, Illionois, 1989.
• Walker williston, A History of the Christian Church, Charles Scribner's Sons, New
york . 1985
42
ksmqK;dj 6'0 ( hq.fhka hq.hg jQ iNd jHdma;sh y|qkd .ksuska j¾;udk
iNdfõ Wkak;sh Wfoid lemfjhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'2 ( iNd msh hq.h ;=< ls;=kq iNdfõ j¾Okh yodrhs
ld,Éfþo ( ld,ÉfPo 20
bf.kqï M, (
² m%Odk uka;%K iNd ms<sn|j yodrhs'
² iNd mshjreka ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd .kshs'
² iNd msh Èúh ;u Èúhg wdo¾Yhla lr .kshs'
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr oSug w;aje,la (
6'2'1 m%Odk uka;%K iNd
frdau wêrdcHh ;=< ishjia fol ;=kl muK ld,hla ls;=kqjkag tfrysj
meje;s oreKq mSvk ld,h fldkaia;ka;Skq wêrdchdf.a md,kh yd ñ,dka
wd{dj iu`. ls%' j' 112-113 muK ld,fha § wjika úh' fuu mSvk ld,h ;=<
úúO wêrdcjre ls;=kqjka u¾okh lsßfuys ,d b;d oeä ls%hd ud¾. .;ay' iNd
mshjreka fmkajd fok mßÈ fuf,i ls;=kq iNdj u¾okh lsÍug .;a mshjr
tys j¾Okhg fya;=jk whqrska foúhka jykafia ie,iqï l< fial' g¾gq,shka
keue;s iNd msh;=ud ;u lD;shl i|yka lrk mßÈ —m%dKmß;Hd.skaf.a reêrh
ls;= oyfï îch˜ njg m;aúh'
ls;=kq iNdjg t,a, jQ fujeks ndysr mSvd yd n,mEïj,g jvd oreKq mSvd yd
n,mEï ls;=kq iNdj ;=<skau yg .ekSu iNd ud;dj b;d oeä wmyiq;djhlg
m;a lf,ah' tkï O¾uh yd úkh kS;s Í;s ms<sn|j we;sjq fkdfhla .eg,q yd
u;fNaoh' úfYaIfhkau O¾uh ms<sn|j ìys jQ fõo fNaosl u; ke;fyd;a
ÿ¾u; iNdj ;=< wjq,a úhjq,a we;s lsÍug uq,a úh' tu w¾nqo iNdfõ tal;ajhg
muKla fkdj wêrdcHfha tal;ajhg yd iduhg ;¾ckhla úh'
tjeks wjia:dj, § ls;=kq iNdfõ fõo i;H;djka myod §ug;a fõo fNaÈl
u;j, we;s jerÈnj fmkajd §ug;a tajd fy<d oelSug;a uka;%K iNd le|ùug
isÿúh' fuu uka;%K iNd ye¢kajQfha tajd meje;ajQ ia:dkfha kñkah' WodyrKhla
f,i zkssishdyS uka;%K iNdjZ fmkajdÈh yelsh' fmdÿfõ .;a l< uka;%K
iNdjla le|ùu" fufyhùu yd wkqu; lsÍu Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=udf.a uQ,sl
ld¾hNdrh fõ' Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud fyda t;=udf.a ksfhdað;fhl= fyda fuu
uka;%K iNd i|yd wksjd¾Hfhkau iyNd.s úh' fï wkqj Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=udf.a
43
wkque;sh rys;j wdrïNjQ lsisu uka;%K iNdjla ks, jYfhka j,x.= fkdfõ'
fïjd zfidrekaf.a uka;%K iNd˜ f,i ye¢kafõ' tkuq;a iNdfõ uq,a hq.j,
frdau wêrdcH md,kh fya;=fldg f.k uka;%K iNd meje;aùfï§ jqjo jeä
n,;,hla tjlg isá wêrdchd i;=jQ wjia:d o oelsh yelsh' WodyrKhla
f,i zksishdyS uka;%K iNdj˜ tjlg isá fldkaia;ka;Skq wêrdchd úiska
le|jkq ,eîu fmkajdÈh yelsh'
iNdfõ ishÆ uka;%K iNdj,g mQ¾jdo¾Yhla jQfha ls%'j' 50 - 51 § wfmdia;= jreka
úiska fcrei,fuys mj;ajk ,o uka;%K iNdj h ^ls%hd 15 ( 1 - 11&b;sydih
fuh y÷kajkafka wfmdia;=¨jrekaf.a /iaùula f,ih' iNdjg we;=¿jk
wkH cd;slhka p¾ufÊokh l< hq;=o hk m%Yakh úi|d .ekSu i|yd th
mj;ajk ,§'
bka miqj 4 jk ishji f;la iNdj jHdma; jQ úúO m%foaYj, mek ke.=K
m%dfoaYSh .eg¨ tu m%foaYj, iNd kdhlhka tlaù idlÉPd lr ksrdlrKh
lr.ekSu i|yd m%dfoaYSh jYfhka uka;%K iNd lsmhlau fkdfhla m%foaYj,
mj;ajd we;' tajd m%dfoaYSh rdc.=re ixio fyj;a (Synods) f,i ye¢kafõ'
y;rjk ishjk jkúg iNdj ;=< ìysjQ m%Odk fõo fNao lsysmhla ksid jir
150 la muK ld,hla ;=< § uka;%K iNd y;rla meje;aùug isÿúh' fï uka;%K
iNd y;ru iNdfõ uq,a hq.hg whs;s fõ' fïjd c.;a uka;%K iNd f,i o
ye|skafõ' thg fya;=j tjlg iNdfõ isá ish¨u fmfoiaj,ska
rdc.=rem%idÈjreka fujdg iyNd.sùu i|yd le|jkq ,eîuhs' ;jo tajd
Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=udf.a wkqoekqu we;sj meje;ajQ w;r tu ;SrK iaÓr lsÍug
Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=udf.a wkque;sh ,nd .;af;a h'
fï uq,a c.;a uka;%K iNd le|ùfï § wêrdchdf.a o ueosy;aùu meyeÈ,sj
oelsh yelsh' oi; úysÈ .sh frdau wêrdcHfha tlai;aNdjh wdrlaId lr .ekSu;a"
iNdfõ f,!lsl md,lhd jYfhka iNdj /l.ekSu;a hk mrud¾: we;sj
wêrdchd fuu uka;%K iNd /ialsÍu i|yd fmruqK f.k ls%hd lf<ah' ;jo
fïjd u`.ska Tyq foaYmd,k m%fhdack ,nd.ekSug W;aidy l< nj fndfyda
fokdf.a u;hhs'
uq,a hq.fha uka;%K iNd y;ru mj;ajk ,oafoa wêrdcHfha fmrÈ. m%foaYhg
whs;s k.rj,h' wdrïNl hq.fha § iNdj jeä jYfhka fuu m%foaYj, jHdma;
ùu;a wêrdchd Tyqf.a kj w.kqjr jk fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha jdih lsÍug
hEu;a tu uka;%K iNd fmrÈ. k.rj, meje;aùug m%Odk fya;= jYfhka
fmkajd Èh yelsh'
44
ls%' j 325-451 olajd c.;a uka;%K iNd i;rla mj;ajd we;' tajd y÷kajd
we;af;a tu uka;%K iNd mj;ajk ,o k.rj, kï j,ska h' miq ld,hl
mj;ajk ,o c.;a uka;%K iNd i;r fufia h'
1' khsiSk uka;%K iNdj ^ls%'j 325&
2' fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha uka;%K iNdj ^ls%' j 381&
3' tmSiSfha uka;%K iNdj ^ls%' j 431&
4' le,aisfvdka uka;%K iNdj ^ls%' j' 451&
fuu uka;%K iNd meje;aùug ;=vq ÿka lreKq iy tajd meje;ajQ miqìu ms<sn|j
jeo.;a lreKq lsysmhla úuid ne,Su fhda.H fõ' fuf,i lreKq úuiSfï §
uka;%K iNd meje;aùug ;=vq ÿka fya;= lsysmhls'
1' ls;=Kq oyu yd úYajdih ms<sn| iNd b.ekaùu ks¾jpkh lsÍu'
2' iNd b.ekaùï lemùfuka m%ldY lsÍu yd b.ekaùu
3' iNd b.ekaùï ldf,daÑ;j yd ksjerÈ wdldrfhka m%;sixialrKh
lsÍu'
by; i|yka c.;a uka;%K iNd ls%ia;=fõ§ uka;%K iNd f,i o y÷kajkq
,efí' tajd tf,i y÷kajkafka ls%ia;=fõ§ u;fNao iu;hlg m;a lsÍu tajdfha
uQ,sl wruqKùuhs' ke;fyd;a ls%ia;=ka jykafia ms<sn| ÿ¾u;jd§ka bÈßm;a l<
iNdfõ b.ekaúïj,g mgyeKs u; yd b.ekaùï wOHhkh lsÍu" m%;slafIam
lsÍu yd iNdfõ iïu; ksjerÈ oyu fmkajd§u fuu uq,au uka;%K iNdj,
uQ,sl ld¾hh úh'
khsiSk uka;%K iNdj ^Council of Nicea& ls%'j 325
miqìu
fuu uka;%K iNdj meje;aùug uQ,sl miqìu jQfha taßhka jdoh hs' ^Arianism&
fuys ks¾ud;Djrhd jk taßhia (Arius) keue;s ls;=kq mQcljrhd ls%' j 310 §
muK we,elaiekaä%hdfõ Ôj;a jQfjls' taßhia iNdfõ m%Odk b.ekaùïj,g
úreoaOj ;¾l lf<a h' Tyqf.a m%Odk ;¾lh jQfha ls%ia;=ka jykafia foúhka
jykafiaf.a ;j;a ueú,a,la njhs' tfyhska ls%ia;=ka jykafia g ienE ÈjHuh
iajrEmhla fkdue;s nj;a mshdKka jykafiaf.a foaj;ajh fjk wfhl=g mejßh
fkdyels nj;a Tyq mejiqfõh'
taßhia fuu woyia ;jÿrg;a f.k hñka mq;%hdKka ueùfï m%:uhd nj;a
tneúka Tyq foaj ¥;hkag jvd Wiia nj;a mejiSh' flfia fj;;a mq;%hdKka
foúmshdKkag jvd my;a nj ;rfha lshd isáfhah ^Subordinationism& ls%ia;=ka
45
jykafia i¾j n,OdÍ foúhka jykafiag iudk fkdjk nj taßhka
;¾ljd§kaf.a u;h úh' ÿla ú£u yd urKh ;=< fõokd ú¢k ñÿïlre ls%ia;=ka
jykafia foúhka jykafia úh fkdyels nj taßhiaf.a ;SrKhhs' ^Docetism&
ls%ia;=ka jykafia foúhka yd ñksid w;r iïnkaO;dj we;s lrk ueÈy;alrejl=
muKla jk nj Tyqf.a u;hhs' Tyq Y=oaOjQ ;S%;ajh ms<sn|j;a jerÈ u; lsysmhla
b.eka jQfhah' Tyqf.a O¾u úfrdaê u;j,g wkqj Y=' ;s%;ajh nqoaêuh ixl,amhla
muKs' we;af;a tlu iod;ksl foú flfkls' tkï foú mshdKka jykafia
muKs' fÊiqia jykafia Wkajykafiaf.a mq;%hd jqj;a t;=ud ujk ,o flfkls'
ueú,af,a úYsIag ueú,a, t;=udKka jQj;a t;=uka ;=< foaj;ajhla fkd ue;'
tneúka t;=udg foaj mq;%hd hehs lsj fkd yels h' Y=oaOd;auhdKka o foú
flfkla fkdfõ' t;=uka o ujk ,oaols'
taßhia fï u; ;eka ;ekaj, foaYkd l<d ñi tajd f,aLk .; lf<a ke;'
tkuq;a miq lf,l fïjd f,aLk .; l< w;r tajd j,ska o b;sß ù ;sfnkafka
;f,hshd ^Thaleia& kñka y÷kajk .S; lsysmhl fldgia muKh' fuu
.S;fhka lshfjkafka mq;%hdKkaf.a O¾ñIaGNdjh ksid foaj mq;%hd kue;s
kduh Tyqg ÿka nj;a t;=ud ;s%;ajfha fojeks ;ekeka jykafia jqj;a mshdKka
jykafia fuka iodld,sl fkd jk njhs''
fujeks u; ls;=kq fõo i;H;djka úlD;s lsÍula úh' ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a
foaj;aajh m%;slafIam lsßu ksid Wkajykafia f,djg Wreulr ÿka úuqla;sh
w¾: úrys; lsÍula úh' wdrïNfha § u wef,laiekaä%hdfõ ro.=re OQrh oerE Y='
isß,a ro.=re ;=ud úiska Tyqf.a b.ekaùï fõofNaÈl u; nj fmkajd fok ,§'
tf,iu tajd m%;slafIam lrk ,§' tfy;a miqj ksfldafïähdfõ ^Nicomedia&
ro.=rej isá tõfiaìhia ;=ud úiska wkq.dñlhka f.a iydh we;sj fï fõofNaÈl
u; wêrdcHfha fmrÈ. m%foaYj, jHdma; flßKs'
uka;%K iNdj meje;aùu'
fï ms<sn|j ckhd w;r u;fNao we;s úh' wêrdcHfha tlai;alu yd iduh
wdrlaId lr.ekSu wruqKq fldg uyd uka;%K iNdjla le|ùug fldkaia;ka;Skq
wêrdchd bÈßm;a úh' tjlg mdma OQrh oerE is,afjiag¾ mdma;=udf.a wkque;sh
we;sj ls%'j 325 ksishdfõ § fuu c.;a uka;%K iNdj mj;ajk ,§' wêrdcHfha
fkdfhla m%foaYj,ska meñKs rdc.=re m%id§jre 300 l muK ixLHdjla fuhg
iyNd.s jQy'
ksfldïähdfõ ro.=re jQ tõfiaìhia ;=ud úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o tßhiaf.a u;
tfld<yu uka;%K iNdj úiska m%;slafIam lrk ,È' tu u; ksjerÈ lrñka
46
iNdfõ fõo i;H;djka miq ld,hl úYajdi ,laIKhlg wvx.= lr bÈßm;a
lrk ,oafoa fufiah' —ms;d mq;%hd" Y=oaOd;auhdKka flfrys úYajdi lruq'
foúhkaf.ka tal cks; mq;%hdKka o jk fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia foúhkaf.a
foúfhda o" ienE foúhka o nj;a" cks;jQ kuq;a ujkq fkd ,en mshdKka iu.
tlu Nj;ajh ^of the Same Substance) we;sj jev isgk nj;a úYajdi lruq'˜
fï lreKq ls;=kq foaj O¾ufha b.ekaùï wkqj ilia lsÍug úfYaIfhkau
wkqyi ,enqfõ we,elaiekaä%hdfõ ro.=re;=ukaf.a iydhl jQ Y=' we;kdishqia
;=udf.a woyia wkqj h' ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a foaj iajNdjh ms<sn|j t;=ud
bÈßm;a l< —Homo - ousiosZ fyj;a mshdKka iu. tlu Nj;ajh we;sj hk
ixl,amh iNdfõ fõo i;H;djla njg m;aúh'
fuu uka;%K iNdfõ È úkh kS;s Í;s ms<sn|j .;a ;SrK
1' taßhia yd Tyqf.a m%Odk wkq.dñlhska iNdfjka fkrmd oeóu'
2' mYapd;amsljQ m%isoaO mõlrejka iNdj kej; ms<s.ekSu'
3' fõo fNaÈl woyia oerE wh kej; iNdjg we;=<;a lr .eksfï § kej;
m%ido iakdmkh §u wkjYH nj'
4' mdial= ux.,H ms<sn|j kshñ; Èkhla iaÓr lsÍu'
5' mqcljreka i|yd úkh kS;s mekùu'
6' ckjkaokdj" ÈjH mqcdj meje;aùu ms<sn|j wjYH kS;s Í;s ud,djla bÈßm;a
lsÍu'
7' frdauh" wka;sfhdalsh" we,elaiekaä%hdj hk k.r ;=fka ro.=rejrekag úfYaI
md,k n,hla mejÍu'
8' fcrei,fï ro.=re;=ukag úfYaI f.!rjhla ,nd§u'
by; i|yka lreKq iNd iïu; kS;s njg m;aúh' flfia fj;;a taßhka fõo
fNaoh ñka ksudjg m;a fkd ùh' taßhiag iyh ÿka Tyqf.a wkq.dñlfhda iNd
fNaohla we;s lrñka wêrdcHh ;=< fkdfhla wdrjq,a we;s l<y' tu ksid fuu
fõo fNao uq,a lrf.k kej; jrla uka;%K iNdjla ls%' j' 381 È meje;ajqKs'
fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha uka;%K iNdj ^Council of Constantinople& ls%' j' 381
miqìu
taßhka fõo fNaoh ksishdfõ uka;%K iNdfjka miqj" by; i|yka l< mßÈ
wjika jQfha ke;' ksfldafïähdfõ ro.=re;=uka jQ tõfiaìhia yd Tyqf.a
wkq.dñlhka úiska fuh iq¿ wdishdfõ fkdfhla m%foaYj, m;=rjk ,§'
wêrdchd ;ukaf.a mlaIhg kïud f.k iNdjg mlaImd; jQ ro.=re;=uka,d
fkrmd oud taßhka u; ork wh ta i|yd m;alr .ekSug fudjqyq iu;a jQy'
47
we,elaiekaä%hdfõ Y=' we;kdishqia ;=ud tßhkajdÈkag tfrysj igka l<
mqfrda.dñhd úh' iNdfõ O¾uh wdrlaId lr .ekSug fjfyi oerE t;=ukag
fkdfhla ÿla lror ú£ug isÿúh'
fuys§ taßhka fõo fNaoh yd iu. mek ke`.=Kq ;j;a ÿ¾u;hlaa kï wm%Odk;d
jdohhs' ^Subordinationism& ;s%;ajfha jev jik ÈjHuh jpkh mq;%hdKka
ksid mshdKka jk foúhka jykafia yd ls%ia;+ka jykafia iudk ;;a;ajhl
fkd isák nj fuhska woyia flf¾' tfiau Y=oaOd;auhdKka fï fofokd
jykafiagu jvd my;a njo m%ldY lrhs' ^Eunomianism and Macedonianism&
fï fofokd jykafia m%Odk lñka fojk yd ;=kajk ;ek .kafkdah" hk
woyi bÈßm;a lrhs' ;s%;ajfha tla jykafia kula fï wdldrhg my< uÜgulg
oeóu fõo fNa§ ÿ¾u;hla f,i ie,fla' taßhkajd§ o¾Ykhlg iudklï
lshk fuh ls%'j' 325 È ksishd uka;%K iNdfõ§ m%;sfCIam lrk ,§'
uka;%K iNdj meje;aùu
fuu fõo fNaoh ksid iNdfõ tal;ajhg o wêrdcHfha tlai;a Ndjhg yd
iduhg o th ndOdjla úh' fuh wjfndaO lr.;a ;sfhdafvdaishia Theodoisius&
wêrdchd ls%'j' 381 È fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a k.rfha È 2 jk uka;%K iNdj
le|ùug mdma ;=udf.ka wjirh ,nd .kakd ,§' fmrÈ. m%foaYj,ska ro.=rejreka
180 fofkla muK fuhg iyNd.s ù we;' mdma;=udf.a wkque;sh we;sj meje;ajqK
fï uka;%K iNdfõ § ksishdkq uka;%K iNdj úiska bÈßm;a l< O¾uh kej;
iaÓr lrk ,§' úfYaIfhkau tysÈ iïu; jQ mshdKka iu. ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a
tlu Nj;ajh hk foaj Od¾ñl ixl,amh wksjd¾hfhau iaÓr úh' oekg ÈjH
mQcfõ È WÉpdrKh lrkq ,nk ksishdkq úYajdi ,laIKh ^Nicean Creed&
Ndú; lsÍug ksfhda. lrk ,oafoa fï uka;%K iNdfõ § h'
iNdfõ úkh yd md,kh ms<sn|j fuys § .;a ;SrKhla miqld,hl w¾nqohlg
u`. me¥ lreKla úh' tkï —fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha ro.=re ;=ukaf.a ;k;=r
frdaufha ro.=re ;=ukaf.a ;k;=rg muKla fojeks ;ek .ekSu˜' hk m%ldYkh
fujeks ;SrKhla .ekSug yelsjqfha wmrÈ. ^frdau& m%foaYj, ro.=re;=uka,d
fuu uka;%K iNdjg iyNd.s fkdjQ ksid nj i|yka fõ' tksid yhjeks
ishji f;la fuh c.;a uka;%K iNdjla f,i wmrÈ. m%foaYj,ska ms<s.ekSu
m%udo úh'
48
tamsifha uka;%K iNdj ^Council of Ephesus& ls%' j 431
miqìu
fldkaia;ksfkdam,fha ro.=re OQrh oerE fkiafgdaßhia úiska ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a
foaj;ajh .ek;a" Wka jykafia ;=< ukqIh;ajh yd foaj;ajh iïnkaO ùu
.ek;a" jerÈ u; bÈßm;a lf<ah' ta wkqj Tyqf.a u;h jQfha ls%ia;=ka jykafia
;=< foaj iajNdjh;a ukqIH iajNdjh;a fjka fjka jYfhka mej;s njh' ta
wkqj Wka jykafia mqoa.,hska fofofkls' ke;fyd;a foaj fm!reIh yd ñksia
fm!reIh jYfhka mqoa.,hka fofofkla ls%ia;=ka jykafia ;=< jev isák nj
Tyq m%ldY lf<ah' ußh ;=ñhf.a l=ifhys ms<sis| .;af;a ukqIH iajNdjfhka
hqla; jQ ls%ia;=ka jykafia muKls' tneúka ußh ;=ñ foõ uj fkdj ^Non-
Theotokos) fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia hk ñksidf.a uj ^Christo-tokos) muKla nj;a
ÈjH i;am%idoh ;=<ska wm ,nkafka fÊiqia hk ñksidj muKla nj;a Tyqf.a
u;h úh' foúhka jykafiag iïnkaOj we;af;a fÊiqis jykafiaf.a foaj
iajNdjh muKla h hk u;h fkiafgdaßhia bÈßm;a lf<a h'
ÿ¾u;Odßhl= jYfhka" i<ld tamSisfha meje;ajQ iïfï,kfha § fy<d olsk ,o
fkiafgdaßhia isßhdfõ fc¾udksIshd ^Germanicia) kï .fï ls%'j 381 § Wm;
,oafols' Tyq foaj O¾uh bf.k .;af;a fudmaiqfjiaáhdfõ f;fhdfoda¾
^Theodore of Mopsuestia) hgf;a h ' fkiafgdaßhia ls%' j 428 § fldkaia;ksfkdam,a
kqjr ro.=re moúhg m;aúh' moúh ,;a ú.i taßhka jdoh yd fkdjdishka
jdohg ^Noatianism) tfrysj igkla Èh;a lf<ah'
tf,iu Tyq ußhdjka ^THEO - TOKOS) fyj;a foú÷ka ord isáh ;eke;a;S
hehs iNdfõ iuyreka oelajQ m%ldYhg úreoaO úh' fkiafgdaßhia fuu u;h
bÈßm;a lsÍu lsid ls%'j' 431 § tmSifha meje;ajq uka;%K iNdfõ § ÿ¾u;Odßhl=
jYfhka fy<d oelSug ,laúh' ls%'j' 451 È by< ñirfha È ñh .shnj b;sydifha
i|yka fõ'
uka;%K iNdj meje;aùu
we,elaiekaä%hdfõ ro.=re OQrh oerE Y=' isß,a;=ud fõo fNaoh jHdm;aùu oek.;a
úg tajd .eUqre f,i wOHhkh lr iNdfõ ksjerÈ u; fmkajd ÿka f,aLkhla
fif,iaáka mdma;=uka ^Celestine) fj; hjk ,§' mdma;=ud th úu¾Ykh
lsÍfuka miqj isß,a ;=ud iNdfõ O¾uh ksjerosj myod oS we;s nj;a" fkiafgdarshia
iNdfõ ms<s.;a ksjeros u; osk oyhla ;=< oS ms<s.; hq;= nj;a tfia fkdl<
fyd;a ro.=re OQrfhka Tyqj fkrmd ouk nj;a okajk ,§' túg fkiafgdaßhia
mdma;=ukaf.a ;SrKhg tl`. fkdù wêrdchdf.a msysg me;Sh' túg fojk
;sfhdafvdaishia wêrdchd fuu .eg¨j úi|d .ekSu i|yd uka;%K iNdjla
49
le|ùu .ek mdma;=ukag okajk ,§' ta wkqj ls%'j' 431 § tamsisfha uka;%K iNdj
meje;aúKs'
fuu uka;%K iNdfõ § .;a ;SrK
fuu uka;%K iNdfõ § m%Odk wjOdkh fhduq jQfha fÊiqia jykafiaf.a
mqoa.,Ndjh fyda fm!reIh ms<sn|j hs' fulS ldrKdj ms<sn| fkiafgdaßhiaf.a
u;h iïmQ¾Kfhka u m%;slafIam lrk ,§' fï wkqj fuu uka;%K iNdfõ §
.;a uQ,sl ;SrK y;rls'
1' fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia ;=< we;af;a tl fm!reIhls' tkï t;=udfKda tl
mqoa.,fhla jkakdy'
2' t;=uka ;=< foaj iajNdjh;a ukqIH iajNdjh;a taldnoaOj mj;S'
3' t;=uka ienE foaj mq;%hd jk w;r ienE ukqIH mq;%hd o fõ'
4' ußh ;=ñhf.a l=ifhys ukqlh f.k ms<sis| .;af;a foaj mq;%hd jk fÊiqia
ls%ia;=ka jykafia ksid t;=ñhg foõ uj ^Theo-tokos& hehs lsj yels fõ'
fmdÿ ckhd úiska fuu ;SrK b;d cfhda;aijfhka hq;=j ms<s.kakd ,§' fuf,i
ußh ;=ñh foõ uj f,i uq¿ iNdju ms<s.ekSu foajud;d Nla;sfha j¾Okhg
buy;a rel=<la úh' ußh oyug^Mariology& fuu uka;%K iNdfõ b.ekaùï
;=<ska m%n, mkakrhla ,enqKs'
tmsisfha uka;%K iNdfõ ;SrK fkd ms<s.;a fkiafgdaßhiaj iNdfjka fkrmk
,§' wêrdcHfhka o msgqjy,a lrk ,o Tyq ;u fkiafgdaßhdkq ls%ia;= O¾uh
m¾ishdj ;=< m%pdrh lf<a h'
le,aisfvdaka uka;%K iNdj ^Council of Chalsidon& ls%' j 451
miqìu
túália $túflalshka jdoh - EUTYCHIANISM
túàlia ^Eutyches& kue;s fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha ;dmihl= úiska ls%ia;=ka
jykafiaf.a iajNdjh ms<sn|j m%pdrh lrk ,o fNaÈl u;hla fuu uka;%K
iNdj meje;aùug fya;= idOl úh' Tyqf.a u;h jQfha ls%ia;=ka jykafia ;=<
we;af;a tlu foaj iajNdjhla muKla jk w;r ukqIH iajNdjfha ud;%hla
muKla t;=uka ;=< we;s nj h' fuh túàlshka jdoh ^Eutychianism& yd
fudks*sáhka jdoh ^Monophysitism& f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' fuh ls%ia;= ;=uka
;=< taldnoaOj ;snQ ukqIH iajNdjh m%;sflaIm lsÍuls'
50
udxY.; ùfuka miq ls%ia;=ka jykafiag jQfha tl iajNdjhla muKla nj
Tyqf.a woyi úh' th ÈjHuh iajNdjh úh' fuh ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a foaj;ajh
ukqIh;ajh m%;slfIam lsÍu ksid tla;rd wkaoul tl iajrEmhl jdohls'
fuu ÿ¾u;jdoh m%;sfCIam lrñka ls%ia;=ka jykafia ienE iajrEm folla .kakd
nj le,aisfvdka iNdfõ§ ;yjqre flßKs'
uka;%K iNdj meje;aùu
fuu fõo fNaÈl ixl,amh idudkH ckhd w;r jHdma; ùu;a iu. ls%ia;=ka
jykafiaf.a iajNdjh ms<sn| hï hï m%Yak we;súh' túg fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha
ro.=re OQrh oerE maf,aúhka ;=ud úiska túáliaf.a u;h fõo fNaohla f,i
fmkajd fok ,§' tkuq;a ;u u;h fõo fNaÈl u;hla f,i ms<s.ekSug Tyq
wlue;súh' iNdfõ kS;s Í;sj,g wkqj Tyqj iNdfjka fkrmd oeóug fuh
fya;=jla úh' túg túàlia ;u u;h ksjerÈ nj lshd wêrdchdf.a iyh
me;Sh'
bkamiqj ls%' j 451 È i;rjk uka;%K iNdj le|jk ,§' fuh le,aisfvdka hk
k.rfha meje;ajqKq ksid le,aisfvdka uka;%K iNdj f,i ye¢kafõ' wdishdfõ
fndfyda m%foaYj, ro.=rejre fuhg iyNd.s jQ w;r frdaufha ro.=rejrhdf.a
ksfhdað;fhla o fï i|yd tjd ;snqKs' fuu iïfï,kh je.;a jkafka tysos
ksl=;a l< zz le,aisfvdaka ksrajpkhZZ ksidh ' ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a foaj;ajfhka
Wka jykafiaf.a ukqIH;ajh fjka fkd l< yels nj;a" tuksid Wka jykafia
ienE foúfhda o ienE ukqIHhd o jk nj;a le,aisfvdka uka;%K iNdfõ
ia:djrh úh' fufia túàliaf.a u;h m%;slafIam flßKs'
fuu iïuka;%Kfha § khsiskq weoys,s iïnkaO m%ldYh ;jÿrg;a iïu; flßKs'
ta w;r wef,laiekaä%hdfõ isß,a ;=ud f.a ,smsh o ,sfhda ;=udf.a u;h o .ek
m%Yak u;= úh' isß,a ;=udf.a m%ldYh wkqj ls%ia;=ka jykafia iajNdj follska
bÈßm;a jQ w;r ,sfhda ;=udf.a u;h wkqj ziajNdj folla ;=<Z hkak i|yka
úh' fï ksid iNdfõ m%Odk msßi ls%ia;=ka jykafia tl mqoa.,fhla yd iajNdj
folla we;af;la f,i úia;r l<y' ijNdj fol wdrlaId jqfha tl fmkqula
^Prosopon& iy tl Wmia:djla Hypostasis& jQ ksid h' fï wkqj tl foaj;ajh;a
foú ñksia iajNdjh;a ueú,a,g fmr jev úiQ nj;a lkHd Wm;;a ms<s.eKqks'
51
6'2'2 iNd mshjre
iNd msfhla hkq ljfrla o@
uq,a ls;=kq iNdfõ ks¾u, ls;= oyu yd úYajdih wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd b.ekaùfuka"
foaYkdfjka" yd f,aLklrKfhka odhl jQ uq,a W.=;=ka msßi iNd mshjreka
f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' iNd msfhla hkq ljfrlao@ ms<sn| m%:u úoHd;aul
ks¾jpkh f,ßkaiays úkaikaÜ ^Vincent of Lerins& úiska ls%'j 434 È bÈßm;a
lrk ,§' fuu ks¾jpkh mdol fldgf.k Y=oaO jQ iNd ud;dj ;u ks¾jpkh
bÈßm;a lrkakSh' ta wkqj uq,a hq.fha ls;=kq f,aLlhl= iNd mshla= jYfhka kï
lsÍfï § i<ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq y;rls'
- bÈßm;a l< O¾ufha ksrjoH Ndjh ^Orthodoxy&
- Y=oaOj;a ðú;h ^Sanctity&
- Y=oaOjq iNdfõ wkque;sh ^Apostolicity&
- ðj;ajQ ld, jljdkqj ^Antiquity&
uq,a ls;=kq f,aLlhka —msahjrekaZ f,i y÷kajkafka wehs @
msh;=ud hk jpkh lf;da,sl iNdfjka ksl=;a jQjls' tfiau th ro.=re;=ul=
f.!rjdkaú;j ye¢kaùu msKsi fhdod .kakd ,§' ;u f.da,hkaf.a wdOHd;añl
fm!reI;ajh f.dvk.d .ekSfuys ,d .=re;=ud fnfyúka odhl jQ neúka t;=udj
mshd f,i i,lhs' fuf,i .=re;=ud mshl= f,i y÷kajd §u bmerKs ñksiqka
úiska l< ls%hdjls' fï ksidu iNdfõ b.ekaùfï ld¾hh mejfrk ro.=rejrekao
mshd hk kñka ye¢kaùu iNd b;sydifha oelsh yel'
Wod - ls%'j' 251 § muK Ôj;a jQ ism%shdkq ro.=re;=ud y÷kajd§ we;af;a isms%hdka
mdmd^ msh;=ud& hkqfjks'
fï wdldrfhka iNdfõ uq,a ls;=kq f,aLlhkaf.a uQ,sl ld¾hh ls;=kq O¾uh
b.ekaùu jQ neúka Tjqkajo mshjreka f,i y÷kajkq ,eîKs' .S%l iNd mshjreka
f,i we;fkaishia neis,a ;=ud" ls%fidiagua ;=ud" wef,laiekaä%hdfõ isß,a ;=ud
hk wh i|yka l< yels h' ,;ska mshjreka f,i ys,ß ;=ud" fcfrdï ;=ud"
wïfn%dia;=ud" wf.dia;Skq;=ud hk wh i|yka l< yelsh' bka wk;=/j
wdïfn%dia;=ud" fcfrdï;=ud wf.dia;Skq ;=ud yd f.%.ß ;=ud hk wh uy
iNdmshjre f,i ks, jYfhka m%:u j;djg 8 jk fndks*ia Y=oafOda;a;u
msh;=ud úiska kï lrk ,§'
52
iNdmsh hq.h
iNdmshjrekaf.a ls%hdldß;ajh yd Tjqka ;u j.lSfuys kshe¨Kq ld, mßÉfþoh
1 ishjfia isg 8 jk ishji olajd f,i i|yka fõ' ke;fyd;a
wfmdaia;=¨jrekaf.ka miq ld,fha isg wgjk ishjfia w.Nd.h olajd we;s
ld, mßÉfþoh iNdmsh hq.h f,i i|yka l< yels h'
iNdmsh ld¾hh
cqod wd.ñka yd wkH wd.ï ;=<ska ke.=Kq m%YaKj,g ms<s;=r iúia;r
f,i oelaùu iNdmsh ld¾hh úh' Tjqyq fndfyda úg wêldÍ n,hlska ls%hd
l<y' fï wh iNdfõ ks, n,fhka m;ajQ ro.=rejre jQy'
ks¾u, ls;= oyu kj .súiqug wkqj wdrlaId lsÍu Tjqkaf.a mru hq;=lu
úh' Tjqkaf.a m%Odk ld¾hh jqfha b.ekaùuhs' iNdj ms<sn| yd tys O¾uh ms<sn|
ft;sydisl mokula oeóug Tjqkag yelsúh' fï whf.a foaYk yd ,sheú,s
u`.ska ls%ia;shdks iïm%odh wdrlaId jQjd muKla fkdj ls;= oyu ;j ;j;a
j¾Okh úh' Tjqka .; l< Y=oaOj;a ðú;h thg m%Odk fya;=jla úh' iNd
mshjreka ms<sn| wOHhkh hkq úYajdih ;+< foú÷kaf.a oekqu j¾Okh lrk
úoHdjls' úêu;a l%u fõohla mokï lrf.k uq,a ls;=kq iNdfõ ls%ia;shdkSka
oekqj;a lsÍfuys ,d fkdfhla úg foaYkd l< yd úúO foa rpkd l< iNd
f,aLlhka yeoEÍu fuys uQ,sl wruqKhs' fï wkqj iNd mshjrekaf.a ,sms f,aLk
u.ska bÈßm;a l< b.ekaùï iNd msh O¾uh ^PATROLOGY & fyj;a iNd msh
idys;Hh f,i ye¢kafõ'
iNdmsh idys;H NdIdj
fuu iNdmsh idys;H lD;s fojk ishjfia ueo Nd.h jkf;la .s%la
NdIdfjka ,sheú ;sfnk w;r miqj ,;ska NdIdfjkao tajd ,sheú we;' tneúka
iNd mshjreka tu lD;s f,aLk.; lsÍu i|yd Ndú; l< NdIdj wkqj Tjqka
.S%la yd ,;ska mshjreka f,io y\qkajd § we;'
,;ska iNd mshjreka
brfkahia ;=ud
wïfn%daia ;=ud
wf.dia;Skq ;=ud
fcfrdï ;=ud
ciaáka ;=ud
uyd f.%.ß ;=ud
ys,ß ;=ud
53
.S%la iNd mshjreka
isß,a ;=ud ^wef,laiekaä%hdfõ&
neis,a ;=ud
fcdaka ls%fidiagï ;=ud
we;fkaishia ;=ud
f.%.ß kishkaiia ;=ud
b.akdishqia ;=ud wka;sfhdalsfha&
m%dKmß;Hd.S ciaáka ;=ud ^100-165&
2 jk ishji ;=< Ôj;a jQ fudyq ;¾l fõ§ka w;r fYa%IaG;u ;¾l fõÈhd h'
fu;=ud m,ia;Skfha Isflaka kï m%foaYfhka meñKs wfhls' ls%ia;= O¾uh cqod
mßirfhka fy,ksia; iudchg .S%l iudch Hellenistic Society) fiakaÿ ùfuka
o¾Ykjd§kaf.a wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK mEug isÿ úh' tfiau cqod cd;slhkaf.ka
mjd úúO fpdaokd t,a, úh' t;=udf.a ld¾hh jQfha ls%ia;= O¾ufha i;H
o¾Ykh fidhd bÈßm;a lsÍuhs' cqfoõ fyda iudßh fyda mrmqrg fudyq wh;a
fkdjQjo Tyqf.a foudmsfhda wkH wd.ñlfhda jQy' tu ksid fu;=ud wfoajjdÈ
mßirhl ðj;a jQ wfhls' bf.kSu ,enqfõ .S%l iïm%odh ;=< h' iafgdhsla"
weßiafgdag,a" mhs;.ria" maf,afgda hk od¾Ykslhkaf.ka wdNdIh ,;a
.=rejrekaf.ka bf.kSu ,enqfõh' kuq;a fï whf.ka Tyq fijQ i;Hh Tyqg
fidhd .; fkdyels úh' tfy;a ma,efgdksla jdÈkaf.ka muKla wd;añl
iykhg u`. mEÿKqq njla i|yka fõ'
i;Hh fiùfï § iNd b;sydifha úúO .=re l=<j,g wh;a ù fjfyi jqjo
wjidkfha § tmSifha Ôj;a jQ tla;rd ls%ia;= Nla;sl ;reKhl=f.ka ls%ia;=
O¾ufha o¾Ykjd§ ,laIK bf.k .ekaug t;=udg yels úh' bka miq ls%ia;=
O¾uh je<|f.k ñksid .<jd .kakd mßmQ¾K yd i;Hh jQ;a o¾Ykh kï
ienE ls%ia;= o¾Ykh nj wjfndaO lr .;af;a h' tneúka fu;=udf.a m%:u
ld¾hh jQfha ls%ia;shdksldrhka oekqj;a lsÍu i|yd frdaufha o¾Yk mSG lsysmhla
weröuhs'
ls%ia;= O¾uh od¾Ykslj yd ;¾ldkql+,j yeoErE ciaáka ;=ud tjlg frdau
wêrdchdj isá wkaf;dakshqia mshqia ^ Anthonius Pius& keue;a;dg i;H O¾uh
myod foñka ls%ia;shdkskag widOdrK f,i mSvd fkdlrk f,i b,a,d isáfha
h'
54
ciaáka ;=udf.a f,aLk ld¾hh
iNd b;sydih ;=< Tyq úiska ,shk ,o uQ,sl wefmdf,dðia; f,aLk 03 la
i|yka fõ'
1' wkaf;dakshqia mshqia wêrdchdg ,shQ wemf,dðia; f,aLkh
2' frdau fikÜ iNdjg ,shQ wemf,daðia; f,aLkh
3' cqod cd;sl g%hsf*da (Trypho) hk ;eke;a;d w;r we;s jQ ixjdoh yd
iïnkaO f,aLkh
we;fkaishia ;=ud ^ ls%'j 295 -373&
ðú; miqìu
ls%'j 295 § wef,laiekaä%hdfõ Wm; ,o fu;=udf.a fouõmsfhda ls%ia;= Nla;slfhda
jQy' uq,skau ls%ia;shdks wOHdmkhla fkd,enqjo Tyq l=vd l, isgu ;mia ðú;
flfrys we,aula oelajQfõh'
tfy;a W.;a nqoaêu;a wfhla jQ neúka ls%'j' 325 § wef,laiekaä%hdfõ
ro.=rejrhdf.a f,alï njg m;aúh' fuu ;k;=r ksid ksishdkq uka;%K iNdjg
iyNd.s ùug t;=udg bv ,enqKs' fuu uka;%K iNdfõ § tßhka jdohg
úreoaOj l:dlrkakg Tyqg o yelsúh' Tyqf.a Ôú;fha jeä ld,hla ;=< taßhka
jdohg úreoaOj igka lsÍu ksid we;fkaishia .ek l:d lsÍfï § taßhka jdoh
wu;l l< fkdyels h'
ls%'j 328 È wef,laiekaä%hdfõ ro.=re ;=udf.ka miqj we;fkaishia ;=udj kj
ro.=re ;=ud f,i m;a lrk ,§' .sys meúÈ fomlaIfhau m%idoh ,enq we;fkaishia
;=ud tðma;=j" ,sìhdj we;=¿ úYd, m<d;lg w.ro.=re f,i m;a lrk ,È'
t;eka isg jir 7 la ;u m%foaYfha ießirñka fik`. Èß.kajñka úYd,
fiajhla lf<ah' wka;jd§ ;¾ckfhka m%foaY fírd .ekSu Tyqf.a tlu wruqK
úh' ÿ¾u;Odßhl= f,i iNdfjka m%;sCIam l< taßhia iNdjg ms<s.kakd f,i
frdau wêrdchd l< n, lsÍïj,g fu;=ud tl`. jQfha ke;'
we;fkaishia ;=udf.a lD;s
;dmidrduj, .;l< ðú;h ;=< fu;=ud úfYaI ld¾hhl fhÿfKah' tkï
fmd;am;a /ila ,shd iNdjg odhdo lsÍuhs' fïjd b;d ir, rpkd úh' tajd
fndfydauhla ,shk ,oafoa taßhiaf.a o¾Ykhg úreoaOjh' fï fmd;a w;ßka
Y=oaOjq nhsn,hg ,shk ,o áldjla ^.egmo újrKhla& b;sßj we;'
fu;=udf.a f,aLkj, úfYaI;ajh jQfha ks;ru jHdx.¾:fhka bÈßm;a lsÍuhs'
fudyq nhsn,h ye¢kajQfha ls%ia;= flakaøSh hk f;audj Tiafia h'
55
fu;=ud ,shQ fmd;a w;r ußh;=ñhf.a lkHdNdjh .ek ,shQ fmd;a lSmhla o
we;' taßhka jdohg úreoaOj ls%' j 325 È le|jk ,o ksishdkq iNdfõ § mshdKka
tlu Njd¾:hla we;sj jev isák nj we;fkaishka fmkajd fok ,ofaoa ta
i|yd m%ldYl, Tyqf.a De Decretis Nicaenae Synodi kue;s lD;sh u.skah'
t;=ud úiskau úYajdi ,laIKhla ks¾udKh lrk ,È ( Symboum Athanasii)
fuf,i ksishdkq úYajdi ,laIKfha uq,a mshjr ;enQfõ fu;=udh'
we;fkaishia ;=udf.a foaj O¾uh
fu;=ud by< fmf<a foaj O¾udpd¾hjrfhl= fkdjqk;a foúhka yd mq;%hdKka
ms<sn|j;a ußh;=ñ ms<sn|j;a i;H;djla bÈßm;a lr we;s nj Tyqf.a lD;sa
idlaIs orhs' Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia mshdKka yd mq;%hdKka jykafia fj;ska
ksl=;a jk nj bosrsm;a lrk m%ldYkhla ls%ia;shdks idys;Hfha uq,ajrg yuqjkafka
Tyqf.a fmd;aj,h' mshdKka yd mq;%hdKka iod;kfhka jev isák nj mqk
mqkd m%ldY lsÍu Tyqf.a foajO¾ufha úfYaI wx.hls' Tyq mq;%hdKka ye¢kajQfha
ueú,af,a l=¨ÿ,d f,igh'
Y=oaO iyNd.slu fyj;a mQmleãfï fufyfh§ ñÈ hqI yd mQmj,g Y=oaOd;auhdKka
jevu lrk nj Tyq m%ldY lf<a h' lf;da,sl iNdj tu i;H;dj wo;a ta
whqßkau ms<s.kshs'
fcfrdï ;=ud ^ls%'j 342 - 420&
Ôú; miqìu
fcfrdï ;=ud St. Jerome) ls%' j' 342 § wlaú,shdfõ Wm; ,nd frdaufha § uq,sl
wOHdmkh ,nd .;af;a h' vefïfiia mdma;=udf.a f,alïjrhd f,io ál
l,la lghq;= l< fu;=ud ls%'j' 385 § fn;af,fyug f.dia ;u ðú;fha b;sß
ld,fha ;dmihl= f,i ðj;a úh'
vefïiia mdma;=udf.a ^Pope Damasus) b,a,Su mßÈ fu;=ud ls%'j' 386 § Y=oaO jQ
nhsn,h ,;ska NdIdjg l%udkql+,j mßj¾;kh lf<a h' j,af.aÜ ^Vulgate&
kñka y÷kajk fuu mßj¾;kh ksid fu;=udg iNd m`äjrfhl= f,i lS¾;s
kduhla ,nd .ekSug yelsúh' Bg wu;rj nhsn,h yeoEÍug WmldÍ jk .%ka:
lSmhla o fu;=ud úiska iïmdokh lf<ah'
oaú;Sh iïu; .%ka: yd cqfoõ ,sheú,s w;r iïnkaOh .ek f;areï .ekSug
m<uqfjka yelsjQfha fcfrdï ;=udg h' Y=oaOjQ ,sheú,s jYfhka ms<s.; hq;=
fmd;a fm< Canonical Books& úksYaph lsÍu i|yd ls%'j' 397 § ldf;aÊa uka;%K
iNdfõ§ fcfrdï ;=udf.a u`. fmkaùu yd odhl;ajh b;d m%fhdackj;a úh'
56
fcfrdï;=udf.a foaj O¾uh
fcfrdï ;=ud Tß.ka ;=udf.a lD;s ^De Principiis &jeks lD;s ,;ska NdIdjg
mßj¾;kh l< w;r tjeks wd.ñl f,aLlhska .ek f;dr;=re we;=<;a ,shú,a,la
o iïmdokh lf<ah' fuf,i ls%'j' 392 § muK tl, ðj;a jQ iNd fYa%IaGhskaf.a
ðú; l;d we;=,;a —úYsIag mqoa.,hskaf.a ðjk pß;˜ keue;s .%ka:h Tyq úiska
iNd b;sydihg fok ,o odhdohla f,i ie<fla' fmaÿre ;=ukaf.ka mgka
f.k ;ud olajd jQ iNdfõ kdhlhska /ilf.a ðjk pß; 135 la fuu
.%ka:fha wvx.= ù we;' miq l, idka;=jrhkaf.a pß; l:d ,sùug fu;=udf.a
fuu lD;sh mQ¾jdo¾Yhla ù we;'
tfiau ñ;Hd u;OdÍkag úreoaOj b;d fõ.j;a NdId ffY,hlskaa ,sms rpkd
lf<ah' fu;=ud Y=oaO jQ ,shú,a, lshùfuka yd th Ndjkd lsÍfuka ;ud ,enQ
w;aoelSï mdol fldg f.k úúO ,sms f,aLk ,shñka ;u ;dmi ðú;h .; l<
nj b;sydifha i|yka fõ ' ;dmihl= f,i Y=oaO jq foaYfha ;dmidrduhl b;d
ÿIalr ;mia Ôú;hla .; l< fcfrdï ;=ud l%s'j' 420 È tysu ñh .sfha h' úYaIag
nhsn,a úYdrohl= f,i j;auka iNdfõ o Tyq m%lgh'
wef,laiekaä%hdfõ isß,a ;=ud
Ôú; miqìu
- ls%'j' 376 § Bðma;=fõ § fu;=ud Wm; ,enqfõ h' fu;=ud wef,laiekaä%hdfõ
ro.=re;=ukaj isá ;ssfhda*s,i ;=ukaf.a nEKd úh' wef,laiekaä%hdfõ foajO¾uh
ms<sn| úoHd mSGfha bf.kqu ,enqfõ h'
- ls%'j 412 § ro.=re ;sfhda*s,ia ;=ukaf.a wNdjfhka miqj isß,a ;=ud
wef,laiekaä%hdfõ ro.=re OQrhg m;aúh'
- 5 jk ishjfia § fu;=ud b;d m%isoaO O¾udpd¾hjrfhlao úh' ''' foajNla;sh
we;s mdrïmßl ls;=kqjl= jQ fu;=ud ñ:Hd weoys,sj,go" jerÈ m%;sm;a;sj,go
úreoaOj igka lf<a h' fu;=udf.a m%Odk úreoaOjdÈhd jQfha fldkaia;kaks -
fkdam,fha ro.=rejQ fkiafgdaßhka yd Tyq wdrïN l< fkiafgdaßhka jdohhs'
- fkiafgdaßhka" taßhka bÈßm;al< fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia foaj mq;%hd fkdfõ hk fõo
fNaohg úreoaOj jdo lr" ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a foaj;ajh biau;= lr foaYkd lr"
wjidkfha fÊiqia jykafia ;=< foaj;ajh;a" ukqIH;ajh;a we;s nj;a" ußh ;=ó
ukqIH;ajh .;a fÊiqia jykafiaf.a uj muKla nj;a" foaj;ajhla we;s fÊiqia
jykafiaf.a uj fkdjk nj;a mjid isáfha h'
57
- fï fõofNaoh .ek fidhd ne,Sug tmSifha ls%'j' 431 § m<jk fi,ia;shka
mdma jykafia úiska /ialrk ,o c.;a uka;%K iNdfõ § Y=oaO jQ isß,a;=ud
fYa%IaG O¾udpd¾hjrhd f,i lghq;= lf<a h'
- fÊiqia jykafia foaj;ajh;a" ukqIH;ajh;a we;s ;eke;al= njo" ußh;=ó tla
iajNdjhla muKla we;s ;eke;a;l= ìysl<d fkdj" iajNdj folu we;s
;eke;a;l=j ìysl< nj o ußh ;=ñh we;a; jYfhka u foaj ud;dj njo tmSi
uka;%K iNdj m%ldYhg m;a lf<a h'
- Y=oaO jQ isß,a ;=ud ußhdjka foaj ud;djkah hk tmSi uka;%K iNdfõ ;SrKh
;yjqre lsÍug b;d fjfyij lghq;= lr " ÿIalr;djkago uqyqK ÿkafka h'
- Y=oaOjQ ;s%;ajh .ek;a" fÊiqia jykfiaf.a iajNdj .ek;a ls;=kqjkag myod
foñka" foaj O¾uh foaYkd lsÍfï jeä odhl;ajhla oerefõ h' ta;=ud ls%'j 444
§ iaj¾.ia: úh'
Y=oaOjQ isß,a;=ud ,shQ ,sms f,aLk
- fu;=udf.a idys;H lD;s j¾. folls'
= ls%'j' 428 olajd fu;=udf.a lD;S" Y=oaO nhsn,Sh újrK" taßhka fõofNaohg
úreoaOj újdo wdÈh úh'
- miqj ,shejqKq lD;S fkiafgdaßhka fõofNaohg úreoaOj ,shQ tajdh'
- t;=ud ,shQ Y=oaOd;auhdKka yd i;Hh ;=< jkaokdj f.!rjh hk .%ka:h mxp
mqia;lh .ek meyeÈ,s újrKhla úh' fuh Y=oaO jQ isß,a ;=ud iy ne,aáhqia
w;r we;sjk ixjdohla f,i ieliS we;'
- Y=oaO jQ ;s%;ajh ms<sn|j ,shq lD;sh" taßhka fõofNaoh úu¾IKh lr th jerÈ
nj ;yjqre lrhs'
- fkiafgdaßhkag úreoaO ,shQ — mßpfþo m; hk .%ka:h fkiafgdaßhka m%ldYhg
m;al< foaaYkdj, iuia:h úu¾YKh lr tys we;s jerÈ fmkajd fohs'
wf.dia;Skq uqks;=ud ^ls%'j' 354 - 430&
Ôú; miqìu
ls;=kq iNd b;sydifha úYsIag;u iNdmshd f,i ie<flk Y=oaOjQ w.=ia;SkQ
uqks;=ud W;=re wms%ldfõ ;.iaf;a kue;s .%dufha ls%'j' 354 fkdjeïn¾ ui 13
jk Èk Wm; ,enqfõh' Tyqf.a mshd meÜà%Ishia o"uj fudksld o jQy' ;u
úYajdih yd ls;=kq idlaIs oeÍu ksidu ;u uj jk fudksld ;=ñhj Y=oaOjka;shla
f,i iNdud;djf.a f.!rjhg md;%h jkafkah' Tyqf.a uj ls%ia;= Nla;sfhl=
jqj;a mshd wkHd.ñlfhla úh' Tyq frdau wêrdcHfha fiajh lf<a h' ;.iaf;a
msysáfha W;=re wms%ldfõ kqfïähd kue;s frdau wêrdcH m%foaYfha" tkï
58
j¾;udkfha we,aðßhdj hk m%foaYfha h' frdau ixialD;sh fuu m%foaYfha b;d
oeä f,i uq,anei f.k ;snQ ksidu tys Ôj;a jQ fndfyda ck;djf.a uõ
NdIdj;a" wOHdmk udOH fukau rdcH NdIdj,ska ,;ska NdIdj úh'
frdaufha fldkaia;ka;SkQ wêrdcHhdf.ka miqj ls;=kq wd.u frdau wêrdcHfha
wd.u jqjo b;d úYd, jQ neúka tys mßmd,kh lghq;= miqlr .ekSug wêrdcH
fldgia follg fnod mS,kh lsÍu ksid tys rdcH NdId folla úh' tkï
wms%ldj we;=¿ ngysr hqfrdamh frdauh uQ,ia:dkh lrf.k md,kh jQ w;r tys
uQ,sl NdIdj .S%l NdIdj úh' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i iNd b;sydih ;=< .S%l yd
,;ska jYfhka iNdmshjreka fofldgila ìysúh' fï wkqj Y=oaOjQ wf.dia;Skq
uqks;=ud ,;ska iNd mshjreka w;r fY%aIaG;u ;eke;a;d f,i iNd b;sydifha
i|yka fõ'
Y=oaOjQ wf.dia;skQ ;=ud Ôj;a jQfha merKs frdau wêrdcH mßydksh lrd hñka
;snQ hq.hlh' úfYafIfhka f.d;a" úisf.d;a" yka yd jekav,a kue;s oreKq
wdl%ñlhka frdau wêrdcHh úkdYldÍ uqLh lrd f.khñka mej;sfha fuu
ld,fha§h' Tjqyq bmerKs frdau wêrdcHfha meú; fi!Nd.h" Wiia ixialD;sh
yd wOHdmksl ÈhqKqj l%ula l%ufhka úkdYhg m;alrñka frdau wêrdcHh ;u
.%yKhg k;=lr .ksñka isáhy' ls%'j' 410 wf.daia;= ui 24 jk Èk we,ßla kï
jQ úisf.d;a f.da;% kdhlhd hgf;a isÿ l< wdl%uKsl m%ydrfhka fya;=fjka oi
ishjila muK b;du;a Yla;su;aj frdau k.rh wdrlaId l< frdau m%dldrh
lvd ì| jegqKs' fuu hq.h frdau wêrdcHhg fuh b;du;a w\qre hq.hla fjhs'
ls%' j' 43 § Y=oaO jQ wf.dia;Skq uqks;=ud ñh hk úg Tyq Ôj;ajQ W;=re wms%ldfõ
ysmafma k.rh;a b;d oreKq jekav,a f.da;s%lhkag hg;aj ;snqKd nj b;sydifha
i|ykafõ'
Y=oaOjQ wf.dia;skQ uqks;=ud ;u fh!jk ld,h b;d ieye,a¨fjka .; lf<ah'
Tyqg Wiia wOHdmkhla ,nd§u ;u foudmshkaf.a wNsm%dh úh' ;uka i;=jq
iyc olaI;djka yd wd;au Yla;sh ;u ñ;=rka w;r lemSfmfkkag Tyqg u`.
ie<iqfõh' oaú;Sh wOHdmkh b;d id¾:lj yeoErE Tyq ,;ska NdIdjg"
idys;Hhg yd b;sydihg b;d ,eÈhdjla oelajQfhah' tkuq;a Tyq .S%l NdIdjg
t;rï ,eÈlula fkdoelajQ nj Tyq úiska lsisu ,sheú,a,la .S%l NdIdfjka
fkd,sheù ;sîfuka .uH fõ'
l,a h;au mdie,a Ôú;hg ;snQ we,au áflka áflka wvqjkakg úh' mdie,a
Ôú;hg jvd ;u ñ;=rka iu. uerlï lsÍug mjd fm<UqKq nj o i|yka fõ'
<oreúh yd <ud ld,h wjikaj ;reK úhg md ;enQ Y=oaO jQ wf.dia;Skq
59
uqks;=udg ðú; .eg¨ yd ;uka yiqrejd.ekSfï wmyiq;djhla o úh' wjqreÿ
oyih muK úfha § Tyqg Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd úh yshoï lsÍug ;u
foudmshkag fkdyels jQfhka oú;Sh wOHdmkh wjika lr jirlska muK
miqj frdúkahdkia kue;s ;Hd.YS,S Okj;a ;eke;a;df.a wdOdrfhka Y=oaO jQ
wf.dia;Skq uqks;=udg Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd frdau wêrdcHh ;=< wms%ldfõ
tjlg meje;s w.kqjr jQ ld¾f;aÊ k.rh lrd hdug yelsúh' ld¾f;aÊ hkq
úúO ixialD;Ska tlg leá jQ" W.;=ka yd nqoaêu;=ka Ôj;a jQ iemiï;ska msreKq"
úfkdaoldó" ðú; rgdjla mej;=Kq yd jdksclrKhg b;d oeä f,i yiqj
meje;s k.rhls' fuys§ ;u f.or w;a fkdÿgq ksoyila Tyq w;a olskakg úh'
Y=oaO jQ wf.dia;skQ ;=udf.a <ore yd ;reK úh ms<sn| fndfyda lreKq ldrKd
wmg t;=uka úiskau rÑ; — mdfmdÉpdrKh˜ (The Confessioìn) hk
mqrdjD;dka;fhys yuqfõ' fm%au lsÍug;a fma%u lrkq ,eîug;a Tyq uy;a fia
reÑhla oelajQ njo tys i|ykafõ' Tyqf.a ;reK úfha§u Tyq wjxlj fm%au l<
ks;Hdkql+, fkdjk ìß|g odj ìysjQ mqf;la Tyqg isáfhah' Tyqf.a ku —
wfvfhdvdgia jQ w;r tys w¾:h kï foúhka jykafia úiska fok ,o ;eke;a;d
hkak úh' fuf,i idrdkqrd.S Ôú;hla .; l< o wka YsIHhkag jvd Wiia
wkaoñka kS;s úoHd,fhys ;u wOHdmk lghq;= lrf.k .sfha h' Tyq tys YsIH
kdhlhdo úh'
Y=oaO jQ wf.dia;skQ ;=ud ;u Wiia wOHdmkh hgf;a kS;sh yodrk ld,fha
;¾l Ydia;%hg" lÓl Ydia;%hg yd o¾Ykhg jeä wjOdkhla ÿkafkah' isifrdaf.a
fyda¾fgkaiia keue;s od¾Yksl .%ka:fha wdNdIdfhka o¾Ykjdohg we¨ï
lrkakg mgka .;a w.=ia;Skq ;=ud isifrdaf.a is;=ú,sj,ska maf,dàkia flfrys
o" miqj maf,afgda flfrys o we¨ï lrkakg úh' tla;rd wjia:djl fndfyda
ls;=kqjka veye.;a uekslshka jdohg o fu;=ud we§ .sfha h' thska ;ud fidhk
i;H tys fkd;snqK ksid;a iuyr m%Yakj,g fijQ ms<s;=re yuq fkdjQ ksid;a
miqj uekslshka jdoh m%;slafIam lf<ah' fuu ish¨u ls%hdoduhkaf.a wjidkfha
f,!lsl ish,a, .ek l<lsÍ fujeks ks.ukhlg msúisfhah' — foúhka"
Tnjykafia wm ueõfõ Tn jykafia i|yd h' tneúka Tnjykafia ;=< ie;fmk
;=re wmg ienE iykhla fkdjkafkauh'
Y=oaOjQ wf.dia;skQ uqks;=ud yg jhi wjqreÿ oy wgla jQ ld,fha § Tyqf.a mshd
ñhhdu ksid t;=udf.a wOHdmk lghq;= i|yd wjYH úh yshoï ;u uj jQ
fudksld ;=ñ úiska isÿ lrk ,§' ls%'j' 376 § Wmdêh ysñlr.;a fu;=uka yg
ld¾f;aÊ Wiia wOHdmk Ydia;% Yd,dfõu wdpd¾h ;k;=rla o ysñ úh' miqj
;udf.au Ydia;% Yd,djla wdrïN lsÍfï wruqK we;sj ls%'j' 383 È frdaufhka
msgj .sfhah' tu W;aidyh wid¾:l ùu fya;=fjka jirlg miqj frdaufha
60
ms<s.;a mqoa.,fhl=f.a wkque;sh we;sj b;d,sfha ñ,dka kqjr lÓl Ydia;%h yd
;¾l Ydia;%h b.ekaùug wjia:djla ,nd.;af;ah' fu;=ud ñ,dkfha isá ld,fha
§ ;u uj jQ fudksld ;=ñ Tyq fidhd meñKsfha h' ñ,dkfha§ wïfn%daia keue;s
úYdro ro.=re;=udf.a foaYkhg ijka ÿka Y=oaO jQ wf.dia;skQ ;=ud ;u Ôú;fha
mßj¾;khlg wä;d,ï oeïfïh' ;u ks;Hdkql+, fkdjQ ìß| j wms%ldjg
msg;a lr yeßfhah' Tyqg .e<fmk " ks;Hdkql+, újdyhla lr.ekSug ;u
ujf.ka fhdackd wdjo Tyqf.a wiykldÍ yDo idlaIsh Tyqg ysßyer lrkakg
úh' wjidkfha § újdyh;a wka ish¨ foh;a w;a yer Ydia;% OQrfhka o wiaù
Ndjkd fhda.Sj l,a.; lr ls%'j' 387 mdial= breÈk wïfn%daia ro.=re;=ud w;ska
m%ido iakdmkh ,nd .;af;ah' fuu wjia:dj i|yd ;u uj o mq;d jQ
wfvfhdvdgia o iyNd.S jQ w;r ;u mq;d o fuu wjia:dfõu m%ido iakdmkh
,enQ nj o i|yka fõ' bkamiq wms%ldfõ ;u Wmka .u jQ ;.ia;hg msg;aj
hkakg isá fudfydf;a È ;u uj ñh .shdh' bka jirlska miq ;u mq;d iu.
;u Wmka .ug meñKs fudfydf;a § yÈisfhau ;u mq;d o ñh .sfha h'
jir ;=lla f.ù .sh miq mQcljrho" ls%'j' 395 § ysmafmdyS ro.=re moúh o ,enQ
Y=oaO jQ wf.dia;skQ ;=ud f,!lsl yd wd;añl jYfhka ch.%yKhla ysñlr
.;af;ah' mjg keuqKq is;" whym;a mßirh" lduhg f,d,ajQ ðú; meje;au"
W.;alu yd ;SlaIK nqoaêh" fkdikais÷Kq nqoaêuh úuiSu yd foaj wkq.%yh
w;r we;sjQ .egqïldÍ ;;a;ajh hk úúOdldÍ ðú; wr., fndfydauhla
wjidkfha § foúhka jykafiaf.a jrñka ch .kakg Tyqg yelsúh'
mQcl;=ul= yd ro.=re;=ul= f,i Tyqg mejreKq nyq, mßmd,k lghq;= ueo mjd
od¾Yksl yd foaj Od¾ñl ;¾l ú;¾lj, yd f,aLkdlrKfha Tyq fhÿk nj
;u ,shú,sj,ska .uH fõ' ysmafmda k.rfha tjlg ro.=rej isá uy¨ jf,aßhia
;=udf.a ;ekg m;alr .ekSug iqÿiq mQcl;=ul= fidhñka ta .ek ;u ck;dj
iu`. l;d lrñka tys isá mQcljrhj;a fkd,;a .sysfhl= Y=oaOjQ wf.dia;skQ
;=udj ta i|yd iqÿiq nj /iaj isá ish,af,dau wkqu; l<y' tys m%Óm,hla f,i
b;d flá ld,hla ;=< m<uqj mQcljrh;a miqj ro.=re moúh Tyq ,enqfõh'
;udg mejreKq ish¿u ld¾hhka fkdmsßfy,d bgq lsÍug Tyq iEu m%h;akhlau
oerefõh' wjidk ld,fha § mejeÈ wdrdujdiS Ôú;hla je<|.;a t;=ud ;dmi
Ôú;h yd Ndjkd l%u ms<sn| fmd;a 113 la o" wkqYdikd ,sms 218 la yd foaYkd
500 la muK o iïmdokh lr we;af;ah' Y=oaO jQ wf.dia;skQ ;=udf.a f,aLklrKh
;=< úYaj idys;Hhg ysñlï lshk" mdfmdÉpdrKh Y=oO jQ ;s%;ajh ms<sn|
foajOd¾ñl .%ka:h yd foaj k.rh hk frdauh b;sydifha hï hï lreKq mdol
fldgf.k ,shejqKq lD;sh o iqúfYaIs ia:dkhla .kS'
61
Tß.ka ;=ud ^ls%'j 185 - 253&
ðú; miqìu
Tß.ka ;=ud ls%'j 185 § muK tÔma;=fõ we,elaiekaä%hdj kï ia:dkfha §
ls;=kq mjq,lg odj Wm; ,eîh' wef,laiekaä%hdkq .=re l=,fha m%Odkshd jYfhka
b;sydifha Tyqj kï lr we;' kuq;a miq lf,l§ Tyq l=uk .=re l=,hlg wh;a
oehs iel my, ù we;'
Tyqf.a ld, mßÉfþoh jljdkq 03lg fjka lr we;'
ls%'j' 203-215 olajd wef,laiekaä%hdfõ ðj;ajQ ld,h ^212 È frdaufha &
ls%'j 215-231 Tyqf.a mQcl m;aùu yd wdishd lrfha ðj;ajQ ld,h 215 È wrdìlrfha
216 § m,ia;Skfha&
ls%'j 231 - 253 Tyqf.a m,ia;Skfha ixpdrh 231 § äfuá%hia Demetrius &ro.=re
;=ud úiska iNdfjka fkrmSfuka wk;=rej&
Tß.ka ;=udf.a m%Odk .%ka:
- fylaiaima,d Hexapla& .%ka:h' fuh Y=oaO jQ ,shú,af,a újrKh yd úpdrKh
ms<sn| ,shejqK m%Odk;u .%ka:hhs'
- fi,aiiag úreoaOj ,shQ .%ka:h ^Aganist Celsus/ Contra Celsum & fuh
fi,aiia keue;s ñ;Hd,íêl o¾YkjdÈhdf.a ^True Discourse& keue;s
.%ka:hg tfrysj ,shk ,o wefmdf,dðia; .%ka:hhs'
- m%Odk uQ,O¾u ms<sn| .%ka:h ^De Principiits &fuh wd.ñl isoaOdka;hla
ms<sn| w;a fmd;ls' foúhka jykafia " úYajh" ñksia ksoyi yd foaj wkdjrKh
jeks ls;=kq wd.ñl isoaOdka; ms<sn| .eUqre o¾Ykhla fï u.ska ,ndfohs'
Tß.ka ;=udf.a foaj Od¾ñl b.ekaùï
iNd b;sydih ;=< fudyq b;du m%isoaêhla Wiq,hs' Y='nhsn,h ms<sn| uQ,sl foaj
O¾udpd¾hjrhl= f,i iNd b;sydifha kï lrhs' fyfn%õ" .S%la jeks NdIda
.ek Tyqg yi< nqoaêhla ;snqKs' Tßckag wkqj nhsn,Sh újrKfha § l%u fõo
;=kla Ndú;d l< yels h'
- jpkd¾:fhka nhsn,h újrKh lsÍu (Literal)
- ufkdaúoHd;aul l%uhg nhsn,h újrKh lsÍu (Psychological)
- wdOHd;añl ke;fyd;a we,f.dßl,a l%uhg nhsn,h újrKh lsÍu (Spritual
or Allegorical)
62
g¾gQ,shka ;=ud ^ls%'j 160-220&
Ôú; miqìu
W;=re wms%ldfõ ldf;aÊ Carthage& k.rfha Okj;a mjq,l ls%'j' 160 § g¾gQ,shka
;=ud Wm; ,eîh' ;u foudmshkaf.a Okj;alu ksidu Tyqf.a <ud úfha isgu
Tyq fyd| wOHdmkhla ,eîh' .S%l yd ,;ska idys;Hh ms<sn|j .eUqre wOHhkhla
,enQ fu;=udg ,;ska NdIdfjka fmd;a m;a ,shd ;u woyia m%ldY lsÍug ukd
yelshdjla ;snqKs' jD;a;sfhka kS;s{fhla jQ fu;=ud ál ld,hla frdaufhao
Ôj;a úh' tu ld, jljkdkqfõ § Tyq ls;= oyu je<o.;a nj;a bka miqj t;=ud
ldf;aÊ k.rfha jdih i|yd .sh nj;a b;sydifha i|yka fõ'
m%Odk b.ekaùï
tjlg W;=re wms%ldjgo n,mE ls;=kq wd.ï mSvkh ksid ls;=kq ne;su;=kag
fkdfhl=;a ysßyer ú£ug isÿù we;' fuu oreKq mSvk isheiskau ÿgq g¾gQ,shka
;=ud wysxil ls;=kqjkag mSvd lsÍu .ek frdau md,lhskag fodia mjrñka
f,aLk ksl=;a lf<a h' wkHd.ï b;d iQlaIu f,i ú.%y lrñka tajdfha
wvqmdvqlï fmkajd ÿkafkah' tfiau ls;= oyu wfkl=;a ish¨ wd.ïj,g jvd
b;d Wiia njo Tyq m%ldY lf<a h' Tyq úiska ,shk ,o wefmdf,dfcál=ia
^Apologeticus& hk .%ka:h ;=< fuu lreKq b;d meyeÈ,s f,i wvx.= ù we;'
ls;=kqjka uqyqKmE mSvkh úia;r lrñka — m%dKmß;Hd.skaf.a f,a ls;=kqjka
ìysjk îc fõ˜ hk w.kd lshuk bÈßm;a lf<a fu;=udh' fuu lshufka
i;H;j frdau wd.ï mSvkj,g miqj we;sjQ iNd jHdma;sh ;=<ska ukd f,i
meyeÈ<s fõ'
bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh-
mshjr 1- m%Odk uka;%K iNdjk khsiSk" fldkafia;kaksfkdam,a" tmSi yd le,aisfvdkaa
hk iNd .ek idlÉPd lrkak'
mshjr 2- iNd mshjrek ms<sn|j újdod;aul f,i l;sldj;la f.dv k`.kak'
uq,dY% -
w;s.re fÊ wef,laia m%kdkaÿ udysñ" w'fmd'i'Wiia fm, úNd.hg kshñ;
kQ;k lf;da,sl iNdj" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U 10' 1970 iy
2008
- uydpd¾h Ô' mS' ù fidaur;ak" ls%ia;= Ydikfha m%:u mshjre
- Thomas p. General Councils of the Church St. þul's Press. Bombay, 1993
63
ksmqK;dj 6'0 ( hq.fhka hq.hg jQ iNd jHdma;sh y|qkd .ksñka
j¾;udk iNdfõ Wkak;sh Wfoid lemfjhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'3 ( hqfrdamh ;=< iNdj uq,a nei.;a wdldrh ms<sn|ft;sydisl lreKq yodrhs
ld,Éfþo ( ld,ÉfPo 20
bf.kqï M, (
² uq,a Y;j¾Ij, hqfrdamh ;=< iNdj jHdma; jQ wdldrh yodrhs'
² uOH;k hq.h ;=< isÿ jQ úfYaI isoaëka ksßlaIKh lrhs'
² b;sydih ;=< iNdfõ jeàï yd ke.sàï uq,slj úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr oSug w;aje,la (
6'3'1 hqfrdamfha ls;=kq iNd jHdma;sh
miajk ishji ;=< ls;=kq iNdj (
weoys,a, yd kj foaYmd,k l%ufha n,mEï
miajk ishjfia È wêrdcHfha md,k lghq;= foaYmd,kuh jYfhka kef.kysr
yd ngysr jYfhka folvùu wdrïN úh' wêrdcHfha kef.kysr fldgi .S%l
NdIdjg uq,a;ek ÿka w;r ngysr fldgfia uQ,sl NdIdj ,;ska úh' we,ßlaf.a
kdhl;ajh hgf;a ls%'j 410 § úisf;A kue;s f.da;s%lhska frdauh úkdY lsÍu
ngysr wêrdcHhg ;oska n,mdkakg úh' Bg wu;rj jekav,a yd ykai hk
f.da;%o ngysr wêrdcHfha úúO m%foaYj, n,h w,a,d .;ay' wjidkfha È §
ls%'j 476 muK jk úg uq¿ ngysr wêrdcHfha úúO m%foaYj, n,h w,a,d
.;ay' ls%' j' 476 muK jk úg uq¿ ngysr wêrdcHhu fuu f.da;s%lhkaf.a
md,k n,hg hg;a úh' frdaufha we;sjq foaYmd,k wia:djrnj ls;=kq ðú;hg
n,mEï t,a, lsÍu ksid tjlg isá mdma;=uka,d yd ro.=re;=uka,d ls;=kqjka
ke;fyd;a foúhka jykafiaf.a ck;dj YdÍßlj yd wdOHd;añlj fmdaIKh
lsÍug " u`. fmkaùug yd wdrlaId lsÍug W;aiy .;ay' fuu ls;=kq kdhlhka
w;r m<uqjk ,sfhda mdma;=ud ^ls%'j 440- 461& b;d jeo.;a ;ekla .kS' t;=ud
weÜá,a,d kue;s yka f.da;%sl kdhlhdf.a myr§ïj,ska frdauh wdrlaId l<
w;r ;j;a úfgl fcfkfißla kue;s jekav,a f.da;s%l kdhlhdj frdauh
úkdY fkdlr tys n,h w,a,d .ekSug fufyhúh' fuu ish¨ isÿùï w;r
ls%'j' yhjk iy y;ajk ishji muK jk úg taßhkajd§ weoys,slrejka i;Hh
lf;da,sl weoys,a, lrd f.k taug ls;=kqjka yg yelshdj ,eì ;sîu iqn
jokla úh' Y=oaOjQ iNd ud;dj fï wdldrfhka ;ukaj hg;a lr.;a whj is;a
yeÍu ;=< ;u weoys,a,g yrjd .ekSu u.ska hg;a lr.;a nj b;sydih i|yka
lrhs'
64
ms,dðhdkqjdoh
fvdkáiajdohg miq ngysr ls;=kq iNdfõ foaj O¾uhg oeä ;¾ckhlaj mej;sfha
fm,dðhkajdohhs' ie<lsh hq;= ld,hla mqrd mej;s fuu fõofNa§ n,mEu ls%'j'
412 § foaYmd,k ueÈy;alulska iNdjg ch .kakg yelsúh' fm,dðhia kue;s
ì%;dkH cd;sl ;dmi;=ud ;u jdoh ;=< ñksidf.a ukqIH iajNdjh cïu mdmh
u.ska úkdYù we;ehs hk u;h ;rfha m%;slafIam l< w;r ukqIHdg mdmfhka
ñ§ .e,ùu w;alr .ekSug foaj jrm%idoh yd wkq.%yh wjYH fkdjk nj;a
ukqIHdg ls%ia;=ka jykafia fuka hym;a csú;hla .;lsßu u.ska .e,ùu w;alr
.ekSug yelshdj we;snj;a ;u b.ekaùï j,§ fm,dðhia bÈßm;a lf<a h'
Tyqf.a u;hg wkqj .e,ùu foaj jrm%idofhka f;drj ukqIHdf.a W;aidyfhka
muK ,nd .;yels fohla ùu ksid ngysr ls;=kq iNdj úiska fm,dðhiaf.a
u;h ;rfha fy<dolakd ,§' fm,dðhiag úreoaOj lghq;= l< wh w;r w.=ia;Skq
;=ud uQ,sl ;ekla .kS' Tyq fm,dðhiaf.a u;h ;rfha m%;slafIam lrñka .e,ùu
fndfydafia r|d mj;afka foaj jrm%idoh u; nj;a ukqIHdg ta i|yd l< yels
foa b;du;a iaj,am nj;a m%ldY lf<a h' wf.dia;Skq ;=udf.a u;hg wkqj
.e,ùfï ls%hdj,sh ;=< we;s ukqIHdf.a iyNd.slu iq`t fldg oelaùu ksid
ls%'j' 529 § Tf¾kaÊyS mej;s fojk uka;%K iNdj u.ska wf.dia;Skq ;=udf.a
u;h ixfYdaOkhlg ,lafldg .e,ùu i|yd foaj jrm%idoh wksjd¾h jk
kuq;a foaj jrm%idoh ms<s.ekSfï § ukqIHHd oelaúh hq;= wkq.%yh o wjYH nj
myod ÿkafkah'
fmrÈ. iNd
kef.kysr m%foaYfha .sys mejos jYfhka jeä mr;rhla fkdjq w;r iNdj yd
rch w;r o t;rï ÿria:Ndjhla fkdmej;=Ks' fndfyda wêrdcHjd§yq
foajO¾ufõ§ka yd iNd md,lhka f,i fuu ld,fha § ls%hd lf<dah' Tjqyq
iNdjg u.fmkajq w;r ro.=rejreka kï lsÍu yd Tjqkaj fkrmd oeóu mjd
isÿl<y' iNdj yd rch w;r mej;s fuu b;d oeä ne£u uqia,sïjrekaf.a
wdl%uK olajdu kef.ysr wêrdcHh ;=< mej;=Ks'
kef.kysr iNdfõ ke;fyd;a ìika;Sk iNdfõ ls;=kqjka b;d ;;a;ajfhka
Wiia yd f;areï iys; kuialdr ms<sfj;a l%u jeä ÈhqKq lr.;a w;r tu
ms<sfj;a l%u wo olajdu mj;S' tu ms<sfj;a ;=< úYajdih ms<sn| foaj wNsryiaj,
Y=oaOjQ Ndjhg b;d jeä wjOdkhla fhduqlr we;' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka
Tjqkaf.a ckjkaokd W;aij yd j;a ms<sfj;a oel=ïl¿ f,i kdgHuh iajrEmhla
.kS' Tjqyq ;ukagu wdfõksl jQ ckjkaokd j;ams<sfj;a y÷kajd ÿkay' fï w;r
fcdaka ls%fidiagï ;=udf.a ckjkaokd ms<sfj; b;d jeo.;a ;ekla .kakd w;r
th ngysr ke;fyd;a ,;ska iNdfõ tjlg mej;s ckjkaokd l%uj,g jvd
65
fjkia iajrEmhla .;af;ah' kef.kysr iNdjo foaj ud;djkag" idka;=jrhkag
yd Y=oaOjQ Od;+kag oeä Nla;shla yd jkaokd mQ¾jl f.!rjhla oelaúh'
ihjk ishji ;=< ls;=kq iNdj
kj hq.hl wdrïNh
fuu hq.h ;=< frdau wêrdcHh y iNdj úúO wia:djr;djkag uqyqK ÿkafkah'
ihjk ishjk uq,a Nd.fha È úúO fya;+ ksid iNdj ;=< mej;s foajOd¾ñl yd
wdOHd;añl kfjdaofha hq.hg ke;fyd;a iNdmshjrekaf.a hq.hg kej;Sfï
;s; jefgkakg úh' wêrdcHfha ngysr fldgi W;=re" ol=Kq yd kef.kysr
foiska meñKs wdl%uKsl f.da;%hskaf.ka fíÍug f,dl= igkl kshe,S isáfhah'
idudkHfhka iqrlaIs;j mej;s wêrdcHfha kef.kysr fldgi uqia,sï wdl%uK
ksid wia:djrNdjhg uqyqK ÿkafkah'
ngysr wêrdcHh ;=< taßhkajd§ka u¾okh lrñka Tjqkaj ls;=kq O¾uhg yrjd
.ekSfï ls%hdj,sh wdrïNùu;a iu. úúO f.da;s%lhka úiska hg;a lrf.k isá
ngysr rdcOdkSka Tjqkaf.ka .s<sfykakg úh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i ls%'j' 532 §
n¾.=kaähka f.da;%sl rdcOdksho" ls%'j' 533 § jekav,a f.da;s%l rdcOdksho ls%'j
553 § Tiaf;%df.d;a f.da;s%l rdcOdksho ì| jegqKs' óg wu;rj ls%'j' 496 §
laf,dúia keue;s *%ekala f.da;s%l rcq ls;=kq oyug yereKq w;r Tyq tjlg
meje;s ngysr iNdjg fndfydafia iyh oelaúh ls%'j' 529 § b;d,sfha fudkafg
liSfkda hk ia:dkfha Y=oaOjQ fnkÈla ;=uka msysgjQ ;dmh ix>h ksid hqfrdamfha
mej;s iajrEmh hym;a f,i fjkia lsÍug th WmldÍ úh' hdÉ[dj yd lh
fjfyid jevlsÍu hk m%;sm;a;sh ;=< ls%hd;aul jQ ;dmidrdu frdau yd ngysr
ixialD;sh /l.ekSfï yd iqn wiak me;srùfï uQ,sl uOHia:dk njg m;aúh'
m<uqjk f.%.ß ke;fyd;a uyd f.%.ß mdma;=ud hgf;a fnkosldk ksldfha
;dmijre b;d m%n, O¾u¥;jre jQy' Tjqyq ls;=kq úYajdifha mKsjqvlrefjdaao"
ngysr ixialD;sfha wdrlaIljre yd YsIagdpdr ðú; l%u y÷kajd fokafkdaoa
jQy' wOHdmkh i|yd Tjqkaf.ka isÿjQ fufyh tx.,ka;fha we;s b;d iqúfYaIS
úYajúoHd, jk Tlaia*¾â yd flaïì%Ê jeks wOHdmk ia:dk j,ska isÿjQ fiajhg;a
jvd jeä nj b;sydih mjihs'
fnkosldk ksldhg fmr Y=oaOjQ meÜá%la ;=ud ls%'j 461& wh¾,ka;h ;=< ls;=kq
O¾uh m%pdrh l< w;r oeä ;dmi Ôú; l%uhla o y÷kajd ÿkafkah' Y=oaO jQ
fld¨ïnd keue;s wh¾,ka; cd;sl ;dmi;=ud úiska fi,aála ;dmidrduh
iafldÜ,ka;fha bfhdakd hk ia:dkfha § ls%'j' 563 § wdrïN lrk ,§' fïjdfha
m%;sM,hla f,i ihjk ishjfia § ì%;dkH ¥m;a ;=< fndfyda fokd ls;=kq oyu
je<|.;ay' fuu ishjfia wjidkh iNd b;sydifha uOH;k hq.fha wdrïNh
f,i ie<fla'
66
y;ajk ishji ;=< ls;=kq iNdj
rdcH iy iNdj
fojk ishjia y; is;ayeÍï ksid kj ls;=kqjka iNdjg úYd, jYfhka tl;=jq
hq.hla úh' kuq;a fuu ld,fha § iNdj yd rch w;r wr.,o we;sjq nj i|yka
fõ' iNdj iy wêrdcHh w;r mej;s b;d lsÜgq iïnkaO;djfha m%;sM,hla
f,i ls;=kq rdcHhla ^Christendom& we;s jkakg úh' fuys§ iNdj yd rch
w;r iïuq;shla we;súh' tu.ska fndfyda jdisodhl ;;a;aj iNdjg Wodjq w;ru
hï hï wksis n,mEï ksid mdma;=uka,d yd wêrdcjreka w;r .egqï o we;súh'
úfYaIfhkau wêrdcHjd§ka iNd mßmd,khg we;s l< wksis n,mEï fuu
.egqïj,g fya;=úh' WodyrKhla f,i iNd kdhlhka m;a lsÍu yd iNdfjka
mylsÍu hï hï wjia:dj,§ wêrdcjreka leu;s wdldrfhka isÿùu yd
wêrdcHhg úreoaOj meje;s hqoaO i|yd iNdfõ iyfhda.h ieuúgu
n,dfmdfrd;a;=ùu i|yka l< yelsh rch iNdj ;=< wêldß n,hlska lghq;=
lsÍu&' fuu ld,fha § ngysr frdaudkq lf;da,sl iNdj yd kef.kysr ;fvdlaia
iNd w;r o .egqï we;súh' iNdfõ kshu i;H ks, b.ekaùï j,g úreoaOj
fõofNa§ b.ekaùï o ysi Tijkakg úh'
l,dj yd wdOHd;añl;ajh
ta yd iu.dój b;d Wiia ÈhqKqjla uOH;k hq.fha we;sùu fkdryils' b;d
m%n, ls;=kq idka;=jrhka yd W.;=ka ìysjq ld,hls' ls;=kq ixialD;sh ls;=kq
l,dfõ " idys;Hfha" jdia;= úoHdfõ yd foajO¾ufha we;sjQ ÈhqKqfõ wdNdIfhka
fmdaIKh úh' kj meúÈ ksldh ìysjq w;r mej;s merKs mejÈ mx;s yd ksldha
m%;sixialrKh úh' th iNdjg kj ðú;hla f.k fokakg úh' úfgl fuu
hq.h ;=< iNdfõ ì|jeàula we;s jqjo foaj wkq.%yfhka tajd ch.kakg iNdjg
yelsúh' foaYmd,k n,fõ. iNdjg hqfrdamfhka msg; O¾u¥; lghq;= i|yd
iSud udhsï meñfKõjo hqfrdamh ;=< ls;=kq iNdj Yla;su;a lsÍfuys,d th
wjia:djla úh' uqia,sïjrekaf.a wdl%uK yuqfõ ;kshu ls;=kq weoys,a,
wdrlaIdlr .ekSug kef.kysr iNdjgo wjia:djla Wodúh'
wgjk ishji ;=< ls;=kq iNdj
O¾u¥; fiajdj
wgjk ishji ;=<o úúO f.da;s%l ck;djf.a is;ayeÍfï ld¾hh ;jÿrg;a
Èh;aúh' ls%'j' 723-739 hk ld,fha § fnkÈldk ksldhg wh;a bx.%Sis cd;sl
meúÈjrhl=jQ úka*s%â ke;fyd;a miqlf,l c¾uksfha wfmdaia;=¨jrhd f,i
kï ,;a Y=oaOjQ fndks*ia;=udf.ka isÿjq m%d;sy¾hd;aul ls%hd fndfyda fofkl=f.a
is;ayeÍug fya;= úh' ^foújrekaf.a jdiia:dkhla f,i ie,l+ b;d úYd,
.ila ;u foajia:dkh iE§u i|yd lemSfï§ tu foújrekaf.ka lsisu wk;=rla
67
isÿ fkdùu&' t;=ud hqfrdamfha ls;=kq weoys,a," mdma;=udf.a u`. fmkaùu hgf;a
f.dvk`.d ñh .sfhah'
wOHdmk fiajdj
uyd pd¾,ia rc;=ud wOHdmk ;;a;ajh ÈhqKq lsßug fjfyiúh' fï i|yd Tyq
;u f,alïjrhd jQ bx.S%is cd;sl ;dmi w,al=hskaf.a (Alcuin& kdhl;ajh
hgf;a nqoaêu;=ka msßila Tyqf.a rcud,s.djg tla /ia lf<ah' ;u ;ukaf.a
wdik foõueÿrg hdnoj mdie,la wdrïN lrk f,i iEu ro.=rejrhl=gu
rc;=ud wK lf<ah' kuq;a Tyqf.a urKska miq pd¾,aia wêrdcHfha folv ùu
ksid wOHdmkh k`.d,Sug Tyq .;a mshjr ì| jeàulg ,laúh' ;dmidrdu j,
yer hqfrdamh mqrd nqoaêuh mßydkshla yd wd;añl mßydkshla we;súh'
kjjk ishji ;=< ls;=kq iNdj
ngysr wêrdchdf.a lvdjeàu
fï ld, jljdkqj jk úg ndysr iy wNHka;r n,mEï yd kef.kysßka
meñKs úlska.aia f.da;s%lhkaf.a ^Vikings& yxf.aßhka yd kef.kysr yd ol=Kq
ÈYdjkaf.ka meñKs uqia,sï wdl%uK ksid wêrdchdf.a n,h yskù ;snqfKah'
fï ksid uyd pd¾,aia rc;=udf.a iufha wêrdcHh ;=< meje;s iduh yd tluq;=lu
ì|jeà ;snqKs'
fuu ngysr wêrdcHfha ì|jeàu ngysr lf;da,sl iNdfõ ì|jeàugo fya;=úh'
m<uq ksl=,ia mdma;=udf.ka miqj iNdj fyd¢ka yd m%n,j fufyhùug mdma;=ul=
ìys fkdùh' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i ls%'j 858 - 879 hk ld,h ;=< frdaufha
mdma;=uka,d yd fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha wd§ mS;Djreka w;r iNd fNaohla
^schism& mjd we;s úh' m<uq ksl=,ia mdma;=udf.a n, ;Kaydj fuu fn§ug
fya;=úh' tfiau fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha wdÈ ms;Djrhd jQ f*daáhqia Photius&
úiska *s,sfhdalafõ ^filioque& hk fldgi khsiSk úYajdi m%ldYkhg tl;=
lsÍu" Y=oaêla.sksia:dkh ms<sn| iNd b.ekaùu yd ;j;a lreKq iïnkaOfhka
lf;da,sl iNdjg úreoaOj fpdaokd bÈßm;a lrk ,§' fuho fuu iNd fNaohg
fya;=jla úh' kuq;a miqj f*daáhqia ;u fpdaokd b,a,d wialr .;af;ah' Tyq
tjlg isá kjl mdma;=uka,d yd iu. tlaj lghq;= l< w;r tys m%;sM,hla
f,i ls%'j' oyjk ishjk muK jk úg kef.kysr yd ngysr iNdjka w;r
ie<lsh hq;= tluq;=lula we;súh' kuq;a iEu .eg¨jlau kshudldrfhka
ksrdlrKh fkdùu miq lf,l tkï ls%'j' 1054 § muK wdrïN jQ kef.kysr
yd ngysr w;r we;sjQ uyd iNdfNaohg fya;= úh'
68
kjjk ishji w. Nd.fha§ muK bia,dï wd.u kef.kysr iNdj hgm;a
lrñka isá w;r foaYmd,k wia:djrlï yd mdma;=uka,df.a ÿ¾j,lï ngysr
iNdfõ ì| jeàulg u. mEÿfõh' iNdfõ mQcl yd meúÈjrekaj f,!lsl
kdhlhka úiska md,kh l< w;r Tjqkaf.ka fndfyda fofkla kQ.;a wh yd
úYajdijka; f,i nUir Ôú;hla .; fkdlrk wh jQy' ;dmidrdu ;ukag
wdfõksl ðú; rgdfjka fndfydafia wE;aù f,!lsl njg fmr<S mßydksh lrd
fhduq úh' iNdj ;=< mej;s fujeks w÷re hq.j, mjd foúhka jykafia ;uka
jykafiaf.a ¥; ld¾hh Y=oaO jQ iNd ud;dj u.ska bgq lrkakg lghq;= l<
fial'
kjjk ishji w. Nd.fha È ;dmihka fofofkla jq fuf;daähia iy isß,a
kef.kysr hqfrdamfha ldId¾ia Khazars& yd ia,eúla f.da;s%l ck;dj w;r ls;=
oyu me;srùfï ¥; ld¾hhg Wrÿkay' ls;=kq weoys,a,g wu;r kj ck;djla
jQ ia,eúla f.da;s%l ck;djg" isß,a ;=ud kj wlaIr ud,djla o y÷kajd ÿkafkah'
tu kj wlaIr ud,dj yd NdIdj ;u ixialD;sh f.dvke.Sug wjYH jdylhlao
úh'
6'3'2 uOH;k hq.h ^10 - 12 Y; j¾I&
oyjk ishji ;=< ls;=kq iNdj
m<uqjk TÜfgda rc;=ud
fuh iNdfõ wdOHd;añl;ajh msßfyñka mej;s iuhls' mdma;=ud i;= ks,n,h
frdau wêrdcHfha m%Ok ks,;,j,g m;aj isá kqiqÿiq frdau ro<jreka úiska
md,kh lrkq ,enQy' thg WodyrKhla kï fodf<diajk fcdaka mdma;=ukah'
^ls%'j 955- 964&' Tyq fndfyda f,i msßyqKq mdma;=ul= jQ w;r tys m%;sM,hla f,i
foúhka jykafia lf;da,sl iNdfõ md,kh m<uq TÜfgda keue;s c¾udkq
cd;slhskaf.a m<uq frdau wêrdchdf.a w;g m;ajkakg ie<iq fial' TÜfgda
we;=¿ Tyqf.ka miqj meñKs wêrdcjreka lf;da,sl iNdj ;u wêrdcHh ;=<
ie,eiaula ia:dms; lsÍug wdhqOhla lr .;af;ah' fuys§ wêrdcjre ;ukag
leu;s f,i .sys ck;dj iNdfõ ks,;, j,g f;dard.;a w;r iNdfõ ro.=rejreka
yd mdma;=uka,d m;alsÍu o" Tjqkg leue;s wdldrfhka isÿ l<y' kuq;a foaj
jrm%idoh ;=< fuf,i c¾udkq wêrdcjreka úiska m;alrk ,o mdma;=uka,d
b;d hym;a yd pß;j;a wh jQy' WodyrKhla f,i fufia m;ajQ fojk is,afjiag¾
mdma;=ud ^ls%'j 999 - 1003& i|yka l< yels h' Tjqkaf.a msysg tjlg mej;s
ngysr iNdfõ Wkak;shg fya;= úh'
69
;dmi Ôú;fha m%;sixialrKh -
;dmi ðú; l%uh ;=< we;sjQ kj m%;sixialrK ful, iNdfõ we;sjQ mqkreohg
uy;afia odhl úh' m%xYfh la ks hk ia:dkfha ls%' j 910 § wdrïNjQ ;dmidrduh
fuys§ m%Odk ;ekla .kS' laÆks ;dmi ksldh wfkl=;a fnkosldk ;dmi
ksldhkaf.ka fjkia úh' fnkosldk ;dmidrdu b;d ksoyia f,i lghq;= l<
w;r laÆks ;dmidrdu m%Odk ;dmidrduh yd b;d oeäj ne¢ mej;=Ks' tla tla
;dmi ksfjia fyda ;dmidrdu ndrj isá ;dmijre laÆksyS ;dmidrdudêm;sg
hgy;a my;aj fiajh l<y' fuu l=vd ;dmidrdu j, kdhl ;dmijre jirla
mdid laÆkSys ;dmidrdudêm;s ;=ud yd tlaj idlÉPdjla meje;ajQy' fuu
;dmi ksldh wfkl=;a fnkosldk ;dmi ksldhj,g mjd wdo¾Yhla jQ ksidu
ls%' j 1016 § tjlg isá Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud jQ wgjk fnkälaÜ úiska laÆks
;dmi ksldhg ;jÿrg;a jHdma; jkakg bvlv i,did fok ,§' miq lf,l
fudjqka o hdÉ[djg fukau lh fjfyid jevlsÍug o jeä ;ekla ÿkay'
laÆks ;dmidrduh miqj hqfrdamfha mej;s b;d Okj;au ;dmidrduh njg
m;aúh'
;dmijreka ;u wenÜjre fyj;aa ksldfha m%Odk kdhlhdj m;alr .;a w;r
Tyq mdma;=ukag muKla fojeks úh' .syshkag tys lsisu n,hla fkdùh' laÆks
;dmidrdufha hym;a ls%hdldß;ajh ksidu fndfyda ro.=rejre iy l=udrjre
^ld¾Èk,ajre& ;u ;ukaf.a ro.=re moú j,o Tjqkaf.a ;dmdidrdu msysgqjk
f,i b,a,d isáhy' fï w;r fko¾,ka;h" b;d,sh" iamd[a[h" tx.,ka;h
yd c¾uksh jeks rgj,ska laÆksjrekag wdrdOkd ,eìKs' laÆksjrekaf.a
m%;sixialrK wka ;dmidrdu j,o m%;sixialrK we;s lsÍug fya;=jQ w;r kj
;dmi Ôú; l%u we;sùu flfryso n,mEfõh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i Y=oaO jQ
frdfuda,aâ uqks;=uka úiska wdrïN l< leu,afvdf,aia ;dmi l%uh yd Y=oaO jQ
nDDfkda uqks;=uka úiska wdrïN l< ld¾;=Ishka ;dmi l%uh úfYaI ;ekla .kS'
fuu mqkreoh lf;da,sl iNdfõ kfjdaohla we;s l< w;r ls%'j' tfldf<diajk
ishjfia§ ;dmidrdu iNdfõ fuu kdfjdaoh we;slsÍug bjy,aùu ksid fndfyda
;dmijrekaj ;dmidrduj,ska bj;afldg júO moúj, o kfjdaohla we;slrk
wáfhka tu moúj, ro.=rejreka f,i m;alrk ,§' mdma;=udf.a u.fmkaùu
hgf;a f.dvke.=Kq laÆks ;dmi ksfjia mdma;=udf.au wdOHd;añl yd
iodpdrd;aul wêldßhgo kj mKla ÿkafkah' b;sß ishjia fol ;=< mdma
Oqrhg m;ajQ y;ajk f.%.ß" fojk W¾ndka yd fojk mdial,a hk wh uQ,slj
laÆks ;dmi ksldhg wh;a jQy'
70
tfldf<diajk ishji ;=< ls;=kq iNdj
tfldf<diajk ishjfia§ TÜgdakshka wêrdcHfha isá c¾uka wêrdcjre fndfyda
úg ngysr iNdj md,kh l<y' iNdfõ bvlvïj, whs;sh Tjqka hgf;a
mj;ajdf.k .sh w;r mdma;=uka,d yd ro.=re;=uka,d m;alsÍuo Tjqkaf.a is;e`.s
mßÈ fï hq.fha § isÿúh' fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka f,!lsl n,fõ. ksid
iNdjg ksoyi wysñjk nj tjlg isá mdma;=uka,d yd ro.=re;=uka,d f;areï
.;ay'
viii jk f.%.ß mdma;=ukaf.a m%;sixialrKh
ls%' j 1073 È ld¾Èk,a ys,afvn%Ekaâ y;ajk f.%.ß kñka mdma;=uka jYfhka
m;aùu ,eîu;a iu. fï ;;a;ajh uolg u.yeß .sfhah' ls%'j' 1075 È ;uka
úiskau m%ldYhg m;alrk ,o Dictus Papae hk f,aLkfha mdma;=uka,d ;u
wêldß n,h wfmdaia;=¨jreka ud¾.fhka ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.ka ,nd we;snj;a
tuksid Tjqka i;= n,h b;d Wiia nj;a t;=ud i|yka lf<ah' y;ajk f.%.ß
mdma;=ukag wkqj mdma;=ukag iNdj ;=< úYaj.; n,hla we;s w;r ta wkqj
wêrdcjreka mjd ;u n,fhka mylsÍug yd foúhka jykafiaf.a kS;shg yd
iNd kS;shg wk=l+, fkdjk kS;s fjkia lsÍug;a Tjqkag yelshdj we;' mdma;=ud
i;= fuu n,h Wmfhda.S lrf.k f.%.ß mdma;=ud iNdfõ ish¨u wxY ;=< kj
m%jK;djla we;s lsÍug W;aidy lf<ah' tfia lsÍfuka foúhka jykafiaf.a
jrm%idoh ;=< mdma;=ul= ud¾.fhka ;uka ;=< m%;sixialrK we;slr .ekSulg
iNdjg yelsnj wkdjrKh lf<ah' t;=ud m<uqfjkau nUir /lSfï
fmdfrdkaÿjg úYajdijka;j isákakg yd isfudakshdfõ úúO m%Njhkaf.ka
neyerjkakg yd lsisu fyhslska il%fïka;= odkh lsßfï§ uqo,a wh fkdlrk
f,i;a mQcljrekaf.ka ;Èka b,a,d isáfhah' tfia fkdlrk whg úreoaOj
b;d oeä mshjr .;a w;r úfgl iuyrekaj iNdfjka mjd fkrmd oeïfïh'
f.%.ß mdma;=ud fl;rï m%n, f,i lghq;= l<do lshf;d;a tjlg Y=oaO jQ
frdaufha isá y;rjk fykaß wêrdchdj mjd iNd m%;sixialrKh i|yd iyh
fkdoelaùu ksid iNdfjka fkrmd oeuqfõh' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i miqj f.%.ß
mdma;=ud yg úm%jdi .; jkakg isÿjQ w;r tu ld,fha§ tkï ls%'j' 1085 È
t;=ud urKhg m;aúh'
;dmidrduj, iyfhda.h we;sj f.%.ß mdma;=ud iNdj ;=< b;d úYd, kfjdaohla
we;s l< w;r f,!lsl yd foaYmd,kuh n,fõ.hkaf.ka iNdj ksoyia lr
fokakg fndfyda W;aidy lf<a h' t;=ud iNd iïm%odh wkqj mdma;=ud i;=
wêldß n,h yd kdhl;ajh kej; iNdjg ,ndÿkafkah' Tyqf.ka miqj
tfldf<diajk ishji ;=< fojk W¾ndka ^ls%'j 1088 - 99& yd fojk mdial,a
^ls%'j 1099 - 1118& hk mdma;=uka,do iNd kfjdaohg Wr ÿkay'
71
fmrÈ. yd wmrÈ. iNd w;r we;sjQ iNd fNaoh
tfldf<diajk ishji ;=< iNd b;sydih ;=< isÿjQ wjdikdjka; isÿùu jkafka
ls%'j' 1054 § fmrÈ. yd wmrÈ. iNd w;r we;sjQ iNd fNaohhs ^The schism
between the Eastern Church and the Western Church)'fuu iNd fNaoh fÊiq
iñ÷ka u.ska tlu ck;djla yd tlu iNdjla we;slsÍfï foaj wNsu;hg
msgqmEula úh' ls;=kq iNdj" lf;da,sl iNdj yd ´¾;fvdlaia iNdj jYfhka
folv jQ w;r lf;da,sl iNdfõ fuf,dj kdhlhd frdaufha mdma;=udjQ w;r
´¾;fvdlaia iNdfõ fuf,dj kdhlhd fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha wdosmS;D;=ud
^Patriarch& úh' fuu iNd fNaohg m%Odk fya;+ folls' tal fya;=jla kï iNd
kdhl;ajh ^dealing with the primacy of the Pope) jk w;r wfkla fya;=j
foaj fõohhs ( dealing with the filioque) frdaufha mdma;=udf.a kdhl;ajh uq¿
Y=oaOjQ iNdjgu fmdÿ nj wmrÈ. iNdj ms<s.;a w;r frdaufha ro.=rejrhd yd
fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha wdosmS;D ;=ud hk fofokdu Y=oaOjQ iNdj ;=< iu
kdhl;ajhla orK nj fmrÈ. iNdfõ u;h ùu fuu iNd fNaohg tl
fya;=jla úh' khsiSk úYajdi m%ldYkhg fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha wdosmS;D
;=ud úiska — ms,sfhdalafõ˜ filioque& hk j.ka;sh tla lsÍu wfkla fya;=j úh'
fuys m%;sM,hla f,i fuu iNd fol w;r wfkHkHh f,i hï hï mqoa.,hkaj
iNdfjka fkrmd oeóu isÿúh' fuu .egqu ls%'j' 1965 § yhjk mdjq¨ mdma;=ud
tjlg isá we;kf.dria wdosmS;D ;=ud yuqù iqyo f,i idlÉPd meje;aùu
olajd mej;=Ks' tys m%;sM,hla f,i j;aufka fuu iNd fol w;r tl``.;djla
mj;shs'
fodf,diajk ishji ;=< ls;=kq iNdj
uqia,sïjrekag úreoaOj iNdj f.k .sh l=rei hqoaO ^Cruades &
fuu hq.fha foaYmd,k wr., lsÍug fndfyda úg mdma;=uka,dg isÿjQfha iNdfõ
ksoyi f,!lsl n,fõ.hkaj,ska wdrlaId lr.ekSugh' fuys§ mdma;=uka,d
yuqod n,h yd hqO Yla;sh Wmfhda.Slr .ksñka ;u úreoaOjd§kag tfrysj ke.S
isáhy'
Bg wu;rj fujeks hqO fufyhqï Y=oaOjQ foaYh uqia,sïjrekaf.ka kej; ,nd
.ekSug;a ls;=kq weoys,a, yd ls;=kq jkaokdlrejka Tjqkaf.ka wdrlaIdlr
.ekSug;a mdma;=uka,d úiska fufyhjk ,§' fujeks hqoaO l=rei hqoaO hkqfjka
y÷kajk ,§' b;d fYa%Iag iNdmsfhla jk Y=oaOjq wf.dia;Skq;=uka úiska bÈßm;aa
fldg ;snQ —idOdrK -hqoaOh˜ keue;s ixl,amh ksid fuf,i wd.u yd
weoys,a, /l.ekSug hqO fufyhqï we;slsÍu hym;a fohla nj tjlg iNd
ud;dj ie<l=jdh' m<uqjrg l=rei hqoaOh fufyhjQ fojk W¾ndka wêrdchd
72
yqfola m%Yxidj yd f,!lsl iemiïm;a /ialr .ekSfï wruqKska fujeks
hqoaOhkag iïnkaO fkdjk f,i ;u yuqodjg wK lf<a h' l=rei hqoaOj,
wruqK hym;a jQjo ñksia ÿn,lfï m%;sM,hla f,i tajd b;d oreKq m%;sM,
mjd we;s lf<ah' m<uq l=rei hqoaOfha§ wka;sfhdalsfha .S%l wdos mS;D;=udj tu
ia:dkfhka bj;a lsÍu tjlg mej;s iNd fNaoh ;jÿrg;a W;aikak lsÍug
fya;=jla jQ w;r hqoaOh wjidkfha§ fcrei,u w,a,d.ekSug yelsjqjo hqoaOfhka
ish.Kkla wysxil ckhd o ñh .shy'
fojk l=rei hqoaOh ls%'j' 1146 § mej;s w;r th wdid¾:l jEhula úh' ls%'j'
1189 § mej;s ;=kajk l=rei hqoaOfha§ kej;;a fcrei,u w;am;a lr.ekSug
yelsjQ w;r tu.ska Y=oaOjQ foaYhg hk jkaokdlrejkaf.a wdrlaIdj ;yjqre
lsÍug iNdjg yelsúh' fuu l=rei hqoaO fndfyda úg fmrÈ. yd wmrÈ. iNd
w;r meje;s iNd fNaoh ;j ;j;a W;aikak lf<ah'
iNd m%;sixialrK yd iNdj uq,a fõofNaohkag uqyqK §u
ls%'j' 1098 § fudf,iaudys frdnÜ ;dmi;=ud úiska wdrïN lrk ,o isiag¾YShka
;dmi ksldh fnkÈldk ;dmi mx;sh ;=< yd iNdj ;=< o wd;aól kfjdaohla
ls%'j' tfld<diajk yd fodf<diajk ishjiaj, we;s lf<ah' fuu kfjdaoh ;=<
iNdfõ lghq;= .ek l;dlrñka iNdj iqn wiakg wkqj Ôú;h .; fkdlrk
f,ig úfõpkh l< iNd úfrdaë lKavdhula ìysjQy' fï w;r je,afoaishkajre
^Waldensians& iNdfõ OkjdÈ yd iemj;a Ôú; ;;a;ajh úfõpkh lrñka
È<s÷lu y÷kajd ÿkay' iNdj iu. .egqKq Tjqkaj iNdj úiska fy<dolsk ,§'
ls;=kq foajfõofha yd ls;=kq ixialD;sfha isÿjq j¾Okh
;dmdidrdu ;=< we;sjQ kfjdaoh yd wdik foõueÿre wdYs%;j f.dvke.=Kq mdie,a
iNdjg kj Ôjhla ÿkafkah' uq,a hq.hj, meje;s újD; yd p;=rY%dldr frdau
f.dvke.s,s l%u l%ufhka b;d Wia yd W,a iajNdjhla .kakd f.d;sla Gothic&
f.dvke.s,s njg m;aúh' tjlg meje;s ls%ia;= rcdKkaf.a m%;sud fjkqjg
ÿlaú¢k yd l=reisfha urKhg m;aj isák fÊiq iñ÷kaf.a m%;sudj,g uQ,sl
wjOdkhla ,efnk f,i foajia:dk ilia lrk ,§' fuu m%;sud u.ska Ôú;fha
fõokdldß" .egqïldß yd wúksYaaÑ;;dj biau;= lr oelaùug Tjqyq W;aidy
.;ay' fm!oa.,sl Nla;s wNHdih yd jkaokdjg uQ,sl ;ekla §u ksid idka;=jr
Nla;sh yd foajud;d Nla;sh j¾Okh úh' tfiau ÈjH i;am%ido jykafiag" tys
wvx.= ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a ienE jevisàu ms<sn| úYajdihg yd ÈjH mQcdjg
ie<lsh hq;= wjOdkhla fokakg mgka .;ay' fuu jkaokd yd Nla;s wNHdia
o úúO uka;%K iNdj,ska wkqu; lr tajd ffO¾hj;a lrk ,§'
73
mqm iy ñÈri kshudldrfhka yd i;H jYfhkau fÊiqia jykafiaf.a YS% YÍrh
yd YS% reêrh njg m;aùfï ls%hdj,sh ye¢kaùug foaj O¾uh yeoEßfï È
fhdod.efkk — g%dkaiaiíiagEkaisfhaIka Transubstantiation& hk moh uq,ajrg
foajO¾uh ;=< Ndú;hg y÷kajd fokq ,enqfõ fuu ld,fha§h' uOH;k hq.fha
ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia ,nd.ekSug jvd th foi fk;a fhdudf.k" wjOdkh
fhdodf.k isàug uQ,sl ia:dkhla ysñ úh' tfiau tiufhys ÈjHmQcdj yqfola
kdgHl iajNdjhla .;af;ah' ta i|yd meñKs wh th krUñka isá w;r th
lsisfia;au tluq;=lfï yd iyNd.slfï il%fïka;=jl iajNdjhla fkd.;af;ah'
Ydia;S%hjd§ foajfõofha ke;fyd;a foajO¾ufha Scholasitic Theology& wdrïNh
yd foajO¾uh W.kajk mdie,aj, ^The Theology of the Schools& wdrïNh
fodf<diajk ishjfia § isÿjQ ;j;a iqúfYaIS isoaëka fõ' fuu Ydia;%d,j,
wruqKq jQfha úYajdifha wNsryia yd foajO¾uh ms<sn| kshu wjfndaOhla ,nd
§uhs' Y=oaOjQ nhsn,h" iNdmsh b.ekaùï yd o¾Ykjdoh ms<sn| oekqu leá
fldg.;a b.ekaùula bÈßm;a lsÍu Ydia;S%hjd§ foajfõ§kaf.a m%h;akh úh'
weoys,a, yd úpdr nqoaêh ^Faith and Reason& w;r ;sfnkafka tlsfklg
mriamr úfrdaë ;;a;ajhla ^ contradictory of conflicting& fkdjk nj;a tys
we;af;a tlsfklg iyfhda.fhka ne£ mj;sk ^complementary& ;;a;ajhla
nj;a Tjqyq fmkajd ÿkay' tkï foajO¾uh yd o¾Ykjdoh w;r mj;skafka
iïmQ¾Kfhkau mriamr úfrdaë ;;a;ajhla fkdjk nj Tjqkaf.a uQ,sl ;¾lhla
úh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i tfldf<diajk fyd fodf<diajk ishjiaj, Ôj;ajQ
Ydia;S%hjdÈ foajfõofha mshd f,i y÷kajkq ,nk lekagnßys Y=oaOjQ wekai,ï;=ud
^ls%'j 1033-1109& foajO¾uhg w¾:l;khla bÈßm;a lrñka — foajO¾uh hkq
wjfndaOh fidhd hk weoys,a,la Faith seeking Undestanding& f,i y÷kajd
ÿkafkah' miqj mSg¾ wfn,d¾â ^Peter Abelard) iy mSg¾ f,dïnd¾â ^Peter
Lombard& jeks who b;d Wiia .Kfha foajOd¾ñl b.ekaùï bÈßm;a l<y' fï
w;r mSg¾ f,dïnd¾â;=uka úiska rÑ; Book of Sentences keue;s .%ka:h
oy;=kajk ishjfia§ l%uj;a foajOd¾ñl w;afmd;la njg m;aúh' fodf<diajk
ishjfia§ Ôj;a jQ .%dIshka ^Gratian& keue;s lu,afvda,afia ;dmi;=ud iNd
b.ekaùï yd lf;da,sl iNdfõ kS;sh l%uj;a l< w;r tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka
iNd kS;shg úoHd;aul mokula ìysúh' mdma;=uka w;r we;sjQ foaYmd,k w¾nqo
yd l=rei hqoaO ksid meKke.=Kq wys;lr m%;sM, w;r jqjo iNdj ;=< foaj
yia;h ls%hd;aul jQ nj fu iufha foajO¾ufha we;sjQ j¾Okh u.ska meyeÈ<sfõ'
úfYaIfhkau oy;=kajk ishjfia § iNdj ;=< we;sjQ wdOHd;añl " ixialD;sl
yd nqoaêuh kj m%jK;dj,g fodf<diajk ishji w.Nd.fha§ isÿjQ iNd j¾Okh
uy;a rel=,la úh'
74
bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh-
mshjr 1- 5- 9 Y;j¾Ij, hqfrdamfha ls;=kq jHdma;sh .ek l;sldj;la f.dvk.kak'
mshjr 2- uOH;k hq.h ^10-12 Y; j¾I& ;=< ls;=kq iNdj ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrkak'
uQ,dY% -
- .re ihsuka ñysÿl=< ifydaor;=ud" ixlaIsma; lf;da,sl iNd b;sydih" mqnqÿ
uqøKd,h" rd.u
- w;s.re fÊ' wef,laia m%kdkaÿ udysñ" w'fmd'i Wiiafm< úNd.hg kshñ; (
kQ;k lf;da,sl iNdj " weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda " fld<U 10 " 1970
iy 2008
- WALKER Williston, a History of the Christian Church, Charles Seribner's
Sons, New York. 1985.
76
ksmqK;dj 7'0 ( hqfrdamh ;=< iNdj uqyqKq ÿka wNsfhda. yd tajd ch.;a
wdldrh yodrñka foaj úYajdih ;yjqre lr.kshs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'1 ( hqfrdamfha iNdj fn§hdu ms<sn| lreKq yodrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( ld,ÉfPo 30
bf.kqï M, (
² uOH.; hq.fhka miq meje;s iNdfõ iajNdjh f;areï .ekSug yelsfjhs'
² fm%df;ia;ka; yd frmrudÿ úma,jhg fya;= úuihs'
² fm%df;ia;k yd frmrudÿ úma,jh ms<sn| ft;sydisl lreKq yodrhs'
² iNdfõ fn§ hdu frdaudkq lf;da,sl iNdjg n,mE wdldrh úuihs'
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr oSug w;aje,la (
7'1'1 iNdj fn§hdfï miqìu (
oyihjk ishjfia hqfrdamfha we;sjQfha wd.ñl m%fndaOu;a ùfï jHdmdrhls'
hqfrdamfha fkdfhla rgj, we;sjQ wd.ñl m%.uk fuu kj jHdmdrhg fya;=
idOl ù we;' fuu ld,fha úúO kj wd.ñl jHdmdr we;sùu i|yd iudÔh
yd wd¾Ól wxYfhys we;sjQ kd.ßlrKh iy jdkscjdoh uqo,a Ndú;h" uqøK
Ys,amh" hdka;%sl Ys,amh" uOHu mka;sfha Wodj" jßka jr we;sjQ ler,s" mqkreoh
yd Ñka;kh úma,jh hk iEu wxYhlau n,md we;'
uOH.; hQ.fha lf;da,sl iNdfõ wvq mdvqlï ;snqKdh hkak fkdryils'
lf;da,sl iNdfõ uq,a hq.h yd ii|k l< uOH.; hq.fha § lf;da,sl iNdj
foaj O¾uh yd p¾hdj w;ska b;d my< uÜgul mej;=Ks' n,;,j,g yd
fkdjrÈk iq¨ Ndjhg ( Infalibility) úreoaOj o lreKq bÈßm;a úKs' .sys
ck;djg Y=oaOjQ ,shú,s mßyrKh lsÍug iNdj úiska meKjQ iSudjka mjd tys
§ m%;slafIam úKs' tjlg lf;da, sl iNdfõ mej;s ðú; l%uh o
m%;sixialrKjd§kaf.a úfõpkhg ,laúh' .sys ckhdf.a Ôú;h meúÈ yd mQcl
Ôú;hg jvd my;a hehs hk u;h m%;slafIam l< m%;sixialrKjd§yq ußh
;=ñhf.a ueÈy;aNdjh yd idka;=jrhka flfrys we;s Nla;sh yd úYajdih o
m%;slafIam l<y' uOH.; hq.fha § lf;da,sl iNdj úiska ms<s.kakd ,o foajm%ido
ksOdk w;ßka nõ;siauh ke;fyd;a m%ido iakdmkh yd Y=oaOjQ iyNd.slu
ke;fyd;a ÈjH mQcdj Tjqyq ms<s.;ay' mQclhd yd .syshd w;r meje;s mr;rh
ke;s lrñka ls;=kq ish,a,kau mQcljrhg foúhka jykafia úiska le|jd we;s
nj Tjqyq mejiQy' tu.ska mQcljrekaf.a md,k .%yKfhka .sys ck;dj bj;a
lrkakg W;aidy oerEy' m%;sixialrKjd§ka iNdfõ ;;a;ajh fjkia lrkakg
77
.;a fmr<sldr jEhug úreoaOj lf;da,sl iNdfõ wka wh fpdaokd l< w;r
thg ms<s;=rla f,i Æ;¾ lshd isáfha Tjqkaf.a W;aidyh iNdj tys uq,a iajrEmh
lrd f.khEu nj h' m%;sixialrKjd§ foaj O¾uh weoys,a, ;=< foúhka
jykafia flakaø .; lrhs' Tjqka w;r fndfyda foajfõ§ woyia mej;=Ks'
7'1'2 udàka Æ;¾ f.a úma,jh ^ls%'j' 1483-1546&
Tyq c¾uka cd;sl foaj O¾ufõÈfhls' fm%df;ia;ka; frmrudÿ m%.ukfha
wdrïNlhd o Tyq h' ls%'j' 1483 fkdjeïn¾ ui 10 jk od Wm; ,o Tyq ls%'j'
1501 § t¾*Ü iriúfha bf.kqu ,nd ls%'j' 1505 § Ydia;%m;s Wmdêh ,nd
.;af;ah' bkamiq t¾*Üys jQ T.iaákshka ;dmidrdufha mejÈjrfhla jQfha h'
ls%'j' 1507 § mQcl jrï ,enq Tyq ls%'j' 1510 § frdaufha ks, ixpdrhla i|yd
msg;aj .sfha h' tu ixpdrfha § frdaufha tjlg mej;s ¥IK .ek;a iqfLdamfNda.S
Ôjk rgdj .ek;a oek .ekSug Tyqg yelsúh' ls%'j' 1512 § wdpd¾h Wmdêh
,nd.;a Æ;¾ b.ekaùfï ld¾hfha fh§ isák w;f¾ kj .súiqfï weoys,a, yd
wkd.;h ms<sn| b.ekaùï j,g jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lf<a h'
l%S'j' 1517 Tlaf;dan¾ ui 17 jk Èk Æ;¾ iNdfõ wkshï ls%hd fy<slrñka
f,aLkhla m%ldYhg m;a lf<a h' fuys uQ,sl kshdulhka 95 la wvx.= úh' fï
w;r m%Odk jYfhka iNdfõ tjlg mej;s woKavkdjirh úfõpkhhg ,la
lf<a h' woKavkdjirh hkq hï hï mdmdj,g kshñ; ovq`jï j,ska iïmQ¾K
jYfhka fyda w¾O jYfhka ksoyia lsÍuhs' fï ksoyia lsÍï uqo,a u; lsÍug
fm<î isàu tys jro jQfha h' Tyq fuh mQ¾KM, fj<|du ke;fyd;a Y=oaO
fj<|du hkqfjka ye¢ka jQfha h' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i ls%'j' 1520 jif¾ cqks
ui 15 jk Èk Æ;¾f.a b.ekaùu fy<d olsk ,§' miqj ls%'j' 1521 ckjdß
uidfha § muK Tyqj iNdfjka fkrmd ouk ,§'
udáka Æ;¾f.a u;
- fudk wd.ulg wh;a flfkl= jqj;a foaj Nla;sh yd foaj leue;a;
iajlSh ú{dkh yd ixialD;sh ;=<ska oek.ekSug wjia:dj we;'
- foaj jrm%ido ,nd.ekSug tlsfkld fm!oa.,slj lghq;= l< hq;=h'
- úuqla;sh foúhka jykafiaf.ka ,efnk ;E.a.la úkd mska n,fhka
whs;sjdislï lsj yelalla fkdfõ'
- f,dalh ;=< Ôj;a jkf;la ls;=kqfjda mõlrejka fukau idka;=jrhka
o fj;s'
- iNdj ;=< yd f,dalh ;=< mdmh mj;S'
- idka;=jrhd iodpdrh ms<sn| W;=ï wdo¾Yhla fkdj foaj wkq.%y ms<s.;a
mõlrefjls'
78
- hym;a mqrjeishl= kï foúhka jykafiaf.a iudj whÈk wmrdOldrhdh'
- foúhka jykafia wmg fy<slrk m%udKh wkqj Wkajykafia .ek wmg
oek.; yelsfõ'
Æ;¾jdoh
fuh oyihjk ishjfia § muK we;sjQ fm%df;ia;ka; ixúOdkhls' fuys
wdrïNlhd udáka Æ;¾h' fuu ixúOdkh f.dvke.Sug fya;= jQfha Tyqj
iNdfjka fkrmd oeóuhs' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i frdaufha kdhl;ajfhka mej;s
ngysr ls;=kq iNdj folv úh'
Æ;¾jdoh hk fhÿu .ek Tyq uy;a fia úreoaO jQ w;r fuu ixúOdkh uq,skau
y÷kajk ,oafoa tjekac,sl,a iNdj fyda wjqian¾.a weoys,af,a iNdj hkqfjks'
- Æ;¾jdoh b.ekaùï w;r Y=oaO jQ ,shú,a,g b;d Wiia ia:dkhla ysñ fõ'
- nhsn,Sh wOHkfha uQ,sl f;audj jkafka fciqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia h'
- hul=g .e,ùu ,efnkafka Tyq i;= mska n,fhka fkdj Wkajykafiaf.a
;s<sKhla jk foaj ohdj ksiduh'
- ckau mdmh ksid iEu ñksil=u mdmfha jy,a lrejl=j we;'
- ñksid mdmhg jy,aj we;s neúka ;ukaf.a .e,ùu ,nd.ekSug ;ukag
fkdyels h'
- .e,ùu ,efnkafka weoys,af,ka ke;fyd;a úYajdifhka muKls'
- ls;=kq Ôú;fha flakaøia:dkh Y=oaO jQ nhsn,hhs'
- foaj m%ido ksOdk y;la fkdj folls' tkï ÈjH mQcdj ke;fyd;a Y=oaO
iyNd.slu iy m%ido iakdmkhhs' Tjqkag wkqj nhsn,fha i|yka m%ido
ksOdk fïjd muKls'
- kuialdr lghq;= l< hq;af;a ckhdf.a NdIdj,ska ñi ,;ska NdIdfjka
fkdfõ' fï ksid nhsn,h c¾uka NdIdjg yerùu'
- ñÈhqI yd frdà hk foj¾.hu odkh lsÍu
- cïu mdmh ksid m%ido iakdmkh <ore ld,fha § ,nd§u
- idka;=jrhd iodpdrh ms<sn| W;=ï wdo¾Yhla fkdj foaj wkq.%yh ms<s.;a
mõlrefjls'
- ia;%S - mqreI ish¨ fokd foaj fiajh i|yd mQcl le|ùu ,eîu
- foaj.e;s ;k;=r Wiia ks,hls'
- foaj.e;s jrekag újdy ùug whs;shla ;sîu
- wfmdaia;,sl iy khsiSk weoys,s m%ldYk ms<s.ekSu
79
7'1'3 le,aúka yd iaúka.a,s
fcdaka le,aúka ^ ls%' j 1509 - 1564&
m%xYfha Wm; ,o fcdaka le,aúka ^Jean Calvin& meßia kqjßka foajO¾uh
yd kS;sh yodrd ;u ;reKúfha§u Æ;¾f.a fm%df;ia;ka; frmrudÿ
m%.ukhg kdhl;ajh fokakg bÈßm;a úh' miqj iaúÜiag¾,ka;fha
cskSjd k.rfha mÈxÑhg .sh Tyq oeä kS;s Í;s iys; ls;=kq Ôú;hla
iNdjg kej; y÷kajd ÿkafkah' tys meñKs iafldÜ,ka;fha fcdaka fkdalaia
^John Knox& ls%'j' 1513- 1572 le,aúkaf.a fuu kj foajOd¾ñl mdie,
.ek meyeÈ tys b.ekaùï ;u rgg f.k f.dia fm%iaìfÜßhka iNdj
msygqjk ,§' le,úka úiska rÑ; m%Odk .%ka:hla jkafka ls%'j' 1536 §
m%isoaêhg m;a lrk ,o — ls;=kq wd.fï ixys;d Institute of the Christian
Religion& hk .%ka:hhs' fuh le,aúka jdofha iajrEmh b;d fyd¢ka
oek.ekSug wmg we;s w;afmd;ls' fuu fmd; ,sùfï wruqK fm%df;ia;ka;
O¾ukshduk nhsn,fha b.ekaùï j,g tl`. nj m%xYfha m<uqjk m%ekaisia
rcqg ^ls%'j' 1515 - 1547& myod §uh' Y=oaO jQ ,shú,s úuiSu iïnkaOfhka
le,aúkaf.a Wml%u yd l%ufõo fuu .%ka:fhka oek.; yelsfõ' iuld,Sk
udkj jd§kaf.a Humanists& iy fjk;a W.;a .=rel=, Ndú; l< wOHhk
Wml%u Ndú; lrñka ;jÿrg;a l< m¾fhaIKj, m%;sM, fmdf;a B<`.
ixialrKj,g tla lf<a h'
le,aúka Y=oaOjQ nhsn,fha i|yka fkdjk iEu weoys,a,la u m%;slafIam
l< w;r Tyqf.a wkq.dñlhkaf.a úYajdih Y=oaO jQ ,shú,a, u; muKla
mokï lr.; hq;= njg wksjd¾h lf<ah' Tyq úiska f.dvk.k ,o
foajia:dk b;d ir, iajNdjhla .;af;ah' tajd fkdfhl=;a leghï j,ska
f;dr" iqÿ meye;s ì;a;s we;s" w,a;dr" iqrejï" wd.ñl mska;+r" .ka jdok
ix.S; iy mdg ùÿre iys; cfk,a rys; foajia:dk úh' le,aúka Y=oaO jQ
nhsn,h mokï lr.;a foaj fõÈfhls'
fcdaka le,aúka frmrudÿ jHdmdrfha fojk mrïmrdjg wh;a fõ' Tyqf.a
foajfõofha wruqK jQfha ls;=kq isiqka Èßu;a lsÍuh' frmrudÿ iy
fm%iaìfÜßhka hk iNdj, ks¾ud;Djrhd le,aúkah'
le,aúkajdoh ^Calivinism&
Tyq úiska bÈßm;a l< m%Odk b.ekaùula jkafka f,daldrïNfha isgu
.e,ùu ,nk iy fkd,nk wh ljqreka oehs foúhka jykafia ;SrKh
lr we;s njhs' Predestination& tfyhska ;u .e,ùu i|yd ukqIHdg ;u
Yla;sfhka l< yels lsisjla ñysmsg ke;' le,aúka ;u b.ekaùï Y=oaO jQ
80
nhsn,h u; mokï lf<ah' Y=oaO ,shú,a, foajdkqNdjh ;=< ,sheù we;s
nj wka frmrudÿ kdhlhka fuka Tyq o ms<s.;af;ah' iajNdúl f,dalh
;=< foúhka jykafia ;uka jykafiaj wkdjrKh l< o cïu mdmfha
fya;=fjka foaj wkdjrKh kshudldrfhka ;u Yla;sfhka jgyd .kakg
ñksidg yelshdjla ke;s nj Tyqf.a u;hhs' iajdNdúl wkdjrKh
kshudldrfhka foúhka jykfiaf.a úuqla;sodhl iajNdjh fy<sorõ
fkdlrk nj;a" ta i|yd WmldÍ jkafka foúhka jykafiaj iDcqj
m%ldY lrk Èjeiajre" wfmdaia;= jre yd ls%ia;=ka jykafia hk wh foaYkd
l< foaj jpkh nj;a mjihs'
Y=oaO ,shú,a, ms<sn| Tyqf.a ú.%yh Tyq ks;r Ndú; l< Y=oaO ,shú,a,
muKla Sola Scriptura& hk fhÿfuka meyeÈ<s fõ' Y=oaO ,shú,a, yeoEÍfï
§ uOH;k hq.fha Ndú; l< jHdx.h" wOHd;añllrKh" wdpdßlrKh"
idys;Huh jYfhka jQ isõúO ú.%yh Tyq ms<s.;af;a ke;' Tyqg wkqj
Y=oaO ,shú,a, kshudldrfhka ú.%y l< yelafla tys ft;sydisl miqìu
jgyd .ekSfuka nj Tyq mjihs'
foaj;ajh iïnkaOfhka le,aúka idïm%odhsl ;s%;ajh ms<s.;af;ah' foúhka
jykafia iaffjßjk fial' Wka jykafia ish,af,ka iïmQ¾K jk fial'
Y=oaO núka yd oeyeñ núka mßmQ¾K jk fial' Wka jykafia idod;ksl
jk w;r iïmQ¾K jYfhka iajdëk jk fial' Wka jykafia ish,a,
wNsnjd hk fial' fñ ksid foúhka jykafia iajlSh ueú,a,g wNsryils'
Wka jykafia ish,af,au uQ,drïNh jkafka uejqïldrhdKka neúKs'
foúhka jykafia ñksid ujk ,oafoa ;uka jykafiaf.au iajrEmh
wkqjh' foúhka jykafia ñksid iu. .súiqulg t<UqKq w;r tysÈ
foúhka jykafia ueú,a, iïnkaOfhka n,h ñksidg mjrd ish,af,a §
Wka jykafiag lSlrejk f,i b,a,d isá fial' ;u wlSlrelu ksid
mdmh jegqKq ñksidg .e,ùu ,efnkafka weoys,a, u.ska muKla nj
^Sola Fide& le,aúka mjihs' mdmh ksid ke;sjQ foú ñksia in|;dj
kej; w;alr .; yels jkafka nõ;siau iakdmkh u.sks' mdmh
ish,a,kagu fmdÿ ksid l=vd orejka fukau jeäuy,a,ka o nõ;siauh
,nd .; hq;= fõ' Y=oaO iyNd.slu ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a úuqla;sodhl
ls%hdj isyslsÍula jk w;r tys § weoys,af,ka hq;=j frdà iy ñÈ hqI
.kakd whg wdYs¾jdoh ,efí' iNdmd,kh iïnkaOj l;d lrk le,aúka
iNdmd,kh tys fcHIaGhka ke;fyd;a jeäysáhka ^elders& úiska l<
hq;= nj mjihs'
81
iaúka.a,s ^ls%'j' 1483-1531&
Æ;¾ iy le,aúka jeks WkauQ, fm%df;ia;ka; frmrudÿ kdhlhkag
wu;rj ;j fndfyda fokd lf;da,sl úYajdifhka bj;aj úúO iNd
msgqjd.;ay' fï w;r iaúÜiag¾,ka; cd;slhl=jQ iaúka.a,s o
iaúÜi¾,ka;fha w.kqjr jQ iqÍla ^Zurich& k.rfha kj iNdjla
msysfgõfõh' iajdóka jykafiaf.a wjika rd;s% fNdackh yqfola ieureula
muKla nj;a th isyslsÍula f,i wm mqok ÈjH hd.h ;=< ,nkakdjQ
ÈjH i;am%idoh u.ska ienE f,i ls%ia;=ia jykafiaj wmg fkd,efnk
nj Tyqf.a uQ,sl b.ekaùula úh' flfiafj;;a oeä u;jd§ fm%df;ia;ka;
kdhlfhla jQ Æ;¾ mjd iaúka.a,ssf.a fuu u;h ls%'j' 1529 È ud¾n¾.ays
^Marburg& meje;s idlÉPdjl § ;rfha m%;slafIam lf<a h' ls%'j' 1531 §
meje;s hqoaOhlska ñh .sfha h'
7'1'4 tx.,ka;fha we;sjQ m%.uk ke;fyd;a m%;sixialrK
frmrudÿ iNd w;r fndfyda fihska lf;da,sl iNdfõ ndysr ,laIK Wiq,k
iNdj tx.,ka; iNdj ke;fyd;a weka.a,slka iNdj nj i|yka fõ' tx.,ka;
iNdj hkq tx.,ka;fha wgjk fykaß rc;=ud ls%'j' 1507-1547& iodpdrd;aul
yd foaYmd,kuh fya;=jla u; msysgjq iNdjla f,i ie<fla' wgjk fykaß
rc;=ud hkq fmr isá mdma;=ul= úiska úYajdifha wdrlaIlhd ^Defender of
Faith& hk úreodj,sh ,;a rc flfkls' ;u rclug Wreulaldrfhla
fudf,djg ìyslsÍug fkdyels jQ jrog ;u ìß| jQ werf.dkayS le;ßkaj
^Catherine of Aragon& Èlalido lsÍug .;a ;SrKh Tyqg lf;da,sl iNdfjka
bj;aj hEug fya;=jla úh' tjlg isá y;ajk laf,ukaÜ kue;s mdma;=ud rcq
Èlalidoh i|yd wjir b,a,d l< b,a,Su m%;slafIam lf<ah' tjlg lekagnßfha
w.ro.=re;=udj isá ld¾Èk,a fjd,afia ^Cardinal Wolsey & ud¾.fhka l<
b,a,Sfuka o m%;sM,hla fkdjQ ksid fykaß rcq ls%'j' 1529 È ld¾Èk,a fjd,afiaj
;k;=ßka mylr oud ;udf.a ys;j;l= jQ i¾ f;dauia gqj¾ Sir Thomas More&
hk lf;da,sl kS;s{hd tx.,ka;fha l+,m;s f,i ^Chancellor of England&
m;a lr .kakd ,§' kuq;a i¾ f;dauia uqj¾ mdma;=udg hgy;a my;a lf;da,slhl=
jYfhka ;u ñ;=re fykaß rc;=ud ;ukag ÿka ;k;=r ndr.ekSug fmr ;udg
rcqf.a Èlalidoh ms<sn| m%Yakhg ueÈy;ajkakg fkdyels nj rcqg m%ldY lr
isáfha h'
wjidkfha § ls%'j' 1534 § wgjk fykaß rc;=ud tx.,ka; iNdj msysgqjd
tys kdhl;ajh o Tyqgu mjrd .;af;ah' Tyq lf;da,sl iNdj yd úfYaIfhka
frdauh iu. b;d wukdmfhka lghq;= lf<a h' i¾ f;dauia uqj¾ o ;u ;k;=r
ms<s.ekSfï § tx.,ka;fha rcq bÈßmsg l< hq;= j ;snQ fmdfrdkaÿ .ekSu mjd
82
m%;slafIam lf<ah' Tyq l< foa kS;Hdkql+, fkdjqK o tx.,ka; kS;s l%ufha
meje;s ksYaYíoNdjh ksid i¾ f;dauia uqj¾ tfrysj lsisÿ kS;suh mshjrla
fkd.;af;ah' tfy;a fykaß rc;=ud Tyqg iudj fkdÿka w;r miqj ls%'j' 1535
§ f;dauia uqj¾f.a ysi.id oeïfïh' fuf,i i¾ f;dauia uqj¾ lf;da,sl
úYajdih wdrlaId lsÍfuys ,d Èúms¥ m%dKmß;Hd.sjrhl= njg m;aúh' miq
lf,l frdfpiag¾ys ro.=rejrhdj ^Bishop of Rochester& isá fcdaka *sI¾jo
^ John Fisher & ysi.id uerefõh' i¾ f;dauia ujq¾ ;=ud yd fcdaka *sI¾ ;=ud
miq lf,l lf;da,sl iNdj úiska ;u idka;=jr Ndjhg Tijk ,§' tx.,ka;
iNdj uq,a ld,fha § mdma;=udf.a wêldÍ n,h m%;slafIam lrñka lf;da,sl
iNdfjka bj;aj .sh o miqj le,aúkajdohg yiqù fndfyda f,i fm%df;ia;ka;
iajNdjhla .;af;ah' ls%'j' oyih yd oyy;ajk ishjia j,§ tx.,ka;h ;=<
lf;da,slfhda b;d oeä f,i mSvdjg m;a lrkq ,enQy' mdma;=udg hgy;a my;a
wh foaYmd,k jYfhka rchg úreoaO msßila f,i Tjqyq yxjvq .eiQ y' kuq;a
miqj ld,hdf.a wejEfuka tx.,ka; iNdfjka jeä fldgila kej;;a
lf;da,sl iajrEmhla .;af;ah' fï w;r úfYaIfhkau tx.,ka; iNdfõ Wiia
iNdjg wh;a weka.a,slkajre High Church Anglicans& fm%df;ia;ka; ,laIK
j,g jvd lf;da,sl ,laIK Wiq,k weoys,sjka;hka msßila f,i fmfka'
fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh
mshjr 1 - uOH;k hq.fhka miq iNdfõ meje;s iajrEmh ms<sn|j idlÉPd lsÍu'
mshjr 2 - fm%df;ia;ka; úma,jh yd frmrudÿ úma,jh we;sùug n,mE lreKq"
we;sjQ wdldrh yd tys m%;sM, ms<sn|j idlÉPd lsÍu'
mshjr 3 - iNdfõ fn§ hdu frdaudkq lf;da,sl iNdjg n,mE wdldrh ms<sn|j
idlÉPd lsÍu'
uQ,dY % ( -
- w;s.re fÊ' wef,laia m%kdkaÿ udysñ" w'fm'i Wiiafm< úNd.hg kshñ; (
kQ;k lf;da,sl iNdj " weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda " fld<U 10 " 1970
iy 2008
- uydpd¾h Ô' mS' ù fidaur;ak" ls;= iiqfka ixfYdaOkh
- JEDIN Hubert, History of the Christian Church, Vols. I-X, Crossroad, New
York. 1989.
83
ksmqK;dj 7'0 ( hqfrdamh ;=< iNdj uqyqKq ÿka wNsfhda. yd tajd ch.;a
wdldrh yodrñka foaj úYajdih ;yjqre lr.kshs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'2 ( f,daldiajdoh ie,iSu yd iNd ls%hdldß;ajh úia;r lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( ld,ÉfPo 20
bf.kqï M, (
² mqkreoh iNd m%;sixialrKh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nhs
² mqkreo hq.fha ìys jQ kj ;dmi ksldhka ms<sn|j meyeÈ,s lrhs
² ;S%foka;Skq uka;%K iNdj ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ialrhs'
² mqkreo iufha ìysjq Y=oaOjka;hska ms<sn|j mjihs'
² kQ;k hq.fha Y=oafOda;a;u mshjre yd m<uqjk j;sldk uka;%K iNdj ms<sn|
úia;r lrhs'
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr oSug w;aje,la (
7'2'1 m%;sixialrKh yd mqkreoh ^ls%'j 1500- 1750& (
- m%;sixialrKjd§ iNdj, wr.,h ksid hqfrdamd rgj,a jk iaùvkh"
fvkaud¾lh" ´,kaoh " fkda¾fõ" tx.,ka;h jeks m%foaY uq¿ukskau
m%;sixialrKjd§ oyu je<| .;ay'
- lf;da,sl iNdfjka úYd, msßila fjkaù .sfha h' Y=oaO iNdfõ mqkreohla yd
fjkila we;súh hq;= hehs iNd kdhlfhda ms<s.;ay'
7'2'1'1 kj ;dmi ksldh ys ìysùu
- fuu ld,h ;=< lf;da,sl iNdj ;=< mqkreohla yd m%;sixialrKhla
lsÍu i|yd fndfyda ;dmi ksldh ìysúh' tf,iu meje;s ksldhj,
m%;sixialrK wjYH úh' Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ m%;sixialrK ld¾hh bÈßhg
f.khdug Y=oaOjka;" ls%hdYS,S mQcljrekaf.a kdhl;ajh wjYH úh'
fÊiq ksldh
- 1534 § Y=oaO jQ b.akdishqia f,dh,d ;=uka úiska wdrïN lrk ,o fÊiq
ksldh fuu ld¾hfha fmruqK .kakd ,§'
- kQ.;a ck;djg yd È<s÷kag hehs wdrïN lrk ,o wOHdmk fiajh miqj
rc l=udrjrekag yd rcjrekag ,nd fok ,§'
- Y=oaO jQ iNdjg yd Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukag lSlreùu fuu ksldfha úfYaI
,laIKhls' lf;da,sl iNdfõ O¾ufõoh W.kajd tjd wdrlaId lr.ekSu
fudjqkaf.a ld¾hh úh'
84
- wdOHd;añl;ajfhka yd foaj Od¾ñl;ajfhka mQ¾K jQy' Y=oaO jQ b.akdishqia
f,dh,d ;=uka úiska rÑ; zwdOHd;añl mqyqKqjZ (Spiritual Exercise) kue;s
.%ka:h úfYaI ia:dkhla f.k we;' m%;sixialrKjd§ iNdj, mjd
m%Yxidjg ,lajQ lf;da,sl úYajdifha O¾fudamfoaY .%ka:h Y=oaO jQ mSg¾
lekSIShia ;=uka úiska rÑ; lD;shls' ;S%foka;SkQ uka;%K iNdfõ Y=oaOjQ
fkdanÜ" fn,d¾ñka jeks wh foajO¾udpd¾hjre f,i lghq;= l<y'
úkafika;shdkq iNdj
- Y=oaO jQ úkafika;s o mdj¨ mqkreoh i|yd mqfrda.dój lghq;= l<
flfkls' È<s÷ka flfrys .eUqre wdorhla yd lreKdjla oelajQ flfkls'
- 1626 § m%xY rfÜ moú mQcljrekaf.a Y=oaOjka;Ndjh j¾Okh lsÍu
i|yd ;dmi ksldh wdrïN lf<a h' O¾u¥; ld¾hh i|yd jk mQcljreka
f.a iNdj ( Congregation of the Priests of the missions) f,i wdrïN jQ
fuu ;dmi ksldh zúkafika;shdkq iNdjZ f,io y÷kajkq ,efí'
- Y=oaO jQ úkafika;s o mdjq¨ ;=uka ohdfõ fidhqßhkaf.a ksldho (Sisters
of Charity) wdrïN lf<a h' 1633 § wdrïN lrk ,o fuu ksldh ldka;djka
wfmdia;,sl fiajdfõ kshe,Su i|yd wrUkq ,enq ksldhj, m%:u ksldh
úh'
ld¾fu,a ksldh
- m,ia;Skfha ld¾fu,a lkafoa wdrïN jQ fuu ksldhg ;mia Ôú;h i|yd
jk úkh Í;s ud,djla 12 jk ishjfia ilia lr fok ,§'
- Y=oaO jQ ihsuka iafgdla fuu meúÈ ðú;fha iïm%odh tx.,ka;hg
/f.k f.dia ld¾fu,a meúÈ Ôú;hg iydh ,nd ÿkafkah'
- ld¾fu,a ksldfha mejÈjßhl jQ wú,d ys f;f¾id ;=ñh ^1515-1582& ;u
meúÈ ksldh ;=<u kfjdaohla we;s lsÍug W;aidy l<d h' foúhka jykafia
fu;=ñhg úúOdldrfhka o¾Ykh jQ fial' ld¾fu,a ksldfha wdrïNfha
jQ ;mia Èúh yd Ndjkdfhda.s contemplative Èúh ld¾fu,a ksldh ;=<
kej; we;s lr,Sug W;aidy lr kfjdaohla we;s l<d h' — mQ¾K Èúhlg
u`Õ˜ The way of Perfection — we;=<dka; ukaÈrhZ Interior Castle keue;s
wdOHd;añl lD;s .%ka:drEV l<d h'
- wú,dys f;f¾id;=ñhf.a fhduqlsÍu yd u`. fmkaùu ;=< Y=oaO jQ l=reisfha
fmaÿre;=ud ^1542- 1591& fuu mqkreouh ld¾hfhys kshe¨fKah' fu;=ud
úiska o wdOHd;añl Ôú;h ms<sn| .%ka: ,shd we;'
tajd kï" ld¾fu,a m¾j;h ke.au - The Ascent of Mount Carmel
w÷re rd;s%h -Dark Night
wdOHd;añl .S;h - The Spiritual
85
- fma%ufha Ôjk oe,a, - The living flame of love
- fudjqka fofokdf.a wdOHd;añl ðú; lD;s fndfyda fokdf.a Ôú;j,g
buy;a iykhla úh' hdÉ[duh ðú;h" Ndjkdfhda.S heÿï" contemplative
Prayer w;aoelSï lr.kakd wdldrh ms<sn| fudjqkaf.a wdOHd;añl ks¾udK
fndfyda M,odhS tajd úh'
- wdOHd;añl Ôú;fha foaj in|;dj w;aoelSug ne.Em;a lu ke;sju neßh
hk Wmfoig fÊiqf.a l=vdu, jk f;f¾id ;=ñh idlaIs orkakSh'
lemqÑka ksldh
- 13 jk Y;j¾Ifha Y=oaOjq wiSisfha *%ekaisia ;=uka úiska ia:dms; *%ekaisldk
meúÈ ksldfha ^mqkreohla& kfjdaohla wjYH nj ye`.=Ks'
- 16 jk ishjfia § wiSisfha *%ekaisia ;=ukaf.a kS;s b;d iqCIu f,i
ms<smeÈh hq;= hehs o uq,a ld,fha fuu ksldfha jQ Y=oaO ,shú,s WmfoaYd;aul
Ôú; l%uh kej; we;s l< hq;= hehs uf;T miais Matteo Di þassi kue;s
*%ekaisialdk meúÈjrfhdf.a kdhl;ajfhka fndfyda meúoafoda ;SrKh
l< y'
- fuu kfjdaoh fiñka fiñka bÈßhg weÿKs' ;u b.ekaùfï fiajdj;a"
;mia Ôú;h;a iïnkaO lrñka Èú f.jQy' frda.Skag Wmia:dk lsÍu yd
ÿIalr l%s%hd lsÍu ;=<ska uykais ù Wmhdf.k Èù f.jQy'
- m%;sixialrKjd§ iNdj, b.ekaùïj,g úreoaOj b.ekajQy'
7'2'1'2 ;S%foka;Skq uka;%K iNdj ^1545-1563& (
- m%;sixialrKjd§ iNdj, b.ekaùïj,g ms<s;=re §u i|yd lf;da,sl iNdfõ
ro.=rejre uka;%K iNdjla le|ùug leue;al oelajQy' lf;da,sl iNdfõ talSh
;SrK yd Od¾ñl moku m%isoaO lsÍu fuu uka;%KiNdfõ wruqK úh'
- ;==kajk mdj¨ Y=oafOda;a;u mshdKka úiska 1545 § wdrïN lrk ,o ;s%foka;Skq
uka;%K iNdfõ § .;a ;SrK
- Y=oaO nhsn,h" iïm%odh hk folu Od¾ñl i;H;djkays W,am;a jkafka
h'
- merKs .súiqfï yd kj .súiqfï .%ka: ish,a,u foajdkqNdjfhka ,shk
,o tajd úh' Y=oaO ,shú,s mdG foúhka jykafia fj;skau ksslauQKq tajd
nj;a" tneúka tajdfha w¾:h f.kyer oelaùfï n,h Y=oaO jQ iNdjg
muKla wh;a nj
- foaYkd lsÍfï n,h;a" b.ekaùfï n,h;a Y=oaO jQ iNdjg ls%ia;=ia jykafia
úiska odkh lrk ,o tajdh'
- Y=oaO jQ fmaÿre;=ud;a" t;=udg miqj wLKavj meñfKk Y=oafOda;a;u
mshjre Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ kdhl;ajh or;s' Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=uka fkdjrÈk
iq¨ Ndjfha jru ,o flfkls'
86
- j,af.aÜ Vulgate hehs y÷kajkq ,enq Y=oaO jQ nhsn,h Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ
wkque;sh ,o lD;s fõ'
- m%ido ksOdk y;u ls%ia;=ia jykafia úiskau ia:dmkh lrk ,o tajd
úh'
- ÈjH hd.h" l,ajdß hd.h" ksrh" idka;=jr ne;sh" Y=oaO jQ m%;sud ;eîu"
mQ¾K M, wdÈh Y=oaO jQ iNdj úiska ms<s.kakd ,§'
- újdyh il%fïka;=jls' újdy nkaOkh iodld,slh'
- úYajdifha M,hka jk hym;a ls%hd ;=<ska m%ldY jk úYajdih ksid
ñksid úksYaphldrhl= fõ'
uka;%K iNdj úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o kfjdaouh jHdmD;s
- mQ¾KM, ,nd§u ms<sn| foaYkd lrk l%uh bj;a lsÍu
- ußh;=ñh yd Y=oaOjka;hskag kshñ; mßÈ f.!rj lsÍug Wkkaÿ lrùu'
- mQcl mqyqKqj i|yd iEu moúhlug fiufkaßhla foõi;ay,la& wdrïN
lsÍu'
- lf;da,slhska i;shlg jrlaj;a ÈjH i;am%idoh ,nd .ekSu
- ks;r ks;r iu.s ikaOdkfha m%ido ksOdkh ,nd ta u.ska mõ iudj
,nd .ekSu'
- ÈjH i;a m%ido jkaokdj yd ÈjHd i;am%ido wdYs¾jdoh ,nd .ekSug
Wkkaÿ lrùu'
- Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ O¾fudamfoaYlhska i|yd — ;s%foka;Skq O¾fudamfoaYh˜
keu;s lD;sh 5 jkmshqia Pius v) Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud 1566 § m%ldYhg m;a
lf<a h'
7'2'2 kùk hq.h ^1750 isg&
7'2'2'1 m%xY úma,jh ^1789-1795&
1788 § uy;a wd¾Ól ÿIalr;d we;súh' f.dhï md¿ùu fya;=fjka id.;h we;sù
ck;dj l=i.skafka ñheÿky' Ôjk nr oeßh fkdyelsj È<sÿ m%cdj yd lïlrefjdaa
rfÜ kS;s l%uh ixfYdaOkh l< hq;= hehs mjiñka úma,j l<y' iuyr my<a
ia:rfha mQcljre yd m%N+jre Tjqka iu. tla jQy'
rfÜ ck;djf.a leue;a;g md,kh l< hq;=h hk rEfidaf.a woyi fuhg
fya;= ldrlhla úh' tl, rg md,kh l< ù rc ;=ukaj uerEy' ckrc l%uhg
úfrdaOh mE oyia .Kka m%N+jreka " mQcljreka yd meúoaoka urkq ,enQy' m%N+jrea
yd bvï ysñ úYd, msßila ráka msgqjy,a jQy' wfkl=;a wh ;u mdrïmßl
Wreuh w;a yeßfhdah''
87
mej;s ;;a;ajh iu;hlg m;a lsÍu i|yd m%xY rfÜ kS;s iNdj jk iafÜÜia
fckr,a (States General) 1789 uehs 5 jk Èk f,¾fihs,ais,a ys /iaj kj
wdKavql%u jHjia:djla f.dvk.k ,§'
fuu kS;sh fkdms<s.;a ro.=rejrekag yd ish .Kka mQcljrekag n,mEï l<y'
iuyre urkq ,enQy' ;j;a iuyre ráka msgqjy,a lrkq ,enQy' 1793 § m%xYfhka
ls;=oyu ;=rka l< hq;= hehs jD;a;Sh W;aij" oekqu ux.,H" hy.=K ux.,H hehs
W;aij iurñka ls;=kq ux.,H Èk yd bre Èk jkaokdjg ndOd meñKjQy'
m%isoaO foajia:dkhla jk fkdag% vEï Notre Dame foajia:dkfha w,a;drh u;
.Ksldjla isgqjd zueh idudkH oekqfï foúhd ˜ hehs jkaokd l<y'
- 1797 § kefmda,shka wêrdchd f,i m;ajQ miq" 6 jk mshqia Y=oafOda;a;u (Pius vi)
msh;=ud iu`. .súiqula w;aika fldg Y=oaO iNdfjka fndfyda bvï" rgj,a yd
ñ< wêl w;ska ,shk ,o .%ka: msgm;a" l,d jia;+ka ,nd .;af;ah' 1798 §
frdaufha m%xY cd;slhl= urkq ,eîu w<,d frdauh w,a,df.k Y=oafOda;a;u
msh;=ukaf.a jia;+ meyer f.k jekSishg Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukaj msgqjy,a lrkq
,eîh' 1799 § fu;=ud iaj¾.ia: úh'
- kefmda,shka " Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=udKka jk 7 jk mshqia mdma;=uka (Pius vii)
iu. 1882 § .súiqula w;aika fldg Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ whs;Sh kej; ,nd ÿkafkah'
foajia:dk újD; lrkq ,eîh' meúÈ ksldh ;u fiajdjka wdrïN lf<da h'
lf;da,sl oyu m%isoaêfha ms<s.kq ,eîh'
- kuq;a kefmda,shka taldêm;s md,lhl= f,i fjkia ù" frdauh m<d;a w.kqjr
lr Y=oaO jQ iNdjg kej; n,mEï lsÍug mgka .;af;ah' kuq;a 7 jk mshqia
Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud fkdìhj kefmda,shkag úreoaO ù Y=oaO jQ iNdj wdrlaId
lf<a h' 1815 § fjdg¾ Æ water Loo hqoaOfhka kefmda,shka mrdch jQ miq Y=oaO
jQ iNdj ksoyfia m%xYh ;=< jHdma; jkakg mgka .ekqKs'
7 jk mshqia Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukaf.a ld,h kj meúÈ ksldh wdrïN úh'
udßhksiaÜia Marianists. udßiaÜ Marist o ,di,a ifydaorjre Christian Brotheß.
ohdfõ fidfydhqßfhda Sister of Charity. f,dfrÜfgda meúÈ fidhqßfhda Sister of
Loretto fmda,siaÜia Paulists, ief,aishdkq ksldh Salesians foaj jpkfha iNdj
Society of Divine Word, iqÿ mshjreka White Fathers hk fuu meúÈ ksldh
O¾u¥; ld¾h" iudc fiajh" wOHdmk" tfâßh fiajh jeks ld¾hhka ys ksr;
ù Y=oaO jQ iNdjg kj ðjhla yd kj;djla ,nd ÿkay' 1815 § úYajdih me;sßùfï
iNdj ia:dmkh lf<a h'
88
7'2'2'2 m<uqjk j;sldk uka;%K iNdj ^1869-1870&
- 1869 foieïn¾ 8 jk Èk m<uq j;sldkq uka;%K iNdj frdaufha §
/iajqKs'
- Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ uQ,sl i;H;djka' foúhka jykafia Ôjudkhs hk woyi
iajNdj O¾uh;a foúhka jykafia;a foúhka jykafiaf.a m%ldYk;a"
idudkH nqoaêh yd foaj t<sorõj w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj jeks b.ekaùï
fvhs *S,shqia (Dei Filius) kue;s m%:u woyia ud,dj m%ldY lrk ,È'
- Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud kdhl;ajh f.k Y=oaOjQ fmaÿre ;=udf.a Y=Odikfha
fha isg Od¾ñl moku m%ldYhg m;a lrk úg ke;fyd;a myok úg
Y=oaOd;au jrñka i;H l:d lrhs' Y=oafOda;a;u mshdKkaf.a fkdjrÈk
iq iajNdjh infallibility hehs th y÷kajkq ,efí' ta iu`. u Y=oafOda;a;u
msh;=ukaf.a kdhl;ajh Primacy ms<s.kakd ,§'
- 1870 § m%xY - nDDish w;r hqoaOh wdrïN jQ ksid uka;%K iNdj w;a
ysgjk ,§' fï ksid Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ fiajh" .syshkaf.a yd meúoaokaf.a
;;a;ajh hkak ms<sn|j idlÉPd l< fkdyels úh'
- kuq;a 18 jk ishjfia § wvmK jQ Y=oafOda;a;u msh ;k;=r;a" wd;añl
wêldßh;a" 19 jk ishjfia' ueo Nd.fha w;s uy;a wd;añl yd YS,Od¾ñl
wêldßh;a (Spiritual and moral) Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukag kej; ,nd fok
,È'
7'2'2'3 úfYaIs; Y=oafOda;a;u mshjre ^1878- 1963&
13 jk,sfhda Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud (Leo xiii 1878- 1903&
- Y=oafOda;a;u msh kdhl;ajh;a" Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ n,h;a kQ;k hq.h ;=<
kej; ,nd .ekSug W;aidy oeÍh'
- Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukaf.a fkdjrÈk iq¨ Ndjh fkdms<s.;a;jqka
;k;=rej,ska my lf<a h' tl, jQ ¥IK fudkjdoehs oek.ekSu flfrys
;u is; fhdojd m%fhdackj;a úúO wfmdaia;,sl ,sms ,sõfõh'
- úYajdih yd nqoaêjdoh" Y=oaO jQ iNdj yd rch" iudcjdoh Nhdkl nj"
újdyfha Y=oaO;ajh;a" whs;sh yd n,h" lïlre whs;sjdislï jeks úIhh
we;=<;a fldg fu;=ud fndfyda úYaj f,aLk ksl=;a lrñka Y=oaO jQ
iNdjg u`. fmkaúh'
89
- foaj O¾ufõÈhl= jQ fu;=ud foajO¾uh ms<sn| wOHdmkfha m%;sixialrK
isÿ lf<a h' Y=oaO jQ welajdhskia ;=ukaf.a foajO¾uh W.; hq;= hehs
mejiSh' úoHd;aulj Y=oaO nhsn,h yeoEÍug u`. me§h' j;sldk
f,aLkd.drh ieu fok Ndú; l< yels hehs okajd" wOHdmk
.fõIKj,g ;u iyh oelaùh'
- fu;=ud m%cd;ka;%jdohg iyh oelajQ fyhska fndfyda rgj,a iu. in|;d
meje;aúh' lf;da,slhskag fyd¢ka i<lk f,ig reishdfjka b,a,Sh'
- — fjfyik ñksiaiqZ hehs y÷kajkq ,nk — f¾reï fkdjdreïZ Rerum
Novarum hk úYaj f,aLk u.ska lïlrejkag idOdrK fõ;khla yd
whs;sjdislï ,nd§u ls;=kqlu nj myod ÿkafkah'
- 1902 frdaufha Y=oaO nhsn,Sh fldñiu ia:dmkh lf<a h'
11jk mshqia Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud ^Pius XI 1922 - 1939)
- 11 jk mshqia Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=udf.a ld,h mSvd wêl ld,hla úh'
- b;d,sfha fnksfgda uqfid,sksf.a meisiaÜ jdohg uqyqK § Y=oaO jQ iNdj
wdrlaId l< hq;= úh' Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ mdrïmßl Wreuh rchg mjrd§ug
Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud wlue;s jQfha h' ksoyia iSudjl ksoyfia md,kh
lsÍu Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ ienE ksoyi hehs mejiSh' uqfid,sks Y=oafOda;a;u
msh;=udf.a fuu woyi ms<s.ekSfï m%;sM,hla f,i b;d,s rch yd
Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud w;r 1929 fmnrjdß 11 jkod .súiqula w;aika lrk
,§' fuu .súiqu ,;rdkq .súiqu (Lateran Ttreaty) hehs y÷kajkq ,efí'
- ,;rdkq .súiqug wkqj j;sldkh iajdëk rgla f,i;a" uOHia: rgla
f,i;a" tu rc Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=uka hehso okajkq ,eîh' ;jo b;d,s
rfÜ oyu" lf;da,sl oyu hehso Y=oaO;ajh ysñ Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukag
myrfok' myr§ug W;aidy lrk" wjuka lrk wh oeä o`vqjï ,eìh
hq;a;ka njo f.kyer oelaúK' b;d,s mdi,aj, O¾fudamfoaYh iaÓrj
,ndÈh hq;= nj ms<s.kakd ,§' Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ kS;shg wkqj isÿjQ újdy
rch ms<s.kakd ,§'
- wOHdmkh ,nd§u rcfha whs;sh hehso uqfid,sks m%ldYhg m;al< úg
Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud th oeäj fy<d oelaflah' — ;reKhskaf.a ls;=kq
wOHmkhZZ ms<sn|j 1929- foieïn¾ 31 jk Èk fu;=ud ,shQ wfmdia;,sl
90
,smsfha úia;rd;aulj lreKq fmkajd§ we;' ish¨u lf;da,sl ;reKhskag
lf;da,sl wOHdmkh ,nd§u iNdfõ whs;shhs' ;ukag lf;da,sl mdi,a
wjYHhehs lf;da,slhka lrk Woaf>daIKhg n,mEï iqÿiq ke;' fyd|
lf;da,slhka fyd| mqrjeishka fõ' rchgo lSlre fjhs' fujeks Wiia
;reK mrmqrla we;s lsÍu isÿjkafka lf;da,sl mdi,a u.ska hehs fuu
m%ldYkfha i|yka lr we;'
- ysÜ,¾f.a kdÜis jdohg úreoaOj igka l< hq;= úh' 1933 § ysÜ,¾ iu.
Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud .súiqula we;s lr.;af;ah' lf;da,slhkag c¾uksfha
Ôj;aùfï whs;sh we;s nj fmkajd§u fuys wruqKhs' fï .súiqu jeä
ld,hla fkdmeje;=Ks' ysÜ,¾ Y=oaO jQ iNdjg tfrysj f.dia cqohska urd
je<¨fõh'
- 13 jk ,sfhda Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukaf.a zfjfyik ñksiaiqZ zf¾reï
fkdjdreïZ úYaj f,aLkh m%ldYhg m;a lr 41 jk j¾I mQ¾Kh
ieuÍug lïlrefjda frdauhg wdy' uQ,Okh" wdodhu Wmhd .ekSu
ms<sn|j fu;=ud lajdârdfviaisfuda wkafkda Quadragessimo Anno kue;s
úYaj f,aLkfhka n, lf<a h' heÿï" fiajd" mß;Hd. ;=<ska iudcfha
hym; i|yd lïlrejka lghq;= l< hq;= h' wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s ld,kqrEmSj
kS;suh mokñka lïlrejkag yd uqo,d,s jrekag m%fhdackj;a jk
wdldrhg fjkia lr ilia lrkq ,efí' fldñhqksiaÜ jdÈ iudcjdÈhl=f.a
woyia ls;=kq weoys,a,g mgyeks neúka lf;da,sl=g tlu wjia:dfõ
ienE lf;da,slhl= f,i;a ienE fldñkshqiaÜjdÈhl== ^iudcjdÈhl= &
f,i;a lghq;= l< fkdyels hehs fuu m%ldYkfhka fmkajd § we;'
- ls;=kq tal;ajh i|yd ish¨fokdu ls%hd;aul úhhq;= hehs wdrdOkd lf<ah'
ls;=kqjkaf.a rdcHh u.ska muKla ienE ksoyi;a ienE i;=g;a we;sfõhehs
n,lrñka ls%ia;= rcdKkaf.a uyd ux.,Hh lf;da,sl iNdj ieußh hq;=
hehs m%ldYhg m;alf<a h'
23 jk cqjdï Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud (John xiii 1958 -1963)
- Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ W;alDIag nj f,djg úoyd mEfõh' ukqI;ajfhka mQ¾K
flfkl= f,i O¾uh ms<sn| Wkkaÿfjka msÍ ls;=kq tal;ajh fjkqfjka
ñksidf.a hym; fjkqfjka yd f,dal iduh fjkqfjka ;ukaj lemlr
fiajh lf<a h'
91
- ls;=kq tal;ajh kue;s ix.ufha fmruqK.;a flfkl= úh' Y=oafOda;a;u
msh;=ukaf.a idlÉPd" m%;sm;a;s " m%;sixialrK iNd Y=oaO jQ iNd w;f¾
jQ fNao Nskak iu;lhg m;a lrkq ,eîh' ls;=kq tal;ajhg iajdëk
f,alï ld¾hd,hla we;s lf<a h'
- zuj iy .=rejßhZ Mater Et Magistra kue;s úYajf,aLkh u.ska ñksialug
.re l< hq;= hehs o È<skaoka" Okj;=ka Wiia my;a fNaoh ;=rka úh hq;=
hehs o mejiSh — f,dal iduhZZ Pacem in Terris kue;s úYajf,aLkfha
tal mqoa., jákdlu;a ksoyi;a wjOdrKh lr hym;a ñksiqka tla jqjfyd;a
hym;a idufhka msrs iudcfhla f.dvkef`.a hehs i|yka lf<ah'
- Y=oaOd;au n,fhka fmd<Ujkq ,enQ Y=oaO jQ iNdj fuu ld,hg wkqj u`.
fmkajkakg b;sydifha uka;%K iNdjla le|ùug we;s nj oekaùh'
fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdj hehs y÷kajkq ,nk fuu uka;%K iNdj
Y=oaOjQ iNdfõ .=Kdx. ms<sn|j;a ro.=rejreka " mQcljrka" .syshka l=uk
wdldrhlska Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ wNsjDoaêhg odhl úh yels oehs ks¾Kh lrk
,§'
fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh
1 mshjr - mqkreoh yd iNd m%;sixialrKh ms<sn|j l;sldj;la
f.dvk`.kak'
2 mshjr - ls%'j 1750 isg mgka .kakd kQ;k hq.h ;=< iNd ls%hdldß;ajh
ms<sn| idlÉPd lrkak'
uQ,dY% -
1' w;s.re fÊ' wef,laia m%kdkaÿ udysñ" w'fmd'i Wiia fm< úNd.hg kshñ;a
( kQ;k lf;da,sl iNdj" weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U 10 "
1970 iy 2008
2' uydpd¾h Ô'mS'ù fidaur;ak" ls;= iiqfka ixfYdaOkh
idlÉPd lsÍu'
92
ksmqK;dj 7'0 ( hqfrdamh ;=< iNdj uqyqKÿka wNsfhda. yd tajd ch.;a
wdldrh yodrñka foaj úYajdih ;yjqre lr.kshs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'3 ( f,dalhg iNdfõ odhl;ajh meyeos,s fldgf.k ck;djf.a
Wka;sh i|yd lemfjhs'
ld,Éfþo ( ld,ÉfPo 10
bf.kqï M, (
² wOHdmkh i|yd iNdfõ lemùu ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd ta ms<Sn|j l;d
lrhs'
² úoHdj yd ;dlaIKsl oshqKqj flfrys iyh oelajQ ls;=kq úoHd{hska fuka ;ud
Ôj;ajk iudch ;=< iudc fiajh lsÍug bosßm;a fjhs'
² fldkaia;ka;Skq wêrdchd ksoyi oSu;a iu`.u foajia:dk f.dvke.s,s l%uh
l%uj;aj wdrïNjQ nj oek .kshs'
² uq,a ls;=kqjka hqlßia;sh i|yd Ndú; l< ls;=kqq ixfla; ls%ia;shdks Ñ;% l,dfõ
wdrïNl Ñ;% nj ms<s.kshs'
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr oSug w;aje,la (
7'3'1 wOHdmkh i|yd iNdfõ lemùu (-
frdau wêrdcHfha msßySu;a iu. we;sjq foaYmd,ksl wr., yd hqOuh jd;djrKh
ksid hqfrdamfha oekqu mqmqrdhdfï m%jK;dj b;d my;a ;;a;ajhl mej;=Ks'
tfia jqj;a ls;=kq mQcljreka ;ukag wjYH oekqu hï uÜgulska fmdaIKh
lsÍug Wkkaÿ jqy' uOH;k hq.h ;=< wlaIr {dkh" m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha
me;sÍu" úYajúoHd, ìysùu yd me;sÍu" mqrd;k frdau - .S%l oekqu;a bia,dóh
oekqu;a hqfrdamh ;=<g f.k tk ,oS' ta ksid ngysr mäjrekaf.a Ñka;kh ;=<
j¾Okhla we;sùu m%Odk lreKls'
ls%'j' 800 oS muK pd,aia fïka rcld,fha" t;=ukaf.a ksfhda.h mßos iEu foõ
ue`ÿrlau" ;dmdidrduhlau wh;a m%foaYj, m%d:ñl mdi,a wdrïN l< hq;= úh'
fï wkqj ngysr hqfrdamfha úúO m%foaYj, mdi,a yd mqia;ld, úúO ;dmidru
wdYs%; m%foaYj, ia:dmkh lrk ,oS' kuq;a ffjlsx ^Viking& jrekaf.a hq`Ouh
lghq;= ksid m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha we;sjQ j¾Okhg uy;a n,mEula úh' kuq;a
m%d:ñl wOHdmkh iuyr ;dmidrdu yd wdik foaõueÿre wdYs%;j j¾Okh
úh' kuq;a ls%'j' 1050 olajd ngysr hqfrdamfha m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha ;;a;ajh yd
me;srhdu b;d wju ;;a;ajhl mej;=Ks' kuq;a 11 jk ishjfia we;sjQ wd.ñl
m%;sixialrKfha m%;sM,hla f,i wdik foõue`ÿre wdYs%; mdi,a j, Cathedral&
93
ksoyia wOHdmkh ,ndÿKs' lekagnrs Cantabary& pd¾gia Chartes& yd meÍish
^Paris& hk ia:dk ksoyia wOHdmkh Liberal Arts& ,ndfok wOHdmkfha m%Odk
ikaêia:dk úh'
.sys ck;dj i|yd jk mdi,a we;sùu;a" .sys ck;djg wOHdmkh ,ndÿka
Y=oaOjQ iNdfõ mdi,aj, ls%hdldß;ajh;a" .sys ck;djf.a wOHdmkh úYd,
jYfhka j¾Okh lsÍug u`. meoSKs'' hqfrdamd b;sydifha Wiia uOH;k hq.fha
we;sjQ wOHdmk ixj¾Okfha m%;sM,hla f,i úYajúoHd, hqfrdamh ;=< ìysúh'
ffjoH úoHdjg uq,a ;ek ÿka if,¾fkd salerno& yd kS;s wOHdmkhg uq,a;ek
ÿka fndf,d[a[= úYajúoHd,h úfYaI úh'
12 jk Y;j¾Ifha ueoNd.fha oS meßia úYajúoHd,h ìysúh' meÍisfha
ro.=re;=uka úiska fuh úYajúoHd,hlaa f,i m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o w;r úúO
wdh;k yd mSGj,ska th iukaú; úh' 13 jk Y;j¾Ifha oS fuu úYajúoHd,
mSG 4 lg fnod fjka lrk ,oS' tajd kï foaj O¾u mSGh" ffjoH mSGh" iNdkS;s
mSGh yd l,d mSGh h' ls%ia;shdks foaj O¾uh" .S%l" bia,dï" o¾Ykh fuys
b.ekajq fyhska tajdfha in|;d o¾Yk f,dalh ;=< uy;a fmr<shla we;s lf<a
h' 14 jk Y; j¾Ih jk úg fuu úYajúoHd,hg wh;a fm!oa.,sl fldf,aÊ
40 la úh' ta f,!lsl yd wdOHd;añl tajd úh'
Tlaia*¾â úYajúoHd,h ls%ia;= j¾I 872 oS uyd we,a*%â úiska wrUk ,oS' ls%'j'
1226 oS flaïì%Ê úYajúoHd,h ìysúh' ls%'j' 1218 oS IX w,afmdakaiq rcq úiska
i,ukald úYajúoHd,h wdrïN lrk ,oS' fuh iamd[a[fha we;s bmerKsu
úYajúoHd,hhs' fuh ls%'j' 1254 oS IV jk wef,laiekav¾ mdma;=uka úiska
f,dalfha we;s m%Odk;u úYajúoHd, 4 ka tlla njg m%ldYhg m;a lf<a h'
^Tlaia*¾â" meßia yd fndf,d[a[d úYaj úoHd, iu`.&
7'3'2 úoHdj yd ;dlaIKsl oshqKqj Wfoid ls;=kq úoHd{hskaf.a odhl;ajh
kùk f,dalh ;=< úoHdfõ yd ;dlaIKfha oshqKqj Wfoid odhljqjkaf.ka
nyq;rh ls;=kqqjkah' tu úoHd{hskaf.a yelshd iy l=i,;d ;=<ska foúhka
jykafiaf.a yia;h ls%hd;aul ù we;' ls;=kq iNdfjka f,dalhg odhdo l<
iqúfYaIs jq tu mqoa.,hkaf.ka lSm fofkl= ms<sn|j fidhd n,d wOHhkh
lruq'
94
fghshd¾â fv Id¾vEka msh;=ud ^Pierr Teilhard de Chardin& 1881-19551881-19551881-19551881-19551881-1955
• fÊiq ksldhg wh;a msh;=fuls'
• mDÓúh u; jik ñksidf.a mßKdu b;sydih ms<sn|j iïmq¾K o¾Ykhla
bosßm;a l< Ñka;lhska w;frka fu;=udg úfYaI ;ekla ysñfõ'
• wfÉ;ksl ^Nanimate& øjHhj,ska mgkaf.k Ôjfha we;sùu miqlr kQ;k
ñksidf.a j¾Okh muKla fkdj bosß wkd.;h olajd hkakdjq udkj j¾Okh
ms<sn|jjQ m%lafIamkhla ^Projection& iys; mq`t,a o¾Ykhla t;=ud f,dalhg
oS we;'
• fu;=ud N+ñ úoHd iy mdIdKSh Od;= úoHd ms<sn|j úoHd{hl= jq w;r
o¾Ykjdoshl= yd lsúol= f,i oialï olajd we;'
• Id¾vEkaf.a Ñka;kh w;sYhka jeo.;a jkafka Tyq tlúgu oeä ls%ia;= Nla;shl=
o w.%.Kfha úoHd{hl= o ùu ksidh' wd.u yd úoHdj hk lafIa;% 2 tlsfklg
mgyeks hehs Tyq lsisúgl ie<l=fõ ke;' merKs Ôùkaf.a weglgq ms<sn|
m¾fhaIL yeuúgu wjika jkafka im%dKsl fÊiq ls%ia;=;=uka tajd ;=<ska o¾Ykh
lsÍug ,eîfukehs Tyq ks;r mejiqfõh'
wef,laiekav¾ f.%yeï fn,a ^ 1847 - 1922&
• ls%'j' 1847 oS iafldaÜ,ka;fha täkanfrda kqjroS Wm; ,nd täkanfrda yd
,kavka úYajúoHd,j,ska Wmdê ,nd we;s w;r ls%'j' 1876 ud¾;= 10 osk ÿrl:kh
fidhd.kq ,eîh'
• ;jo Y%jH oDYH wdndê; <uqkaf.a ;;a;ajh i;=gqodhl lsÍug fuj,ï lSmhla
ksmojQ w;r tu <uqkag b.ekaùu i|yd fjku .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍug;a" ta
i|yd úfYaI mdGud,d ieliSug;a fudyq mqfrda.dó úh' fndiag;ays Y%jH wdndê;
<uqka i|yd jQ úYajúoHd,h Tyq úiska msysgqjk ,oafols'
whsfila ksõgka ^1643-1727&
• tx.,ka;fha jq,aiaf;dma kï .%dufha Wmka whsfila ksõgka fN!;sl
úoHd{fhla" .Ks;{fhla" ;drld úoHd{fhla" kQ;k hq.fha od¾Ykslfhla
fukau foaj O¾udpd¾hjrfhla o fjhs'
• úoHdjg mgyeks fkdjk foú flfkla ms<sn| fudyq úYajdi lr we;s w;r
.=re;ajdl¾IKh fudyq úiska fidhdf.k we;' p,s;h ^Motion& ms<sn|
kshuh 3 la fudyq bosßm;a lr we;'
95
• j¾K y÷kd.ekSu "iQ¾h uKav,h ms<sn| f;dr;=re wkdjrKh" mrdj¾;kh
ÿf¾laIhla ;ekSu" uqyqfoa jvosh yd ndosh yg.ekSu hkdos lreKq rdYshla
wkdjrKh lrf.k f,djg m%ldY lr we;'
we,anÜ whskaiaghska ^ 1879 -1955&
• c¾uksfha W,añ k.rfha Wm; ,enq cqod cd;sl lf;da,slfhls'
• idfmalaI;djdoh bosßm;a lsÍu;a iu`.u b;d ckm%sh jQ fudyq úÿ,sh" ldkaoï
n,h" .=re;aj n,h hk fïjd tlu uQ,hlska ìysjk nj lshd isáfhah'
• ls%'j' 1922 oS Tyqg fN!;sl úoHdj ms<sn| fkdfn,a ;Hd.h ,enqfKah'
wef,laiekav¾ maf,añx ^ 1881-1955&
• 1881 wf.daia;= ui 06 jk osk iafldÜ,ka;fha wfhaI¾ys f,dÊmS,aâ keue;s
.fï os<s÷ mjq,l Wmka ls;kqqfjla jq fudyq wd¾Ól m%Yak j,ska fm`tKq
nd,úfhaoSu ,kavka k.rhg f.dia ,smslre ;k;=rla ,ndf.k b;sßlr.;a
uqo,aj,ska ,kavkfha Ydka; fïß wdfrda.HYd,djg wkqnoaO ffjoH úoHd,hg
msúi jhi wjq 28 oS Y,H ffjoH úfYaI{fhla úh'
• fmkais,ska m%;sÔjl T!IOh fidhd.;a fudyqg 1945 oS ta i|yd fkdfnda,a
;Hd.ho msßkud we;'
• f;dauia w,ajd täika ^1847-1931&
¨ù mdiap¾ ^1822-1895&
ksl,ia fldm¾kslia ^1473-1543&
tâjâ fck¾ ^1749-1823&
hk úoHd{hska ms<sn|j jeäÿrg;a wOHhkhl< yels h'
7'3'3 l,dfõ Wkak;sh Wfoid iNdfõ odhl;ajh
ls%ia;shdks iNd b;sydifha úúO ld,jljdkqj, oS ls%ia;shdks l,dj j¾Okh ù
we;' ls;=kq f,aLkh" ls;=kq ix.S;h" .Dy ks¾udK" Ñ;%" leghï" uQ¾;s hkdosfha
Wkak;sh Wfoid úúO lKavdhï yd mqoa.,hska odhl ù we;' by; i|yka l<
iEu wx.hlau l,djg we;=,;a fõ'
ls;=kqq f,aLkh (
uOHld,Sk hq.h jkf;la ,;ska NdIfjka idys;H lD;S rpkd fldg ;snqKs'
vdkafÜ w,s.sfhß ls%'j' 1265-1321& b;d,s NdIdfjka ks¾udK a lf<a h' ksoiqka
f,i ^The Divine Comedy& fyj;a foaj iqLdka;h oelaúh yels h' f;dauia
wlïfma ,shQ ls%ia;= wkqidrh The Imitation of Christ& keue;s lD;sho jeo.;a
fõ'
96
wú,dfõ idka; f;f¾id" l=reisfha idka; fcdaka" fcdaak ñ,agka hkdos f,aLlhska
úiska f,dal ls;=kq idys;Hhg woaú;Sh fufyjrla isÿlrk ,È'
ix.S;h
m%:u j;djg ls%ia;shdks ix.S; l%uhla wdrïN jkafka ls%'j' 500-1000 w;r
ld,fha oS h' w÷re hq.h f,i ye|skajQ fuu jljdkqj ;=< ckjkaokd l%uh
úêu;a f,i ilia lrk ,oS' idka; fnkÈla ;=ud ;dmidrdu ;=< ilia l<
ckjkaokdl%uh ls%ia;shdks iNdjg .e<fmk ú,dYhlg uyd f.%.ß mdma;=ud
^ ls%'j 540-604& úiska ilia lrk ,oS' ;ks ;d, l%uhla ^Plane chant& jQ fuu
ix.S; l%uh f.%f.daßhdkq ;d, l%uh ^Gregorian Chant& f,i ckm%sh úh'
11 yd 12 fjks Y;j¾Ij, f.%f.daßhdkq ;ks ;d, l%uhg jvd fjkia ñY% ;d,
l%uhla meÍisfha fkdg%vdï wdik foõueÿf¾ wdrïN úh' th fmd,sf*dks
ix.S; l%uh f,i y÷kajhs' mQcdjl ;d,hg .dhkd l< hq;= jq fldgia 6 la ñY%
;d, ix.S; l%uh ;=<ska ;SrKh ù ;snqfKa h' kQ;k osjH mQcd hd.fha oS fuu
fldgia .dhkd lrkq ,efí'
i lSßfha ^iajdóks lreKd l< uekj&
ii .af,daßhd ^W;alDIaG jq foúhkag uysuh fõjd&
iii fla%fvda ^ uu úYajdi lrñ&
iv idka;=ia ^ iqúY=oaOh&
v fnkäla;=ia jäk ;eke;a;d wdYs¾jdos;h&
vi wd[a[qia fâhs ^foaj wcnd,lhdfKks&
• ;s%foka;Skq uka;%K iNdfjka miq úYsIag ñY% ;d, ix.S; l%uhla ìysúh'
• ;+¾h NdKav yd lgyv tlg ñY% lrñka Trf;daßfhda lD;s ix.S; l%uh
ks¾udKh fldg we;'
• 19 fjks ishjfia oS .dhkd mQcd iy ÿla .dhkd mQcd ks¾udKh lrk ,oS'
.Dy ks¾udK Ys,amh
• ls%'j' 313 os fldkaia;ka;Skq wêrdchd úiska ls%ia;shdks O¾uhg ksoyi oSfuka
miq ls%ia;shdks f.dvke.s,s l,dj wdrïN úh' fuu wjêfha oS
• frdaudkq foajia:dk l%uh
• nhsika;shdkq foajia:dk l%uh hkqfjka foajia:dk ;ekSfï l%u folla
y÷kajd osh yelsh'
97
• ls%'j 1000 isg 1500 olajd ld,h tkï uOH;k hq.fha oS ls%ia;shdks wkkH;dfjka
hq;= foajia:dk f.dvke.s,s bosßlsÍï l%u 2 la ìysúh tajd kï
• frdaukial fyj;a uOHld,Sk frdaudKq foajia:dk
• f.da;sl Gothic& foajia:dk
leghï Ys,amh
ls%ia;shdks leghï l,djo wdrïN jQfha uOH;k hq.fha oSh' hqfrdamfha wdik
foõueÿre boslsÍu;a iu`.u leghï l,dj wdrïN úh' kuq;a fï hq.fha oS
leghï l,dj wdrïN jqj;a th iajdëk l,djla fkdùh' leghï fhdod
.;af;a f.dvke.s,s irik l%uhla fiah' tkï f.dvke.s,s l,dfõu wx.hla
f,igh'
Wod - i fld;a uqÿka ieriSug foaj¥;hka fhdod .eksKs'
ii jeys mS,sj,ska j;=r msglsÍu isÿ lf,a ñksia fyda i;ajrEm j,
lgj,a Ndú; lsÍfuka h'
iii oajdr uKavmj, mqrdK yd kj .súiqïj, l:d mqj;a olajk rEm
wUd ;snqKs' fuu rEm iïmQ¾K ms<su fkdjq w;r tajdhska fldgila
ì;a;shgu .s,afjk ú,dihlg ks¾udKh fldg ;snqKs'
• ls%ia;shdks leghï l,dj iajdëk l,djla f,i f,dalh y÷kd.;af;a .S%l
frdau mqkreofha odhdohla jYfhks' ls%ia;shdks b;sydih ;=< leghï l,dj
iajdëk l,djla njg m;a lf,a uhsl,a wdkacf,dah ( msfhgd ^Pieta& leghu
Tyqf.a fYa%IaG ks¾udKhls'
• uOHld,Sk hq.fha bosl< wdik foõ ueÿrej, úfYaIfhka f.da;sl ^Gothic&
foajia:dkj, ieris,s lsÍug leghï l,dj Ndú; lf<ah' fld;a uqÿkaj,
foajÿ;rEm" ñksia rEm" i;a;aj rEm ks¾udKh lr we;'
• mYapd;a frmrudÿ lf;da,sl l,dj fyj;a nefrdla iïm%odh ;=< yuqjk
f,dfrkafika n¾kskS woaù;Sh .Kfha leghï Ys,amshl= f,i y\qkajdosh yels
w;r frdaufha Ydka; mS;r neis,sldfõ mQcdikhg by<ska ks¾udKh lr we;s
f,dalv Wvq úhk Tyqf.a woaú;Sh ks¾udKhlg ksoiqkla f,i oelaúh yels h'
Ñ;% uq¾;s Ys,amh
ls%ia;shdks mSvk iufha oS fmdf<dj hg ;kd ;snQ legl=ïn ^Catacombs& kï
fidfydka ìï ;=< iaf;da;% mQcdj fyj;a hqlßia;sh mj;ajd we;' tys oS ls;=kqjkag
muKla f;areï.; yels ryis.; ls;=kq ixfla; Ndú; lr we;' m%:u ls%ia;shdks
Ñ;% yuqjkafka fuu legl=ïn wdYs%;jh' ta ksid fïjd legl=ïn Ñ;% f,i
y÷kajhs'
98
uq,a ls;=kqjka Ndú; l< ixfla; lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
i ud`tjd - ls%ia;=ia jykafia
ii mfrúhd - wd;auh
iii fudkrd - iodld,sl;ajh
iv lfrys neg`tjl= ;ndf.k isák ;reKhd - hym;a tfârd
v oE;a Tijdf.k isák ñksfila fyda .eyeKshl - hdÉ[dj yd foúhka
jykafia iu`. we;s iïnkaO;dj
• ls%'j 1931 oS lekSïj,ska fidhdf.k we;s vqrd hqfrdamia ys ksfjil frdaufha
msysgd we;s fodñks,a,df.a fidfydka .efnys ;sî ls%ia;shdks ì;=is;=jï /ila
yuqù we;' tu Ñ;%j,g f;aud ù we;af;a Y=oaO jQ nhsn,fha wvx.= l:dka;rfõ'
tajd kï - wdoï iy taj
- fudafiiag m¾j;hlska c,h ,eîu
- fcdakd ;,auil=f.ka fíÍu
- isxyhskaf.ka odksfh,a wdrlaId ùu
- fÊiqia jykafia yd f.da,hska olajk Ñ;%h wdosh fõ'
• fi!kao¾hd;aul jYfhka i,lk úg fïjd b;d m%d:ñl ,laIKj,ska hqla;
ks¾udK jqjo tu`.ska tu hq.fha ne;su;=ka .; l< ÿIalr Ôú; rgdj wjfndaO
lr.; yels h'
• fudiehsla fyj;a ùÿre legl,dj
fudiehsla Ñ;% nhsfika;shdkq l,dfõ kj;u l,d wx.hls' ùÿre leg l,dj
fiao fuh y÷kajk w;r f.j,a yd foajia:dk j, iS,sï" ì;a;s" îu ieriSug
fuu l%uh Wmfhda.S lr f.k we;'
fudiehsla Ñ;% l,dfõ ,laIK
i Ñ;%h w,xldr yd wf,dalj;a Ndjhlska hqla; fõ'
ii ùÿ/ legj,ska ks¾udKh l< ksid Ñ;% rEm oro`vqhs
iii fkdfi,afjk iq¨h' me<| isák jia;%j, /<s fkdue;'
iv tajd foiska Nla;shla iy f,dafld;aa;r Ndjhla meyeos,sj m%ldY fõ'
v mqoa.,hl=f.a im%dKslNdjhla olakg ke;' tu ksid fuu l,dlrefjda
Ñ;%fha iajNdúl;ajhg jvd .ïNSr;ajhg uq,a ;ek ÿkay'
vi mkafgdl%Elafgd¾ ^Pantocrastor& fyj;a ish¨ fohgu wêm;s f,i
ls%ia;=ia jykafiaj ks¾udKh fldg we;'
99
• whsfldka rEm
fudiehsla Ñ;% wkq.ukh lrñka Ñ;% l%uhla ìysúh' foajia:dk j, olakg
,enqKq fudiehsla Ñ;%j, yevhg fÊiqia jykafiaf.a" ußh;=ñhf.a iy
Y=oaOjka;hkaf.a rEm l=vd ,S ,E,sj, msgm;a lsÍfï iïm%odhla ìysjkakg
úh' tyd fuyd f.k hd yels jQ tu Ñ;% rEm" .S%la niska whsfldkafia ye|skajqfKa
h' whsfldaka rEmj, ,laIK
i l=vd ,E,sj, ;Skaf;ka fuu Ñ;% rEm we`o we;'
ii ks;ru miqìu rkajka mdáka jQ w;r fudiehsla Ñ;%fiau uqyqKq orovqúh'
iii f,daflda;a;r .ïNSr;ajfhka hqla;h'
whsfldka Ñ;%hg úYsIaG;u ksoiqk jYfhka YS% ,xldfõ w;sYhska ckm%sh;ajhg
m;aù we;s iodirK foaj ud;d Ñ;%h .; yels h'
• j¾K ùÿre l,dj ^Stainded glass&
j¾K ùÿre Ñ;% f.da;sl Gothic& l,djg wdfõKsl jQ l,d iïm%odhls' f.da;sl
foajia:dkj, úYd, ljq`t rdYshla ;eîu ksid tu ljq`tj, ;snQ ùÿrej, fuu
Ñ;% we| we;' fu ljqt fndfyda úg jl%dldr iy mqIamdldr jeks úúO yevj,ska
idod f.k we;' fuu Ñ;% j, we;s iqúfYaI;ajh kï ùÿre ;=<g idhï ljd
fuu Ñ;% ks¾udKh lsÍuhs' fuu ;dlaIK l%uh fudiehsla ks¾udKj,g;a
jvd ÿIalr ù we;s nj lsj hq;=h' ùÿre ;=<g j¾K leùfï fuu l%uh f.da;sl
l,dlrejka ryis.;j ;nd .ekSu ksid merKs l%u wNdjhg .sfhah' kQ;kfha
j¾K ùÿre l,dj we;;a merKs l%uh ;rï tajd iul< fkdyelsh' uOHld,Sk
hq.fha Ñ;% Ys,amfha Wkak;shg odhl jQ mqoa.,hska
i fm%iaflda ^Fresco& Ñ;% fyj;a kj ì;a;s u; ^tkï nodu fõ,Sug;a fmr&
Ñ;% we|sfï l%uhla fidhd.;a ÔfhdaÜfgdaâ fnd¾fvdfka Ñ;% Ys,amshd
^Giotto Di Bordone& ls%'j' 1266- 1337 úfYaIs;fjhs'
ii m%d wekafc,sflda ^Fra Angelico&- ls%'j' 1387 -1455" ,shkdfvda vd úkaÉ
^Leonardo da Vinchi&&&&& ls%'j' 1452-1519" uhsl,a wdkacf,da Michael Angelo&&&&&
ls%'j' 1475- 1564 yd r*dfh,a fikaisfhda ^Raffaelo Sanzzio& ls%'j' 1483-1520
l< wurKSh l,d lD;S ksid fYa%IaG mqoa.,fhda njg m;ajQy'
100
fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh
• wOHdmkh i|yd iNdfõ lemùu ms<sn|j úfõpkd;aul l;sldjl fhfokak'
• úoHdj yd ;dlaIKsl oshqKqj Wfoid ls;=kqq úoHd{hska odhl jQ wdldrh idlÉPd
lrkak'
• uq,a ls;=kqqjka ixfla; Ñ;%" Ndú; lrñka iaf;da;% mQcdj meje;ajQ wdldrh uq,dY%
weiqßka /ia lsÍug isiqkag wjia:dj fokak'
• ksoyia hq.fha yd uOH;k hq.fha foajia:dk l,dfõ wx. ms<sn| fmdaiagrhla
ks¾udKh lsÍug isiqkaj fhduq lrjkak'
• ls;=kq f,aLlhska yd ls%ia;shdks Ñ;% l,djg odhl jQ Ñ;% Ys,amSka u.ska idys;H yd
l,dj fmdaIKh jq wkaou fidhd ne,Sug isiqkaj .fõIKhl fhdojkak'
uQ,dY% (-
• www. Salamanca' univerisity.org
• www. liv.ac.uk/history
• www.eug.unibio.it
• ls%ia;shdks b;sydih" idys;H l,dj" wdpd¾h weka;ks m%kdkaÿ
101
ksmqK;dj 8'0 ( YS% ,xldfõ iNd b;sydih yodrd ,dxflah ls;=kq
wkkH;djg idlaIs orhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 8'1 ( hqfrdamShhka hgf;a YS% ,xldfõ iNd wdrïNh yd úldYh
wOHhkh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( ld,ÉfPo 30
bf.kqï M, (
² YS% ,dflah ls;= iiqfka wdrïNh ms<sn| f;dr;=re fidhd n,hs'
² furgg meñKs úfoaYSh O¾u¥;jreka bgql< ld¾h Ndrh .ek wOHhkh lrhs'
² úúO mSvk uOHfha ,la ls;= iiqk j¾Okh jQ whqre wjfndaO lr.kshs'
² Nd.Hj;a cqfia jdia msh;=uka we;=¿ Trf;daßhdkq ksldhsl mshjrekaf.ka furg
ls;=kq iNdjg jQ fiajh w.h lrhs'
² ls;=kq O¾u¥; jHdmdrh ;=<ska YS% ,xldfõ wd.ñl" wOHdmksl yd iudcSh
fCIa;%hkag ,enqKq odhl;ajh y÷kd .kshs'
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr oSug w;aje,la (
YS% ,xldfõ iNd b;sydih hkq ls;=kq Ydikh ,laforK ;=< wdrïN ù" j¾Okh
fjñka wo olajd fï ;dla wd .uk ms<sn| ft;sydisl úia;rhhs' furg foaYmd,k"
wd.ñl" iudcSh yd ixialD;sl uxfm;a Tiafia ndOl yd wNsfhda. miqlrñka
foaj ie,iqï m%ldrj ls;= iiqk .uka l< wdldrh tu b;sydih ;=<ska wmg
y÷kd .; yelsh'
YS% ,xld iNd b;sydih yeoEÍfï jeo.;alu
• foaYSh ls;=kqjka f,i wmf.a wdrïNh yd wkkH;dj ms<sn| ksjerÈ wjfndaOhla
,nd.ekSu i|yd
• iNd b;sydih ;=< foúhka jykafiaf.a ueosy;aùu yd ls%hdldß;ajh f;areï
.ksñka wmf.a úYajdifha ðú;h Yla;su;a lr.ekSu i|yd
• furg ls;= iiqk f.dvk.kakg odhljQjka w.h lrñka Tjqkaf.a wdo¾Yh
wkqj hñka iNdfõ j¾Okh i|yd wem lemú fiajh lsÍug Èß.ekaùï ,nkq
i|yd
• iNdfõ w;S;h foi n,d tys j¾;udkh yd wkd.;h ksis f,i yev.iajd .kq
i|yd
102
YS% ,xld iNd b;sydifha úúO hq.
1' merKs hq.h - mD;=.SiSkaf.a meñKSug fmr hq.h
2' mD;=.Sis hq.h - ls%' j 1505 - 1657
3' ,kafoais hq.h - ls%' j 1658 - 1796
4' ì%;dkH hq.h - ls%' j 1796 - 1948
5' ksoyia hq.h - ls%' j 1948 ka miqj
8'1'1' mD;=.SiSka meñKSug fmr hq.h
YS% ,xldfõ lf;da,sl iNdj mss<sn| f,aLk.; b;sydih werfUkafka ls%' j' 16
jeks ishjfia isgh' ta ls%' j 1505 § mD;=.SiSka furgg meñKSu;a iu.h' tfy;a
furg ls;=kq úYajdifha Wreuh Bg ishjia .Kklg fmr isg mej; tk nj
lsj hq;=h' mD;=.Sis wd.ukhg fmr mjd YS ,xldfõ ls;=kqjka isá njg idlaIs
mj;S'
1' fldiauia bkaäfldmaf,hqiaÜia keue;s foaY ixpdrlhdf.a idlaIsh -
ls%' j 6 jeks ishjfia úiQ Tyq ;u ixpdrj,§ weiQ ÿgq foa weiqßka .%ka:hla
ilia lf<ah' th bx.S%is niska The Christian Topography o ls%iaáhka fgdfmda.%*s&
kï úh'
tl, ,laÈj m¾ishdfjka meñKs ls%ia;= Nla;sl msßila isá njo" Tjqkag
mQcljrhl= yd f;aajdpd¾hjrhl= isá nj o" foaj jkaokdj i|yd wjYH oE
;snqKq njo fldiauia ;u fmdf;a i|yka lr we;'
2' wkqrdOmqrfha yuq jQ fkiafgdaßhka l=reish -
ls%' j 1912 § wkqrdOmqr kgnqka w;r ;sî .,l flgq l=reihla fidhdf.k we;'
th m¾ishdkq cd;sl fkiafgdaßhka ls%ia;= Nla;slhkg wh;a tlla nj b;sydi{
u;hhs' tfia kï ta fldiauia i|yka l< ls;=kqjka úh yelsh'
3' iS.sß iufha isá ñ.dr fiakdm;s -
ls%' j 5 jeks ishjfia bkaÈhdfjka meñK m<uq ldYHm rcq yd bkamiq rcjQ m<uq
uq.,ka hgf;a fiajh l< ls%ia;= Nla;slhl= jQ ñ.dr kï fiakdm;shl= .ek pQ,
jxYfhaa i|yka h ' Tyq — wNsfIal - ðk˜ fjkqfjka ueÿrla ;kd th lem
lsÍug Wf<,la meje;ajQ nj tys oelafõ' ysgmq mqrdúoHd flduidßia uydpd¾h
fikr;a mrKú;dk uy;df.a u;h wkqj fuys — wNsfIal - ðk˜ f,i
y÷kajkafka fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafiajh' tfia kï is.Sß iufha§ furg ls%ia;=
Nla;slhska isá njg th jeo.;a idlaIshls'
;jo uq.,ka rc iufha ls;=kq ,dxPk iys; rka ldis ;snKqq njo mrKú;dk
uy;d mjihs'
103
4' ls%' j 52 § f;dauia wfmdaia;=¨ ;=ud bkaÈhdjg meñK oyï m%pdrh l< w;r
t;=ukaf.a wkq.dñlhska f,i ie,flk ls%ia;= Nla;slfhda lKavdhula mD;=.siSka
meñKSug fmr mgka ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ isáhy' tfia kï Tjqkaf.ka iuyre
we;eï wjYH;d i|yd Ys% ,xldjg meñfKkakg we;' tneúka ,laìug mD;=.ssiSka
meñfKkakg fmr ls;=kqjka fuys isá njg tho idOlhla fõ'
merKs hq.fha ,laÈj meje;s ls;=kq weoys,a, mss<sn| f,aLk.; f;dr;=re úr,
jqjo mj;sk idlaIsj,ska ;yjqre jkafka furg ls;=kq weoys,a,g È.= b;sydihla
we;s njh' tu hq.fha§ ls;=kq úYajdih furg frdamKhùug fya;=jqjd hehs
ie<lsh yels lreKq lSmhls' tkï"
1' YS% ,xldj bkaÈhdjg b;d iómj msysàu - fï ksid bkaÈhdfõ foaYmd,k"
wd.ñl" wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl fCIa;%hkaf.a n,mEu ,xldjg oeKsks' tfia kï
ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ fjr<dikak fmfoiys j¾Okh jQ ls;= oyuo furgg y÷kajd§u
myiqfjkau isÿjkakg we;'
2' úfoia rgj,a iu. meje;s in|;d - fj<| in|;d ksid furg meñKs bkaÈhdkq
yd m¾ishdkq ls;=kq fj<ÿka ksid ls;= oyu furg me;sfrkakg we;ehs is;sh
yel'
3' wmf.a merKs rcorejka wkqukh l< újD; wd.ñl m%;sm;a;sho furg ls;=kq
weoys,af,a wdrïNhg fya;= jQ nj lsj hq;= h'
8'1'2 mD;=.SiS hq.h - ls%' j 1505 - 1657
mD;=.SiSka fmrÈ.g meñKSu
15" 16 ishjiaj, hqfrdamfha we;sjQ mqk¾Ôjkfha tla wxYhla jQfha w¨;a rgj,a
fidhd hduh' mD;=.Sis cd;slfhda jir .Kkdjla uq¿,af,a fjfyi ord wms%ldfõ
flama ;=vqj miqlr kef.kysr wms%ldkq fjr<nv f;dgqm,j,g f.dvneiafidah'
tu W;aidyfha m%;sM,h f,i jiaflda o .dud bkaÈhdjg hk uqyqÿ ud¾.h
fidhd .ekSu;a iu. fmrÈ. rgj,a iu. mD;=.SiSkaf.a fj<o lghq;= wdrïN
úh' Tjqyq bkaÈhdfõ f.daj k.rh ;u fmrÈ. fj<o uOHia:dkh lr .;ay'
mD;=.SiSka fmrÈ.g meñKSug fya;=jQ ;j;a ldrKhla jQfha mD;=.SiSkag
uqia,sïjreka iu. ;snqKq fj<| ;r.hhs' l,la uqia,sïjrekaf.a md,khg
k;=j isá mD;=.d,h thska ñ§u;a iu. tu cd;Ska fofldgi w;r jQfha ffjÍ
iy.; ye`.ASuls' tfiau tod hqfrdamd cd;Ska flfrys fj<o wêldrsh wh;aa
lrf.k isá uqia,sïjrekaf.ka th ish;g .ekSu mD;=.SiSkaf.a wNs,dIh úh'
104
Tjqka fmrÈ.g meñKSfï ;j;a wruqKla jQfha oyï m%pdrhhs' tu ld¾hhg
Tjqka Wkkaÿ jqfha zmfødawdfodaZ ie,iqu ksidh'
mfødawdfoda (PADROADO) fyj;a iNd wdrCIl Ndrh -
hg;a úð;j, ls;= oyu m%pdrh lsÍu i|yd Y=oaOdikh úiska hqfrdamfhka
ngysr rgj,a iamd[a[hg o kef.kysr rgj,a mD;=.d,hg o mjrk ,§' th
mfødawdfoda ie,iqu kï úh' ta wkqj hg;a úð;j, O¾u¥;jreka heùu'
Tjqka wdrlaId lsÍu" ñ, uqo,ska wdOdr §u" foõueÿre yd ;dmidrdu bÈlsÍu
iy kv;a;= lsÍu fukau tu m%foaYj,g kj ro.=rejreka m;a lsÍu o tu
forgg mejßKs'
f,dfrkafida o w,afïod ,laÈjg f.dvneiSu
m%ekaisiaflda o w,afïod fmrÈ. mD;=.Sis rdcHfha wdKavqldrhdj isá iufha
bkaÈhka id.rfha ud,Èjhska fmfofi .uka .;a uqia,sï fj<| keõ w,a,d
.kq i|yd mD;=.Sis keõ lKavdhula msg;a lr heõfõh' bkaÈhdfõ fldÑka
k.rfhka .uka werUq keõ 7 lska hq;a tu lKavdhfï kdhlhd jQfha
m%ekaisiaflda o w,afïodf.a mq;a f,dfrkafida o w,afïod h' Tjqkaf.a wd.ñl
lghq;= i|yd m%ekaisialdk ksldhsl z úfikaf;aZ kï mQcdm%idÈ ;=ul= o úh'
fï mD;=.Sis keõ lKavdhu ud,Èjhska foig hdug wruqKq lr isáh;a
uqyqfoaÈ l=Kdgqjlg yiqùu ksid fmr ie,iqulska f;drj fiakaÿ jQfha .d¨
jrdhgh' ;uka <`.d jQ rg ,xldj nj oek.;a Tjqyq W;=re foig hd;%dlr
fld<U jrdhg meñKshy'' th isÿjQfha ls%' j' 1505 fkdjeïn¾ 15 jk Èk§h'
miqj" tjlg isá fldaÜfÜ rcqf.ka wjir ,nd.;a mD;=.SiSyq fj<| .nvdjla
fld<U bÈ l< y' ta wi, l=vd foõ ueÿrla o ;kd th f,dfrkafida o
w,afïodf.a kduidka;=jrhd jQ Y= f,darkaia uqks;=udg lem l< y' keúhka
iu. isá úfikaf;a msh;=ud úiska tu foõueÿf¾ ÈjH mQcdj isÿ lrk ,§'
th ,laforfKa meje;ajQ m%:u ÈjH mQcdjhs'
Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=udg oekaùu
tl, —;m%fndakh˜ f,i ye¢kajqKq fï Èjhskg mD;=.Siska meñKsfï mqj;
mD;=.d,fha isá 1 jk ukqfj,a rcqg okajk ,ÿj t;=ud úiska tjlg iiqka
tfârdKka isá fojk cq,shia Y=oafOda;a;u mshdKkag okajk ,§'
— w;s W;=ï mshdfKks" Tng i;=gq jkakg iqndrxÑhla okajd tjñ' kj cd;Ska
fj; foúhka jykafiaf.a iqndrxÑh f.khdfï iqmqj; Tng b;d i;=áka
oekqï foñ' wfma fmrÈ. kdhlhd ;u mq;a iu. wmf.a i;=rka mrod b;d
jeo.;a ¥m;g we;=¿ ù ;sfí' th kï ;m%fndak h hs'''''''''˜
105
fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh ;=< mD;=.SiSkaf.a n,h jHdma; ùu'
mD;=.SiSka ,xldjg meñfKk úg furg rcjreka ;sfofkl= hgf;a md,kh jQ
foaYmd,k m%foaY ;=kla úh'
fldaÜfÜ - 9 jk O¾u mrdl%undyq ^ 1489 -1513&
lkao Wvrg - fiakdiïu; úl%undyq ^ 1469 -1511&
W;=r - mrrdcfialrka ^1478 - 1519&
fïjdhska jvd n,j;a jQfha fldaÜfÜ rdcOdkshhs' w¨;ska Èjhskg meñKs
hqfrdamShhka n,j;a cd;shla nj oek.;a fldaÜfÜ rc;=ud mD;=.SiSka yd
.súiqïj,ska iïnkaOlï mj;ajkakg mgka .;af;ah' ta wkqj fldaÜfÜ rdcHh
i;=rkaf.ka wdrlaIdlr §u mD;=.Siskg mjrk ,§' ta fjkqfjka mD;=.Siskag
fj<| lghq;= iy wd.u m%pdrh i|yd ksoyila ysñúh'
O¾u mrdl%undyq rcqg miqj fldaÜfÜ rcjQ 6 jk úchndyq rcqf.a ld,fha § tu
rdcOdksh wjq,a iy.; ;;a;ajhlg m;aúh' úchndyq rc ;ud úiska yodjvd.;a
wfhl=g rclu §ug woyia l< neúka rcqf.a mq;% l=udrjreka ;sfokd thg
úreoaO jQy' tys m%;sM,h jQfha mq;=ka úiska msh rcq urd rc ud,s.fha jia;=j
fld,a, ld rdcOdksh ;uka w;f¾ fnod .ekSuh' ls%' j 1521 È isÿ jQ fï isoaêh
zúchnd fld,a,hZ kñka ,la b;sydih ;=< m%lgh' t;eka isg fldaÜfÜ
rdcOdksh l=udrjreka ;sfokd w;r fn§ .sh;a"
jeäuy,a,d jQ 7 jk nqjfklndyq - fldaÜfÜ o
fojekakd jQ uoaÿu nKavdr - rhs.u o
nd,hd jQ udhd ÿkafka - iS;djl o rc jQy'
fï fn§u yd bkamiq we;s jQ fNao ksid isÿ jQfha fj<|du msKsi furgg meñKs
mD;=.Siskag fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh ;=< foaYmd,khg ueÈy;aùug wjia:dj Wodùuhs'
udhdÿkafka rcqf.ka fldaÜfÜ rdcHhg jq ysßyer ksid rdcOdksh wdrlaId lr
.ekSug 7 jk nqjfklndyq rcq mD;=.SiSkaf.a iyh me;Sh' ta i|yd mD;=.Siska
yd isxy, rc;=ud w;r in|;dj jvd ;yjqre lr.kq jia nqfjklndyq úiska
rdcÿ;hl= jQ i,mamq wdrÉÑ mD;=.d,fha 3 jk fcdaka rc;=ud fj; hjk ,§'
nqjfklndyq rc b,a,d isáfha"
- ;udg miqj ;u ÈhKsh ^iuqøfoaù & f.a mq;a O¾umd, l=urd fldaÜfÜ rclug
mss<s.kakd f,i;a
- tfia ms<s.ekSfï ixfla;hla f,i ;ud tjk O¾umd,f.a l=vd rka ms<srejg
Tgqkq m<|k f,i;a
106
- ;ud yd O¾umd, l=ure i;=rkaf.ka wdrlaId lrk f,i;a
- fldaÜfÜ rdcHhg lf;da,sl O¾u¥;hska tjk f,i;a h'
1551 È nqjfklndyq rcqf.a urKfhka miq O¾umd, l=ure rdcHhg m;aúh'
mD;=.Siska Tyqj lf;da,sl iuhg yrjd .ekSug W;aidy l<;a nqfjklndyq rc
fuka Bg wlue;s jQfha fn!oaO rgjeishd ;ud yeroud udhdÿkafka iu. tlafj;shs
hk ìh ksidh' tkuq;a O¾u¥;jrekag O¾u m%pdrhg wjldY Tyqf.ka ,eìKs'
miqj 1557 § O¾umd, rcq o zfodka cqjka O¾umd,Z kñka nõ;siauh ,nd
lf;da,sl oyu je<|.;af;ah' isxy, rdc mrmqf¾ m%:u lf;da,sl rc;=ud f,i
t;=ud b;sydihg tlafõ'
O¾umd, rcq lf;da,slhl= jQ miqj" Bg fmr fn!oaOhl=j isá ld,fha ;ud;a"
;udg fmr isá fn!oaO rcjrekq;a fndÿ iuhg ÿka wdOdr oeka lf;da,sl
wdh;kj,g Èh yelsh hk fÉ;kdfjka fldaÜfÜ rdcHfha fn!oaO úydria:dk
tajdfha bvlvï" f.dvke`.s,s iy tajdfha wdohï o iu. ,shú,a,lska m%ekaisialdkq
O¾u¥;hskag mjrd ÿkafkah' fï w¥ro¾YS ls%hdj ksid rgjeis fn!oaOhska
fndfyda fofkla udhdÿkafka fj;g yereKdy' O¾u¥;hskago tu ls%hdfõ m%{d
úrys; nj f;afrkakg úh'
O¾umd, rcq isÿl< ;j;a ls%hdjla ksid fldaÜfÜ rdcHfha m,kh ysñlr
.ekSu mD;=.Siskag myiqúh' ta jkdys O¾umd, rcqg orejka fkdisá ksid
;udf.ka miq rdcHfha Wreuh mD;=.Sis rcqg ;E.s Tmamqjlska mjrd §uh' ta
wkqj 1597 O¾umd, rcqf.a urKska miq uq¿ fldaÜfÜ rdcH mD;=.Siska w;g
m;aúh'
fodka cqjka O¾umd, isxy, rdcdj,sfha m%:u lf;da,sl rcq jQjd muKla
fkdj" ;u rdcHh mD;=.SiSkag mejÍfuka" fldaÜfÜ rdcHh fl<jrg meñKùfï
wNd.Hfha l;=jrhd o úh' Tyqf.a rc iuh b;d wjdikdjka; tlla úh'
fn!oaO úydria:dk O¾u¥;jrekag m%odkh lsÍfï wkqjK yd wdidOdrK
ls%hdfjka rcqf.a wjdikdjka; ;;a;ajh ;j;a W.%úh' tu ls%hd fndÿ iiqkg
muKla fkdj lf;da,sl iiqkg o fmdÿ jYfhka rgg o wys;lr úh' ydkslr
úh'
O¾u¥;jreka ,laÈjg meñKSu
O¾u ¥; fiajh i|yd m%:ufhkau YS% ,xldjg meñKsfha m%ekaisialdk ksldhsl
mshjreka ls%'j' 1543 §h' 7 jk nqjfklndyq rc;=ud mD;=.d,fha rcqg bÈßm;a
l< b,a,Su wkqj fcdaka o ú,d o fldkafv msh;=udf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a
107
miafofkl=f.ka hqla; O¾u¥; lKavdhula fuys ieme;ajQy' nqfjklndyq rc
iufha § oyï m%pdrh ;rul fiñka .ukla jqjo tu O¾u¥;jre b;d
WfoHda.su;aj O¾u m%pdr lghq;=j, kshqla; jQy' ,xldfõ W;=re yd ngysr
m%foaY Tjqkaf.a fiajhg fhduq jQ w;r ;ekska ;ek foõueÿre ;kd " wd.u
O¾uh W.kajd l=vd lKavdhï nõ;siauh lr l=vd ls;=kq ix. msysgqjQy'
1557 O¾umd, rcq ñh hdu;a iu. fldaÜfÜ rdcHh mD;=.SiS md,khg hg;a jQ
fyhska O¾u m%pdrhg jeä ksoyila yd wjia:dj Wodúh' ta wkqj furg fiajh
i|yd fjk;a ksldhj, O¾u¥;jreka o ,laÈjg f.kajd .ekSug tjlg
,laÈjg ro.=re jQ fldÖkfha ro.=re ;=ud ls%hd lf<a h' tys m%;sM,h f,i ls%'
j' 1602 § fÊiq ksldhsl O¾u¥;jreka o 1605 § fodñksldk ksldhsl O¾u¥;jreka
o " 1606 § wf.daia;Skq ksldhsl O¾u¥;jreka o ,xldfõ oyï fiajhg tlajkakg
fhÿKs' tu lKavdhïj,g fldÑkfha ro.=re;=ud úiska fnod ÿka m%foaY fumßÈ
úh'
uy Tfhka W;=r - fÊiq ksldh
inr.uqj - wf.daia;Skq ksldh
i;afldarf<a - fodñksldk ksldh
fiiq m%foaY - m%kaisialdk ksldh
fufia ;ukag mejreKq m%foaYj, fiajh l< O¾u¥;jre wd.u O¾uh m%pdrh
l<d muKla fkdj úúO iudc fiajdkays o kshq;= jqy' ta w;r wOHdmkhg
úfYaI ia:dkhla ysñúh' foõueÿre wi, l=vd mdi,a ìyslrñka orejkag uQ,sl
wOHdmkh yd wd.u O¾uh bf.kSug ux ie,iQy' Bg wu;rj fÊiq ksldhsl
mshjreka zfld,sðZ kñka Wiia mdi,a lSysmhla wrUd Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd o
wjia:dj ,ndÿkay'
wOHdmkhg wu;rj" wkd: orejka /ln,d .ekSu" frda.Skag Wmia:dk lsÍu"
uy¿ wh /ln,d .ekSu" ld¾ñl mdi,a wdrïN lsÍu yd mqKHdh;k mj;ajdf.k
hdu jeks fiajdjka o mD;=.Sis O¾u¥;jrekaf.ka bgqúh'
mD;=.Sis ñIkdß m%h;akh id¾:lùug n,mE fya;= -
1' O¾u¥;hskaf.a oeä lemùu yd WoafHda.h fkdokakd foaYhl kd÷kk fik.lg
fiajh lsÍfï§ NdIdj" ixialD;sh" foaY.=Ksl kqyqre kqmqreÿ foa jqjo ta ish,a,u
yqremqreÿ fjñka ;ukaf.a Ôú; ld,h lemlsÍug O¾u¥;hska miqng fkdùh'
2' O¾u¥;jrekag mD;=.Sis md,lhskaf.ka ,enqKq wkq.%yh - mD;=.SiS md,k
m%foaYj,ska oyï m%pdrhg mQ¾K ksoyi yd wkq.%yh mD;=.Sis rcfhka ,ndfok
,§'
108
3' O¾u¥;hskaf.a O¾u m%pdr l%u - Tjqka foaYSh NdId bf.k tu NdIdj,ska O¾u
m%pdrh lsÍu" wd.ñl fmd; m; foaYSh NdIdjkaf.ka ieliSu" l=vd orejkag
oyu b.ekaùu i|yd m%d:ñl mdi,a weröu" úúO ohdfõ fiajdj, kshe,Su iy
mD;=.Sis O¾fudamfoaY l%u jk kdgHlrKh" fmryerhdu" iqrejï Ndú;h jeks
oE ;=<ska wd.ñl m%fndaOhla we;s lsÍu'
4' O¾u¥;hskaf.a ir," pdï Ôú; rgdj yd wdo¾Yj;a Èú meje;au
mD;=.SiS O¾u m%pdrfha W!K;dj
mD;=.Sis hq.fha § hqfrdamSh O¾u¥;hska jir ishhlg;a wêl ld,hla furg
fiajh l<o " Tjqyq foaYSh wfmalaIlhska mQcl Èúhg iQodkï fkdl< y' tys
m%;sM,h jQfha ,kafoais iufha § Tjqka ráka mkakd oeuqKqq l, foaYSh lf;da,sl
ck;djg fiajh lsÍug ,laÈj lf;da,sl mQcljreka fkdisàuhs'
mD;=.Sis hq.fha § we;sjQ lf;da,sl úfrdaê mSvk
1' ù§h nKavdrf.a mSvkh
fodka cqjka O¾umd, rcqf.a mshd jQ ùÈh nKavdr mD;=.SiSka iu. we;s lr.;a
wukdmh ksid Tjqkaf.ka m,s.ekSu msKsi ls;=kq ixydrhla Èhla lf<a h' ta
wkqj ol=Kq È. m%foaYfha foõueÿre .sksn;a lf<a h' tajdfha fiajh l<
mshjreka yd ls%ia;shdkska úkdY lf<a h' ls%' j' 1555 § isÿjQ fï úfrdaOfhka
ls%ia;= Nla;slfhda o" O¾u¥;jreka lsysm fofkla o >d;kh lrkq ,enQy'
2' ixls,s rcq hgf;a mSvkh
1542 bkaÈhdjg meñKs m%ekaisia idúh¾ ;=ud ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ .sksfldK È.
uqyqÿlrfha úiQ fik`.g fiajh lf<a h' tys úiQ mrjr" lfrhshd¾ jeks l=,j,
ckhdg ls;= oyu y÷kajd ÿkafka h' tjlg ,xldfõ ukakdru ¥mf;a úiq
lfrhshd¾ l=,fha ckhd o m%ekaisia idúh¾ ;=ukag fuys meñfKk f,i
wdrdOkd lrñka b,a,d isáfha ;ukag m%ido iakdmkh odkh lrk f,igh' ta
wkqj idúh¾ ;=udf.a ksfhdað;hl= ukakdrug tjk ,ÿj ish .Kkla yskaÿ
Nla;slfhda ls%ia;shdksh je<| .;ay' fï nj yskaÿ mQclhska úiska hdmkfha
ixls,s rcqg okajk ,§' l=ms; jQ ixls,s rc yuqodjla hjd ls;=kqjka 600 la muK
fokd urd oeïfï h' tu ls;=kqjka msßi — ukakdrfï m%dKmß;Hd.ska Z f,i
ye¢kafjhs'
109
ls;= oyu je<|.;a rcorefjda
1' O¾umd, l=urd
7 jk nqjfklndyq rcqf.a uqKqnqrd jQ O¾umd, l=ure fodka cqjka O¾umd,
kñka nõ;siauh ,eîh' O¾umd, lf;da,slhl= jQfha mD;=.Siskaf.a Wmldr
wjYH jQ ksid;a" rgjeishkaf.ka iuQyhla lf;da,sl wd.u je<|.;a ksid;a"
O¾u¥;hskaf.a W;aidyh ksid;a úh yelsh' ta flfia jqjo Tyq lf;da,sl oyu
uekúka oekisá njo urKh olajd tu oyug we¨ïj isá njo fy<sfõ'
2' chùr nKavdr
uykqjr rclï l< úl%undyq rcqf.a mq;%hdh - mD;=.Siskaf.a Woõ m;d ls;= oyu
je<|.;a kuq;a" is;djl rdcisxy rcqf.a wdl%uK kej;=K miq wd.u m%;sfCIam
lf<ah'
3' lr,shoafoa nKavdr
fudyq chùr nKavdrf.a mq;qKqfjdah' uykqjr O¾u m%pdrh lsÍfï ksoyi o ,nd
ÿkafkah' 1 jk rdcisxy rcq uykqjr wdl%uKh l< úg mD;=.SiSkaf.a wdrlaIdj
m;d ;s%l=Kdu,hg m<d .sh w;r rc mjqf,a ish¨ fokd ls%ia;shdksh je<|
.;ay'
4' ùriqkaor nKavdr
Wvrg l=udrhl= jQ fudyq mD;=.SiSka úiska f.dajg hjkq ,en tys§ — úlag¾
f,mdfkda Z kñka nõ;siauh ,eîh'
5' fodak l;ßkd ^ l=iqudik foaú&
lr,shoafoa nKavdrf.a ÈhKsh jQ weh" mD;=.Sis yuqodj úiska uykqjrg f.khk
,oafoa rclu ,nd§ugh' tfy;a mD;=.SiS yuqodj mrdch ù fodak l;ßkd l=ußh
úu,O¾uiQßh rcq w;g m;aúh' weh úu,O¾uiQßh rcqg;a" bkamiq fikr;a
rcqg;a ìij jQ w;r wef.a wd.u woySug ndOd we;súh'
6' hdmkh rc mjqf,a l=ur l=ußhka
mrrdcfialrï rcqf.a orejka mD;=.siSka úiska fld<Ug f.kajk ,ÿj l=urd
- z fldkaia;ka;SkQ Z kñka o l=ußhka fofokd z bifn,aZ yd z ußhdZ kñka o
m%ido iakdmkh ,nk ,§' l=urd f.dajg hjk ,o w;r m%ekaisialdk ksldfha
mQcljrfhla úh' l=ußhka fofokd f.dafõ wf.daia;Skq ksldfha lkHd
fidhqßfhdaa jQy'
110
7' fodka cqjka huisxy
uykqjr ms,sma huisxy rcqf.a mq;%hdh' fudyq bkaoshdfõ f.daj k.rfha oS wOHdmkh
,nd mD;=.d,fha fldhsïn%d úYajúoHd,fha foaj O¾uh yodrd mQcljrh ,enqfõh'
,siankfha z fg,aysrdiaZ kï ia:dkfha foõueÿrla o t;=ud úiska bÈlrk ,§'
mD;=.Sis md,kfha m%;sM,
1' mD;=.SiSka YS% ,xldjg meñKsu;a iu`. ysñjQ úfYaI;u odhdoh jkqfha lf;da,sl
oyuhs' mD;=.SiS md,k hq.h wjika jk úg ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m<d;aj,
ckhdf.ka fndfyda fofkla fï oyu je<|f.k isáhy'
2' wmrÈ. NdId iy wmrÈ. wOHdmk l%u furg jHdma; jQfha o mD;=.SiS iufha
h' úfYaIfhkau ,;ska" .S%la" mD;=.Sis hk NdId furg ckhdg y÷kajd fok
,oafoa mD;=.Siska úisks' tfukau úêu;a mdi,a ;=<ska wOHdmkh ,nd§fï
l%u o Tjqkaf.ka wmg ysñ úh'
3' mD;=.SiS ixialD;sfha wdNdIh ksid furg ixialD;shg yd ck Ôú;hg kj
wx. tlaúh' mD;=.Sis .dhkd" ix.S;h" kegqï hkdÈh ;ju;a wm w;r mj;S'
^nhs,d" lmsß[a[d&
4' mD;=.Sis NdIdj ckhd w;r jHdma;ùfuka wmf.a NdId fmdaIKhg th
rel=,la úh' fldka;" l=rei" iqreju" lejqï" fldlsia" w,audß" fmÜg.u"
wdrelal=" mdka wd§ jpk bka iaj,amhls'
5' újdyfha ia:djr;ajh ;yjqre jQfha o mD;=.siS wdNdIh ksidh' furg mej;s
tlf.hs lEu jeks pdß;% wfydaisùugo th fya;=úh'
6' mD;=.Siska úiska wOHdmkhg wd.u iïnkaO l< ksid wo mjd wd.u O¾uh"
wOHdmkh ;=< jeo.;a wx.hla f,i ie<fla'
7' — mD;=.SiS ohd ix.uhZ Misericordia)& u.ska È<skaokag" frda.Skag" uy¿ whg
yd wirKhskag iyhùug iudc fiajd ls%hd;aul lrk ,§' furg frday,a
msysgqjd ngysr ffjoH úoHdj y÷kajd§ug mQfrda.dó jQfha mD;=.Siskah'
8' m%:u isxy, ygka ldjHh f,i ie,flk z fldkaia;ka;Skq ygk Z ks¾udKh
jQfha o mD;=.Sis hq.fhah' ta mD;=.Sis rcfha f;daïnq ilia lrkakl= f,i
fiajh l< " ls;= oyu je<|.;a w,.shjkak uqlfjá lúhd úiska h'
111
8'1'3 ,kafoais hq.h - ls%' j' 1658 -1796
mD;=.Sis md,kfha ksudj yd ,kafoais md,kfha Wodj
fldaÜfÜ rdcH yd hdmkfha rdcH mD;=.Sis md,khg hg;aj ;snqK kuq;a
lkao Wvrg rdcH iajdëkj isxy, rc flfkl= hgf;a úh' isxy, rcqg;a"
rgjeishkag;a mD;=.Sis md,kh kSriùug n,mE fya;= /ils'
- ;u rg úfoaYslhskg hg;aj ;sîu rcq yd rgjeishkag fkdßiaiSu
- we;eï mD;=.Sis md,lhskaf.a yd ks<OdÍkaf.a lDDrlï yd wlghq;=lï
- mD;=.SiSkaf.a hqoaOj,ska f,a is|fy,Sula" Ôú; úkdYhla isÿùu
- mD;=.Siska ;u wd.u uqjdfjka furg fn!oaOhskag fkdfhl=;a ysßyer
lsÍu
fujka jQ miqìul ;=< mD;=.SiSka furáka m<jdyer rg fírd.ekSug -
Wvrg fojk rdcisxy rc;=ud iyh me;=fõ ´,kao cd;slhska fyj;a
,kafoaiSkaf.ks' ta i|yd ,kafoaiSka iu`. .súiqula we;slr .;af;ah' ta
wkqj uqyqÿnv m%foaYhj, ;snqKq mD;=.Sis n,fldgq tlsfkl ,kafoaiSka
úiska w,a,d .kq ,eìKs' wjidk jYfhka 1656 § fld<U fldgqjo" 1658 §
hdmkh fldgqjo ,kafoaiSka w;g m;aùfuka ,laÈj mD;=.Sis wdêm;H ksuú
,kafoais wdêm;H werôKs' rdcisxy rcq n,dfmdfrd;a;= jq wdldrhg
mD;=.SiSkaf.ka uqod.;a m%foaY isxy, rc;=udg mjrd fokjd fjkqjg ,kafoaiSka
lf<a tu m%foaYj, ;ukaf.a n,h msysgqjd .ekSuh'
mD;=.SiSka yd ,kafoaiSka w;r mej;s fNaoh
16 jeks Y;j¾Ifha we;sjQ frmrudÿ wd.ñl m%;sixialrKfha§ mD;=.d,h
lf;da,sl oyugo" ,kaoh fcdka le,aúkaf.a frmrudÿ oyugo fn§ fjkaúh'
fï fya;=fjkaa mD;=.Siska yd ,kafoaiSka w;r w;sjQfha ffjß iy.; ye`.Suls'
tfiau 16 jk ishjfia w.Nd.ha§ ´,kaoh iamd[a[fha wdêm;Hfhka ñ§
hqfrdamfha m%n, rgla njg m;aúh' ´,kaoh n,iïmkak rgla ùug
úfYaIfhka wdOdr jQfha fj<| iud.ï lSmhla tlg iïnkaO lsÍfuka
ixúOdkh lrk ,o — fmrÈ. bka§h iud.uhs' tu iud.fï mrud¾:h jQfha
fj<odu ÈhqKq lsßuh' ls%' j 1602 § fmrÈ. bkaÈhd iud.u msysgq jq wêldr
m;%fhys wd.u m;=rejd yeÍu iud.fï lghq;a;la f,i i|yka jQfha ke;'
tfy;a iud.fï fmdÿ úêúOdk w;f¾ lf;da,slhskag úreoaO jQ ksfhda.
we;=<;a lrk ,oS'
112
fufia mD;=.Siska yd ,kafoaiska tlsfklg m%;súreoaO wd.ï folla weoyq
fyhska o" fmrÈ. fj<| jHdmdrfhys ;r`.lrejka jQ fyhskao tu fomd¾Yjh
w;r mej;sfha fNaohls' tauksid mD;=.SiSka fmrÈ.ska fkrmd oóu
,kafoaiSkaf.a o wNs,dIh úh'
,kafoaiSkaf.a lf;da,sl úfrdaë m%;sm;a;sh
,kafoaiSkaf.a fmrÈ. bkaÈhd iud.u msysgqùfï § wd.u m%pdrh
iud.fï lghq;a;la f,i i|yka fkdjqK o" ls%' j' 1642 § tu fj<|
iud.u ksl=;a l< fn;dúhdkq kS;s ix.%yfha fuf,i i|yka lr ;sfí'
—frmrudÿ ls%ia;shdks oyu yereKqúg fjk;a lsisu wd.ula m%isoaêfha fyda
ryiska weoySug lsisu bv m%ia:djla fkdÈh hq;=h' fï kS;shg úreoaOj
ls%hdlrk whf.a foam< rdc ika;l l< hq;= w;r Tjqka ráka msgqjy,a l<
hq;= h''''
mD;=.Siska m<jd yerSu i|yd rdcisxy rcq iy ,kafoaiSka w;r we;sjQ .súiqfï
fldkafoaishla jQfha o" lsisu lf;da,sl mQcljrhl=gj;a" mejÈjrhl=jg;a
;u rdcHfha kje;S isàug rcq bv fkdÈh hq;= nj;a" tjekakka ráka mkakd
oeñh hq;= nj;ah'
1682 cq,s 1 orK wd{d mK;lska lf;da,slhskag"
- wm%isoaêfha fyda m%isoaêfha /iaùï meje;aùu o
- lf;da,sl j;ams<sfj;a meje;aùu yd tajdg iyNd.sùu o
- mQcljrhl= ke;sj fyda O¾u foaYkj,g ijka§u yd .S .ehSu o
- ;ukaf.a ksfjiaj, ls;=kq m%;sud yd Ñ;% ;nd .ekSu o
- lsisu mQcljrhl= úiska j;ams<sfj;a meje;aùu o
- mQcljreka úiska lsisjl=g nõ;siauh §u o ;ykï lrk ,§'
fï ksfhda. lvlrk whg ov.eiSu" isr.; lsßu yd wka oreKq o`vqjï kshu
úh'
fufia ,kafoais hq.h ,laÈj ls;=kqjkag w;sYhska mSvdldÍ iuhla úh'
wm%isoaêffha fyda ;u wd.u weoySu kSA;sfhka ;ykï úh' ÈjH mQcdj meje;aùuo
;ykï úh' ish¨ lf;da,sl foõue÷re yd mdi,a o mqKH wdh;kh o úkdY
lrk ,§' ke;fyd;a frmrudÿ iNdfõ mQclhskag mjrk ,§' ish¨u mdi,aj,
frmrudÿ oyu muKla W.kajk ,o w;r tu mdi,aj,g orejka heùug
wi;=gq jQjkag ov kshu lrk ,§' frmrudÿ foajia:dkhl m%ido iakdmkh
113
fkd,enQ whf.a Wm; ,shdmÈxÑ lsßu j,x.= f,i fkdi<lk ,§' frmrudÿ
j;dj;a wkqj isÿ fkdjk újdy fkdms<s.kakd ,§' frmrudÿ wd.ug
yereKq whg úfYaI jrm%ido ,enqKq w;r lf;da,slhska hehs lshd.;a whg
rcfha lsisÿ wkq.%yhla fkd,enqKs' lf;da,slhska uqyqK ÿka uy;a úm; kï
Tjqkaf.a wd.ñl lghq;= i|yd mQcdm%idÈjreka fkdue;sùuh' ,kafoaiSka
úiska furg fiajh l< O¾u¥;jreka rfgka msgqjy,a lrk ,§' hï mQcl;=ul=
furg ie`.ù isáfha kï th urK oKavkh ,eîug fya;=jla f,i i<lk
,§' .syshka úiska mQcljrekag /ljrKh §u o o`vqjï ,eìh hq;= jrola úh'
mD;=.SiS hq.fha wjidkh jk úg mQclrejka 120 fofkl= muK furg
fiajh l< kuq;a ,kafoais hq.fha § tlu msh;=ul= fyda furg b;sß fkdùh'
,kafoaiSka furg lf;da,slhskag mSvd lsÍug fya;=
1' lf;da,sl wd.u" frmrudÿ ,kafoaiSka fkdßiaiq wd.ula úh' lf;da,sl
oyfï m%;sud Ndú;h" idka;=jrhka ms§u" ÈjH mQcdj jeks j;ams<sj;a ksid
Tjqka th ie,l=fõ ñ:Hd oDIaál wd.ula f,ih' th fjkqjg foaYsh
lf;da,slhka ,kafoaiS frmrudÿ wd.ug yrjd .ekSu ;ukaf.a wd.ñl
hq;=lula f,i ,kafoaisyq ie<l+y'
2' foaYSh ckhd ;ukaf.a frmrudÿ oyu je<| .ekSfuka Tjqka yd ;uka w;r
iqyo iïnkaOhla we;sjkq we;ehs o th foaYmd,kuh jYfhka m%fhdackj;a
jkq we;ehs o ,kafoaisyq n,dfmdfrd;a;= jqy'
3 úfYaIfhkau lf;da,sl oyu furg lf;da,slhska yd mD;=.SiSka w;r m%n,
mqrella jkq we;ehs is;+ ksidh' tjeks wd.ñl iïnkaO;d ksid lf;da,sl
ckhd ,kafoaiSkag mCImd;s fkdjkq we;ehs o kej; mD;=.Siska fuys f.kajd
.ekSug jEhï lrkq we;ehs o Tjqyq is;+y'
,kafoais mSvk yuqfõ furg lf;da,slhskaf.a m%;spdrh
,kafoaiSkaf.a mSvk kS;s ksid lf;da,slhskag ;u wd.u weoySfï ksoyi
iïmQ¾Kfhka wysñ úh' tmuKla fkdj úúO jQ ÿla .eyeg ú¢kakg isÿúh'
tla mQcl;=ul=j;a rfÜ ke;sj wjqreÿ ;syla ^30& muK ld,hla ;siafia
;ukaf.a úYajdih /l .kakg .sys ck;djg isÿúh'
,kafoais kS;s Í;s yuqfõ ;ukaf.a jdish m;df.k lf;da,sl oyu w;yer
frmrudÿ oyu je<|.;a iq¿ msßila yefrkakg" lf;da,sl ckhdf.ka
úYd, msßila ;u wd.ug mCImd;Sj" th w;a fkdyer Bg w;sYhska ,eÈj
isá nj fmfka' ;u úYajdih fjkqfjka kEu o`vqjula ú£ug we;eï wh
114
iQodkï j isáhy' úfYaIfhkau ó.uqj" y,dj; m%foaYj, úiQ lf;da,slfhda
;uka frmrudÿ O¾uh je<| .EkSug wleue;s nj m%isoaêfha lshd isáhy'
tmuKla fkdj ;ukaf.a orejkag frmrudÿ O¾uh b.ekaùu .eko úfrdaOh
oelajQy ' ó.uqfõ lf;da,sl msßi w;r kdhl;ajh oerefõ ta m<d;g rcfha
m%Odk ks<Orhd jQ — fodka wfmdakaiq fmfrhsrd ˜ kï jQ m%N+jrfhls' Tyqg
lf;da,sl weoys,a, fjkqfjka ;ud i;= ish,a, mß;Hd. lsÍug isÿjQjd
muKla fkdj fkdfhla ÿla lror ú£fuka miq ráka msgqjy,a lrkq ,en
Ôú;h wjika lf<a ì%;dkHfhah' Tyqf.a mjqf,a fiiq whgo w;ajQfha ta
brKuh' fufia mSvk ueo lf;da,sl iuhg ysff;aYSj isá wh fndfyda jQy'
furg lf;da,sl mQcljreka lsisjl= fkdisàfuka wmf.a lf;da,slhska
m;ajQfha uy;a wirK ;;a;ajhlgh' takasid lf;da,sl mQcdm%idÈjrhl= isá
kejla fld<U jrdhg meñKs yeuúgu fld<U k.rfha lf;da,slfhda ;ukg
isÿúh yels wka;rdh fkd;ld kejg f.dia foaj m%ido ksOdk ,nd .;ay'
uykqjr rdcHfhys úiQ lf;da,slhskag hï ;rul ksoyila ;snqKq kuq;a
Tjqkago foajia:dk fkdue;súh' mQcljre fkdisáhy' taksid breÈk tlaj
foaj jkaokdj meje;aùug fkdyelsjQ njo tla tla lf;da,slhd f.or§
;udg yels wdldrfhka hdÉ[d l< njo" orejkag .syshka úiska m%ido
iakdmkh ÿk njo" ;ukaf.a orejkag hdÉ[d lsßug b.ekajQ njo" ;uka
lf;da,slhka ùfï ndysr ,l=Kla jYfhka iuyreka cmud, yd l=rei
me<ª njo frdnÜ fkdlaia 1680 È ,shd ;sfí'
.syshka jYfhka ;ukag l<yels ish,a, lr .;a;o" mQcl;=ukaf.ka ;ukag
,eìh hq;= fiajdj" úfYaIfhka ÈjH mQcdj" ÈjH i;am%idoh iy mdfmdÉpdrKh
iïnkaO fiajd fkd,eîu lf;da,slhskag úYd, mdvqjla jQfhka furgg
mQcljreka b,a,d f.dafõ ys iNd kdhlhskag ,sms ,shQy' tys mQcdm%idÈjreka
,xldfõ lf;da,slhskag iykh fok f,i ,kaÈhkaf.ka wjk;j b,a,d
isáh o" cd;Hka;r lghq;= ms<sn| ud¾.j,ska b,a,Sï bÈßm;a l< o ta ish,a,
ksIaM, úh' lsisu mQcljrhl=g ,laÈjg hkakg wjir fkd§ug ´,kao
rch iaÓr f,i ;SrKh lrf.k isáfhah'
,kafoaiS hq.fha wOHdmkh
,kafoaiSkaf.a wOHdmk wruqKq o mD;=.SSiSkaf.a wOHdmk wruqKq yd iudk
fjñka wOHdmkh yryd wd.u m%pdrh lsÍug uq,a ;ek ÿka nj fmfka'
tfy;a mD;=.SiSkag jvd l%udkql+, yd ixúOdkd;aul nj;a ,kafoaiskaf.a
wOHdmk lghq;=j, ;sìKs' iEu óiulu mdi,la msysgqjq w;r — l;slsiala
115
kï .=rejrhl=g iEu mdi,lu wd.u b.ekaùu Ndr úh' foaYSh mQcljreka
mqyqKqj i|yd mqyqKq uOHia:dk ^fiufkaß& wdrïN lrk ,§'
,kafoaiS hq.fha§ wOHdmkh wksjd¾h úh' jhi wjq 15 f;la wksjd¾h jQ
wOHdmkh wjika jQ úg mdif,ys úNd.hla mj;ajd ˜ ,d.S¾vka˜ keue;s
iy;slh m%odkh lrk ,È' t;ekska fkdkej;s <uqkag jhi wjq 19 f;la
wkql%ñl wOHdmk l%uhla ielisKs' jvd olaI <uqkag Wiia wOHdmkhg"
.=re mqyqKqjg yd iuyrúg Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd úfoaY .;aùugo mdi,a
l%uh u. mdod ÿKs'
tl, wOHdmkh ms<sn| iDcq j.lSu ,kafoais rch úiska ndrf.k ish¨
jeh ord .=rejreka m;a lsßu mqyqKq lsÍu" md,kh iy mÍlaIljreka u.ska
mdi,a ksÍlaIKhg Ndckh lsÍu o isÿúh' tu lghq;= — iafld,dl,a fldñiu˜
keue;s úfYaI wdh;khla u.ska md,kh flßKs'
,kafoais md,k iufha ys;lr ,laIK
jir 140 lg wdikak ld,hla ,kafoaiSka úiska furg uqyqÿnv m<d;a
md,kh lrk ,§' tu ld,h furg lf;da,slhskag mSvk iuhla jqjo
,kafoais md,k iuh YS% ,xldfõ m%.;shg uy;a fia odhl jQ nj ms<s.;
yelsh'
1' fj<odu ÈhqKq lsÍu yd wd¾Ól fNda. j.djg fhduqùu ksid furg wd¾Ólfha
mK.ekaùula isÿúh'
2' fj<| lghq;= i|yd ux udj;a iE§u" we< fod< ms<silr lsÍu yd m%jdykh
i|yd c,ud¾. fhdod.ekSu o ,kafoais md,k iufha isÿúh'
3' frdau ,kafoais kS;sh furgg ÿkafka o wêlrKh u.ska kvq weiSu yd
kS;HdkQl=, o`vqjï meñKùu wdrïN lf<a o ,kafoaiSka úisks'
4' mßmd,k lghq;= ukd f,i ixúOdkh lrñka lÉfÉß wdrïN lsÍuo tu.ska
mqrjeishkaf.a Wm;" újdyh" urKh jeks foa ,shd mÈxÑ lsßuo werôKs'
5' wOHdmk lghq;= ukd f,i ixúOdkh ùuo ,kafoais hq.fha m%;sM,hls'
6' ´,kao frmrudÿ oyu furg me;srhdfuka tu oyfï yrh furg ck
iudchg uqiqúh'
7' uqøK hka;%h furgg y÷kajd§u" Y= nhsn,h isxy,g mßj¾;kh yd ckhd
w;r jHdma; lsÍu wdÈh o wdrïN úh'
116
f.!rjkSh cqfia jdia msh;=udf.ka ,la iiqkg jQ fiajh
ls%' j' 1680 jk úg YS% ,xldj ;=< tlu lf;da,sl mQcdm%idÈjrhl=j;a
fkdùh' tjeks iuhl furg lf;da,slhska fjkqfjka ;u Ôú;hu lemlr
Wodr oyï fiajhlg wem lemjQ ls;=kq ùrhl= f,i cqfia jdia msh;=ud
ye¢kaúh yels h'
t;=ud Wm; ,enqfõ bkaÈhdfõ f.daj m%foaYfha fikafldwdf,a hk .%ufha
n%dyauK jdxYsl ls%iafgda*¾ jdia iy ußhd ñ/kavd hk foudmshkag odj
ls%'j 1651 wfm%a,a 21 jk odh' l=vd l, mgka oeyeñ f,i yev.eiqKq fyf;u
;=reKq úfha§ mQcl Èúh je<| .;af;ah' ta 1676 § f.daj ro.=re jifï fiajh
i|yd f.daj w.ro.=re ;=uka w;sks' jir myla muK f.dafõ fiajh l<
jdia msh;=ud f.dajg ol=Kska msysá lekrd m%foaYfha m%foaYshdêm;s jYfhka
m;alrkq ,en tys fiajdfõ fhÿfKah'
fï w;r;=r jdia msh;=udf.a is; YS% ,xldj foig fhduq jQfha furg
lf;da,slhskaf.a wirK ;;a;ajh .ek wikakg ,eîfuka h' ´,kao
uqrlrejkaf.ka fíÍ lf;da,sl mQcljrhl= f,i ,laÈjg we;=¿ùfï
ÿIalr;dj oekisá t;=ud ta i|yd iqÿiq u.la fidhñka l,a.; lf<a h' 1685
§ lekrdfõ fiajh ksulr wdmiq f.dajg .sh t;=ud bka§h Trf;daßhdkq
mQcl ix>fha idudðl;ajh ,nd .;af;ah' 1687 § lïlrejl= f,i fjia
j,df.k ukakdrug f.dvniskakg t;=uka iu;a úh'
cqfia jdia msh;=ud YS% ,xldjg meñKsfha lsisfjl=f.a wdrdOkhlska f;drj iaj
leue;af;kauh' .eUqre úYajdihla ;snqKq t;=ud ;u ðú;h mjd mrÿjg ;nd
fkdokakd rgl" fkdokakd NdIdjla l;d lrk " kd÷kk fik`.laa w;r
lsisÿ iyfhda.hla n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh fkdyels ÿIalr fiajdjlg fhduqùu
;ukag foúhka jykafia ÿka le|ùula f,i ms<s.;af;ah' furgg md ;enQ
fudfydf;a isg Ôú;fha wjidkh olajdu t;=ud wLKav oyï fiajdjl
kshq;= jQfha ;u iqj myiqj .ek lsis;a fkd;lñkah' ls;=kqjka fidhdf.dia
Tjqkg fiajh lf<a buy;a lemùulskah'
,kafoais iufha oS jir 20 la muK ld,hla ,xldfõ isá tlu lf;da,sl
mQcdm%idÈjrhd jQfha cqfia jdia msh;=ud h' t;=ud W;=f¾ isg ol=Kg;a"
ol=fKa isg uOHu m<d;g;a ießierefõ úúO ÿIalr ud¾.j," md .ukska
h' l=ig wyrla mjd fkd,o wjia:d tug úh' uykqjrg .sh uq,a wjia:dfõ
§u t;=ud T;a;=lrejl= njg iellr rc;=ud úiska isr.; lrk ,§' fufia
ÿla lror rdYshla ú¢ñka YS% ,xldfõ lf;da,sl oyu ,kafoais hq.fha §
117
wdrlaId lr §ug cqfia jdia msh;=ukaf.ka bgq jQ oyï fiajh úia;r l<
fkdyels ;rï w.fkah'
cqfia jdia msh;=ud úis jirla muK ld,hla ;siafia lrf.k wd fiajh ;u
urKska miqj o bÈßhg f.khdu i|yd lghq;= iïmdokh lf<ah' ta bkaÈhdkq
Trf;daßhdkq ksldfha mshjreka furg fiajh i|yd f.kajd .ekSfuka h'
ls%' j 1711 ckjdß 16 jk Èk cqfia jdia msh;=ud ij¾.ia: jk úg t;=ukaf.a
jhi wjqreÿ 66 la úh' túg msh;=ul= f,i jir 35 la o ,xldj ;=< fiajh
jir 24 la o iïmQ¾K lr ;sìKs' t;=ukaf.a urK fudfydf;a§ t;=ud jgd
isá wfkla mshjrekaf.a b,a,Su wkqj fok ,o wjidk wjjdoh jQfha"
— f;areï .kak' lsishï flfkl= uq¿ Ôú; ld,h ;=< fkdi<ld yeßh
fohla" Tyqf.a urK fudfydf;a § bgqlr .; fkdyels h˜ hkqhs'
cqfia jdia msh;=udf.a O¾u¥; m%;sm;a;s
1' t;=ud furgg meñKsfha yd fiajh lf<a yqfola ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a
ksfhdað;hl= f,i muKs' lsishï foaYmd,k iïnkaOhla fyda rdcH wkq.%yhla
fkdue;sj jqjo O¾u m%pdrh id¾:lj bgql< yelsnj ;u fiajdj ;=<ska
lf;da,sl f,dalhg fmkajd ÿkafkah'
2' hg;a úð; hq.fha hqfrdamSh O¾u¥;jreka úiska ls;=kq fkdjq wd.ñlhska
i<lk ,oafoa ñ:HdoDIaálhska" rEm weoys,sldrhska f,igh' tfy;a jdia
msh;=ud wkH wd.ñlhska ms<sn| fjkia wdl,amhlska ls%hd lf<a h' ohd
fiajdfõÈ ls;=kq fkdls;=kq ieug tlfia ie,l+fõh' lf;da,sl oyug
;u ðú;fhka idlaIs oerefõh'
3' foaYSh NdId uekúka fkd bf.k O¾u¥; fiajdfõ fh§u ÿIalr nj ms<s.;a
jdia msh;=ud isxy, yd fou< NdId fyd¢ka bf.k .;af;a fiajfha hym;
i|yd h' furg meñKs wka O¾u¥;jrekago NdId bf.kSug Èßÿka w;r
cdfldfï f.dkaid,afõia msh;=ukaj .%ka:lrKhg fhduqlr ùfuka foaYSh
NdIdj,ska oyï fmd; m; iïmdokhg w;ys; ÿkafkah'
4' ,laÈj lf;da,sl oyug foaYSh ixialD;sl ,laIK iïnkaO lsÍug o cqfia
jdia msh;=ud jEhï lf<a h' tl, isß; wkqj ck jkaokdj ,;ska niska
isÿjqjo foaYSh NdIdj,ska hdÉ[d lsÍug u. i,id ÿkafkah' foaYSh .dhkh
yd jdokh o Ndú; lf<a h' fufia foaYShlrKh i|yd ixialD;sl újD;Ndjfha
u`. fmkajd ÿkafka h'
118
5' O¾u m%pdrh i|yd;a" kj ro.=re jiï md,kh i|yd;a hqfrdamSh O¾u¥;jreka
hjkq ,enq ld,hl" foaYSh mQcljrekago id¾:l f,i ta ld¾hfhys fhÈh
yels nj ;u ðú; wdo¾Yfhka o" Trf;daßhdkq mshjrekaf.a fiajdfjkao
fmkajd § we;'
f.!rjkSh cdfldafï f.dkaid,afõia msh;=ud
1676 - f.dafõ Èjdß kï .%dufha§ Wm; ,eîu' ^ 1676'06'08&
1695 mqcljrh ,eîu
1700 Trf;daßhdkq mejÈ ksldhg we;=¿ ùu'
1705 YS% ,xldfõ fiajhg meñKSu'
1708 ó.uqj" fld<U" ud;r m%foaYj, ießieÍu
1710 isxy, NdIdj bf.kSug wjldY ,eîu
1724 YS% ,xldfõ wkqkdhl f,i m;aùu
1730-1740 fnda,j;a; m%foaYfha iaÓr mÈxÑh yd isxy, lf;da,sl fmd;a m;a
rdYshla ,sùu'
1742 fnda,j;af;aÈ ij¾.ia: ùu ^1742'07'17&
cdfldfï f.dkaid,afõia msh;=udf.ka jq fiajh
f.dkaid,afõia msh;=ud jQ l,s" iyc l=i,;d /ilska msß b;d úr, .kfha
mqoa.,hl= f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' t;=ud ;SCIK nqoaêhlska o" NdId yeoEÍfï
l=i,;dfjka o" ix.S; {dkfhka yd f,aLk oCI;dfjka o fyì oeyeñ
mqoa.,hl= úh' t ksid t;=uka ,laÈjg meñKSu ksid ,la ls;= iiqkg kj
hq.hla WodjQ nj lsj hq;= h'
;u uõ ni jQ fldkaldks o ,;ska" mD;=.Sis yd iamd[a[ NdId o
oek isá f.dkaid,afõia msh;=ud furg § fou< yd isxy, NdId o uekúka
m%.=K lf<ah' tu NdId oekqu Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka .%ka:lrKfha kshe¨Kq
t;=uka úiska isxy, niska fmd;a 21 la o" fou< niska 15 la o" mD;=.SiS niska
4 la o ,kafoais niska 1lao ,shd we;s nj Trf;daßhdkq jd¾;dj, i|yka fõ'
t;=uka úiska ,shk ,o we;eï fmd;a .oH NdIdfjka o we;eï tajd moH
wdldrfhka o bÈßm;a lr we;' t;=udf.a NdId {dkh yd NdId ffY,sh foi
n,kúg b;d .eUqqre foajO¾u Ydia;S%h lreKq isxyf,ka bÈßm;a lsÍfï§
ixialD; jpk /ila Ndú;d lr we;' W.;=ka i|yd ,shq fmd;aj, .eUqre
NdIdjla o" idukH ckhd i|yd ,shQ fmd;aj, ir, .eñ jyrla o olakg
,efí' thska fmkShkafka t;=uka i;=jQ mq¿,a NdId {dkhhs'
119
ix.S; l=i,;djlska o hqla; jQ f.dkaid,afõia msh;=ud úiska ls;=kq ne;s .S
/ila o ks¾udKh lrk ,§' mika .S" ,f;daks .S" kdgH .S yd idudkH
.S;sldj,g mo ks¾udKh yd ;kq ksa¾udKh lrñka lf;da,sl isxy, ix.S;hg
kj mKla ,nd ÿkafkah' úúO wjia:dj,g Tìk f,i ks¾udKh lrk ,o
tu .S wo mjd Ndú;hg .efkhs'
isxy, lf;da,sl idys;Hfha mqfrda.dñhd f,i ye¢kafjk cdfldafï
f.dkaid,afõia msh;=ud úiska rpkd lrk ,o m%Odk;u .%ka: lsysmhla
fufia h'
i foaj fõo mqrdKh
ii iqúfYaI úi¾ckh
iii {dkdxckh
iv iQlD; o¾mKh
v w{dk T!IOh
vi fõo ldjHh
vii mika fmd;
viii ux., .S;h
ix wdkkao l,smamqj
x ÿlam%dma;s m%ix.h
Trf;daßhdkq ksldhsl O¾u¥;jrekaf.ka ,o fiajh
16 jk ishjfia § id' ms,sma fkaß ;=ud úiska frdaufha wdrïN lrk ,o
Trf;daßhdkq ksldh" meúÈ ksldhla fkdj moú mQcljrekag idx>slj
Ôj;aùug msysgqjk ,o ie,eiauls' tla tla ia:dkfha Trf;daßhdkq ksldh
iajdëkh' idudðlhska ;ekska ;ekg udre lsÍula ke;' iEu ksldhlgu
fmdÿ jkafka jHia:d ud,djh'
tu jHjia:d ud,dj hgf;a msysgqjd.;a f.dafõ Trf;daßhdkq ksldh
yd YS% ,xld lf;da,sl iNdj w;r we;af;a lsÜgq ine¢hdjls' furg
lf;da,slhskag mQcljrekaf.a fiajh fkd,en isàug isÿjQ ;;a;ajhla ;=<
´,kao md,k iuh wjika jk f;la o ì%;dkH hq.fha uq,a mkia jir
wjika ù hqfrdamSh O¾u¥;jreka h<s Èjhskg meñfKk f;la o furg
lf;da,sl ck;djg fiajh lf<a f.daj Trf;daßhdkq ksldhsl mshjreka h'
uvq m,a,sh" mq;a;,u" fld<U" fldÉÑlfâ" .,a.uqj yd .=reneú, jeks
m%foaYj, Trf;daßhdkq oyï fiajh jHdma; úh' ÿIalr iuhl§ furg ls;=
iiqkg woaú;Sh fiajhla bgql< cqfia jdia msh;=ud yd cdfldafï
f.dkaid,afjia msh;=ud we;=¿ Trf;daßhdkq ksldhsl O¾u¥;jrekg wms
iod Kh.e;s fjuq'
120
ms,smamqia n,afoajqia foaj.e;s;=ud
,kafoais hq.fha§ frmrudÿ O¾u m%pdrh i|yd uy;a fiajhla bgq l< fu;=ud
1658 § ,xldjg meñKsfha yuqodj Ndrj lghq;= lsÍugh' m<uqj .d,af,a
´,kao fiakdxlfha mQcl fiajdj ndrj ls%hd l< w;r bka miqj hdmkfha
fiajh lf<a h' M,odhl fiajhla i|yd fjfyiqKq t;=ud wd.ñl fmd;a m;a
foaYSh NdIdj,g mßj¾;kh lr uqøKh lsÍug mshjr .kaf;ah'
l;slsia;jreka wd.ñl WmfoaYljreka & mqyqKq lf<a h' iEu foajia:dkhla
wdYs%;ju meßIa mdi,a wdrïN lr rdcH wkq.%yh we;sj ta ;=<ska O¾u m%pdr
lghq;= ixúOdkh lf<ah' miq lf,l ,kafoais md,lhska iu`. we;sjQ u;
.egqï fya;=fldg f.k furg fiajh ksudlr wdmiq ´,kaohg .sfhah'
8'1'4 ì%;dkH hq.h ls%'j' 1796 - 1948
ls%' j' 1789 § hqfrdamfha yg.;a m%xY úma,jh ksid ,kafoaiSkaf.a uõ rg jQ
´,kaofha ;;a;ajh wúksYaÑ; wählg m;aúh' ,kao rdcH kdhlhd ráka
msgù ì%;dkHhg f.dia ,kafoaiSka i;= hg;a úð; ish,a, ì%;dkHhg mjrd
ÿkafkah' ksfhda.h fkdms<s.;a fyhska 1795 § ì%;dkh bka§h fmrÈ. fj<|
iud.u ;s%l=Kdu,fha ,kafoais n,fldgqjg myr§ th hg;a lr .;af;ah'
bka miq 1796 § ,xldfõ ,kafoais md,khg hg;aj meje;s ish¨ m%foaaY
ì%;dkHhg Ndr §u;a iu. ,kafoais md,k iuh ksudjg m;aúh' th ì%;dkH
md,k iufha wdrïNh úh' uq,§ uqyqÿnv m<d;a muKla md,kh l< bx.S%iskag
1815 § uq¿ Èjhsfkau md,k n,h i;=lr .ekSug yels úh'
wd.ñl ksoyi
1796 È ,kafoaiSka i;= ,xldfõ ish¨ m%foaY bx.S%iSka fj; ndr§fuka miq
furg m%:u ì%;dkH rcfha kshuh wkqj 1799 iema;eïn¾ 23 Èk ,xld
jdiSka ieug ;uka leu;s wd.ula weoySfï ksoyi ,nd ÿkafkah' fufia
ì%;dkH hq.h wdrïNfha§u wd.ñl ksoyi Wodjkakg úh' tfy;a we;eï
lf;da,sl úfrdaë kS;s Í;s fmd;aj, ;ju;a mej;sKs'
lf;da,slhskag mQ¾K wd.ñl ksoyi ,ndÿka — ue.akd ld¾gdZ mK;
f*âßla fkda¾;a g miqj wdKavqldr OQrhg m;ajQfha f;dauia fuÜ,kaâ h'
Tyq rfÜ wd.ï fj; jvd idOdrK jQ;a" ldreKsl jQ;a" ms<sfj;la wkq.ukh
lf<ah' furg lf;da,slhskaf.a wd.ñl ksoyi iïnkaOfhka lsisÿ ielhlg
bv fkd;nkq i|yd b;d jeo.;a mshjrla .;af;ah' tkï lf;da,slhskag
úreoaOj mkjd ;snqKq ish¨ kS;s ksfhda. wfydais fldg Tjqkag iïmQ¾K
wd.ñl ksoyi ,ndfok fr.=,dishla kS;s.; lf<ah' th 1806 uehs 27 Èk
ksl=;ajq z ue.akd ld¾gdZ mK; hs'
121
fu;eka isg ì%;dkH md,khg hg;a ,xldfõ iEu m%foaYhlu
lf;da,slhskg lsisu ndOdjlska f;drj ;u wd.u weoySug ksoyi ysñh'
ish¨ isú,a jrm%ido yd m;aùï Tjqkago w;aúh' lf;da,sl foajia:dkj,
mj;ajk ,o újdy j,x.= njg ms<s.kq ,eîh'
fuf,i Wodjq wd.ñl ksoyiska Wmßu f,i m%fhdack .kq i|yd
Trf;daßhdkq mshjre fkdmiqngj ls%hd l<y' iNdjg whs;s foam< kej;
b,a,d isàu" iNdfõ lghq;= mqkre;a:dmkh" leä ì£ .sh foõueÿre kej;
f.dvke.Su" ls;=kq j;ams<sfj;a ixúOdkh lsÍu yd furg ls;=kq ckhd
talrdYS lsÍu jeks ld¾hhka ish,a,u ì%;dkH md,k iufha§ uq,skau ixúOdkh
lf<a tu O¾u¥;jreka úiskah' Tjqkaf.a m%h;akh ksid ls;=kq iNdjg hï
ia:djr;ajhla ,enqKs'
úfoaYsh O¾u¥;hska furgg meñKSu
furg ls;=kqjkag mQ¾K wd.ñl ksoyi ysñùu;a iu`. furg fiajh i|yd
O¾u¥;hskag meñKSfï ksoyi o ysñúh' ta wkqj O¾u m%pdrh i|yd wex.a,sldkq
iy frmrudÿ O¾u¥; iud.ï ;u YdLd furg msysgqjdf.k oyï fiajh
wdrïN l<y' jeä jYfhka tu iud.ïj,g wh;a .syshka úiska O¾u¥;
fiajh bgqlrk ,§'
fufia 1805 È ,kavka O¾u¥; lKavdhu o
1812 § nemaáiaÜ O¾u¥; lKavdhu o
1814 § fjia,shka O¾u¥; lKavdhu o
1816 § weußldkq O¾u¥; lKavdhu o
1818 § iNd O¾u¥; ix.uh ^ iS'tï' tia & o
1883 § .e,ùfï yuqodfõ O¾u¥; lKavdhu o furg fiajh tlaúh'
fuu O¾u¥; lKavdhïj, idudðlfhda foaYSh NdId bf.k uy;a Wkkaÿfjka
O¾u¥; fiajdfõ fhÿKy' úfYaIfhka m%Odk k.rj, mdi,a msysgqjd bx.S%is
wOHdmkh i|yd fmruqK f.k ls%hd l<y' oyï m%pdrho ta Tiafia isÿúh'
tmuKla fkdj fi!LH fiajh" ¥.S ÿmam;=kag msysgùu jeks ohd fiajdjka
o Tjqka úiska bgqlrk ,§'
,kavka O¾u¥; lKavdhu
tx.,ka; iNdj ksfhdackh lrñka furgg meñKs m<uq O¾u¥;
lKavdhuh' furg Tjqkaf.a iNdj ,xld iNdj f,i ye¢kaúKs' foajia:dk
yd mdi,a f.dvk.df.k O¾u¥; fiajfha fhÿKq w;r 1840 È foaYSh mQclhka
mqyqKq lsÍfï uOHia:dkhla o wrUk ,§'
122
nemaáiaÜ O¾u¥; lKavdhu
fÊïia pdg¾ keue;a;d úiska furg fiajdj wrUk ,§' nemaáiaÜ iNdfõ
msh;=ul= jQ pd,aia ldg¾f.a mqfrda.dñ;ajfhka isxy, - bx.S%is " bx.S%is isxy,
Yío fldaI ìys úh'
fjia,shdkq O¾u¥; lKavdhu ^fuf;daÈia;&
Tjqyq úfYaIfhkau ngysr uqyqÿlrfha fiajh l<y' oyï m%pdrh" wOHdmkh
yd fi!LH fiajd flfrys Tjqkaf.a úfYaI wjOdkh fhduqúh'
weußldkq O¾u¥; lKavdhu
wOHdmkhg úfYaI ia:dkhla ÿka lKavdhuls' W;=f¾ hdmkh wdYs%;j O¾u¥;
jHdmD;s .Kkdjla weröh' fkajdisl" m%d:ñl " Wiia" .ïno" uOHu " Èjd "
nd,sld jYfhka úúO jQ mdi,a wdrïN l< w;r .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍug ukd
f,i ie,iqï.; fiajdjlao Èh;a lrk ,§' fuu O¾u¥; lKavdhug wh;a
ldka;d O¾u¥;jßhka úiska furg ldka;d wOHdmkh ckm%sh lsÍugo fjfyi
oeÍh'
iNd O¾u¥; ix.uh
O¾u m%pdrh yd wOHdmkh i|yd fndfyda fia fjfyiS lghq;= lf<a h'
fld<U ldka;d úoHd,h" uykqjr ys,ajqâ úoHd,h jeks úÿy,a iNd O¾u¥;
ix.uh u.ska wrUk ,§'
.e,ùfï yuqodfõ O¾u¥; lKavdhu
fuh fjkia wdldrhl O¾u¥; fiajdjla jQ w;r l=i.skak ksùu" msßisÿ
lsÍu" .e,ùu hk f;aud hgf;a ixúOdkh ù ÿ.S ÿmam;=kag msysgùfï fiajd
Èh;a l<y'
ì%;dkH hq.fha § YS% ,xldfõ lf;da,sl iNdj
16 jk ishjfia mD;=.Siskaf.a meñKSfuka miqj lf;da,sl oyu ,xld jdiSkag
y÷kajd§u;a iu.u furfÜ Ydiksl lghq;= md,kh jQfha ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ
fldÑka ro.=re moúh hgf;ah' tfy;a 1834 È xvi jeks f.%.ß Y=oafOda;a;u
msh;=ud úiska ,xldj fldúka ro.=re moúfhka fjka lr wfmdaia;,sl
úldß jiula njg m;a lrk ,§' ta wkqj ,xldfõ m<uq ro.=re f,i
m;alrkq ,enqfõ Trf;daßhdkq ksldfha úkaika frdihsfrda W;=udKkah'
t;=ud 1842 È ij¾.ia: ùfuka miq 1843 § bka§h O¾u¥;jrhl= jQ wkaf;daksfhda
lhs;dfkda msh;=ud tu ;k;=rg m;alrkq ,eîh'
123
1833 È mD;=.d,fha rch u.ska .;a ;SrKhla wkqj f.dafõ
Trf;daßhdkq ksldh wfydais úh' tuksis furg fiajhg bkaÈh Trf;daßhdkq
O¾u¥;hska imhd .ekSu ÿIalr úh' tfia jqjo ta jk úg furg isá bka§h
O¾u¥;jre ;uka l< fiajh È.gu lrf.k .shy' hqfrdamSh O¾u¥;jreka
meñK isáh§;a Tjqyq Tjqka iu. fiajh l<y' fuysu Ôú;h fl<jr l<y'
,laÈj fiajh i|yd hqfrdamSh O¾u¥;jreka fidhd.eksu tl, Y=oaOdikhg
myiq fkdùh' tfia jqjo Y=oaOdikh ^fm%dm.kaodj& úiska tjk ,o m%:u
hqfrdamSh O¾u¥;jrhd jQ b;d,s cd;sl yd Trf;daßhdkq ksldhsl TrdIsfhda
neglskS msh;=ud 1842 È ,xldjg meñKsfhah' t;=ud ,xldfõ W;=re m%foaYh
Ndrj lghq;= lf<a h'
1845 § is,afjia;s%k fnkÈldk ksldfha fcdaima n%dú msh;=ud iy
isiag¾Ishdk ksldfha ;dmihka fofofkla o furgg meñKshy' fï ;dla
rgg tjk ,ofoa mejÈ ksldhj,g wh;a O¾u¥;jreka jqjo 1847 § Y=oaOdikh
úiska moú mQcljreka i;r fofkl=o tjk ,§'
fufia ,xldj ;=< bka§h O¾u¥;jrekaf.a ixLHdj wvqfjñka o"
hqfrdamSh O¾u¥;jrekaf.a ixLHdj jeäfjñka o meje;s fï ld,fha Y=oaOdikh
úiska hqfrdamSh O¾u¥;hl= jQ b;d,s cd;sl TrdIsfhda neglSkS msh;=ud furg
wfmdaia;,sl úldß ;ekf.a hqj ro.=re f,i m;alrk ,§' ta 1848 uehs 5
jeksodh' 1846 È t;=ud ro.=re wNsfIalh ,enqfõh' ,laìfï È ro.=rejrhl=
f,i wNsfIal ,;a m%:uhd jQfha t;=udh' ^Bg fmr ro.=rejreka wNsfIal
,enqfõ bkaÈhdfõ §h& fï ;dla tla wfmdaia;,sl úldß jiula jQ ,laÈj
1843 È W;=r yd ol=K f,i fldgia follg fjka lrk ,§' neglSks
ro.=re;=udg W;=re m%foaY Ndr úh' lhs;dfkda wkaf;daksfhda ro.=re ;=udg
ol=K Ndrúh' ta iu.u fcdaima n%dú msh;=ud ol=Kq úldß jifï hqj ro.=re
jYfhka m;aùï ,eîh' 1883 olajd jir 36 l ld,hla fufia úldß jiï
folla f,i Ydiksl lghq;= ls%hd;aul úh'
ks¾u, ußh ksldfha O¾u¥;jreka ,laÈjg meñKSu
W;=re úldß jifï lghq;= ndr.;a neglSks ro.=re ;=ud uqyqK ÿka m%Odk
.eg¨j jQfha O¾u¥;jrekaf.a ys.hhs' tksid O¾u¥;jreka fidhd hqfrdamhg
.sh t;=ud m%xYfha ks¾u, ußh ksldfha ks¾ud;D tõðka o ueikâ ro.=re;=uka
yuqù ,laÈjg tu ksldfha mshjreka tjk f,i b,a,d isáfhah' ta wkqj
iaàjka fifïßhd msh;=udf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a i;r fofkl=f.ka hq;a
O¾u¥; lKavdhula 1847 È ,laÈjg meñKsfhda h' fï mshjre hdmkh m%foaYfha
O¾u¥; lghq;= b;d fõ.j;a f,i jHdma; l<y' l,ska l,g ;j;a mshjreka
124
ksu, ußh ksldh u.ska tjkq ,ÿj 1850 muK jkúg O¾u¥; jrekaf.a
ixLHdj 13 olajd jeäúh' 1856 È hdmkhg meñK tysÈ ks¾u, ußh ksldhg
tlajq ls%iafgda*¾ fndkaðka msh;=udo iqúfYaIS O¾u¥;hl= njg m;aúh' miq
lf,l t;=ud hdmkfha ro.=re f,io 1887 È fld<U moúfha m%:u w.ro.=re
ysñ f,io m;aùï ,enqfõh'
fufia ks'u'ks mshjre YS% ,xldfõ lf;da,sl iNdjg b;d w.kd fiajhla bgq
l<y' úfYaIfhkau fld<U yd hdmkfha moú ;=< fuu mshjreka hgf;a
m%Odk fmf<a bx.S%is úoHd, lsysmhla ìysúh' 1900 ka miqj fld<U yd
hdmkfha moúj, fiajh i|yd úúO ;dmisl ksldh furgg le|jd .ekSu
i|yd o ks'u'ks mshjre ls%hd l<y' tfia meñKs ksldh lsysmhla f,i"
ußh;=ñhf.a m%ekaisialdk fidfydhqßfhda" Y=oaOjQ mjqf,a fidfydhqßfhda"
wfmdaia;,sl ld¾fu,a fidfydhqßfhda" foajdrCIdfõ fidfydhqßfhda" iodirK
fidfydhqßfhda yd fvdñksldk fidfydhqßfhda oelaúh yelsh'
is,afjiaf;%da fnkÈldk ksldfha O¾u¥;jre
fuu ksldfha fiajh YS% ,xldj ;=< wdrïN jQfha 1845 È fcdaYma n%dú msh;=ud
furgg meñKSu iu.u h' 1857 § t;=ud ol=Kq úldß jifï fld<U& md,l
OQrhg m;ajQ w;r tu m%foaYfha fiajh i|yd ;j;a fnkÈldk mshjre fuys
meñKshy' 1863 - 1878 ld,h ;=< úldß jiu md,kh lf<a ysf,aßhka
is,a,dks kï jQ fnkÈldk ro.=re ;=udh' t;=udf.a md,k iuh ol=Kq úldß
jifï ÈhqKqj i|yd úYd, fiajdjla bgqjq iuhla úh'
- Yd ¨ishd wdik foõueÿr bÈlsÍug wdrïN lsÍu
- Yd' fnkälaÜ úoHd,h we;=¿ mdi,a /ila we;s lsÍu
- hym;a tf`ârd fidfydhqßhka furg fiajhg f.kaùu
- fld<U wjg jk fudaor" .%Ekaâmdia jeks m%foaYj, úYd, foõueÿre
bÈlsÍu'
- lf;da,sl mqj;a m;a Ceylon Catholic Messenger 1869 È yd {kd¾:
m%§mh 1873 § wdrïN lsÍu'
- uykqjr m%foaYfha ;eka lSysmhl fiajhg fnkÈldk mshjre heùu
wd§ fiajdjka ta i|yd ksoiqka f,i oelaúh yelsh'
1878 ysf,aßhka is,a,dks ro.=re ;=udf.a ij¾.fha ùfuka miq tu OQrhg m;a
lrk ,oafoa laf,aukaÜ m[a[dks ro.=re ;=udh' t;=ud jir 4 la muK
fld<U m%foaYfha Ydik md,l f,i lghq;= lf<a h' tu ld,fha fnkÈldk
mshjrekaf.a meñKSu ys`. jQ ksid fld<U m%foaYfha fiajh ksudlr th ks'
125
u'ks mshjrekag ndr oSug isÿ jQ w;r fnkosldkqfjda ,xldfõ uOHu yd W!j
m<df;a fiajhg fhduq jQy'
1887 jk úg isrs,l lf;da,sl iNdj ro.=re moú ;=kla f,i ixúOdkh
úh' ta hdmkh" fld<U" uykqjr jYfhks' hdmkh yd fld<U ks' u' ks
mshjreka hgf;a o uykqjr fnkÈldk mshjreka hgf;a o md,kh úh'
fuf,i m%xYfha ks¾u, ußh ksldfha mshjreka yd b;d,sfha is,afjiaf;%da
fnkÈldk ksldhsl mshjreka fukau fn,aðhfï fÊiq ksldhsl mshjreka
o" udßiaÜ fidfydhqrka o" ,di,a fidfydhqrka o meúÈ fidfydhqßhka o
furgg fiajh i|yd tla jQ O¾u¥; O¾u¥;Sldfjda jQy' fudjqyq YS% ,xldfõ
wd.ñl" wOHdmksl iudcSh" fi!LHh hk ish¨ wxYj,u fiajfha fhfoñka
b;d w.kd odhl;ajhla iemhQy'
mejÈjßhkaf.a fiajdj
wd.ñl ksoyi iu. furg meñKs mejÈjßhkaf.a fiajdjo furg lf;da,sl
iiqfka m%.;shg u. ie,iSh' mD;=.Sis hq.h wdrïNfha isg 19 jk ishjfia
ueo Nd.h muK jk ;=re" tkï jir 350 la muK ld,hla ;=< furg
lf;da,slhskag O¾u¥;jrekaf.a fiajh ,nkakg yels úh' tfy;a tu
ld,h mqrd furg ckhdg meúÈjßhka oel.ekSug mjd wjia:djla Wod
fkdùh' m%:ufhka u mejÈjßhka ,xldjg meñKsfha 1862 jif¾ § h' ta"
hdmkfha wfmdaia;,sl úldÍ jQ iaàjka fifïßhd ro.=re ;=ud úiska
le|jdf.k tk ,o m%xYfha Y== mjqf,a ksldfha meúÈjßhka h' Tjqyq W;=re
úldÍ jifï ;u fiajh wdrïN l<y'
1869 § ol=Kq úldÍ jiugo m<uq jrg meúÈjßfhda meñKshy' ta fld<U
wfmdaia;,sl úldß is,a,dks ro.=re;=udf.a le|ùu wkqj meñKs m%xYfha
hym;a tfârd ksldfha mejÈjßhka h' Tjqyq fldgfyafka nd,sld wOHdmk
fiajdfõ fhÿKy''
fndkaðka w.ro.=re;=ud fld<U jifï md,lj isáh§ 1886 È ußh;=ñhf.a
m%ekaisialdk O¾u¥;jßfhda fudrgqj m%foaYfha nd,sld úÿy,la o
wkd:orejka i|yd ksjdihla o werUQy'
1888 § È<sÿkaf.a l=vd fidfydhqßfhda keue;s ksldh m%xYfhka meñK jhia.;
jQj;a i|yd fiajh weröh' jfhdajDoaO wh i|yd ksjdihla urodfka wdrïN
lrk ,§'
126
1896 § ohdfõ fidfydhqßhkaf.a ksldh meñKs w;r Tjqyq .d,af,a ÈjH
yDofha nd,sld úÿyf,a fiajdj wdrïN l<y'
1922 È wfmdaia;,sl ksldfha ;dmisldfjda furgg meñK Tjqkaf.a m<uq
ksjdih ;s%l=Kdu,fha msysgqjd .;ay'
1903 § .d,af,a ro.=rej isá fcdaima jekaÍ;a ysñhka úiska foaYSh mejÈ
ksldhla wdrïN lf<a h' ta iqr¥; fidfydhqßhkaf.a ksldh hs'
ì%;dkH hq.fha § YS% ,xldfõ wOHdmkh
ì%;dkH rch" uq,§ rfÜ wOHdmkh wx.a,sldkq foaj.e;sjreka w;g mjrd"
Tjqkag ta i|yd wdOdr uqo,a o ,nd ÿkafkah' jßka jr furgg meñKs
frmrudÿ O¾u¥; iud.ï o uqo,ska rcfha wdOdr ,ndf.k wOHdmk fiajfha
fhÿKy' Tjqka hgf;a bx.%Sis wOHdmkh ÈhqKq úh'
weußld O¾u¥;jre uq, isgu fkajdisl mdi,a werUQy' Tjqka wdrïN l<
hdmkfha m%d:ñl mdif,a oCI <uqka i|yd zfikag%,a˜ mdi,la o msysgqjk
,§' Wiia mdi,a wdrïN lr tajdfha bx.S%Sis" N+f.da,h" .Ks;h" ;¾l Ydia;%h"
hqfrdamd idys;Hh" hdka;s%l úoHdj hk úIhh W.kajk ,§' Bg wu;rj
nd,sld úÿy,ao weröu isÿúh' fufia W;=relrfha wOHdmkh ÈhqKqùug u.
ie,isKs'
ì%;dkH md,k iufha uq,a ld,fha § mdi,a iïnkaOfhka lf;da,sl iiqk
isáfha ÿ¾j, ;;a;ajhlh' mSvk iuhl ksudj iu. lf;da,slhskaf.a
wjOdkh foõueÿre f.dvk`.d .ekSu fj; fhduq jQ ksido" wd¾Ól jYfhka
Yla;su;a fkdjQ ksido tjlg isá bka§h O¾u¥;hskag bx.S%is NdIdj .eg¨jla
jQ ksid o bx.S%is mdi,a wdrïN lsÍu myiq fkdùh' miq ld,Skj meñKs úúO
mejÈ ksldh ksid wOHdmkh ;=< uy;a m%.;shka w;a lr.; yelsúh'
1832 § flda,anDDla fldñiu l< fhdckd wkqj" bx.S%is NdIdj rcfha ish¨u
md,k wxYj, Ndú; lrkakg;a mdi,aj, W.kajkakg;a jQ úg
lf;da,slhskago bx.S%is mdi,a wjYH úh' bx.S%is oek isàu /ls rlaId ,nd
.ekSug o ud¾.hla úh' flda,anDDla fldñifï m%;sixialrK ksid k.rj,
wOHdmkh ÈhqKq úh' ,xldfõ wOHdmksl ixúOdkh 1841 § uOHu mdi,a
fldñiug mjrk ,§' fuu fldñiu ñIkdÍ yd meúÈ iud.ï u.ska msysgqjk
,o mdi,aj,g uqo,ska wdOdr imhk ,§' fufia ñIkdß wOHdmkh ÈhqKq jQ
w;r rch hgf;a mej;s wOHdmk wm%dKslj mej;sKs fï ;;a;ajh ;=<
ñIkdß wOHdmkhg ck;djf.a leue;a; m<úh'
127
1841 os msysgjq uOHu mdi,a fldñiu u.ska my; oelafjk oE bgqlr
.ekSug yelsúh'
- fiajd kshqla;shg jQ m%;s,dN ksid — fld<U welvñhZ iuDoaêu;a
úh'
- .=re mqyqKqj i|yd — fkdau,a mdi,a ˜ wdrïN úh'
- wOHdmkhg m%dfhda.sl keUqrejla ,nd§u i|yd .d,a," uykqjr yd
fld<U uOHu mdi,a ;=kla uOHu mdi,a fldñiu u.ska weröu'
- fld<U yd uykqjr Wiia nd,sld mdi,a weröu'
wdOdr ,nk mdi,a ^WmlD; mdi,a&
1869- 1896 olajd mej;s wOHdmk l%ufhka ,dxlsl <uqkag id¾:l wOHdmkhla
,nkakg yelsjQfha bx.S%is udOhfhka muKs' bx.S%is mdi,aj, YsIHhskag ;u
ujqni fyda rfÜ b;sydih yd mßirh .ek oekqula fkdfok ,§' iajNdId
wOHdmkh ksIaM, fohla f,i .Kskq ,eîh' ish¨u mdi,a fmd;a bx.S%is
NdIdfjka jQ w;r b.ekaùfï l%u yd úNd. meje;aùu ì%;dkHfha l%uhg
úh' fujka ;;a;ajhka ;=< iaj NdId wOHdmkh ms<sn|j rchg fhdackd
bÈßm;a lf<a ls%iafgdam¾ fndkaðka msh;=udh'
bx.S%is NdIdj fukau cd;sl NdIdjo mdi,a wOHdmkhg tl;= l< hq;=hehs
t;=ud rchg wjOdrKfhka lshd isáfhah' wOHdmkh i|yd ujqni
fhdod.ekSfï w;HjYH;dj fmkajd ÿkafkah' rcfha widOdrK wOHdmk
ms<sfj; o iEu ls;=kq iNdj,g u fmdÿ ls;= oyula W.kajk mdi,a l%uho
oeä fia úfõpkh lf<a h' t;=ud lshd isáfha f.or§ fukau mdif,a § o
orejdf.a wOHdmkh wd.u yd iïnkaO l< hq;= njh' tjeks wOHdmkhla
§u ta ta wd.ñl ixia:dj úiska l< hq;= nj;a" tneúka fldhs wd.ug;a mdi,a
mj;ajd .ekSug bv ;sìh hq;= nj yd rch tn÷ mdi,aj,g uqo,ska wdOdr Èh
hq;= nj;a h' fndkaðka msh;=udf.a fhdackd rcfha wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj
úiska ms<s.kakd ,ÿj wdOdr ,nk mdi,a fyj;a WmlD; mdi,a l%uh wdrïN
úh' tu.ska ls;=kq iNdj,g muKla fkdj fï ;dla rcfha ie<ls,a, fkd,o
fn!oaO" yskaÿ yd bia,dï wd.ïj,g o fï wOHdmk l%uh uy;a rel=,la úh'
ls%iafgda*¾ fndkaðka msh;=ud
1823 iema 23 od Wm; ,enQ t;=ud 1847 § meßia O¾u¥; ksldfha iNslhl= f,i
bkaÈhdjg f.dia tys jir kjhla fiajh lf<a h' 1856 È ,xldjg meñK
hdmkfha § ^ks'u'ks& Tíf,aÜ ksldhg ne£ W;=f¾ fiajh lf<a h' ,laÈjg
wd ldf,ha mgkau jdf.a t;=ud ,la lf;da,sl iiqfka lgy`v úh' t;=ud
128
m%Odk jYfhka igka lf<a wOHdmk fCIa;%fha h' t;=ukaf.a W;aidyfha
m%;sM,h f,i furg WmlD; mdi,a l%uh ìysúh' tksid WmlD; mdi,a
l%ufha mS;Djrhd f,i t;=ukaj y÷kajkq ,efí' hdmkfha ro.=re ;k;=rg
m;ajq t;=ud miqj furg m%:u w.ro.=re f,i m;aùï ,eîh' foaYSh mQclhka
mqyqKq lsÍu i|yd ,xldfõ m%:u foaj Ydia;%d,h jQ Ydka; ud¾áka foõi;ay,
1869 § werUqfõo fndkaðka w.ro.=re ;=udh' fld<Ug meñKs miq 1883 §
idka; fn¾kd¾ÿ foõi;ay, o újD; lf<ah' fld<U idka; fcdaima úÿy,
yd fjk;a úÿy,a újD; lsÍug t;=ud odhl jqfKa h' fld<U uy frdayf,a
fiajh lsÍu i|yd lf;da,sl mejÈjßhka fhduq lsÍu o fndkaðka w.ro.=re
iufha § isÿ úh' tmuKla fkdj fkdfhla m<d;aj,ska jkaokdlrejka
f.kajk cq,s uvq ux.,Hh wdrïN lrk ,oafoa o 1870 È fndkaðka ro.=re
;=ud úiska h'
jir 69 la jQ ;u Ôú;fhka jir 36 la ,laÈj fiajh l< fndkaðka
w.ro.=re ysñ furg lf;da,slhskag muKla fkdj wkH wd.ñlhskaf.a o
whs;sjdislï ,nd§ug fkdìhj igka l< W;=fuls'
YS% ,xldjg ksoyi ,nd.ekSu i|yd ls;=kq odhl;ajh
ì%;dkH hq.fha § bx.S%is wOHdmkh ksid we;eï msßia úfoaYSh is;=ï me;=ï
yd ixialD;sh ngysr mkakhg wkqj yev.iajd .;a w;r we;eï msßia
foaYfha ksoyi fjkqfjka ixúOdkh jQy' ls;=kq mdi,a j, bx.S%is wOHdmkh
,enq t*a' wd¾' fiakdkhl" B'ví' fmf¾rd" ffj;H,sx.ï" rdukdoka yd ä'
tia' fiakdkhl jeks wh cd;s wd.ï l=< fNao fkd;ld fmruqK .;ay'
tfiau ls;=kq ne;su;=kao cd;sl ye`.Sfuka hq;=j ;u Èú mrÿjg ;nd ksoyia
igkg odhljQ nj b;sydih ;=<ska wkdjrKh fõ' Bg ksoiqkla jkafka B'
ví' fmf¾rd uy;dh'
1915 § furg we;sjQ fn!oaO uqia,sï flda,y,j,§ tjlg furg isá ì%;dkH
wdKavqldrhd furg fn!oaO m%N+kag úreoaOj .;a ;Skaÿj jydu wfydais lsßu
i|yd ls%hd lsÍug bÈßm;a jQfha ls;=kqfjl= jq B' ví' fmf¾rdh' ta i|yd
wjYH ksfhda. m;% ryfia ,ndf.k ;u im;a;=j ;=< i`.jdf.k t;=ud
ì%;dkHhg .sfhah'
YS%u;a fÊïia mSßia" we,anÜ ta' úl%uisxy" fÊ' ta' t,a l=f¾" iageka,s fidhsid
jeks ls;=kq m%N+jrekao ksoyi m;d odhl jQ wh fj;s'
129
bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh
• mD;=.SiSka meñKsug fmr hq.h ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrkak'
• mD;=.SiS hq.h ms<sn|j l;sldj;la f.dv k.kak
• ,kafoais hq.h ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrkak'
• ì%;dkH hq.h ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrkak'
uQ,dY%
1' ,laÈj ls;=kq mqrdKh ^Ígd fj,a.ïm,&
2' isß,la ls;= iiqk ^;su;s fld<uqkafka msh;=ud&
3' iúia;r isß,la ls;= iiqk ^ - tu - &
4' ,laÈj lf;da,sl Wodj ^fodka mSg¾ msh;=ud&
5' ,laÈj lf;da,sl mSvkh^ - tu - &
6' ,laÈj lf;da,sl jHdma;s iuh ^ - tu &
7' ´,kao iuh ^tâukaâ mSßia ro.=re;=ud &
8' fndkaðka w.ro.=re ^wdpd¾h fodka mSg¾ msh;=ud&
9' ESP 1205 wOHdmk fudähq,h ^újD; úYaj úoHd,h&
130
ksmqK;dj 8'0 ( YS% ,xldfõ iNd b;sydih yodrd ,dxflah ls;=kq
wkkH;djg idlaIs orhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 8'2 ( ksoyia YS% ,xldjla ;=< iNdj ms<sn| lreKq yodrhs
ld,Éfþo ( ld,ÉfPo 30
bf.kqï M, (
² ksoyia Y%S ,xlfõ foaYmd,k yd iudÔh miqìu ;=< ls;=kq iNdjg uqyqK§ug
isÿjq .eg¨ yd tajdg ;=vq ÿka fya;= úuid wjfndaO lr.kshs'
² fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdfõ oelau yd b.ekaùu ,xflah ls;=kq iNdjg
n,mE whqre yd tys n,mEu wOHhk lr kfjdaohla i|yd lghq;= lrhs'
² j¾;udk ,dxflah ls;=kq iNdfõ ¥; fiajdfõ iajNdjh yd iNdj uqyqK fok
wNsfhda. úuid ls;=kq wkkH;djg idlaIh orhs'
² YS% ,dxflah iudcfha úúO wxYj,g iNdfjka jQ odhl;ajh Wf.k ls;=kqjl=
f,i j;auka iudc ixj¾Okhg ;u odhl;ajh §ug lghq;= lrhs'
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr oSug w;aje,la (
8'2'1 ksoyiska miq iNdj uqyqKq ÿka .eg¨
,xldj Y%S ,xldj& ì%;dkH wêrdcHhg hg;aj bx.S%is wdKavqldrjrhl= hgf;a
md,kh ù' miqj foaYmd,k ksoyi ,enQfha 1948 fmnrjdß 04 §h' tjla mgka
rg;=< meje;s" foaYmd,k" iudÔh" ixialD;sl yd wd¾Ól miqìfï udxY.;ù
ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a .e,ùuodhl iqndrxÑh furg m;< lrñka ¥; fiajdfõ
ksr;ùfï§ ls;=kq iNdjg uqyqK mEug isÿjq .eg¨ fndfydah' ta w;ßka m%Odk
.eg¨ lsysmhla muKla fuys,d úia;r flf¾'
wOHdmkh iy mdi,a rchg mjrd .ekSu
1960 § meje;s uydue;srKfhka n,hg meñKs rch wdOdr ,nk wd.ñl
mdi,a rchg mjrd.ekSu yd bka we;sjq m%;sM, uE; b;sydifha furg ls;=kq
iNdjg uqyqK mEug isÿjq .eg¨ w;r m%Odk ;ekla .kshs' tod tu ;SrKh
.ekSug rch fm<UqKq lreKq l=ula jqjo" t;eka isg .;jQ wv ishjila muK
jQ ld,h ;+< furg wOHdmkfha m%.;sh yd úkh ms<n| l;d lrk uOHia:
úpdrlhka tu ;SrKfha wksgq M, úmdl iuia; rggu n,mE wdldrh fy<s
lrkq úáka úg wefia'
131
miqld,Skj 1886 È fld<U w.%rdc.=re m%id§ka jykafia f,i m;ajQ .re ls%iafgdam¾
fndkacska msh;=ud furg lf;da,sl wOHdmkh yd mdi,a l%ufha Wkak;sh
i|yd m%cdm%idÈjrhl=j isá ld,fha isgu wem lemjqKq ta i|yd wä;d,u oeuq
Wodr pß;hls' wdOdr ,nk mdi,a l%uh fjkqfjka igka l<" bx.s%is NdIdj
fukau cd;sl NdIdjo wOHdmkhg tla l< hq;= hehs wjOdrKh lf<a fu;=udh'
t;=uka ms<sfh, l< wdOdr ,nk mdi,a ie,eiau 1867 § rcfha wOHdmk
fldñIka iNdj úiska ms<sf.k wd.ñl WmlD; mdGYd,d l%uh kñka Ndú;hg
meñKsfhah' fuu l%uh hgf;a iEu mqrjeishl=f.au wd.u weoySfï ksoyi
iy;sl l< w;r ;u orejkaf.a wOHdmkh i|yd ;ukag leue;s mdi,la
f;dard .ekSug foudmshkag we;s whs;jdislu ms<s.eksK' wOHdmkh iïnkaOfhka
fNao fkdi<ld wdOdr§u rcfha hq;=lula njgo ms<s.eksKs'
tfiau" fuu l%uh hgf;a iEu wd.ulgu ;ukaf.a mdi,a bÈlsßugo mdi,a
mßmd,kh" kv;a;=j" l<ukdldß;ajh i|yd iïmQ¾K ksoyio mejeßKs'
lf;da,sl iNdj u.ska md,kh jqKq mdi,aj, meje;s úkh" ms<sfj, yd wOHdmk
l%ufõoh ksid tu mdi,a wkHd.ñlhka w;r mjd ckm%sh úh' wkHd.ñlhka
mjd ;u orejka lf;da,sl mdi,aj,g we;=¿ lsÍug W;aiql jQ neõ i|ykah'
lf;da,sl fkdjk isiq isiqúhkao fuu mdi,aj,g we;=¿ ùfï m%jK;djla
we;sjQfha fuu lf;da,sl mdi,a msysgqùfï wruqK lf;da,sl ore oeßhkag
wOHdmkh yd pß; yev.eiaùu ,nd§u m%uqL;dj ù ;sìh§ h'
fujeks iudÔh miqìula ìysfjñka ;sìh§ 1956 fn!oaO fldñIka iNd jd¾;dfõ
ks¾foaYhla jQ wdOdr ,nk wd.ñl mdi,a rchg mjrd .ekSu wkqj hñka 1960
§ lf;da,sl iNd fYa%IaGdhka yd ck;djf.a oeä úfrdaOh uOHfha wd.ñl
mdi,a rchg mjrd .eksKs'
fuu ;SrKh ls%hd;aul ùfuka mdi,aj, wOHdmk l%ufõoh" úkh yd wdpdr
O¾u pß; yev.eiaùug isÿjq n,mEï bka miq ,dxflah ck iudcfha isÿjQ
isÿùï úuid ne,Sfuka wjfndaO lr .; yels h'
ls%ia;shdks wd.ñlhka flfrys ks¾oh úfõpk
mD;=.Sis hq.fha§ we;eï mD;=.Sis fikam;shka yd fid,aodÿjka f.a lDDr ls%hd
biau;= lrñka tys jro j¾;udk lf;da,slhka u; mgjñka ks¾oh f,i
úfõpkh lsßu o lf;da,slhka jkdys mD;=.SiSkaf.ka mej; tk ck fldgila
f,i we;euqka úiska úúO wjia:dj,§ .erySug ,la lsÍu o fuys,d wjOdkhg
,la lsÍu jà' foaYSh isß;a úß;a j,g wd.ka;=lj isá by< iudc ia:rfha
ls;=kqjka úfõkh lrñka ls;=kqjka jkdys mr.e;s" foaYSh ixialD;sh" fkdi<lk
132
isß;a úß;a .re fkdlrk msßilehs jßka jr t,a,jQ mokï úrys;" wN+; fpdaokd
o iqndrxÑh m;< lsÍfï ¥; ld¾hhg ilS%hodhl jk ls;=kq j.lSu — lf;da,sl
wdl%uKh ˜ f,i jm/iska n,d ks¾oh úfõpkhg ,laùu o ksoyiska miq
ls;=kq iNdjg uqyqKq §ug isÿjQ wNsfhda.ldß ;;a;ajhls'
ckjd¾.sl .eg¨j iy idu ls%hdoduh
1970 oYlh w.Nd.fha§ Y%S ,dxlsl iudcfha yg.;a isxy, - oñ, .egqï furg
uE; b;sydifha isÿ l< jHkikh iq¿ mgq fkdfõ' we;euqka úiska ckjd¾.sl
w¾nqohla f,iskao ;%ia;jdohla f,iskao w¾: oelajQ fuu .egqï yd ysxidldÍ
ls%hd yuqfõ ls%ia;= iqndrxÑhg wkqj lghq;= lrkakg furg ls;=kq iNdj orE
W;aidyh yd ia:djrh ndysr iudcfha jerÈ jegySulg fya;= jQ neõ ls;=kq
iNdjg t,a, jQ fpdaokdj,ska fmkS hhs' Y=oaO jQ nhsn,h Ñka;kh yd ls;=kq
oelau ysxidj yd hqoaO .egqï tlfy<d m%;sfCIm lrhs' udkj .re;ajh flf<ik
yd udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh jk ysxidjd§ ms<sfj;lg wdYs¾jdo lsÍug ls%ia;=ia
jykafia wkqhk ls;=kqjkg fyda ls;=kq iNdjg kqmq¿jk' tfiau" fï wr.,hg
uq,a jq isxy, oñ, focd;Skau W;=r yd ol=K hd lrñka tlu iNdjl tlu ore
le<la fia isàuo ls;=kqjka f,i tlu foúhka jykafiag jkaokd lrk tlu
orele,la ùuo fya;=fldg ckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh ysxidfjka f;drj" idlÉPdfjka
yd idul%shdoduhlska úi|df.k foaYmd,k úi÷ulg hkakehs ks;r wod<
md¾Yjj,g oekaùug o n,lsÍug o tu ia:djrh fjkqfjka fkdìhj fmkS
isáug o iNdjg isÿúh' fuu ia:djrh ksidu" ls;=kqjka furgg ys;e;s fkdjk"
;%ia;jdohg Wvf.ä fok msßila f,i ckudOHh Tiafia widOdrK
úfõpkj,g ,laùu o iNdj uqyqK mE .eg¨jls' lreKq flfia jqjo" — iduh
we;s lrkafkda Nd.Hjka;fhda h''˜ hk ls;= iñodKkaf.a jok wkqj hñka
iduldñ foaYmd,k úi÷ula fjkqfjka fmkSisáñka ysxidj yd .egqï m%;sfCIm
lsÍfuka ienE ls;=kq idlaIHl ksr;ùu yd idOdrK whs;Ska .re lrñka ieug
idOdrK;ajh bgqúh hq;=h hk iNd b.ekaùu fjkqfjka fmkS isàu iudc
wNsfhda.hla jQ neõ meyeÈ,sh'
fn§.sh ls;=kq wd.ñl jHdmdr
uE; b;sydifha furg ls;=kq iNdjg uqyqK §ug isÿjq nrm;, .eg¨jla jQfha
we;uqka úiska uq,O¾ujd§ka f,i y÷kajkq ,nk fnÈ.sh ls;=kq wd.ñl
jHdmdr yd tu wkq.dñlhka yd Tjqka wkq.ukh l< O¾um%pdrK l%u fõohhs'
iodpdr ùfrdaaë ls%hd u.ska wkHd.ñlhka ish wd.ug yrjd .ks;shs fpdaokd
lrñka th n,y;aldrfhka wd.u fjkia lrùula f,i w¾: l:khla o
we;súh' idïm%odhsl ms<s.;a ls;=kq iNd yd fuu ls;=kq wd.ñl jHdmdr w;r
we;s meyeÈ<s fjki oek fyda fkdoek fï ms<sn| wkHd.ñl kdhlhka yd
133
ixúOdkj, úfõpk t,a,jQfha lf;da,sl iNdj m%Odk ms<s.;a idïm%odhsl
ls;=kq iNdj,gh' fuu úfõpk yd uQ,O¾ujd§ wd.ñl jHdmdr j, iodpdr
fkdjk f,i y÷kajk ls%hd furg iNdjg .eg¨jla úh' fï ms<sn|j iudcfha
meje;s l;sldj fld;rï W.%ù o h;a n,y;aldrfhka wkHd.ïj,g yrjd
.ekSu ;ykï lsÍfï mK;a flgqïm;la o 2004 § md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a ú
ta ms<sn| fkdfhl=;a ixjdo we;s ù ;sfí' uQ,O¾ujd§ ls%hd fya;=fldg furg
lf;da,sl iNdjg o wkfmalaIs; m%;sM,j,g uqyqK§ug isÿùu nrm;, .eg¨jla
f,i Èiafõ'
8'2'2 fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdfõ n,mEï
fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdjj;auka hq.fha Y=oaO jQ iNdj ;=< isÿjq iqúYd,
fufyjrla fukau iNd b;sydifha kfjdaohlg ux fy<s l< ikaêia:dkhla
o fõ' m<uq fmka;fldia; Èkfha fmaÿre ;=uka u.ska l;d l< Y=oaOd;auhdKkag
ijka fokakg úúO cd;Ska meñK isáhdla fuka Y=oaOjq iNdfõ kj Wm;la
f,i ie<lsh yels fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNfõ § Y= fmaÿre ;=ukaf.a ;ekg
m;a wkqm%dma;sl úYaj tfârdKka jQ Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=uka u.ska l;d l<
Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.a yvg ijka fokakg o úúO uyoaùmj,g wh;a rgj,ska
ksfhdað;fhda meñK isáhy'
fuu uka;%K iNdjg fmr yd wdrïNfha§ meje;s oeä u;" oeä ia:djr ,sys,a
ù kuHYS,Sj l;sld lr ;SrKj,g t<U" kfjdaohlg wjYH újD;Ndjh lrd
.uka lsÍu u fuu uka;%K iNdj ;=< Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.a fufyhùu yd
ls%hdldß;ajhg lÈu WodyrKhls' úúO rgj,a yd ixialD;Ska tlg tla lr
ixjdohlska hq;=j kj oelaula lrd Y=oaO jQ iNdj fufyh jQ uka;%K iNdjla
f,i fuh ye¢kaúh yelsh'
fuu uka;%K iNdfõ b.ekaùï wvx.= m%ldYk 16 la t<soelaúKs' 1965 isg
f.ù .sh oYl lsysmh ;=< tysÈ l;sld l< kfjdaoh yd ne¢ Ñka;kh fya;=fldg
Y%S ,xldj ;=< isÿjq m%.;sh yd bÈß.uk úuid n,k l< th f.jqKq ld,
iSudjg idfmaCIj m%udKj;a fkdjk nj yef`.a' tfy;a l;sldjf;a we;eï
b.ekaùï yd m%.;sYS,s Ñka;kh Y%S ,dxflah lf;da,sl iNdfõ úúO wxYj,g
hï wdldrhlska l< n,mEï ksid we;sjQ idOkSh ,laIK .ek i;=gqúh yelsh'
ckjkaokdj
fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdfõ m%ldYk w;ßka m%:ufhka t<sÿgqfõ
ckjkaokdj ms<sn| fõo i;H jHjia:djhs' uka;%K iNdfõ b.ekaùï yd
m%;sixúOdk blaukska yd fndfyda ÿrg n,mEula we;s lf<a ckjkaokdj
flfrys h'
134
fuu jHjia:djg wkqj"
ck jkaokdj foú ñksia ine¢hdj fmkakqï lrhs' Y=oaOjQ iNdfõ tlu ld¾h
jkafka ck;dj foúhka fj; o foúhka ck;dj fj; o f.k tauh' Y=oaOjQ
iNdfõ iEu wfhl=gu ;u m%ido ikdmkh ksid ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a mQcl
ld¾hg ls%hdldÍj yjq,a úh yelsh' ukqIHhdf.a Y=oaOjka;Ndjh o foaj uysuh
o isÿjkafka ckjkaokdfjks'
Y=`Ojq iNdfõ ls%hdldß;ajfha — ysksfm;˜ iy Y=`Ojq iNdfõ uq¿ Yla;sh .,d
tk —W,am;˜ jkqfha ckjkaokdjhs ^SC 1O)
tfy;a ckjkaokdj i|yd ilS%h odhl;ajh b;d jeo.;a h'
ck jkaokdfõ m%Odk ks, NdIdj jQfha ,;ska NdIdjhs' tfy;a l;sldjg miqj
iajNdIdj,ska j;ams<sfj;a isÿ lrkakg wjirh ,eîu;a iu`. YS% ,xldfõ o
isxy, - fou< NdIdj,ska ckjkaokd ms<sfj;a isÿ lrkakg isÿ úh'
- ckjkaokd ms<sfj;a i|yd ls%hdldßj odhlùu uq,a;eka.;a fyhska ck;djf.a
ls%hdldÍ odhl;ajh jeä j¾Okh úh'
ckjkaokd ms<sfj;aj, kshñ; ld¾hhka i|yd ta ta f;ajdOQrj,g wod<
ld¾hhka w¾:dkaú;j isÿ lsÍug u`. ie,iSu
foaYSh NdIdj,ska .S;sld ilid .ekSug ,o wjirfhka foaYSh ix.S;hg" wdrg
wkqj ijfoaYSh .dhkhg yd ks¾udKj,g bvlv ,eîu'
ck jkaokdfõ Ndú; mQcd NdKav yd mQcd we÷ï foaYSh isß;g yd ,laIKj,g
wkql+,j ks¾Kh ùu'
foajia:dk f.dvke`.Sfï§ foaYSh l,djg yd .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amhg wkl+,j
isÿùu'
újdy ux.,H yd fjk;a W;aij wdÈfha § foaYSh iïm%odhdkql+, ieris,s yd
l,d wx. tl;= ùu'
foaj jpkhg m%Odk ;ekla ,eîu yd ta flfrys Ôjudk fm%auhla yd f.!rjhla
we;sùu'
135
frdaudkq ms<sfjf;a wkkH;dj iq/flk fia ckjkaokd fmd;a foaYSh NdIdj,g
mßj¾;kh lsÍug ,o wjirfhka foaYSh NdIdj,ska hq;a ms<sfj;a Ndú;hg tau'
foaj ck;dj kï ixl,amh
fojk j;sldk l;sldj .ek i|yka lrk úg wksjd¾fhkau i|yka l< hq;=
jHjia:dj jkqfha — cd;skaf.a wdf,dalh˜ ^¨fuka fckaÜishqï& fyj;a ls%ia;=ia
jykafiaf.a iNdj ms<sn| fõo i;H jHjia:dj nj wújdofhka ms<s.efka'
fuu jHjia:dfõ iNdj .ek ,nd fok b;d flá yd w.kd ks¾jpkh jkafka
— iNdjZ z foaj ck;djZ hkakhs' fuu jpk fol Y=oaOjQ nhsn,fhka Wmqgdf.k
we;s ksid tys we;af;a úfYaI;ajhls' wdn%yï kï úYajdifha mshd u.ska fok
,o wdYs¾jdoh m%ldr f;dard.;a ck;dj foúhka jykafiaf.a ck;dj njg
m;aù miqj tu wdYs¾jdoh fjk;a cd;skag .,d hEu Y=oaOjQ nhsn,h weiqßka
wkdjrKh fõ' ls%ia;=ka jykfiaf.a mdial= wNsryi ;=<ska f.dvkef.k kj
foaj ck;dj Wkajykafia flakaøfldg iduqyslj ls%hd;aul jk whqre meyeÈ,s
flf¾'
fuu foaj ck;dj" iq¿ msßila fuka" uqyqka fuka f,dalh ;=< ls%hd;aul fj;s'
tfiau kj foaj ck;djg tu le|ùu ;+< Y=oaO jka;Nj lrd hdug werhqula
o we;' tu Y=oaO jka;Ndjh ,nd .kqfha foúhka jykafia iu`. we;s iïnkaO;dj
yd wka ck;dj iu. we;s ifydaor;ajfha ne£u lrK fldgf.kh' foaj
ck;dj hk ixl,amfhka cks;jk iduqysl ne£u ñka jvd meyeÈ,s fõ'
j¾;udkfha iNd Ôú;fha § o ls;=kq idlaIsh oeÍfï § o iduqysl;ajfhka
lghq;= lsÍu fyj;a idx>Sl nj ñka meyeÈ,s fõ' fojk j;sldk uka;%K
iNdj fuu iduqysl;ajh yd ls;=kq idx>sl;ajh .ek ks;r l;d lrk w;r
j¾;udk wNsfhda. ch.; yelafla tu idx>Sl;ajh ;=<ska nj wmg wjfndaO
fõ' ;jo lsisÿ Wia my;a fNaohlska f;drj ish¨ cd;Ska foaj ck;djg wh;a
jk fyhska ish¨ fokd w;r we;s iudk;ajh yd iu;=,s; nj Y%S ,dxlsl ck
iudcfha wmg o lÈu wdo¾Yhls'
.sys O¾u¥; fiajh
meúÈ jrh fyda mQcljrh fkd,enQ ish,af,da .sysfhda fj;s hk idïm%odhsl
w¾:l:kfhka Tíng f.dia m%ido ikdmkh ;=< foaj ck;djf.a idudðl;ajh
,nk .syshd ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a mQcl" Èjeis" tfâßl hk ;s%úO ld¾hhkag
yjq,a fjñka f,dalh ;=,;a" iNdj ;=<;a fufyjrl fhfokakl= f,i .syshd
mss<sn| jákd ks¾jpkhla bÈßm;a lsÍug l;sldj;g yelsúh'
136
m%ido iakdmkh u.ska foaj ck;djf.a iudðl;ajh ,nk .syshd Tyqg$ wehg
wdfõksl whqßka iNdj ;=< o f,dalh ;=< o fiajdfõ fhfohs" meúÈ yd mQcl
wh fuka f,dalfhka fjka fkdù iDcqju f,dalh $iudch ;=< ;u le|ùug
idlaIH orhs' .syshdf.a O¾u ¥;sl le|ùu yd fiajdj ms<sn| fojk j;sldk
l;sldjla .sys O¾u¥; fiajdj ms<sn| ksfhda.fha ukdj úia;r flf¾'
l;sldfjka miq f.ù .sh ld, mßÉfþofha YS% ,dxlsl ls;=kq iNdfõ .syshdf.a
odhl;ajh yd O¾u¥; fiajdj fmrg jvd i;=gqodhl neõ meyeÈ,sh' iNd
Ôú;fha fukau ndysr f,dalfha o .sys ls%hdldß;ajfha úúO fiajdjka yd
wjia:d oelsh yelsh' iNdfõ idudðlhka w;r jeä msßila .syshka jk neúka
iNd kfjdaohla i|yd lghq;= lsßfuys,d .sys O¾u¥; ld¾hhkays odhl;ajh
b;d jeo.;a h'
ls;=kq iNd tluq;=j yd ixjdoh
fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdfõ ls%ia;shdks iNd w;r tal;dj kexùu ms<sn|
m%ldYh ukdj f;areï.ekSug kï uq, isgu Y=oaO jQ iNdjg t,a, jQ wNsfhda."
fNao yd tu fNaoj,g ;=vq ÿka lreKq wjfndaO lr.ekSu w;HjYHh' iNd
fn§ï isÿjqfha b;sydifha ñksia ÿn,lï yd jer§ï ksid úkd foaj wNsm%dh
u; fkdfõ' fuu fNao yd iNd fn§ï foaj wNsu;hg mgyeksh' tfyhska
w;S;fha isÿ jQ w;ajerÈ yd ÿn,;d u; t,an fkdisg ls%ia;=ia jykafia ;=<
tlu iNdjla f.dvk`.kakg iNd ixjdoh u.ska m%h;ak oeÍu o" ta fjkqfjka
hdÉ[d lsÍu o Od¾ñl lreKq wrnhd ixjdofha fhfoñka tlu ls%ia;=ia
jykafiag idlaIsh oeÍu ms<sn| fuu`.ska u`. fmkajhs'
j;auka YS% ,xldfõ o úúO ls;=kq iNdj,g wh;a ck;dj Ôj;a fj;s' Tjqka
w;r fukau ks, jYfhka iNd w;r o tluq;=lu i|yd uE; b;sydifha isÿ
jq m%h;akhla fuu uka;%K iNdj bÈßm;a l< iNd tluq;=j ms<sn| b.ekaùu
Tiafia f.dvke`.S we;'
wka;¾ wd.ñl ixjdoh
YS% ,xldj f,dj m%Odk wd.ï woyk ck;djf.ka ieÿï ,;a nyq wd.ñl rgls'
tfyhska úúO wd.ñlhka w;r iyÔjkh b;d jeo.;a h' fojk j;sldk
uka;%K iNdfõ — ls%ia;shdks fkdjq wd.ï flfrys Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ in|lï
ms<sn| m%ldYkh furg úúO wd.ï w;r ixjdohla we;s lr,Sug lrk u`.
fmkaùu iq¿ mgq fkdfõ' Y= iNdj lsisÿ wd.ul hym;a oE neyer fkdlrhs'
ta ta wd.ïj, w;s jákdlï uy;a fia w.h lrhs' l;sldjg miq f.ú.sh
ld,h ;=<" úúO wd.ï iu. ixjdoh i|yd oeuq wä;d,u ksid wd.ï w;r ;snq
137
ÿrianj yd iel fndfyda ÿrg ñÈ wjfndaOfhka lghq;= lsÍfï jd;djrKhla
ixjdohla wm ck iudcfha we;sù we;'
mQcl yd mejÈ Ôú;h
mQcl ðú;h yd meúÈ ðú;h iïnkaOfhka fuu uka;%K iNdfõ b.ekaùï
u.ska lrk ,o u`. fmkaùï u; foaYSh ixialD;sh yd YS% ,dxlsl iudc
h:d¾:hkag WÑ; jQ mQcl yd mejeÈ mqyqKqjla furg we;s lsÍug foõi;ay,a"
lkHdrdu yd mqyqKq wdh;kj, úúO fjkialï miq.sh oYl lsysmh uq¿,af,a
isÿúh' ck;d m%Yakj,g ixfõ§ jQ YS% ,dxlsl iudchg wdfõksl jQ O¾u¥;
ld¾hhl kshef,k mQcdm%idÈjreka ìyslsÍug úúO m%h;ak ord we;'
ck ikaksfõokh udOH
ck udOHhka ms<sn| meje;s mgq woyia uka;%K iNdfõ ta ms<sn| b.ekaùï
iu. fjkia úh' ckudOH ñksidf.a hym; yd j¾Okh msKsi fhoúh hq;=h'
ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍug" b.ekaùug yd O¾uodkh lghq;= i|yd udOH fuj,ï
Ndú; lsÍug lrk ,o u`.fmkaùu ksid ,dxflah ck iudcfha o tu wruqKq
fjkqfjka udOH Ndú;fha j¾Okhla we;s úh'
.=jka úÿ,sh" rEmjdysksh" mqj;a m;a" iskudj" mß.kl ;dlaIKh yd ne¢ úúO
ls%hdldrlï ls%ia;=jákdkï ck;dj fj; f.k hk iudcfha iodpdr j¾Okhg
fhdod.; hq;= h" hkak l;sld b.ekaùïj,ska meyeÈ,sh' fuys,d YS% ,dxflah
iudcfha j¾Okh m%udKj;a fkdjqjo ckudOH fuj,ï Ndú;fha,d ls;=kq
iNdfõ W;aidyh w.h l< hq;= h'
ukqIH;ajfha Wiia nj" ñksidf.a whs;sjdislï yd j.lSï
foú÷kaf.a Wiia;u ueú,a, jk ñksidf.a iudÔh ðú;h .ek úfYaIfhka
ixialD;sl " wd¾Ól " foaYmd,ksl wd.ñl wdÈ úúO flaI;%j, ñksidf.a
odhl;ajh fukau f,dal iduh Wfoid ñksidf.a j.lSï yd hq;=lï .ek fuu
l;sldjl fjfiiska l;d lrhs' tfukau ñksil= ùu ksidu ysñjk fjkia
l< fkdyels uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï ms<sn|j o tajd iq/lSug we;s j.lSu
.eko W.kajhs' j¾;udk f,dalfha Y=`Ojq iNdj hk l;sld jHjia:dj fuys,d
m%Odk ;ekla .kshs'
8'2'3 j;auka iudch ;=< ,dxflah iNdj
ksoyia YS% ,xldfõ f.ù .sh jir 60 lg wêl jQ ld, mßÉfþoh ;=< úúO
.eg¨" wNsfhda. yd ÿIalr;d miqlr ls;=kq iNdj" j¾;udkh olajd meñKs
.uka u`. ms<sn| wdj¾ckh lrk úg th lsisfia;a myiq i;=gqodlh ud¾.hla
138
fkdjk nj meyeÈ,sh' úúO jljdkqj, meje;s foaYmd,ksl iudðh" wd¾Ól
yd wd.ñl jd;djrKh ;=< wNsfhda. " .eg¨ yd .eryqï j,g uqyqK foñka
bka jv jvd Yla;su;a ù" mj;sk iudc h:d¾:h yuqfõ fkdie<S fkdìhj
ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a iqndrxÑhg idlaIsorñka meñKs fuu .uk iuia; ls;=kq
iNdfõ Nd.Hhla f,i ie<lsh yelsh' fuys,d lkao Wv foaYkfha ls;=
iñodKka mjik — ñksiqka ud ksid Tng kskaod mSvdfldg kdkdúO whq;=
fpdaokd k`.k l< Tn Nd.Hjka;fhdah˜ ^ uf;õ 5 $11& hk jpk ls;=kq
iNdfõ idudðl;ajhg uy;a Yla;shls' ffO¾hls'
j;auka iudch ;=< ,dxflah ls;=kq iNdj .ek úuid ne,Sfï § by;
ksmqK;djl wOHhkh l< mßÈ lf;da,sl iNdj iy ms<s.;a fiiq ls%ia;shdks
iNd y; u`.ska isÿjk ¥; fiajdj iy ls;=kq idlaIH oeÍu .ek ie<lSu b;d
jeo.;a h'
fuu iNd ks,jYfhka o iNd idudðl;ajh fm!oa.,sljo ish ls;=kq le|ùu
;=< lghq;= lrñka furg Wmka iajfoaYSlhka f,i ;u uõ rgg wdorfhka
o rg ms<sn| ye`.Sulskao lghq;= lr we;s nj meyeÈ,sh' furg ls;=kqjka jkdys
úfoaY .;s mej;=ïj,ska fyì msßila fkdj furg ìysù " furg iudch ;=<
ye£ jefvñka ish yelshd olaI;d iudcfha j¾Okh yd Wkak;sh Wfoid
fhdojk msßila jkafkdah' ksoyia igk fjkqfjka Wrÿka" wemlemjqKq úúO
mß;dH. isÿ l< mqfrda.dóka w;r ls;=kqjka rdYshla o isg nj fkdryils'
tfukau" furg talShNdjh" fN!ñl wLKav;djh yd iduh fjkqfjka miq.sh
;siajirl muK ld,hla meje;s .egqï yd hqoaOfha § rg fjkqfjka Èú
leml<jqka w;r ls;=kqfjda o fndfyda jQy'
tfiau furg wOHdmkh" ixialD;sh" l,dj" kdgH" f,aLk l,dj" kdv.ï
l,dj" iudc iqn idOkh" ohd fiajdj hk úúO flaI;%j,g odhlfjñka
ls;=kq iNdj isÿ l< fiajdjo tys,d úúO yelshd olaI;dj,ska msßmqka ls;=kqjka
oelajQ odhl;ajh o w;s úYsIag neõ ueÈy;a úpdrlhskaf.a we.ehqug o ,la ù
we;' ñka we;eï fCIa;%j, mqfrda.dó;ajh ls;=kqjkaf.ka jQ nj b;sydih
;yjqre lrhs'
ksoyiska miq f.ú .sh ld, mßÉfþofha iNdjg uqyqK mEug isÿjQ .eg¨
wNsfhda. flf;la jqjo" l=uk iajrEmhla oerejo tajdg uqyqK foñka wvq yqvqq
u`.yrjd f.k ls;=kq iNdj wo o úúO flaI;%j,g ;u odhl;ajh olajhs'
139
,eî we;s iSñ; wjia:d ;=<" wOHdmkfhys ,d ls;=kq iNdfõ odhl;ajh b;d
jeo.;a h' ls;=kq ore oeßhka ls;=kq jákdlï ;=< yev.iajñka pß; j¾Okh
yd fm!reIh f.dvkexùï wruqKska ls;=kq iNdj uQ,sl ù mj;ajdf.k hk
mdi,a yd wOHdmk wdh;kj,g wkHd.ñlhskaf.ao we;af;a oeä leue;a;ls'
wOHdmkh" ck ikaksfõokh" ixialD;sh " iudc iqn idOkh" ohd fiajdj
hk l=uk flaI;%hl jqjo ls;=kq idCIH fmroeß lrf.k ls;=kq jákdlï ;=<
tajd fufyhjñka iudcfha uqyqka msvla fia fiiq whg o wdo¾Yhla fjñka
ls;= iñodKkaf.a iqndrxÑhg idlIH orkakg j¾;udk iudc miqìu ;=<
,dxflah ls;=kq iNdj lghq;= lrk whqre m%YxikShh'
ls%ia;=ia jykafia jkdys wmo wh;a wdishdfõ cks; jQ wfmau wdishd;sl ixialD;shg
wh;a jQ udxY.;jQ foaj mq;%hdfKah' tfyhska Wkajykafiaf.a b.ekaùïj, we;s
wmg ióm nj biau;= lrkakg úfYaIfhka ckjkaokd yd foajkuialdrfha
j;ams<sfj;aj,§ foaYdkqlrKh ;=< furg fmdÿ ck;djf.a yo.eiaug
iómjkakg ls;=kq iNdj uy;a m%h;akhla orkq fmfka'
w;S;fha fuka fkdj" wo furg ls;=kq iNdfõ fY%aIaGhka" meúÈ jreka yd
jßhka" .sys kdhl kdhsldjka fndfyda fofkl= ijfoaYSlhkah' tfyhska úfoaYSh
ñIkdßjreka furg iNdj fufyhjQ l,g jvd foaYSh ixialD;sl jákdlfï
foaYSh isß;a úß;a" .;s mej;=ï yd yo .eiau ;=< foaYSh wkkH;dfjka msß ls;=kq
iNdjla f.dvk`.kakg we;s bvlv fmrg jvd jeä neõ meyeÈ,s h' tjka
foaYSh wkkH;djla f.dvkexùu hq.fha ld¾hhla fukau wNsfhda.hla o neõ
jgyd.; hq;= h'
j¾;udkfha § o ,dxflah ls;=kq iNdjg uqyqK mEug isÿ ù we;s wNsfhda.
fndfyda h' fiajdjka isÿ lsÍfï § uqyqK fok m%;sfCIm lsÍï " jerÈ jegySï"
.erySï yd wka;jd§kaf.a m%ydr yuqfõ furg iudcfha ienE ls;=kq j.lSu bgq
lrkakg yd ls;=kq mqrjeishkafia rg fjkqfjka ;u hq;=lï bgq lrkakg
ls;=kq iNdj lsisfia;a miqng fkdfõ' tfukau" furg mj;sk fn!oaO " yskaÿ"
bia,dï hk wkHd.ïj, kdhlhska yd idudðl;ajh iu. iyÔjkfhka lghq;=
lrñka ls;=kqjka Tjqfkdjqka w;r o wfkHkH fm%aufhka lghq;= lrñka ls;=
iñ÷kaf.a iqndrxÑhg idlaIsh oeÍu j¾;udk ,dxflah ls;=kq iNdfõ
,laIKhls'
140
tlu ls;=kq iNdjla f,i tlu ls%ia;=ia jykafiag idCIH oeÍugo tu`.ska Y%S
,dxflah ck iudchg ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a ðjudk i<l=Kla jkakg o furg
ls;=kq iNdj o iNd idudðlhka o lghq;= l< hq;= h' ta i|yd fojk j;sldk
uka;%K iNd b.ekaùïj, we;s u`. fmkaùï iy bv m%ia:d Wmßufhka
fhdod.ekSug lghq;= l< hq;= h'
bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh
mshjr 1- ksoyiska miq iNdj uqyqK ÿka .eg¨ ms<sn|j l;sldj;la
f.dvk.kak'
mshjr 2 - fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdfj n,mEï ms<sn| idlÉPd
lrkak'
mshjr 3 - j;auka iudch ;=< ,dxflah iNdj ms<sn|j l;sldj;la
f.dvk.kak'
uQ,dY% (-
i lf;da,sl iNd O¾fudamfoaYh
ii fojk j;sldk l;sld m%ldYk
iii fn§ .sh ls;=kq msßia yd kQ;k wd.ñl jHdmdr" 1986
iv isß,la ls;=iiqk" fojk ldKavh" .re ;su;s fld,uqkafka msh;=ud "
v oyï ÈhU" 6 jk l,dmh'
141
ksmqK;dj 8'0 ( YS% ,xldfõ iNd b;sydih yodrd ,dxflah ls;=kq
wkkH;djg idlaIs orhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 8'3 ( YS% ,xflah iudchg iNdfjkajQ odhl;ajh yodrhs
ld,Éfþo ( ld,ÉfPo 10
bf.kqï M, (
² úfoaYSh md,k hq.fha oS YS% ,xldfõ meje;s wOHmk l%uj,g iNdfjka jq
odhl;ajh úuid n,hs'
² ksoyiska miq hq.fha YS% ,xldfõ wOHdmkfha oshqKqj lf;da,sl wOHdmkh
flfrys we;sl< n,mEï uOHfha tys oshqKqj l;d ls%hd l< wOHdmk{hka
.ek oek .kshs'
² Ys% ,xflah iudcfha wd.ñl Wkak;sh fjkqfjka ls;=kq qjkaf.ka ,o yelshd
yd l=i,;d w.h lrhs'
² uq,a hq.fha O¾u¥;jrekaf.a wñ, lemùu u; ls;=kq l,djg w;a;sjdru jegqKq
nj ms<s.kshs'
² Y=oaO jq nhsn,Sh Ñka;kh yd ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a b.ekaùu wkqj ls;=kq ohdj
hkak ksjerosj jgydf.k tu oyu ksidu iudc iqnidOkhg odhl fjhs'
² YS% ,xflah ck iudcfha iqnidOkh Wfoid iNdfõ odhl;ajh Wf.k ls;=kqq
le|ùu ;=< tu iqNidOkh i|yd yoj;skau bosßm;a fjhs'
² iudchSh j.lSï bgqlsßfuys ,d iqj fiajdj yd iqnidOkfha jeo.;alu wjfndaO
lrf.k ls;=kq ohdj fmroeß flg ta i|yd bosßm;a fjhs'
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr oSug w;aje,la (
8'3'1 YS% ,dxflah wOHdmkh i|yd iNdfõ odhl;ajh
mD;=.Sis hq.fha wOHdmkh ^ls%'j' 1505-1665&
• mD;=.SiSkaf.a meñKsu;a iu`. m%ekaisialdk fÊiq" fodñksldk" wf.dia;Skq
hk wOHdmkfha ksmqK;ajhla ;snQ ñIkdÍ ksldhslhska YS% ,xldjg f.dv
neiSu;a iu`. foaYkh" "jkaokdj" mdi,a wOHdmkh idys;Hh" kdgHh" iudc
fiajdj wdosfhys Wkaÿjla oelajQy'
• fudjqkaf.a fï fiajdjka ish,a, o lf;da,sl j;a ms<sfj;a o ngysr rgj,
ixialD;sh uq,a lrf.k l< ksid fn!oaO" yskaÿ wd.ñl j;a ms<sfj;a yd w;sYhskau
fjkiaj fmkqKs'
• mD;=.Sis hq.fha oS iajfoaYslhka w;r lf;da,sl oyu m;=rejd Tjqka lf;a,slhka
njg yerùfï wruqKska wOHdmkh fok ,oS'
142
• fudjqkaf.a ld,fha oS úúO ñIkdÍ ksldh j, mQcljre .=rejreka f,i o
fiajh l< neúka mdi,a j, wd.ñl wOHdmkhg u`.fmkaùula we;súh'
• fï ld,fha oS ngysr wOHdmk l%uh y÷kajdoSu" ,xldfõ wOHdmk l%ufha we;s
jq úYd, fjkila f,i ye|skaúh yels h'
,kafoais hq.fha wOHdmkh ^ls%'j' 1658 - 1796&
• ,kafoaiSyq" mD;=.SiSka fuka wOHdmkh iïmQ¾Kfhka mQcljrekg Ndr fkdoS
rcq hgf;a ukd mßmd,khlsaka hq;=j wOdmkh oSug W;aidy l<y'
• wvq úhoulska Wiia wOdmkhla osh yels l%ufõo wkq.ukh lrk ,oS'
• ,kafoais hq.fha oS i;rdldr mdi,a l%uhla mj;ajdf.k hk ,oS'
• foajia:dkhg wkqnoaê; mdi,a
• foõi;ay,a ^fiufkaß&
• ,kafoais mdi,a
• wkd: ksjdi
• mD;=.SisSka mj;ajdf.k wd foajia:dkhg wkqnoaê; mdi,a ,kafoaiSyq mj;ajdf.k
.shy'
• rdcH jHjia:d u.ska mdi,a j, fiajh l< .=rjrekaf.a fiajd ld,h" mqyqKqùï"
Tjqkaf.a ld¾h Ndrh jßka jr meyeos,s lrk ,oS'
• mdi,a j, fiajh l< .=rejreka w;=frka ls;=kqjl=" jeäuy,a wfhl= Wiia m%N+
mjq,l flfkl= uq,a .=rejrhd f,i m;a lrk ,oS'
• uq,a .=re;=udg f;daïnq mj;ajdf.k hdu o Ndrúh ^;u md,k m%foaYh ;=<
,shdmosxÑ lsÍfï lghq;= & Wm;" úm;" újdy ,shdmosxÑ lsÍu" m%ido iakdmkh
,shd mosxÑ lsÍu wdosh uq,a .=re;=udg Ndrúh' iuyr wjia:dj,oS bvï ,shd mosxÑ
lsÍuo lf<a h' fï ksid uq,a .=rejrhdf.a jeo.;alu;a" f.!rjh;a iudcfha
lemS fmkqKs'
• ,kafoaiSyq wOHdmk i|yd jEhjk úhoï wvq lsÍug ´,kaofha isg .=rejreka
f.kaùu fjkqjg iajfoaYslhka .=rejreka f,i mqyqKq lr mdi,aj, fiajhg
fhdod .;ay'
• foaYSh .=rejreka fiajh l< foajia:dkhg wkqnoaê; mdi,aj, isxy, yd fou<
NdIdb.ekaùu g o isÿúh' fudjqkaf.a b.ekaùï w;r m%Yafkda;a;r l%uh" lshùu"
,sùu" ls%ia;shdks kS;sÍ;s wdosh we;=,;a úh'
143
• jhi wjqreÿ 8 isg 15 lajd ish¨u <uqka mdi,a hdu wksjd¾h lrk ,oS' Bg
miqj;a jir 3 la fyda 4 la jdrhlg jrla oyï mdi,a hdu wksjd¾h lrk ,oS'
• ,kafoais mdi,a kf.kysr bk§h fj<| iud.ï md,kh hgf;a ;enq w;r
rdcH mßmd,kh l%uj;a lsÍug 1663 § ,xldfõ rdcH mßmd,k lKavdhula
we;s lrk ,§'
• fï mßmd,k lñgqfõ ,kafoais mQcljre uq,a;ek .;a w;r fï lñgqjg .=rejreka
m;a lsÍu" mÍlaId lsÍu" wëlaIKh lsÍu wdosh Ndrúh'
• isiqka lshùu" ,sùu" wd.ñl m%Yak W;a;r" oi mK;" úYajdi ,laIKh"
iajdñjdlaa wdrdOkdj wdosh lñgqj u.ska wëlaIKhg ,laúh' m<uqfjka m%Yak
wid miqj ;s<sK m%odkh lrk ,oS'
• ,kafoais hq.fha oS foajia:dkhg wkqnoaê; mdi,a j,g jvd foõi;ay,a fiufkaß
mdi, & bÈßhka ;snqKs' fiufkaß mdi,aj, ngysr wOHdmk l%u ls%hd;aul
úh'
• l=,j;a mjq,aj, l=,jka; orefjda rcfha úohñka ,kao úYajúoHd,j, bf.kqu
,enQy
• ´,kao md,k iufha§ ´,kao mdi,a iuyrla ,xlfõ mej;=Ks' fuys ´,kao
^,kafoais&" mrx.s mD;=.Sis& orefjda bf.kqu ,enQy' mQcljre yd f;ajdpd¾hjre
fuys b.ekajQy' ,sùu" lshùu" .Ks;h fuys W.kajk ,§'
• 1737 § ,xldfõ uqøKd, wdrïN úh' fï uqøKd,j, mdi,a wOHdmk lghq;=j,g
wjYH w;a m;s%ld" idys;H f,aLk uqøKh l<y'
bx.S%is hq.fha wOHdmkh ^ls%'j' 1796- 1948&
• ,xldfõ nyq;rhla ck;dj bx.S%is ni W.;ay'
• 1798 § bx.S%iSka mdi,aj, Ndrldr;ajh ;ukag mjrdf.ka wex.a,slka& frmrudÿ"
nemaáiaÜ" fjia,shka" weußldkq ñIkdß wd§ mQcl ksldhj,a j,g Ndr ÿkay'
• bx.S%is md,k hq.fha § ;=ka wdldr mdi,a oelsh yels úh'
i rcfha mdi,a -
fïjdfha nyq;rhla fou<" isxy, NdIdj,ska b.ekaùï lghq;= isÿúh' fïjd
nyq;rhla frmrudÿ mQcljreka úiska md,kh lrk ,§'
144
ii ñIka mdi,a
fïjd fm%f;ia;ka; mQcljreka úiska md,kh lrk ,§'
iii msßfjka mdi,a
fïjd fn!oaO NslaIQka jykafia,d úiska md,kh lrk ,§'
• 1829- 1832 ld,h w;r;=r§ we;sjq flda,anDDla " leurka fldñiu u.ska fld<U
tla mdi,a mßmd,k fldñiula o wfkl=;a m%foaYj, mdi,a lñgq o we;s lrk
,§'
• fld<U wdrïN l< mdi,a mßmd,k fldñifï frmrudÿ iNd mQcljre
idudðl;ajh oerEy' fï fldñiu u.ska bx.S%is mdi,a iuyrla mj;af.k hk
,§' Wod - fld<U rdclSh úoHd,h
• fuu mdi,a b;d by< uÜgñka mj;ajdf.k .sh neúka fndfyda fokd fïjdg
we§ wdy' bx.S%iskaf.a ld,fha§ mdi,a wOHdmkh u.ska oyï oekqu fnodyßk
,§'
• bx.S%iskaf.a md,k iufha § fndfyda ls%ia;shdks mQcljre wOHdmk lafIa;%fha
kshe¨Ky'
i 1801 § nemaáiaÜ ñIkdß ix.uh ,xldjg meñK wOHdmk lafIa;%fha kshe¨K
y' fld<U rdclSh úoHd,h wdrïN lf,a fudjqkah'
ii 1815 § fjia,shka ñIkdÍ iNdj ,xldfõ iuyr m%foaYj, wOHdmk wdh;k
wdrïN l<y' fld<U fjia,s fuf;daÈia; úÿy," kqjr lsx.aiajqâ úÿy, "
.d,af,a ßÉukaâ úÿy, fudjqka wdrïN l< úÿy,a h'
iii wefußldk ñIkdß iNdj hdmkfha jÜgqfldaÜfghs m%foaYfha Wiia wOHdmk
mdi,a o hdmkh k.rfha fikag%,a fld,sðh" Wvqú,ays nd,sld úÿy, wdÈh
wdrïN lf<a h'
iv 1845 oS furg meñKs lf;da,sl iNdjg wh;a mQcljre" meúos ifydaorjre"
meúos ifydaorjßfhda úúO mdi,a ,xldfõ wdrïN l<y' fudaor o,di,a
úÿy," fldgfyak idka; fnkälaÜ úÿy," idka; fcdaYma úÿy," hym;a
tfârdf.a nd,sld úÿy," Y=oaO jQ mjqf,a nd,sld úÿy," hdmkfha idka;
meÜá%la úÿy, ñka m%Odk fõ' miq ld,fha § mdi,a 750 lg wêl ixLHdjla
lf;da,slhka i;=úh'
• fuf,i ksoyi ,nk f;la bx.S%is md,k iufha § mdi,a 235 lg wêl
ixLHdjla wdrïN lr isiq isiqúhka 10"000 lg wêl msßilg wOHdmkh ÿkay'
• bx.S%is hq.h ;=< cd;s wd.ï fNaofhka f;drj ish¨ fokd tlaj wOHdmkh
,eîu;a ldka;djka wOHdmkfha ÈhqKqj ,eîu yd wOHdmkh flfrys Wkkaÿjla
we;sùu;a isoqúh'
145
• fï ld,fha § hdmkfha fiajh lrñka isá ls%iafgdam¾ fndkaðka msh;=ud
,xldfõ wOHdmk ie,iqï .eUqßka fidhd n,d weka.a,slka" fm%df;ia;ka;l
l%ufõo tu wd.ïj,g wh;a ke;s whg n,mdk njg b;d jeo.;a ,sms 3 la
m<lf<a h' tajd kï
1' ,dxlSh lf;da,sl wOHdmkh ms<sn| joka iaj,amhla ^fuh 1860 §
m< lf<a h"
2' úúO wd.ï yd ñY% mdi,a hk uefhka ;j;a ,smshla 1861 § m< lf<a
h'
3' lf;da,sl iNdj iy kd.ÍlrKh uefhka f;jk ,smsh 1867 § m<
lf<a h'
• fu;=udf.a fï ,sms u.ska ,dxlSh wOHdmkh ms<sn|j ukd wjfndaOhla ,enq
bx.S%is rch 1869 § wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j we;s lf<a h' th wo olajdu
mej; ths'
• fuu`.ska lf;da,sl iNdjg muKla fkdj fn!oaO" yskaÿ" bia,dï" ieug mdi,a
wdrïN lr ;u uõniska wOHdmkh §ug yels njg kS;suh wjirh ,enqKs'
• fuf,i úúO wd.ñlhkag mdi,a ,xldfõ weröug uq,a jqfha .re fndkaðka
msh;=uka ksidh'
ksoyiska miq YS% ,xldfõ lf;da,sl wOHdmk fiajh'
• 1969 § f.k wd kj wOHdmk pl%f,aLkh wkqj wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=jla
wdrïN l< w;r lf;da,sl mdi,a jvd;a ÈhqKqjg m;aúh'
• k.rnoj Wiia mdi,a ish¨ myiqlï we;sj wdrïN lrk ,§' tajd rcfha
mÍlaIdj hgf;a úúO ls%ia;shdks iNd u.ska md,kh úh'
• lf;da,sl mdi,a wëlaIKh lsÍug tla tla m<d;aj, wOHlaIjrhl= ne.ska m;a
lrk ,§' óiï md,l msh;=uka,d m<d;a wOHdmk wOHlaI;=ud fjkqfjka
fiajh l<y'
• lf;da,sl .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍu i|yd .=re úÿy,a u.af.dk" fnda,j,dk"
fld¨ïnq;=frhs wd§ ia:dkj, we;s lrk ,§'
• lf;da,sl iNdjg wh;a mdi,a md,kh i|yd hï hï ia;S% yd mqreI mejÈ ksldh
bÈßm;a jQy'
146
♦ fnkÈldk ksldh Order of Sylvestro Bendeictine&
♦ ks¾u, ußh ksldh Oblates of Mary Immaculate&
♦ fÊiq ksldh Society of Jesus&
♦ o,di,a ifydaorjre Christian Brothers&
♦ udßiaÜ ifydaorjre Marist Brothers&
♦ Y=oaOjQ mjqf,a lkHd fidhqßhka Holy Family Sisters&
♦ hym;a tfârdf.a lkHd fidhqßfhda ^Good Shepherd Sisters&
♦ *%ekaisialka lkHd fidhqßfhda Franciscan Sisters&
♦ wfmdaia;,sl ld¾fï,a lkHd fidhqßfhda Apostolic Carmel Sisters&
♦ ohdfõ lkHd fidhqßfhda Charity Sisters&
• iajNdIdfj;a wOHdmk §u ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd u.af.dk yd ud;f,a *%kaisialdk
ksldfha ifydaorjre o hdmkh yd fld¨Uq;=frhs ys idka; fcdaYma ksldfha
ifydaorjre o *%ekaisialdk lkHd fidhqßhkaf.a ksldh wdÈh o ,xldfõ
ia:dms; lrk ,§'
• fuf,i ksoyia YS% ,xldfõ úúO ls;kq iNd ksid wOHdmkh iS>%fhka ÈhqKqúh'
• 1960 § YS% ,xld ksoyia mlaIh md,khg m;a jQ úg 750 lg jeä lf;da,sl
mdi,a rchg mjrd .kakd ,§' f.dvke.s,s" bvï" ,S nvq wdÈhg lsisÿ jkaÈhla
fkdf.jd ish,a, rdcika;l lr .kakd ,§'
• mdi,a muKla fkdj .=reúoHd,o" rchg mjrd .kakd ,§' lf;da,sl mdi,a 40
la muK rcfha wdOdr fkd,nd isiqkaf.ao lsisÿ Wmldrhla n,dfmdfrd;a;=
fkdù mj;ajdf.k hdug wkque;sh ,nd.;a;;a ld,hdf.a wejEfuka wd¾Ól
wmyiq;d ksid tajdhska iuyrla l%u l%ufhka rchg Ndrfok ,§'
• 1980 § tjlg tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh rch fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok ckdêm;=udf.a
wkque;sh we;sj b;sßs mdi,aj, .=rejrekag rcfhka jegqma f.jk ,§'
• fï .eg¨ iNdjg úYd, n,mEula we;s lf<a h' lf;da,sl mdi,aj, lf;da,sl
isiq isiqúhkag wd.ñl wOHdmkh §u m%;slafIam l< w;r fndfyda mdi,aj,
lf;da,sl .=rejre" lf;da,sl úÿy,am;sjre fkdue;s ;;a;ajhla Wodúh'
• óiï uÜgñka oyï mdi,a Èfkka Èk ÈhqKq úh'
• lf;da,sl iNdj ;=< .syshka w;r msì§u;a we;sjqjd muKla fkdj óiï md,l
msh;=ud" foudmshka yd isiqka w;r ióm iqyo;djla we;súh'
147
8'3'2 YS% ,dxflah ixialD;sh l,dj Wfoid iNdfõ odhl;ajh
Y%S ,dxflah l,dj ;=< ls;=kq wkkH;dj /l .ekSug ls;=kqjkag yelsù we;'
f,aLk l,dj" Ñ;% Ys,amh" ix.S;h" kdgH yd kdv.ï l,dj hk lafIa;% ;=<
l,dj Wfoid odhlùug ls;=kqqjkag yelsù we;'
f,aLk l,dj
YS% ,xldfõ uq,a ls;=kqq f,aLk iïmdokh jQfha wd.ñl yd ck jkaokd;aul
mrud¾: fjkqfjkah' rfÜ ck Ôú;hg iómùug kï foaYSh NdId yeoEÍu
w;HjYH idOlhla úh' foaYSh ck;dj ish NdIdjg yd ixialD;shg oelajQ
,eÈhdj mD;=.Sis" ,kafoais yd ì%;dkH hq.j, isá úfoaYsl ls;=kq f,aLlfhda
oek isáfhda h'
mD;=.Sis hq.fha ls%ia;shdks f,aLk
- ls%'j 1645 § fÊiq ksldhsl .re mshf¾ fn¾.=úka msh;=ud ldKav 3 lska iukaú;
isxy, jHdlrK fmd;la ,shd we;' Arte E Grmmetica de Linguwa
Chingala
- u,ajdfka .re fmføda *%ekaisiaflda kï fÊiq ksldhsl msh;=ud ,shd we;s
idka;=jrhkaf.a Ôú; pß; 26 la yd O¾fudamfoaY .%ka:hlao iajdóka jykafiaf.a
ÿla m%dma;sh .ek .%ka:hlao ful, jeo.;a f,aLk jYfhka .; yels h'
- bmerKsu fou< lf;da,sl fmd; jk — ika;sfhda.= udfhd¾ wïudffk˜ kue;s
.%ka:h ls%'j' 1647 § .re fcda wdâ l¾j,af,a fÊiq ksldhsl msh;=ud ;=<ska
ls;=oyu y÷kd.;a fma¾føda keue;s úh;a f,aLlhd ,shd we;'
- j¾I 1612 § ls;= oyu je<|.;a w,.shjkak uqlfjá lúhd fodka fcfrdksfuda
kñka m%ido iakdmhk ,eîh' iqNdIs;h" iejq,a ikafoaYh jeks ckm%sh ldjH
fmd;a rpkd l< fudyq l=kaia;ka;Skq ygk kï m%:u isxy, ls%ia;shdks ldjHh
ls%'j' 1620 § rpkd lr we;' fldkaiagkaghska o id keue;s mD;=.Sis fikam;shd
úiska wkaf;daksfhda nfr;a;= f.j;a l=reúg rd< mrojd ch.ekSu j¾Kkd
lsÍu i|yd rpkd lr we;s fuu ldjH merKs isxy, f,aLl mrmqr úiska
iïmdÈ; wjidk lD;sh o fõ'
,kafoais hq.fha ls%ia;shdks f,aLk
,kafoais jHdlrK .%ka:' joka mqia;l" Yío fldaI hkdÈh ,kafoais iy isxy,
NdIdj,ska iïmdokh lf<a h' .S;dj,sfha .S;" ne;s.S;" ckjkaokd mqia;l
,kafoais NdIdfjka isxy,g mßj¾;kh lrk ,§'
148
• ls%' j' 1755 § fld<U foõi;a yf,a wdpd¾h uKav,fha weka;kS fmf¾rd iy
¨ù o fiarï úiska mo rpkh l< uqøs; .S;sld fmd;la ks¾udKh úh' fuu
.S;sldj, ;kq hqfrdamSh l%uhg fhdod .eksKs'
• ,kafoais rcfhka ls;=kq idys;Hhg msßkeuqKq jeo.;au odhl;ajh jkafka
Y=oaOjQ nhsn,fha iïmq¾K kj .súiquo merKs .súiqfï fldgila o isxy,
NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lsÍuhs'
• ls%'j 1705 uehs 09 Èk ,xldjg meñKs cdfldfï f.dkaid,afõia msh;=ud
isxy, yd fou< ls;=kqq idys;Hhg l< fiajh jpkfha mßiudma; w¾:fhka
úia;r l< fkdyels h' fu;=ud m%;sNdmQ¾K idys;HOrfhls' fu;=udf.ka isÿjq
fiajh ms<sn|j 8'1 ksmqK;d uÜgu hgf;a yeoerE lreKq ms<sn|j wjOdkh
kej; fhduq lrkak'
19$20 fjk Y;j¾Ij, ls;=Kq f,aLljre
• fuu ishjfia § ls;=kq f,aLlhska /ila f,aLkh iïnkaOfhka odhl;ajh
,nd § we;' ls;=kq mQcljreka fukau ls;=kq .sys fldgia o fuu l¾;jH
fjkqfjka odhl ù we;s nj fmfka'
• ls%'j 1866 § cqks 07 Èk isg wo olajd ixialrKh jk YS% ,xldfõ bmerKsu
isxy, mqj;am; jk {dkd¾: m%§mh ;=<ska f,aLlhka /ila ìysù we;'
• furg foaYSh ls;=kq l,dj nen<jQ ñKsmyk f,i i<lkq ,nkafka 1902 cqks
03 od oxfldgqfõ § Wm; ,enQ .re u¾i,Ska chfldä msh;=udh'
• 1949 w. Nd.fha § fu;=ud {dkd¾: m%§mh mqj;amf;a ixialdrl moúh ord
we;' lf;da,slhkaf.a yenE isxy,lu" uõ NdId oekqu" <neÈhdj Wlyd oelaùug
fu;=fuda {dkd¾: m%§mh wúhla lr .;ay'
• ls%'j 1889 È wdrïN lrk ,o YS% ,xldfõ bmerKsu i`.rdj jk ˜ Nla;s
m%fndaOkh˜ ks¾u, ußh ksldhsl mshjreka úiska j¾;udkfha § o mj;ajdf.k
hkq ,nhs'
• w;s W;=ï tâukaâ mSßia ro.=re ysñf.a yd .re weia' Ô' fmf¾rd" .re ví' t,a'
ta' fodka mSg¾ msh;=udf.a f,aLl odhl;ajho úfYaIs;h'
fou< ls;=kq f,aLl
• ngysr O¾u¥; lKavdhï furg fiajfha fhfok wjia:dj,§ ls;= oyu" Y=oaO
jQ ,shú,s " idka;=jr pß; ms<sn| ck;djg b.ekaùu i|yd myiqfjka
fhdodf.k we;af;a fou< ls;=kq f,aLkhkah'
149
• mD;=.Sis" ,kafoais hq.fha úúO fou< ls;=kq f,aLk ks¾udKh jQ w;r th
wLKavj ks¾udKh ù we;'
mD;=.Sis hq.h
mD;=.Sis iufha furgg meñKs *%ekaisialdk yd fÊiq ksldfha O¾u¥;jre úúO
fou< ls;=Kq f,aLk ks¾udKh l< w;r foaYSh .;alrejka fou< f,aLK
l,djg fhduq l<y'
• fou< ls;=kq idys;Hfha mS;Djrhd f,i y÷kajkafka fykaß fykßliah' Tyq
ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ fiajh l< iufha fou< niska úúO f,aLk mßj¾;kh lr
we;' fu;=ud f;jirla ukakdrfï fiajh l< w;r tys § úúO mßj¾;k
ks¾udK l< nj jdÑl iïm%odfha i|yka fõ' tfy;a fï f,aLK fidhd.;
fkdyel'
• ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ O¾u¥; fiajfha ksh¨Kq ä fkdaìf,a msh;=ud úúO fou<
ls;=kq f,aLk ks¾udKh lf<a h' fu;=ud ;u uy¿ jhfia § hdmkfha
f;,a,smff, m%foaYfha jir 2 la mÈxÑj úúO ls;=kq f,aLk ks¾udKh l< nj
iïm%odfha mj;S'
• zikaÈfhda.= ufhdaß wïufkZ fou< ls;=kq kdgd¾ f,aLk w;r uq,skau lshjqKq
fuu f,aLkh wo olajd mjj;s'
• hdmkfha fk,a,sfmff, m%foaYfha fiajh l< fÊiq ksldfha iqjx l¾jd¨
msh;=udf.a iyh we;sj fk,a,smff, ys§ lf;da,sl O¾uh je<|.;a fmaÿre
mQ,j¾ úiska tu f,aLkh ks¾udKh lf<a h'
• {dkmam,a¨ kue;s f,aLkh flá fou< f,aLk 96 w;ßka m%Odk fõ' fuu
f,aLkh wkqj ks¾udKh jQ ls;=kq f,aLk {dkmam,a¨ f,i ye¢kafõ'
• lf;da,sl O¾uh je<|.;a yskaÿ wd.ñlhka l=Uqf¾ jevmf<ys fhfok
wjia:dj,§ O¾uh b.ekaùug fuu f,aLkh fhdod .kakd ,§'
• mkaff;laldrka ^foúhka jykafia& m,a,ka ^ls%ia;=ia jykafia& "uq;a; m,a,s
^fcrei,ï&" bff,hm,a,s ^frdauh& hk pß; 4 la flakaø fldg fuu f,aLk
ks¾udKh úh'
• ls%'j 1645- 1650 olajd ld,h ;=< fuu f,aLkh f;,a,smamff, fmaÿre mq,j¾
úiska rÑ; ks¾udKhla úh yels nj w;s W;=ï Èfhda.=ms,af,a ro.=re;=ud ish
m¾fhaIK u.ska i|yka fldg we;'
150
,kafoais hq.h
• ,kafoais md,k iuh ;=< le,aúka o¾Ykh jHdma; lsÍug ms,sma m,afoajqia
kue;s mqoa.,hd uQ,sl ù we;'
• m¾isj,a whsh¾ keue;s mqoa.,hd wd¾uq.kdj,¾ f.a iyh we;sj Y=oaO jQ nhsn,h
fou< NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lf<a h'
19$20 jk ishjia j, fou< ls;=kq f,aLk
• 20 jk ishjfia fou< ls;=kq f,aLk ks¾udKh lsÍug úúO mqoa.,hka odhl
ù we;'
• — k,a¨¾ iajdñZ kñka y÷kajk f,aLkh {dk m%ldY¾ ks' u' ks msh;=ud
úiska ks¾udKh lf<a h'
• fuu msh;=ud YS% ,dxlSh iNd b;sydih" cdfldfï f.dkai,afõia msh pß;h"
fudaÉpmdffo" fimÜfpkavq" Nla;s fmdalslsIï" fudagv" lmdvï" ;s;a;sh
wdrdOffk wd`vj¾ wdhskao l;s" hk .%ka: ks¾udKh lf<a h' ixjdoYS,S
foaYk fu;=ud úiska rpkdfldg we;'
• ls%'j' 1877 isg wï, WÜmj bgdlalsks;a l+o¾ hk udisl i`.rdj m%ldYkh
lf<a h'
Woh ldrffl
YS% ,xldfõ merKs;u yd m<uq ls%ia;shdks i`.rdj f,i fuh ye¢kafõ' j¾I
1841 § weußldkq O¾u¥;jreka úiska hdmkfha § fuu i`.rdj wdrïN lrk
,§'
mdÿldj,k
hdmkfha ro.=re moúfha m%ldYkhla jk fuh YS% ,xldfõ m<uq lf;da,sl
fou< i`.rdjhs' j¾I 1876 § wdrïN lrk ,§' lf;da,sl ne;su;=kaf.a úYajdih
keUqre lsÍu fuys mrud¾:h úh'
Ñ;% Ys,amh
wOHhkfha myiqj i|yd m%d.a mD;=.Sis hq.h" ,kafoais hq.h" ì%;dkH hq.h iy
ksoyiska miq Wodjq hq.h ;=< fidhd.kakd ,o ls;=kq ,dxck iy Ñ;% flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
151
m%d.a mD;=.SiS hq.h
I. wkqrdOmqr l=reish
ls%'j 1912 § B' wd¾' wh¾gka keue;s mqrdúoHd{hd úiska wkqrdOmqrfha ueo
k.rfha ;sî .,ska ksujq miq;,hl fldgk ,o úfYaI yevhlska hq;= l=reishla
fidhdf.k we;' fuu l=reish l¿.,a l=¿kl fldgd we;s w;r fuu l=rei
,dxckh tys bÈlr ;snqKq foõ ueÿrl lKqjla nj ms<s.kq ,efí'
• fuu l=rei ,dxckh ls%'j' 2000 § wkqu; lrk ,o nyq,j Ndú; flfrk YS%
,xld lf;da,sl Ocfha fhdod ;sfí'
• l,lg by; § fuu wkqrdOmqr l=rei ,dxckh fõofNao ls;=kq ksldhlaj
fkiafgdaßhdkqjkaf.a l=reishla nj jrojd úYajdi lrk ,§' tfy;a miql,
,eî we;s o;a; wkqj fuh meyeÈ,sju tl, fmrÈ. lf;da,sl msßia w;r
ckms%h jq l=reisfha i<l=Kla nj wjfndaO ù we;' fuh Y=oaO jQ f;dauia
wfmdaia;= jrhdKka úiskau ks¾udKh lrk ,o l=reishl wkqlrKhla nj wo
fmdÿ ms<s.ekSuhs'
II fn!;siau fmdl=Kq
jjqkshdfõ fl!;=ld.drfha ;ekam;a lr we;s .f,ka ksuejq m%ido iakdmk c,
n÷k'
fuys jg m%udKh fi'ñ' 300 ls' úYalïNh fi'ñ' 118 ls' .eUqr fi'ñ' 35 ls'
>klu fi'ñ'7 ls'
fuu fíiu ksujd we;af;a tlu .,lska h fuh yuqù we;af;a udf;dg jrdh
wi, ;sîh§ h'
III le<Ks .`. uqjfodr Y=oaO jQ f;dauia uqks÷ka isysùu i|yd l=reishla iys;
l=¿KÄ yuqù we;' kQ;kfha tx.,ka; iNdfõ f.dvke.s,a,la jk ðka;=msáfha
Ydka; f;dauia foajia:dkh ;kd we;af;a fuu ia:dkffha hehs b;sydi{fhda
iel lr;s'
mD;=.Sia hq.h
I .,l flgQ mD;=.SiSkaf.a ks, ,dxckh fuh ckdêm;s ukaÈrh my<ska we;s
bvul we;'
II idka; wdkd ;sr froao
1666 § idka; wdkd ueKshkaf.a kj.uqj foajia:kfha we;s ;srh i|yd Ndú;
lr we;s fuu Ñ;%h wo f;aj;a; fl!;=ld.drfha ;ekam;a lr we;'
152
,kafoais hq.h
I l=reKE., ߧ úydrfha u,a wdikfhys ls%ia;shdks Ñ;% weo we;s ghs,a /ila
mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska fidhdf.k we;' my; i|yka ls%ia;shdks
f;aud tu ghs,aj, wvx.= lr we;'
• ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a iaj¾.dfrdayKh" l=vd úfha § Wkajykafiaj Tmamq lsÍu"
fÊqiqia jykafia uqyqou; weú§u" wkH rEm úm¾hdih" ud¾;d yd ußhd hk
kj.súiqfï l:d fuu Ñ;%j,g f;aud ù we;'
• fuu Ñ;%j, úfYaI;ajh jkafka ls%ia;=ka jykafiag ,kafoais we÷ï wkaojd
;sîuh' t;=udf.a ysi jgd /ia j,,a,la ks¾udKh lr we;'
ì%;dkH hq.h
• fnfI,a kjr;ak fkdfyd;a uqykaÈrï uqÈhkafia kjr;ak kï olaI leghï
lrejd mkai,aj, leghï ks¾udKh l< mqoa.,fhls' fudyq nõ;Siauh ,nd
fnfI,a kjr;ak kñka ;u kduh fjkialf<ah'
• fmardfoaKsh .=re mqyqKq uOHia:dkfha ,S leghï j,ska foajia:dkhla fudyq
úiska ks¾udKh lr we;'
ksoyiska miq hq.h
fmda,a kjr;ak
1939-1940 ld,fha § ls;= Wm; ms<sn| fudyq Ñ;%Kh lr we;'
fykaßlia
• fudaor idka; fÊïia foõueÿf¾ Ñ;% we| we;' fudyq we| we;s wka;su rd;S%
fNdackh Ñ;%fha fudyq ;udju f.da,fhla jYfhka ks¾udKh lr we;'
tka' weia' f.ddvudkak'
• ó.uqj uyd ú§h Ydka; ußhd foõueÿf¾ jD;a;dldr isú,sula ks¾udKh lf<a
h' fudyq fn!oaOfhls' Tyq nhsn,fha iq,n wjia:d Ñ;%hg k.d we;'
ix.S;h
fy< ls;=kq lafIa;%h YS% ,xldfõ ix.S; lafIa;%h ;=< b;d jeo.;a wxYhls'
• isxy, ix.S;hg ls;=Kq ix.S;h odhl;ajh ,nd § we;af;a flfia o @
• .re cdfldfï f.dkaid,afõia msh;=udf.a bmerKs ks¾udK u.ska
• jyfldaÜfÜ" ¥fõ" fnda,j;af;a .ehqKq mika" ,f;daks" ú,dm u.ska
• k;a;,a lefrd,a .S; iïm%odh u.ska
153
fy< ls;=kq ix.S;fha wNsjDoaêh fjkqfjka odhljQfjda
1' .re cdfldfï f.dkaid,afõia msh;=ud
;S% tl iqr fÊiqks" kfuda kfuda ußh" wyi fmdf<dj ksfodiskafka wdrïfNka
fmr" foú÷ Wmkafkah i;=ks wd§ ls;=kq .S;sld ;ju;a wm w;r Ndú; fõ'
• ne;s .S muKla fkdj kdv.ï ."S ffY,s.; kdgH wdÈh i|yd o .re cfdldafï
f.dkaid,afõia msh;=udf.a ks¾udK n,md ;sfí' —ukfï˜ kdgHfha tk
fm%aufhka ukrxð; fõ .S;fha ;kqj f.dkaid,afjia msh;=udf.a .Shl
wkqlrKhls'
• t;=udf.a .S;sldjg ßoauh ;kqj fidhd t;=ud lkao Wvrg" my;rg inr.uqj
lrd .sfhah' tys ojq, " ;ïueÜgu" .eg fnrh" fofjd,a fnrh" fydrKEj"
;d,ïmg tkï mxp;+¾h kdo rgd fidhd .sfha h' fy< ck;djf.a .S; ßoauh"
;u yo .eiaug tl;=lr.;a fu;=ud fy<fha kdgl" kegqï iu`. ;uka Wmka
foaYfha ÿgq kdv.ï l,djka w;aoelSug .ksñka lf;da,sl ix.S;hg mK
fmjqfõ h'
• fu;=ud ,shd we;s .S; m%nkaO 5 ls'
• fõo ldjHh
• mika fmd;
• wdkkao l,smamqj
• ux., .S;h
• ,f;daks fmd;
• foaj O¾udpd¾h w;s W;=ï tâukaâ mSÍia ^ks'uks& ro.=re;=ud .re fudieisa
fmf¾rd udysñ" iqks,a Ydka;" fÊ' fla' tia fmf¾rd .re u¾i,Ska chfldä
^ks'u'ks& msh;=ud isß,l ix.S;h Tmïgï l< ls;= úrejka h'
kdgH yd kdv.ï l,dj
• ls;=kq m%Odk ux.,H meje;s wjia:dj, tu ux.,H W;aijhg fya;= jk
m%Odk lreKq ne;su;=kg w¾:dkaú;j moyod§u wruqKq lrf.k foõueÿre
wdYs%;j ta mqj;a kdgHdkqidrfhka r`. oelaùfï isß;la mej;=Ks'
kdgH r`. oelaùu i|yd u foõueÿre wdYs%;j r`. uv,la bÈlrk ,§' n,a
fojqia kï ´,kao foaj.e;s ;=ud 1656-1665 ld,fha § l< ksÍlaIKhla wkqj
t;=ud merKs lf;da,sl foõueÿre .ek fufia ,shd we;' fuys fndfyda foajia:dk
wi, wÜgd, fyj;a r`. u`vq¨ bÈlr ;sfí' tajdfha fÊiq ksldfha md;=.Sis
msh;=uka,d ux., Èkhka ys nhsn,h r`. oelajQy'
154
mD;=.Sis hq.fha O¾u¥;jre ls%ia;shdks kdgH r`. oelajQ wjia:d
fÊiq ksldh
• ls%'j' 1604 § fld<U fÊiq ksldhg wh;a foaõ ueÿf¾ ux.,Hfha § .súiqï od .en
yd foaj ud;djka hk f;audj ms<sn|j lreKq we;=,;a kdgHhla fõÈld .; úh'
• ls%'j' 1617 § y,dj; wNskj foõ ueÿr wdisß .ekaùfï § l=kaia;ka;Skqq w.
rcqf.a ys;a yeÍu r`. olajd we;'
m%ekaisialdk ksldh
• ud;r O¾u fiajfha ksr;j isá wkaf;daksfhda fmfYdajda ;=ud jeo.;a fõ' 1636
§ ,shd we;s .%ka:hl ls%ia;=ka jykafia o" wdoï iy taj hk fofokdf.a pß;dmodk
jia;= fldg f.k oDYH ldjH lSmhla ,shd fõÈld.; lr we;s nj i|ykah''
mdial= kdgH iïm%odh
• p;dß; ld,h iy Y=oaOjQ i;sh wdYs%;j ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a ÿla m%dma;sh
kdgHdkqidrfhka r`. oelaùu b;d iq,N oiqkls'
• ls%'j 1706 § by; lS mßirh ;=< f.dafõ Trf;daßhdkq ksldfhka f.kajd .;a
m<okd Ndú; lrñka mdial= m%o¾Ykhla fõÈld .; l< nj Trf;daßhdkq
jd¾;djl i|yka ù we;'
• 16 jk ishjfia isg fujeks kdgH m%o¾Yk f.daj k.rfha ckm%sh l,djlaj
mej;Kq w;r furg oyï fufyjr i|yd meñKs mshjre kdgH l,dj ms<sn|
m%.=K;ajhla ,nd isáfhdah' cqfia jdia msh;=ud iy cdfldafï f.dkaid,afõia
msh;=ud o tjlg f.dafõ m%p,s;j ;snQ mdial= kdgH l,dj ms<sn|j m%ùK;ajhla
,en isáfha h'
mdial= kdgH l,dfõ m%Njh
• idïm%odhsl isxy, kdgH l,djl ft;sydisl f;dr;=re fkdue;s w;r foaYSh
kdgH l,djla ìyslsÍfï m%n, odhl;ajhla ÿka mdial= kdgH l,dfõ m%Njh
we;sjQfha mD;=.d,fha iy iamd[a[fha meje;s wd.ñl kdgHhla wkqidrfhks'
YS% ,xldfõ mdial= kdgH l,dfõ úldYkh
• fÊidff," ¥j" msámk" muqKq.u" fndr,eiai hk m%foaYj, uq¿ukskau Ôjudk
k¿ msßila úiska ls;= iñ|dKkaf.a ÿla m%dma;sh r`. olajkq ,eîh'
155
isxy, kdv.ï l,dj
• kdv.ï jvd;a m%p,s; jQfha ngysr uqyqÿnv fjr< wdYs%; y,dj; isg ;x.,a,
olajd jQ m%foaYj,hs'
• kdv.ï jQ l,S wjfYaI .eñ kdgl úfYaIhlg jvd wx. iïmq¾K oDYH ldjH
f,i ie<lsh yelsh' fidlß" fldfydUd lxldß" lú" kdv.ï wdÈhg jvd
ldjH ,laIK j,ska o rx. ffY,fhkaa o hqla; jQ kdgH úfYaI jQfha kdv.ïh'
tajd m%Njh ,oafoa olaIK Ndr;fha f;rl=l= kue;s ù§ kdgH úfYaIfhkah'
cdfldfï f.dkaid,afõia msh;=ud iy isxy, kdgH l,dj
• isxy, idys;H b;sydifha kdgH idys;Hdx.h oDYH udk fkdjq wjêfhl
isxy, ls%ia;shdks idys;Hhla iy kdgH l,djla ìysùug rel=,la jQfha cdfldfï
f.dkaid,afjia msh;=udf.a idys;Hdj,sh nj lsj hq;=uh'
• foaj kS;s úi¾ckh kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:djkaf.ka msßmqka oDYH jQ ldjH
m%nkaOhla jQ w;r kvqfmd; hkqfjkao we;eïyq fuh y÷kaj;s'
• isxy, kdv.ï .S rplhskag f.dkaid,afõia msh;=udf.a ks¾udK a mq¾jdo¾Yhla
yd wuqøjH imhd we;' ux., .S;fhka" mika fmd;ska" kdv.ï rplhska t;=udf.a
m%nkaOhla Wmqgd.;a nj tï' tÉ' tï' .=K;s,l uy;d ish wdpd¾h Wmdêh
i|yd iïmdokh l< kdv.ï kï ksnkaOfha i|yka lr we;'
Wod - mqrdK rc;=ka lÜgqj kdv.u rpkfha § l;=jrhd f.dkaid,afõia msh;=uka
rpkd l< foajfõo mqrdKh u; hemqKq nj meyeÈ,s fõ' tfukau ÿla m%dma;s
m%ix.fhka iqúfYaI úi¾ckfhka .;a fhÿï o fn!oaO rplhska úiska m%nkaO
lrk ,o kdv.ï j, úoHdudk fõ'
fou< kdgH yd kdv.ï l,dj
kÜgd¾ kdv.ï l,dj
• kdv.ï" kdÜgd¾ kdv.ï" .%dóh kdv.ï" kdÜgql=;a;= l=ka;= hk wx. tlu
w¾:hla fohs' fï kegqï yd .ehqï taldnoaOj krUkakkag mKsjqvhla f.k
fok udOHhla fõ' fou< ck;djf.a mdrïmßl l,dj ;=< kdÜgql+lal= l,dj
idudkH ck;dj w;r ckm%sh jQ w;r wdrlaId lr .ekSuo isÿúh'
• YS% ,xldfõ fou< ck;dj Ôj;a jQ hdmkh" uvl,mqj" ukakdru" udf;daâvï"
jkaks mq;a;,u" y,dj; hk m%foaYj, kdv.ï l,dj mej;=Ks' fou< kdv.ï
l,dj " yskaÿ wd.fu mqrdK b;sydifha ;snq Nla;s fma%uh" ù¾hh" hqoaOh jeks
f;aud Tiafia mej;=Ks'
156
• lf;da,sl O¾ufha b.ekaùï yd jákdlï ck;djg f.khdfï udOHhla
f,i mD;=.SiSka md,kh l< hq.fha furg fiajdfõ kshe¨Kq *%ekaisialka yd
fÊiq ksldhsl mshjre kdÜgql=;a;= l,dj fhdod f.k we;' fuys m%Odk f;aud
f,i idka;=jr pß; yd hqfrdamSh l:d mokï lrf.k we;' lf;da,sl
kdv.ï l,dj furg ìysjk wjia:dfõ ,kafoais mSvkhg uqyqK foñka isá
ksid kdÜgql+;a;= ys ÿlaù§u uQ,sl f;audj úh'
• lf;da,sl kdÜgql+;a;= fndfydaúg idka;=jr pß;j, wdNdIh ,nd we;'
idka;=jr ne;sh yd f.!rjh m%ldY lrk udOHhla f,i fuu kdgHh
fhdodf.k we;' tu ksid idka;=jr pß;h r`. oelajqfha ke;' ta fjkqjg
.S;sld .dhkd l<y' tf,i lsÍug fya;=j jQfha idka;=jr f.!rjh f.k
§uh'
idïm%odhsl lf;da,sl kdgH l,dfõ wdrïNh
• idïm%odhsl lf;da,sl kdÜgql+;a;= ukakdru" hdmkh m%foaYj, wdrïN ù
j¾Okh úh'
• f,dafrkaiq ms,af,a mq,j¾ uy;df.a uqKqmqrd jk lSkdïms,af,a úiska treffu"
fkdkaä" tkaßla tïmrdfoda" mqrsiSk lka;s hk kdv.ï .dhkd lrk ,§'
fuys§ jvmdx.=^ hdmkfha ffY,h & ffY,h fhdod f.k ;sfí'
ì%;dkH hq.fha kdÜgql+;a;=
• ì%;dkH hq.fha lf;da,sl kdgh i|yd m%n, úfrdaO;d we;súh' u;ameka Ndú;h
yd ia;S% mqreI ish,af,da ñY%j lghq;= lsÍu u.ska ipdodrhg ndOdjla úh yels
ksid kdv.ï ;ykï lrk ,§'
isxy, kdv.ï l,djg odhlùu
• isxy, kdgH kdv.ï iïm%odh ìysù j¾Okh ùug fou< kdÜgql+;a;= uQ,sl
ù we;' úfYaIhlaj iuyr isxy, kdÜgql+;a;= fou< kdÜgql+;a;sj,ska iDcqj
mßj¾;kh fldg we;'
Wod - tia;dls ys fcdaimd;a" ika;sls,d¾" {dk fi!kaoß hk kdv.ï i|yka
fõ'
157
8'3'3' ls;=kq ohdj yd iudc iqnidOkh
Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;kh
merKs .súiqu
ish¨ ueù,s w;r Wiia;u ueú,a, ñksid nj;a" ñksid ;kj úiSu foúhka
jykafiaf.a wNsu;h fkdjq nj;a W;am;a;s fmd; wdrïNfha§ u i|yka lrhs'
^W;am;a;s 2$18& tfyhska " ñksid iudÔh i;a;ajfhls' foúhka jykafia ñksid
mjq,a Ôú;hg" mjq,a Ôú;hlg fyj;a iudÔh ðú;hlg le|jk nj ñka
meyeÈ,sh' iudÔh Ôú;fha id¾:l;ajh i|yd wd;aud¾:h ì| yer mß;Hd.YS,S
njlska Ôj;aùu w;HjYH fõ' ta i|yd foaj fm%auh yd ohdj ;=< Ôú; f.dvk.d
.ekSug wjYHh ohdj fmroeß lrf.k idOdrK;ajfhka lghq;= lsÍfuka
iudcfha fmdÿ hym; yd ienE iduh f.dvkef.k nj Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh
Ñka;kh wmg mjihs'
fudafiia ;=udf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a Bðma;=fõ jy,alñka ñ÷Kq BYardfh,a
ckhd fmdfrdkaÿ foaYhg hk .ufka §" foú iñ|dKka jykafia Tjqkg ÿka
kS;s ksfhda. yd b.ekaùïj, yrh jQfha ifydaor ohdfjka tlsfkldg hqla;sh
yd idOdrK;ajh bIaG lsÍuhs' úfYaIfhka tu iudcfha ðj;a jQ ÿ.S ÿmam;=kag"
wirKhkag" jekaoUqjkag yd orejkag ohdj oelaùu yd irKh mEu fuu
wKmK;a yd ksfhda.j,ska jvd biau;= fjhs'
- f,õ jHjia:dj 19$9" 10" 13" 15" 17" 18
- f,ú jHjia:dj 25$35 " 38
- kslauhdu 22$21-27
weig weio" o;g o; o kslauhdu 21$24& hk kS;sfhka ms<sìUq jkafka o iudc
idOdrK;ajhhs' th" neÆ ne,aug ms<s.ekSula fia Èiajqj o tl< iudc ikao¾Nh
;=< ;udg isÿjq ydksh blaujd hk ydkshlg lsisfi;a wjirhla fkdfok
idOdrK;ajhla bka .uH fõ'
kj .súiqu
weig weio" o;g o; o hk mqrdK .súiqfï kS;sh" bka Tíng f.dia ls%ia;=ka
jykafiaf.a b.ekaùï yd ðú;do¾Yh u.ska Wvqhál=re ù Tfí i;=rkag fma%u
lrkak' Tng mSvd lrkakka Wfodid hdÉ[dlrkak'˜ ^uf;õ 5$43& f,i
ifydaor fm%auh kj oelaulska hq;=j t<solsk whqre ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a lkao
Wv foaYkfha oelafõ'
158
Wka jykafiaf.a b.ekaùï yd foaYkd ;=<ska m%lg jQ fuu fma%ufha kj wNsO¾uh
l=reisfha Ôú; mQcdj u.ska ;yjqre ù i;=rkag mjd iudj fok iSudjlska
f;dr fm%auhla Wkajykafiaf.a Ôú;fha wms olskafkuq' ls;=kq ohdj yd
tlsfkldf.a iqnidOkh i|yd moku yd cjh jkafka ls;=kq wkq.dñlhkaf.a
ðú;j, o ;sìh hq;= fuu fm%auhhs'
cd;Skaf.a úksYaph ojfia § tf`ärl= t¿jkaf.ka neg¨jka fjka lrkakdla
fuka foúhka jykafia ck;dj fomig fjkalr mjik — uuid.sksj isáfhñ'
Tn ug lkak ÿkakdyqh' msmdij ú isáfhñ" Tn ug fndkak ÿkakdyqh' uf;õ
25$31-46& hk b.ekaùfuka Wkajykafia mila lrkafka fm%aufha ðú;h yd
ohdj oelaùu ls%ia;= Y%djlhl=" wkq.dñlhl= ùu ksid Wreu jk " fjkal<
fkdyels" neyer l< fkdyels j.lSula yd hq;=lula njhs' iudcfha fjfik
ldyg jqj o hym;la lf<a kï ta lf<a Wka jykafiagu nj o ñka meyeÈ<sh'
—ieneúka u uu Tng lshñ' udf.a fï ifydaorhkaf.ka b;du iq¿ ;eke;a;dg
jqj o Tn tfia l<d kï th lf<a ugehe'˜ ^uf;õ 25$40& tfia fkdl<d kï
fkdlf<a o Wka jykafiagu h' ^uf;aõ 25$45&
tu kid" ls;=kq ohdj hkq ls;=kq Y%djlhl=g neydr l< fkdyels Y%djl;ajfhau
hq;=luls' ;ud ðj;ajk lskï ðú; ;;a;ajhl" /lshdjl jqj o Ôj;ajk
ia:dkh" iudc mßirh ;=< iudc iqnidOkh yd fmdÿ hym; fjkqfjka
wemlem ù ohdfõ mqKH ls%hdj, fh§ug ish iajdñhdKka jQ fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka
jykafiaf.ka kshujqKq fm%aufha muKla ls;=kqjkg ,eî we;' ls;=kqjdg bka
neyerùug fkdyelsfia u lsisjl=g th k;r lsÍug fkdyels h'
nhsn,Sh oelaug wkqj f.dvke`.=Kq ls;=kq Ñka;kh" wi,ajeishdg fm%au lsÍfï
Kh hqla;sh wmg isys.kajhs' ;jo ;udg fuka u wi,ajeishdg fma%u lsÍu foaj
fm%auh ksidu isÿjkakls' ^ 1 fcdyka 4$7-19& ls%ia;shdks ohdfõ wruqK"
wia,ajeishdg fma%u lsÍu u.ska foúhka jykafiag fm%au lsÍu nj ñka b;d
meyeÈ<s h'
ish¨ O¾u;d w;r fYa%IaG;u jkafka fma%uhhs' fma%uh fkdue;s ;ek we;af;a
ysianjls' mqyq f>daIdjla muKs' ^ 1 fldßka;s 13$1-13& tfyhska" fma%uh" ohdj
fkdue;s ;eke;a;d ienE ls;kqjl= o fkdjk nj meyeÈ<s h'
foúhka jykafiag yd wi,ajeishdg fma%u lsÍu yer fYa%IaG wka lsis w{djla
ke;' udla 12$29-31& ud Tng fma%u l<dla fuka Tn;a tlsfkldg fma%u lrkak
hkq fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykfia ish Y%djlhkag ÿka w¨;a w{djhs' fcdyka 13$34&
159
wm Wka jykafiaf.a f.da,hka nj ish,a,ka oek.kafka fuu fm%au lsÍu ksid
nj o Wkajykafia mji;s'
lf;da,sl iNd O¾fudamfoaYh ^fkd' 1889" 2196&
YS% ,xldj ;=< iudc iqnidOk lghq;=
ls;=Kq ohdj fmroeß lrf.k iudcfha fmdÿ hym; fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍu
iy iudc iqnidOkhg odhlùu ls;=kq j.lSuhs' iudc iqnidOkfhys,d jeo.;a
jkqfha fN!;sl ÈhqKqj muKla fkdj ñksid mQ¾K ukqIHhl= f,i iudcfha
Ôj;aùug wjYH miqìu ilia lsßuhs' foaj iudklulg ujk ,o ñksidf.a
tu ñksia .re;ajh Tmakexfjk f,i lghq;= lsÍug iydh ùuhs'
YS% ,dxflah b;sydih ;=< § fuka úfYaIfhka j¾;udkfha o fuu oelau wkqj
ls;=kq ohdj fmroeß lrf.k cd;s" wd.ï" l=," mx;s wdÈ fNao fkd;ld iudc
iqnidOkh yd udkj ixj¾Okhg wod, ls%hdj,iNdjla f,i o úúO iñ;s yd
ixúOdk f,i o fm!oa.,sl jYfhka o ls;=kqfjda ksr;j isá;s'
16 Y; j¾Ifha furgg meñKs ls;=kq ñIkdß ksldhj, fiajdj ms<sn| msßlaik
l< Tjqkaf.a ¥; fiajdfõ wruqK jQfha wd;au .,jd .ekSu nj ft;sydisl
f,aLkj, i|yka fõ tfy;a ñksid wd;auhlska muKla fyì mqoa.hl= fkdj
YÍrhlska o fyì h' tu ksid wd;añl wjYH;d fuka u YdÍßl wjHY;d o
ukqIH;ajhg ks.rejla fkdjk f,i Ôú;h f.khdug wjYH uQ,sl myiqlï
fjkqfjka o Tjqka lghq;= l< neõ meyeÈ<s j fmfka' wdrïNfha isgu iNdj
ñksia wjYH;d imqrd,Su i|yd ohdfõ mqKH ls%hdj, fhfoñka fiajdfõ
kshe¨qKq nj fmkS hhs' j¾;udkfha § fkdfhl=;a YdÍßl yd fN!;sl ñksia
wjYH;d i|yd ck;dj ls;=kq foajia:dk" wdh;k yd ixúOdk fj; Èj tkafka
fuu ls;=kq ohd irK fiajd ms<sn| iudc.; ù we;s wdl,am fya;=fldg nj
meyeÈ<s h'
mD;=.Sis wd.ukfha isg fï olajd f.ù .sh ld,jljdkqj ;=< isÿ jQ ls;=kq ohd
fiajdj ms<sn| ksÍlaIKh lrk l< úúO ia;%S meúÈ ksldh meñKsu fyj;a
lre lkHd fidfydhqßhkaf.a ¥; fiajdj jeo.;a idOlhla fia biau;= fjhs'
fuh ,xld b;sydifha hg;a úð; hq.fha isÿj jeo.;a úuqla;sodhl isoaêhlehs
ye¢kajqjdg jrola ke;' msßñ meúÈ ksldhj,ska isÿjq fiajdj o fï yd nef|a'
tu ksldhj,ska isÿjq fiajdj yd b;sydih ms<sn| iajhx wOHhkhl fh§u b;d
fhda.H h'
160
by; i|yka l< úfoaYj,ska meñKs meúÈ ksldha fuka u Bg mßndysrj furg
wdrïN ù ls%hd;aul jk meúÈ ksldh ;ukag wdfõksl jq lßiaudj Tiafia
fiajdfõ ksr; jqj o ta iEu fiajdjlg u moku jkafka ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a
b.ekaùï u; mokï jQ ls;=kq ohdjhs'
fuu meúÈ ksldhj,ska isÿjq yd oekgu;a isÿjk fiajd w;r frda.Skag Wmia:dk
lsÍu" wkd: <uqka yd yxidjg" w;rj,g ,lajQ wújdyl uõjreka /ln,d
.ekSu" wkaO" f.d¿" ìysß yd fjk;a wdndOhkag ,lajQ orejka /ln,d .ekSu"
Tjqkg iß,k wOHdmkhla" jD;a;Sh mqyqKqjla ,nd §u" uy¨ yd jeäysáhka
úfYaI ksjdij, /ln,d .ekSu" úêu;a mdi,a wOHdmkh" ùÒ orejkaf.a
fkdúêu;a wOHdmkh" isr.; jQjkag yd udkisl wdndOj,g ,lajQjkag irKh"
WmfoaYk fiajd" frday,a fyo fiajdj" ukao udkisl orejka n,d .ekSu" mjq,a
wfmdaia;,sl fiajd yd hqoaOfhka wj;eka jQ orejka iy irKd.; l|jqrej,
isákakkag fiajd iemhSu i|yka l< yelsh' fuu fiajdj újO lafIa;%j,
úisÍ mej;=K o tys wruqK yd moku ls;=kq ohdj ñi wfklla fkdjk neõ
meyeÈ<s h'
j¾;udkfha iNdj ;=< óiï yd ls;skq foajia:dk uÜgñka o" meúÈ ksldh yd
mQcd m%idÈ;=uka,df.a yd rdc.=re m%idÈ ;=uka,df.a Woõfjka fujeks fndfyda
ohdfõ fiajdjka ls%hd;aul fõ' tajd úúO wdh;k" iñ;s iud.ï" ixúOdk
iajrEmfhka o ls%hd;aul fõ'
ls;=kq iudc iqnidOk ohd fiajd wdh;k
lßgdia ^YS% ,xld& fifvla
uE; b;sydifha furg lf;da,sl ohd irK fiajd yd iudc ixj¾Ok" iqnidOk
lghq;= ksÍlaIKh lsÍfï § YS% ,xld lf;da,sl rdc.=re uKav,h hgf;a ls%hd;aul
furg lf;da,sl iNdfõ iudc fiajd wxYh jk lßgdia ^YS% ,xld& - fifvla
wdh;kh jeo.;a ;ekla .kS'
1968 § ia:dms;" oekg YS% ,xldfõ iEu ro.=re jiulu úúO kïu,ska ohd
fiajdfõ yd iudc iqnidOkfha fhfok lÍgdia ^YS% ,xld& fifvla wdh;kh
úfYaIfhka ñksiqkaf.a uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï iq/lSu" iudÔh wjYH;d
imqrd,Su" udkj ixj¾Okh yd idOdrK;ajfhka fyì iudchla f.dvk.kakg
úúO jHdmD;s yd ls%hd ud¾. Tiafia odhl fjhs'
161
idka; úkaika o mdjq,d ohd fiajdj
cd;Hka;r uÜgñka ls%hd;aul fuu lf;da,sl ohd fiajdj YS% ,xldfõ úúO
ro.=re jiïj, ia:dms; uOH uKav, uq,a lrf.k óiï uÜgñka ls%hd;aul
fõ' foajdia:dk uÜgfï .sys ieoeyej;=ka tlg tlaù mß;Hd.YS,Skaf.a wdOdr
u.ska ohd irK fiajdfõ kshe,Su olakg ,efí'
;reK ls%ia;shdks ix.uh ^YMCA&
úúO ls;=kq iNd idudðlhskaf.a tl;=jlska ieÈ cd;sl ls%ia;shdks uKav,hg
wkqnoaê; iudc fiajd yd ohd fiajdjkays ksr; wdh;khls'
;reK ldka;d ls%ia;shdks ix.uh ^YWCA&
úúO iudc fiajd yd ohd fiajd jHdmD;sj, ksr;jk úúO ls;=kq iNd
idudðldjka ldka;d& f.a tluq;=jlska ieÈ cd;sl ls%ia;shdks uKav,hg wkqnoaê;
wdh;khls'
udkj ysñlï yd iudc ixj¾Okh
´kEu iudchl Wkak;sh yd ixj¾Okh r|d mj;skqfha tu iudcfha
f.dvkef.k iduh yd ixys¢hdj u; h' tu iduh yd ixysÈhdj we;sùu i|yd
úfYaIfhka fya;= jkqfha iudcfha mqrjeishkaf.a udkj ysñlï /l§u fyj;a
iq/lSuhs' ish¨ ukqIHhkaf.a ukqIHNdjhg Wreu jQ .re;ajh /flk fia
idOdrK;ajfhka ie<lSuhs'
udkj b;sydih mqrd fuka u j¾;udkfha o udkj ysñlï flf<iSï" W,a,x>kh
lsÍï" udkj .re;ajhg fkd.efmk isÿùï ckudOH Tiafia jd¾;d fõ' tfia
jqj o" ñksia whs;sjdislï lvjqKq w÷re w;S;hla iu`. ìysjqKq tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ixúOdkfha udkj ysñlï m%{ma;sh ñksia mjqf,a iEu flfkl=gu ysñúh hq;=
wka i;= l< fkdyels' W,a,x>kh fkdl< hq;= udkj ysñlï j.ka;s 30 lska
m%ldY lrhs' c.;a ixúOdkhg wh;a rgj,a úiska ms<sme|Sug ne£ isák fuu
m%{ma;sh i|yd moku jQ lreKq w;r udkj .re;ajh ms<sn| Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh
Ñka;kh" ls;=kq oelau yd uE; b;sydifha iNd b.ekaùï o fya;= ù we;ehs
lsjfyd;a ksjerÈ h'
Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;khg wkqj ukqIHhl= f,i ìysùfï úfYaI jákdlula
we;' ñksid foú÷kaf.a iajrEmhg yd iudk;ajhg ujk ,oaols' W;am;a;s 1$26&
ish¨ ueú,s w;r w.%ia:dkh o ñksid h ^.S;dj,sh 8$4-6&
162
fuu ls;=kq Ñka;khg wkqj cd;s" wd.ï" l=, mx;s wdÈ fNaoj,ska f;drj YS%
,dxflah ck iudcfha ñksia nfõ .re;ajh /lSug yd udkj ysñlï iq/lSug
úúO hq.j, È o úfYaIfhka j¾;udkfha § o iNdj úúO m%h;ak ord we;' YS%
,xldj jeks úúO cd;Ska yd úúO wd.ñlhka fjfik iudc mßirhl" udkj
ysñlï w;ska flfkl= by<skq;a" flfkl= my<skq;a isák fia ie<lSï yd
fn§ï lsisfia;a idOdrK fkdjk nj;a" th ienE iduldó ck iudchla
f.dkexùug o" iudc ixj¾Okhg uy;a ndOdjla nj;a iNdj wjOdrKfhka
fmkajd fokakSh' udkj ysñlï iq/lSu iy ieug iudk;ajfhka ie<lSfuka
iduhg yd ixj¾Okhg wj;SrK úh yels nj ls;=kq iNdfõ úúO m%fõY u.ska
fmkajd § we;'
uE; b;sydifha wm YS% ,xld foaYh ;=< udkj .re;ajh flf<iqKq yd udkj
ysñlï lvjqKq wjia:dj, § Bg oeä úfrdaOh olajñka iduh yd iudk;aj;dj
fjkqfjka iNdj iuia; cd;shgu wkqYdikd l< wjia:d fndfyda h' ta w;ßka
lsysmhla muKla fuys oelafõ'
úúO cd;Skaf.a yd wd.ñlhkaf.a iudc lKavdhïj, iudk whs;sjdislï yd
hqla;sh fjkqfjka y`vke`.Su'
• 1983 cq,s ui isÿjq cd;sjdÈ .egqïj,ska miq ,dxlsl ck iudcfha we;sjqKq fNao
Nskak;d" ysxikh" .egqï yuqfõ iduh i|yd jq wNsfhda. ms<sn| 1984 cqks 10 Èk
YS% ,xldfõ lf;da,sl rdc.=re uKav,h ksl=;a l< YS% ,dxlsl cd;sh kej;
f.dvkexùu lrd hk wkqYdikd m;%h'
• 1983 cq,s udifha isÿjq m%pKav ls%hd .ek úuiñka weilg weila h" o;lg o;la
h hk f.da;%sl m<s.eksug;a jvd my< uÜgfï iodpdrhlg wm m;a ù we;s nj
mjiñka wysxil oñ, jeishka fj; t,a, lrk ,o m%ydr .ek lïmd fjñka
ls;=kq fma%ufha oelau ;=< iudc idOdrK;ajh fjkqfjka lghq;= lrkakg
wdrdOkd lrñka iNd idudðlhka yd YS% ,dxlsl ck;dj fj; l=reKE.,
ÈfhdalsiSfha w;sW;=ï ,laIauka úl%uisxy ro.=re;=uka ksl=;a l< t;=ukaf.a
wjidk mKsúvh'
• jir ;syl muK ld,hla weÈ.sh hqoaOfha Èfkka Èk isÿjq m%pKav ls%hd" ìysiqKq
>d;k" fndaïn msmsÍï wdÈfha § m%pKav ls%hd ;rfha fy<d olsñka" idlÉPd
ud¾.fhka iduldñ úi÷ulg tk f,i wod< md¾Yj,g n,lrñka iNd
ksfõok yd wkqYdikd u.ska b,a,Su'
• hqoaOfha § isÿjq udkj ysñlï lvùïj,g úreoaOj y`vke`.Su" widOdrK
w;awvx.=jg .ekSï" r|jd ;nd.ekSïj,g úreoaOj y`v ke.Su'
163
• jD;a;Sh whs;sjdislï fjkqfjka jev j¾ckfha kshe,Sfï fya;=fjka /lshd
wysñ jQ 1980 cQ,s j¾clhkaf.a /lshd wjia:d kej; ,nd.ekSu i|yd y`vke`.Su
iy Tjqkg irK ùu'
• 1988- 1989 NSIK iufha isÿjQ meyerf.k hdï" >d;k" kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk
w;awvx.=jg .ekSï" r|jd ;eîï" w;=reoyka lsÍï" ysxid iy jonkaOkj,g
tfrysùï yd tu mSvdjkag f.dÿrejQjkag yd Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj,g wdOdr lsÍu'
• ksoyia fj<| l,dmfha fiajdfõ ksr;jQjkaf.a lïlre Y%ufha jákdlu mila
lr fiajl whs;sjdislï md,lhkaf.a wjOdkhg ,la lsÍu" fiajl whs;sjdislï
fjkqfjka fmkS isàu'
• mßirhg yd ck;djg ydkslr úúO fhdaO ixj¾Ok jHdmD;sj, wkqgq M,úmdl
ms<sn| ish,a,ka oekqj;a lr wúysxidjd§ úfrdaO;d" idlÉPd u.ska n,Odßkaf.a
wjOdkh fhduqlr ck;d iqnisoaêh fjkqfjka y`v ke`.Su'
• Y%u ixl%udKslhka yd úfoaY.; ,dxlslhka.a iqnisoaêh i|yd lghq;= lsÍu
wdfrda.HYd,d fiajh
ffjoH lafIa;%h yd wdfrda.HYd,d fiajh .ek i<lk l< mD;+.SiS iufha o
furg wdfrda.HYd,d mej;s nj b;sydifha i|yka fõ' mD;=.SiS fid,aodÿjkag
m%;sldr lsÍu i|yd uQ,ls jQ wdfrda.HYd,djla fld<U fldgqfõ werôKs' th
mj;ajdf.k .sfha *%ekaisialdk ñIkdßjreka úisks' y,dj; iy hdmkfha
wdfrda.HYd,d folla úh' tlla fid,aodÿjkag yd wfkl lf;da,sl " lf;da,sl
fkdjk ieug újD; jQ wdfrda.HYd,d folla ukakdrï ¥mf;a we;s úh' fcrñfhda
msh;=ud úiska ks,OdÍka i|yd jQ wdfrd.HYd,djla ukakdrï n,fldgqfõ
újD; lrk ,È' ls;=kqjka tys iafõÉPdfjka fiajh l< neõ i|yka h'
jiQßh" fld<rdj" uef,arshdj wdoS jix.; frda. je<÷Kq úg .ïìï" f.j,a
fodrj,a yerhdu fjk;a úl,amhla" fi!LH fiajdjka t;rï ÈhqKq fkdjq
tl, fkdùh' 1612 § hejQ ,smshlg wkqj fÊiq ksldhsl ñIkdÍjreka o jiQßh
jix.;hg uqyqKmEu .ek lshefõ' frdnÜ fkdlaia o ish f,aLkj, i|yka
lrk mßÈ foudmshka frda. je<÷Kq orejkao ieñhka ìßkaoEjreka o " .ïìï
o oud m,d.sfha iqÿiq fi!LH fiajdjka fkdue;s ksid h' tfy;a ls%ia;shdks
ñIkdÍjre frda.Ska w;yer m,d fkd.shy' ieufok Tjqkaf.a fuu i;al%shdj
yd mß;Hd.h w.h l< neõ i|yka h' 1609 § fudrgqj yd lïu, m%foaYj,
jiQßh me;sreKq nj o lïu, § ls%ia;shdkSka 70 la muK ñh.sh nj o ie<hs'
164
,kafoaiS md,k iufha § 1697 wjidkfha uykqjrg jiQßh jix.;h me;sreKq
wjia:dfõ Nd.Hj;a cqfia jdia msh;=ud m%uqL;ajh f.k frda.Skag Wjgeka
lsÍfï ohd fiajdjka weröu b;sydifha i|yka fõ' tjlg jix.;h fya;=fjka
{d;Ska úiska .ïìï o frda.Skaf.a u< isrereo oud m<dhdu isÿúh' fojk
úu,O¾uiqßh rcq o uykqjr yer oud m<d .sfha h' tfy;a cqqfia jdia msh;=ud
;ukag frda.h je<§fï wjodku ;sìhoS th fkd;ls ish iydhl fcdaima
l¾j,af,da msh;=ud iu. f.hska f.g f.dia frda.Skag wem Wmia:dk lsÍu "
uD; YÍr N+uodk lsÍu isÿlf<a lf;da,sl" wlf;da,sl fNaohlska f;drjh' rcq
yd ck;dj o fuu ohdfõ irK fiajdj .ek uú; jQ neõ i|yka h' ukqIHhd
wd;auhlska muKla fkdj YÍrhlska o fyì fyhska YdÍßl iqj;dj fjkqfjka
cqfia jdia msh;=uka l< fuu lemùfï ohd fiajdj furg wdfrda.HYd,d fiajd
yd YÍr iqj;dj fjkqfjka isÿjq ls;=kq odhl;ajh yeroEÍfï § lsisfia;a iq¿fjka
;elsh fkdyels h'
ì%;dkH hq.fha § o fuu frda.Skag Wmia:dk lsÍfï ohd fiajdj ls%hd;aul úKs'
ks¾u, ußh ksldfha mshjre ,xldjg meñK jir 3 la .;jk úg 1850 § oreKq
fld<rdj jix.;hla m%foaY mqrd me;sreKq neõ i|yka h' tu ñIkdÍjre oeä
fjfyildÍ ;;a;ajhl frda.Skag Wmia:dk l<y' tu ksldfha *S,slaia
wef,laiekav¾ yd úlag¾ hk mshjre ish ¥; fiajdj wdrïNfha § u frda.hg
f.dÿre ù ñh.sh nj i|yka h' oreKq jix.;hla mj;soaÈ wm ñIkdßjre
ohdfõ m%d;syd¾hhka isÿ lr;shs ueikâ ro.=re;=ud tu ksldhg hejq ,smshl o
i|yka lr we;'
*%ekaisialdk ñIkdß fidhqßhka 1886 § rcfha b,a,Su mßÈ fyÈ mqyqKq mdi,la
fld<U wrUd miqj tu fiajdj ukakdrug o jHdma; lr we;' ye|, iy
udka;sõ ys ,dÿre frday,a folla wdrïN l< tu ksldh" tys frda.Ska i|yd
lemfjñka fiajh lf<a h' fuu ksldfha lkHd fidfydhqßfhda u|l,la
fld<U cd;sl frdyf,a fyo fiajdfõ ksr; jQy'
bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh
mshjr 1- YS% ,dxflah iudchg iNdfjka jQ odhl;ajh .ek my; ud;Dld
Tiafia l;sldjla f.dvk.kak'
1' wOHdmkh
2' ixialD;sh yd l,dj
3' iudc fiajdj
165
uQ,dY% (-
i ikd;k ksuejqï" pkaølS¾;s l=,r;ak
ii YS% ,xldfõ ls;=kq odhl;ajh" w;s W;=ï Tiaj,aâ f.daïia ysñmdfKda
iii ls%ia;shdksfha b;sydih" idys;Hh yd l,dj" wdpd¾h weka;ks m%kdkaÿ
iv fy, l,dfõ ls;=kq i<l=K" f.dkaid,afõia isxy, wdh;kh" ohd je,slv
wdrÉÑ msh;=ud
v Y=`Ojq nhsn,h" kj wkqjdoh" fojk ixialrKh" 1990
vi lf;da,sl iNd O¾fudamfoaYh
166
ksmqK;dj 9'0 ( ls;=kq ckjkaokdjg iyNd.s fjñka ls%ia;shdks Ôú;h
jeä j¾Okh lr .kshs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'1 ( ls;=kq úYajdih f.dvke`.Sug ckjkaokdj odhl jQ
wdldrh fidhd n,hs'
ld,Éfþo ( ld,ÉfPo 12
bf.kqï M, (
² uq,a iNdfõ ckjkaokdj wOHhkh lrhs'
² fmrÈ. iNdfõ ckjkaokd l%u wOHhkh lrhs'
² ngysr iNdfõ ckjkaokd l%u wOHhkh lrhs'
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr oSug w;aje,la (
9'1'1 uq,a ls;=kq iNdj yd ckjkaokdj
Y =OjQ iNdj wdrïNfha isgu hï wdldrhlska fuu ckjkaokd;aul ls%hdjkays
kshe¨Ks' fufia wdrïN jQ fndfyduhla jeÿï ms`ÿï l%u cQod" .S%l" frdau
ixialD;Skaf.ka wNdIh ,nd we;s nj fkdryils' Y=`O nhsn,fha
wfmdaia;= jrekaf.a ls%hd fmd; yd mdjq ;=udf.a ixfoaY fï i|yd WodyrK
f,i .; yelsh' tkï wfmdaia;=¨jre yd cqod ls;=kqfjda cqod foaj ud<s.hg
.shy'
— ;jo Tjqyq Èkm;d fkdlvjdu" tlais;aj" foajud,s.dfõ /iafjñkao f.hska
f.g hñkao l,a hejqy˜ ^ls%hd 2 ( 46&
— Èkla fmaÿre yd fcdyka hdÉ[d fõ,dj jQ iji 3'00 g muK foaj ud,s.hg
.shy' ls%hd 3 ( 1& fudjqyq cqod isß;a úß;a wkq.ukh lrñka fudafiiaf.a kS;sh
ms,smeoafodah cqod fkdjk ls;=kqjkg cqod isß;a úß;a nf,kau ms<sme§ug
ie,eiaùu ms<sn|j mdjq¨;=ud m%Yak lrhs ^.,d;s 2 ( 14&
uq,a ls;=kq iNdfõ ckjkaokdj m%;sNd iïmkak jQfha w,am jYfhks' tjl
meje;s n,j;a je÷ï ms÷ï ixialD;Ska ksrdhdifhkau ls;=kqlrKh úh' fï
i|yd m%Odk jYfhka jeo.;a uq,dY% fol cqod uq,dY%h yd .S%l uq,dY%hhs'
cqod uq,dY%j,ska ,o wNdIh -
y;a Èk i;sh" bre Èkhg yrjk ,o in;" úYajdiSkaf.a heÿu" foaj jdlH
ms<sfj;" mQm leãfï ms<sfj;" mdial=j iy fmka;fldia; ux.,Hh hdu
heÿfï fõ,djka" uyd idOqldrh jeks foa .; yel'
167
.S%l uq,dY% j,ska ,o wdNdIh -
ckjkaokdfõ Ndú; lrk fndfyda fjpk Liturgy, Eucharist. Mystery& jeäysá
m%ido iakdmk ms<sfj;aj,g tl;= jq wdf,am lsÍï iy hl=ka ÿre lsÍï" i¾j
rd;s%l fn!;Siauh" fn!;Siauh mQ¾j rd;%shg f.k tau iy m%d¾:kd ffY,sh
heÿï .; yels h'
miq ld,Skj frdau ixialD;sl uQ,dY%j, wdNdIho wjfYaIKh úh' mQcd we÷ï
" myka iy ¥ï mqcd" ckjkaokd heÿï" ,;ska NdIdj" f.%f.daßhdkq .dhk
iïm%odh we;eï újdy yd wjux.,H isß;a úß;a ta w;r fõ'
flf,i fyda ÈjH m%cdfõ m%Odk fldgia 2 jk foaj jdlHh ms<sfj; yd ÈjH
i;am%ido ms<sfj; cqod wdNdIh ;=<ska ,o odhdohkah'
wfmdaia;,sl hq.fha ÈjH i;am%ido ms<sfj; tkï m<uq Y; j¾Ifha§ ÈjH
hd.h isÿ lr we;af;a fNdack ix.%yhla o we;=<;ajh' tfiau ls%ia;=ka jykafia
isÿ l<d jQ m%:u mqm leãfï fufyho mdial= fNdack ix.%yh yd iïnkaO
jQjls' .S%l NdIdfjka — w.fma Agape& hk ku fuu mQm leãu yd iïnkaOj
meje;s fNdack ix.%yhg fokq ,eîh fuys w¾:h jqfha — fma%ufha ˜ fNdack
ix.%yh hkqhs' mryg ohd lsÍu;a" tluq;=j Ôj;a ùu;a foúhka jykafiag mqokq
,nk jkaokdfõ ,laIK fia ie,el+ w;r fuu fNdack ix.%yh jkaokd
l%ufha wx.hla f,i i,lk ,È'
wfmdaia;,sl hq.fha ckjkaokdj fldgia 3 lska iukaú; úh'
1' foaj jdlH fufyh
2' —w.fma˜ fNdack ix.%yh yd
3' mQm leãfï ms<sfj;g uq,a ls;=kq ck;dj ;u ;ukaf.a wdydrmdk
/f.k tla ksjilg /iajQy' ;u ;uka f.kd wdydrmdk tlsfkld iu`.
fnodf.k wkqNj l<y' bkamiq mjqf,a isák jeäuy,a,d mQmh yd ñosri f.k
tu iaf;da;%h mjid mqm yd ñÈri ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a Y%S Yßrh yd YS% reêrh
njg mßj¾;kh lf<ah' miqj YS% mqmh lvd /iaù isákakjqkg wkqNjh i|yd
fnod ÿKs' /iaj isá msßi Y%S l=i,dkfhka mdkh l< miq msßfia kdhlhd
foaYkhla meje;aùh' foaYkh wjidk fha§ .Shla .hd fufyh wjika lf<ah'
fufyhg meñKs wh úiska fm%aufha fNdack ix.%yfhka fldgila fufyhg
fkdmeñKs ls;=kqjka i|yd ;u ;ukaf.a f.j,aj,g f.k hk ,oafoah' fuf,i
f.k hkq ,enqfha wdydr mdk ñi mqm yd ñÈri fkdfõ'
168
m%ido ksOdk
m%ido iakdmkh
wo fuka tod Y=`O jQ iNdjg we;=¿jk fodrgqj jQfha m%ido iakdmkhhs'
j¾;udkfha§ fuka tl, ne;s ms<sfj;a úldYh ù fkd;snqKq ksid m%ido
iakdmkh odkh lsÍfï ms<sfj< ir, úh' m%ido iakdmkh odkh lsÍfï n,h
wfmdaia;=¨jrekg muKla fkdj wka whgo ;snqKs'
WodyrK -
t;sfhdamshdkq kmqxilhdg m%ido iakdmkh odkh lf<a Wmia:dhl ms,smah'
Y=' mdjq¨;=ud m%ido iakdmkh ,enqfha wkkshia kï f.da,hl= w;sks'
- ls%hd 19 ( 48 ^fldfrfka,shia ''''&
- ls%'j' 30 - 70 muK w;r ld,h ;=< § m%ido iakdmkh odkh lrk ,oafoa
fÊiqia jykfiaf.a kdufhks'
Wod - ls%hd 2 ( 38 " ls%hd 10 ( 48 " fldf,diais 2 ( 12
fojeks ishji wdrïNfha § m%ido iakdmkh
— wfmdaia;=¨jrekaf.a b.ekaùï ˜ kï .%ka:fhys olajd we;' fuys§ m%ido
iakdmkh ,eîug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jq ish¨ fokdgu iEfyk ld,hla hym;a
ud¾.h yd whym;a ud¾.h W.kajk ,§'
- m%ido iakdmkh odkh lrk .ekSug fmr tlajre YS,h /lsh hq;=h'
- m%ido iakdmkh odkh lrk ,oafoa — mshdKka" mq;%hdKka yd
Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.a kdufhks
- Èfhys .s,ajd m%ido iakdmkh lsÍu idudkH isß; jQfha h'
- c,h ysi u; j;a lsÍuo Ndú; úh'
tkï wfmdaia;,sl hq.fha § m%ido iakdmk ms<sfj; m%:u Nd.fha ;snqKdg jvd
miq Nd.fha fjkialïj,g Ndckh úh'
wNsjDoaê wdf,amh fyj;a yia; ;eîfï ms<sfj;'
wfmdaia;,sl hq.fha § m%ido iakdmkh u.ska Y=`OjQ iNdjg we;=<;a lrkq ,enQ
kjlhka u; wfmdaia;¨jre ;u yia; ;nd Y=oaOd;auhdKka odkh l<y'
idudkHfhka fuu ms<sfj; m%ido iakdmkh isÿ lrk wjia:dfõ§ u isÿ lrkq
,enqy' fuh — w;a;eîfï ms<sfj; ˜ kñka o ye¢kaúh' miajk ishjfia §
fuhg wNsjDoaê wdf,amh hk ku Ndú; úh' fuys úfYaI ,laIKh kï fuu
ms<sfj; isÿ l< yels jQfha" tkï n,h i;= jQfha wfmdaia;=¨jrekag yd
wfmdaia;,sl n,h ,enQ whg muKs'
169
mYap;a;dmfha m%idO ksOdkh -
mõ lud lsÍfï n,h yd fkdlsÍfï n,h fÊiqia iajdóka jykafia úiskau
Y%djlhkag odkh lrk ,§' ^fcdyka 20 (23&
- uq, isgu Y=`O jQ iNdj fuu n,h ls%hdfõ fho jQ nj fmfka'
Wod - wkkshia yd imsrd isoaêh ^ls%hd 5 mß(&
- Y=oaOd;au n,h uqo,g .ekSug is;+ ihsukag fmaÿre ;rjgq lsÍu
^ls%hd 8 ( 9-24&
- Y=' cdfldí ;=udf.a ixfoaYfha mõlrejkg ;u yia; msßisÿ lrf.k
yDohka mú;%lr .kakg wK lr ;sfí'
- wfmdaia;,sl hq.fha § mõ ludj ,nd .ekSu i|yd yDohdx.u mYap;a;dmh
muKla fkdj ;uka l< mdmhka WÉPdrKh lsÍuo wjYH úh' fcdyka 8 ( 10
cdfldí 5 ( 6& uq,a hq.fha § fndre foújreka weoySu" ñks ueÍu" ldu ñ;Hdpdrh
jeks mdmh lud lsÍug iNdj ue,s jQ kuqÿ fojk ishjfia § tu oeä Nla;sh
,sys,a lrkq ,eîh'
frda.Skaf.a wdf,amh
ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a ld,fha § o frda.Ska wdf,am lsÍfï isß;la ;snQ nj
iqúfYaIfhka wkdjrKh fõ' ;jo Tjqyq fndfyda hlaIhka ÿre fldg fndfyda
frda.Ska o f;,ska wdf,am fldg iqjm;a l< fial'˜ ^udla 6 ( 13&
wfmdaia;,sl hq.fha § fuu isß; Y= iNdfõ m%p,s;j ;snQ nj Y= cdfldí
;=udf.a ixfoaYfhka m%;HlaI fõ'
cdfldí ^ 5$14&
mQcljrh
wfmdaia;,sl hq.fha § mqcljrh keue;s m%ido ksOdkh yd iïnkaO ne;s
ms<sfj; b;d ir, úh' tys úfYaI wx.hka jQfha wdOqkslhka u; wfmdaia;= jreka
fyda wfmdaia;=¨jrekaf.a iïm%odh hk fmdf;a úia;r lrhs'
9'1'2 fmrÈ. lf;da,sl ckjkaokd ms<sfj;a
ls%'j' 395 § 1 fjks ;shfvdaishia kï wêrdchdf.a ld,fhka miq mßmd,kuh
fjkia lula frdau rdcHh ;=< we;súh' ls%' j' 4 ka miq fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,h
^;=¾lSh - ia;dkanq,a & cks;j jHdma;jQ ms<sfj;a fmrÈ. ms<sfj;a f,i ye¢kafõ'
ld,hdf.a wejEfuka ;j ;j;a fmrÈ. uOHia:dk ìysúh'
170
fmrÈ. lf;da,sl ms<sfj;a
fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,h wef,laiekaä%hdj wka;sfhdalsh wd¾fïkshdj
^;=¾lsh& ^Bðma;=j-W' wms%ldj& ^isßhdj&
fuu ms<sfjf;ys m%Odk ,laIKh jkafka idïm%odhsl njhs' fmrÈ. mQcdjka
i|yd .;jk ld,h meh 3 1$2 hs' ^fldama;sl mQcdj& fuys ÈjH mQcdfõ we;=¨
ù ;sfnkafka tlu foa kej; kej; isÿ lsÍu u`.ska tlu foa kej; kej; isys
lsßuhs' ÈjH mQcdj mj;ajk wdldrh fjkia h' fuhg fya;=j ixialD;sl .;s
mej;=ï j, n,mEuh'
fmrÈ. lshùï .%ka:dldrhg lshjkq ,nhs' fuys NdId ffY,h jHla; neúka
fmr wOHhkhla wjYH fõ' fmrÈ. ms<sfj;a j, wjOdkh 100] lau ;sìh
hq;=h' fmrÈ. ixl,amh wkqj fõ,djg u hkq m%cdjg fmr meñKSuhs' fï ksid
úúO ld¾Hhka bIaG lrk f;ajdOrhska úiska ;ukaf.a ld¾Hhka by< .=Kd;aul
Ndjhla mj;ajd .; hq;= h'
ks;r iSkq kdo lsÍu ckjkaokdfõ wêl iïm%odhsl nj fmkajhs' .dhkfha
lemS fmfkk úfYaI ,laIKh jkqfha iÊCdhkdhs' fñ ms<sfj;ys úfYaI
ixfla; Ndú;d lrkq ,efí' nyq, f,i ÿï mQcd Ndú;h" oe,ajq myk fmryer
iu`. w,xldr fmryero fuys lemS fmfkhs'
Ñ;% l,dj fuys jQ úfYaI;ajhls ^icons& fuu Ñ;% l,dfõ ;s%udk rEm oelSu
wmyiqh' tajd iu;, Ñ;% f,i bÈßm;a lr we;' cHdñ;sl yev f,i jl% iy
b,smaidldr yev fndfyda úg Ndú; fõ' Ñ;% ;=< iu;=,s; Ndjh .=ma; njo
úkhdkql+, j¾K ixl,hla o we;' rEm we§fï § weia b;d f,dl=jg bÈßm;a
lr we;s w;r lg iy kdih b;d l=vdjg bÈßm;a lr we;'
YÍrh iy we`.s,s isyskaj ks¾udKh fldg we;' weiaj, úfYaI kdNs.; ùula
o ke;'
fïjdhska woyia flfrk m%Odk mKsúv lsysmhla o we;' .e,ùfï wNsryi
.=ma; iy wNsryiauh nj bka m%Odk fõ' iu;, Ñ;% ks¾udKfhka fïjd úksúo
hd hq;= nj woyia flf¾' j¾K ixl,kh ;=< fndfyda úg ;U meyeh" rkajka
meyeh" Ndú; lsÍfuka foaj;ajh ksrEmKh flf¾' weiaj,ska Ndjd;aul
wdl,amhka o fndfyda foa wjOdkhg k;= lr .ekSfï yelshdjla o biau;=
flf¾'
171
fuys wd.ñl mska;+r yd foajud;d m%;sud nyq,j oelsh yel'
fuu ms<sfj;ys ixialD;sl wx.hka we;=<;a ù we;' foajia:dkj, .Dy ks¾udK
Ys,amh b;d merKsh' merKs we֕ me<֕ oelsh yel'
9'1'3 wmrÈ. lf;da,sl ckjkaokd ms<sfj;a -
wmrÈ. ngysr& lf;da,sl ms<sfj;a j, m%Odk uOHia:dkh f,i ie,flkafka
frdauhhs'
wmrÈ. lf;da,sl ms<sfj;a
frdauh
frdauh ñ,dkh iamd[a[h m%xYh wh¾,ka;h
frdaudkq wïfn%daishdkq ysiamdksl .,sldkq fi,a;sl
iuia;hla f,i ndysr lf;da,sl ckjkaokdjg ld,h jeh jkafka wvq jYfhks'
Bg fya;= jkafka ngysr udkisl;ajh ;=< iDcqj iy fláfhka woyia m%ldY
lsÍfï ixialD;suh ,laIKhhs'
frdaudkq ms<sfj;aj, úfYaI ,laIK -
1' .ïNSr nj - fuys m%Odk ldrKd folla we;'
1 ukd fmr iqodku
2' idudkH ;;a;ajhg jvd Wiia .=Kd;aul nj
Wod - mQcdfõ§ msh;=udg iy f;ajdorhskag úúO we÷ï we;' f;ajd we÷ï& fuu
we÷ï we£fuka .ïNSr Ndjhla we;' NdKav yd isß;a úß;a ;=< .ïNSr nj m%ldY
ùu úfYaIs;h'
2' ixhufhka hqla;hs'
NdIdj" we÷ï" me<÷ï" weú§u" l:d lsÍu fï iEu fohlau ixhufhka hqla;h'
fuh fndfydu ;ekam;a ms<sfj;ls' l:d lsÍfï§ jpkj, ixhuhla ;sìh hq;=
h'
Wod - .dhkd lKavdhfï .dhkhka ^f.%f.daßhdkq ix.S;h&
172
3' nqoaêf.daprh
wfma hdÉ[d yd mqcdj f.dapr jkafka nqoaêhghs' ye`.Sï nr iajNdjh wvqh'
4' fláh -
wmrÈ. rgj, ÈjH mqcdfõ ^frdaudkq ms<sfjf;ys & wvx.= jkafka w;HjYH
foah'
kshñ; fõ,djg mQcdjg meñKSu fuys oelsh yels úfYaI;ajhls' frdaudkq
ms<sfj; ,shejqfKa 4 jk iy 7 jk Y; j¾I w;r b;d W.;a m`äjre úiska
h' tajd ldjHu yd jHla; NdId j,ska ,shejqKs' uE; ld,j,§ foaYSh
NdIdjkaj,g mßj¾;kh ùfï§o tajdfha jHla; nj fndfyda ÿrg r|jd
.kakd ,§'
bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh
mshjr 1 1' uq,a ls;=Kq iNdj yd ckjkaokdj ms<sn|j l;sldj;la
f.dvk.kak'
mshjr 2 2' fmrÈ. iNdfõ ckjkaokd l%u ms<sn|j l;sldj;la f.dvk.kak'
mshjr 3 3' ngysr iNdfõ ckjkaokd l%u ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrkak'
173
ksmqK;dj 9'0 ( ls;=kq ckjkaokdjg iyNd.s fjñka ls%ia;shdks Ôú;h
jeä j¾Okh lr .kshs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'2 ( ls;=kq ðú;h ;=< m%ido ksOdk ,nd.ekSfï wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( ld,ÉfPo 20
bf.kqï M, (
² ish¿ m%ido ksOdk ls%ia;= flakaøSh nj wjfndaO lr .kshs'
² ls;=kqjl= f,i m%ido iakdmkSh le|ùug idlaIs oeÍug m%h;ak orhs'
² ls%ia;=ia jykafia uq,drïNl il%fïka;=j nj oek .kshs'
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr oSug w;aje,la (
9'2'1 m%ido ksOdk ls%ia;= flakaøSh nj
ye¢kaùu
iEu foaj m%ido ksOdkhlau ls%ia;= flakaøshj mj;sk nj ls;=kq wm wjfndaO
lr .; hq;= i;H;djhls' foaj m%ido ksOdk fyj;a il%fïka;= fÊiqia ls%ia;=iaa
jykafiaf.a kdufhka m%odkh lrkq ,nk w;r ta Tiafia m%n, f,i ls%hdldÍ
jkafkao Wkajykafiauh' tfukau foaj m%ido ksOdk k;= lr .ekSug ls;=kqjka
yg udj; újD;j mj;shs' fuf,i l;sld lsÍfï § il%fïka;= m%odkh lsÍfï
mrud¾: foio wm wjOdkh fhduq lr,Su b;d jeo.;ah'
idka; iNd ud;djf.a idudðl;ajh ,nd fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafiag wkqnoaO
ùu ;=< wm wd;añl j¾Okh kxjd,kakgo tfukau mQ¾K;ajhla lrd fhduq
jkakgo wmg fnfyúka WmldÍ fõ'
— tneúka Tfí iaj¾.Sh mshdKka jykafia i¾j iïmQ¾K j isákakdla fuka
Tno i¾j iïmQ¾Kj isákak˜ ^uf;õ 5$48&
;jo fuu mQ¾K;ajh k;= lr .ekSug ks;e;skau Wkajykafiag wm iïnkaO
úh hq;= h' — mqkremaðjkho" Ôjkho uu fjñ' ud woyd .kakd uereK;a ðj;a
jkafkah˜ fcdyka 11$25& — uu hym;a tfârd fjñ" hym;a tfârd ;u Ôú;h
neg¿jka Wfoid mQcd lrkafka h ˜ ^fcdyka 10$11&
174
ls%ia;= flakaøsh iajNdjh wrNhd u ñksia meje;au Y=oaOjka; fjhs' fï i|yd
ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a ls %hdldß;ajh ;=< Y=oaOd;au n,h fyj;a foaj
jrm%idohkaf.ka fmdfydks jkakg úYajdilhskag wjia:dj Wod fjhs'
ls%ia;= foayh kxjd,Sfï j.lSug wkqnoaO jkakg o bvlv ie,fik nj wm
wjfndaO lr .; hq;= h' ;jo fuh fn!;siauh ;=<ska k;=lr .kakd le|ùula
f,io úia;r l< yels h' ðú; mßj¾;khla i|yd werhqï lrk foaj m%ido
ksOdk ls;=;=uka ;=< th jv jvd ;yjqre lr .kakg werhqï lrhs' iflajqiaf.a
ðú; mßj¾;kh" lkdkSh ia;S%h k;= jQ ðú; fjkia ùu ksoiqka f,i bÈßm;a
l< yels h'
iflajQia ke`.sg — iajdñks ud ika;l fohska foflka fldgila È<s÷kag foñ"
hful=f.ka whq;= f,i hula f.k ;sfí kï" Tyqg i;r .=Khla wdmiq foñ
Z hs iajdñka jykafiag lsy' ^¨la 19$8-9& ia;S%h ;u j;=r l<h t;k ;nd
kqjrg f.dia — tkak weú;a n,kak' ud l< ish,a, ug lS ukqIHfhla isáhs'
t;=ud ls%ia;=ia úh fkdyels oehs fik`.g lSjdh' Tõyq kqjßka kslau fÊiqia
jykafia fj; tkakg mgka .;ay ^ cqjdï 4 $28 - 30&
fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafia uQ,drïNl il%fïka;=j f,i
ls%ia;=ia jykafia foúhka jykafiaf.a il%fïka;=j f,i jgyd .ekSug ;e;a
lsÍfï § wm wjOdkhg ks;e;skau fhduqjkqfha kj .súiqu fj;h' kj
.súiqu ;=< wmg uqK .efik Wkajykafiaf.a jpk iy ls%hd foúhka jykafia
iy Wkajykafiaf.a n,mrdl%uh" úoHduk lrjk m%n, ixfla;hla f,i
wjfndaO lr .kakg wdrdOkd lrhs' ;jo foúhka jykafiaf.a wiSñ; wdorh
lreKdj iy ixrlaIKh úoydmdk oDIHudk i<l=Kla f,ig o fÊiqia
ls%ia;=ia jykafia j ie<lsh yel' tfukau Wkajykafiaf.a uq¿ Ôú;h fukau
O¾u¥; ld¾hho foúhka jykafiaf.a m%n, ls%hd ;j ÿrg;a úia;r lrhs' fï
;< fÊiqia jykafiaf.a il%fïka;= meje;au flfryso wmf.a wjOdkh fhduq
ùu jeo.;a lreKls" ^ 2 fldßka;s 4" fldf,diais" 1 ( 1-5 " fyafn%õ 1(1-2" 1
fcdyka 1 ( 1&
tfukau uxY.;ùu ;=< uq¿ ñksia j¾.hdgu ;u iajlSh foaj wdorh wkdjrKh
lrùu i|yd fhduq jQ foúhka jykafia uq¿ ñksia j¾.hd iu.u fuf,i
;d;aúl f,i iïnkaO jQ nj Y=' nhsn,h wmg mila lrhs' foú ñksia
iïnkaO;djh ;j ;j;a iaÓr lsÍug fukau ikd: lsÍugo fuh iqúfYaI
wjia:djla úh'
175
fÊiqia jykafia foúhka jykafiaf.a il%fïka;=j f,i wjfndaO lr .kakg
;j ÿrg;a W;aiql ùfï§ kj .súiqï foaj Od¾ñl m%jK;djhka jk — wNsryiaHuhZ
ixl,am foigo wm wjOdkh fhduq lrùu;a jeo.;a h' Mystery& wE; w;S;fha
isg fuu ixl,am t<sorõ fkdjq iy wkdjrKh jkakdjQ i;H;djhka wre;a
.ekajqjo" kj .súiqu ;=< fuh ;j ÿg;a wNsryila j mj;sk i;H;djla fkdj
uq¨ukskau fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia ;=< wkdjrKh jQ foaj wdorh fj; wm
wjOdkh fhduq lrkakls' ^fyfn%õ 1 ( 1 -2 & Y= mdjq¨ ;=ud úiska rÑ;" tmSi
iy fldf,diais ix. j,g hjk ,o yiqka fï i|yd lÈu ksoiqkah' ^fydishd
1(9-10" 2(11" 3(13" fldf,diais 1(20-27" 2(2&' foaj wdorh iy n,mrdl%uh ;d;aúl
f,i wkdjrKh ùu fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia ;=< isÿ úh'
fuf,i ks¾jpkh lsÍug m%jK;djhla ;snQ njg iNd mshjrekaf.a ld,
mrdih wmg b`.s lrhs' id' f;dauia welajhskia kue;s uyd foaj O¾udpd¾hjrhd
úgl fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia — uQ,sl m%d:ñl il%fïka;=j ˜ f,i kï lr
we;' ^Fundamental Sacrament& ;jo Wkajykafiaf.a udkqIsl iajNdjhh
foaj;ajfha i<l=Kla jk w;r th .e,ùu i|yd u`.mdok njo oelaúh'
fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a il%fïka;= iajNdjh iy idka; iNd ud;djf.a
il%fïka;= iajNdjh w;r mj;sk ióm iïnkaO;dj foi wjOdkh fhduq
lsÍfï § 19 jk Y; j¾Ifha § muK wjOdkhg ,la jQ iNd úoHdfõ m%fndaOh
foio wm wjOdkh fhduq fõ' fuf,i fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia W;=ï
il%fïka;=j˜ njg o m%p,s; jkakg o jk ls%ia;=ka fÊiqia jykafiag — uq,drïNl
il%fïka;=j˜ f,io úreodj,sh ysñ jQfha 20 jk Y; j¾Ifha§ muK Carl
Feckes keue;a;df.a odhl iyfhda.fhks' ;jo uq¿ uy;a il%fïka;= lafIa;%hu
Wkajykafia u; mj;sk nj ;jÿrg;a ikd: l< yel' tla tla foaj m%ido
ksOdk m%Odkh o fï wä;d,u u; iúu;a jk nj wm wjfndaO lr hq;=
i;H;djls' ;jo Wkajykafiau uQ,sl moku f,i wjOdrKfhka isysm;a lr
we;s w;r iqúfYaI fldg foaj wdorh .,d tk m%Odk udj; f,ig o Wkajykafia
m;aj we;s njo is;ays ;nd .; hq;= h'
tâjâ ials,fnlaia hk foaj O¾udpd¾hjrhd fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia bÈßm;a
lr we;af;a — foúhka jykafia yd iu`. iïnkaO jk il%fïka;=j f,igh˜
fÊiqia jykafiaj y÷kajd we;af;a f,dalfha mj;sk úch.%dys hq.dka;jdÈ foaj
wdorfha ft;sydisl jHqyh ;=< ðjudk jeä isàu hkqfjks' fï khska n,k
l< ñksia b;sydih ;=< mj;sk il%fïka;=uh uQ,drïNh foaj jpkh f,ig
ú.%y l< yel' fuhska .uH jkqfha fÊiqia jykafiaf.a widyh" woaú;Sh iy
176
wiuiu meje;auhs' ;jo Wkajykafia ;=< iukaú; jQ foaj n,mrdl%uh Èiajq
wêldß n,h iïnkaOj fhduq l< tla b.shla f,ig o ks¾jpkh lsÍu
idOdrKh' fuf,i l;sld lsßfï § ls%ia;= jykafia uq,drïNl il%fïka;=j
f,i ms<s.ekSu fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdj mjd bÈßm;a lsÍug mdol fldg
f.k we;af;a ls%ia;= foaj O¾uh iïnkaOj meje;s uka;%K iNdj iy Y='
f;dauia welajhskia uyd foaj O¾udpd¾h m`äjrhdf.a odhl;ajh u; nj
fkdryils'
idka; iNdj - fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a uQ,sl" m%d:ñl il%fïka;=j f,i
foúhka jykafiaf.a wmsßñ; ueúu iïmQ¾K jk úgu Y=oaOd;audkqNdjh ;=<
ñksia j¾.hdf.a meje;au hym;a lrùfï ls%hdj,sh keue;s O¾u¥;sl ld¾hNdrh
W;a:dk jq iajdñka jykafia bgq lrk fial' fï iEu fohlau foúhka jykafiaf.a
uysuh wrnhd isÿjk ls%hdj,shls'
iNdj hkq uq,a Y%djl ix>h f,i y÷kajk ,§' fuu uQ,sl ix>fha lemS
fmfkk úfYaI;ajh jkafka" ls%ia;= flakaøShùuhs' ;jo Wkajykafia u; f.dvke.S
mj;sk fiau" Wkajykafia ;=<u fmdaIKh fjñka Wkajykafiaf.a ld¾hNdrh
bÈßhg f.k hduhs' fuu ls%ia;= ld¾hh ;u Y%djlhka ;=<ska ls%hdYS,s f,i
bÈßhg Èh;a lrkq ,nkafka Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a u`. fmkaùu Tiafia
njo lsis úgl wu;l l< fkdyel' fÊiqia ls%ia;=iajykafiaf.a jev isàu
;d;aúlj ms<sônq jk fia fuu ix>h Y=oaOd;au n,h ;=< kj mkakrhla ,enq
njo lemS fmfkk i;H;djhls'
Y= mdjq¨ ;=ud tmSis iy ms,smams hk ix>j,g hk ,o yiqkaj, i|yka jk mßÈ
fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia iNdfõ ysi jk fial' fuu woyi kj .súiqug
iqúfYaIdldÍj wdfõksl jk w;r iNdj ls%ia;=ka jykafia u; ksrka;rfhkau
hefmk njo wjOdrKh lrkqfha Wkajykafia hym;a tfârdKkao" ukd,hdo
jk neúks' ;jo iNdfõ n,fldgqj f,io wre;a .ekaúh yel' ls%ia;=ka jykafia
iy iNdj w;r mj;sk ne£u Wkajykafia u; f.dvkef`.hs' — hemSuZZ iïnkaOj
isysm;a lrkq ,nhs' tfukau mj;sk ióm iïnkaO;djfha hemSu iy moku
ls%ia;=ka jykfia njo ukd f,i wkdjrKh fõ' fuu hemSu ieoEyej;=kg
.e,ùu w;am;a lr .kq ,nkakg kshu O¾u¥; ld¾hhka njgo fnfyúka
bjy,a fõ' ;jo iNdj iy idka; iNdjo fï ld¾hh i|yd iïnkaO jkqfha
foaj jpkh m%ldY lsÍu iy il%fïka;= fyj;a foaj m%ido ksOdk odkh lsÍu
Tiafia ls%ia;= flakaøSh ðú; .; lsÍug ieoeyej;=kag wdrdOkd lrñks' foaj
m%ido ksOdk Tiafia .eUqre ióm iy ;d;aúl f,i t<sorõ jk foaj wdorh
iy iqrlaIs;Ndjh ;jÿrg;a biau;= fjhs'
177
foaj jpkhg uq,a;ek §ug fukau foaj jpkh ;=< mkakrhla ,nkakg
ieoeyej;=ka u; idka; iNdj tf,i ls%hdldÍ jkakg iúu;a jkqfha ls%ia;=ka
jykafia ;=< nj wm is;ays r|jd .ekSu jeo.;a h' Wkajykafiaf.a ðjudk jev
isàu úoHdudk jkakg fhda.H f;da;ekakla fukau ls%hd lsÍfï Nd.Hh weh
ysñ lr .kakSh' tfukau" úYajdis ieoeyej;a ix>hla f,i ;u j.lSï
Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia ;=< iM,j;a lr .kakg W;aiql jk w;r b;d .eUqre
in|;djhlg Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a wkqyi ;=< fhduqjkakSh'
foúhka jykafia yia;fha we;s i<l=Kla f,i w;s iqúfYaIs ld¾hNdrhl weh
kshe,s isák w;r ieoeyej;a ck;djf.a Y=oaOjka;Ndjh wrnhdo uy;a mßY%uhla
weh ork njg fkdryils' ^j¾;udk f,dalfha Y=' iNdj keue;s jHjia:dj
.eUqre f,i fuh mila lrhs& foaj wKil me;srùfuys,d odhl jk iNd
ud;dj ksrka;rfhkau ;u ¥; ld¾hh ;=< M, oeÍu i|yd Y=oaOd;au n,h i|yd
o ks;ru újD;j isákakSh' fuh tâjâ ials,fnlaia keue;s foaj O¾udpd¾hjrhd
m%ldY lr we;' iNdfõ il%fïka;= iajNdjh iïnkaO úúO woyia m, ù we;s
w;r *sõrdka 1968& keue;a;d iNdj jkaokd .ukl ksr; jk nj mjid we;'
idka; ism%shka uqks;=udo iNdj il%fukagqï hqksgdÜia hkqfjka y÷kajd we;'
id' wf.daia;skQ uqks;=udo iNdj y÷kajd we;af;a uy;a .e,ùfï ls%hdoduhg iDcq
f,iu iïnkaO jk tallhla f,isks' fojk j;sldk l;sldjo fï yd iïnkaO
woyia f.kyer olajd we;' fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia Y=' iNdj iy tla tla
il%fïka;= iïnkaOj wjOdkh fhduq lr we;' fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia
uq,drïNl il%fïka;=j f,i i,lkafka kï iNdj W;=ï il%fïka;=j f,i
ie,lsh yel' uq,drïN il%fïka;= hk kduh m%:ufhkau odho ù we;af;a
T;af;da fifu,afrdka iy ld,a rdk¾ hk foaj O¾udpd¾hjreka fj;sks' tkuq;a
hï wmyeÈ,s ;;ajhla fuys i|ykaj we;' uq,drïNl il%fïka;=j f,i iNdj
ye¢kaúfï § Root Sacrament hk kduh T;af;da fifu,afrdkao Fundamental
Sacrament& hk kHdh ld,a rdk¾ o mjid we;'
iNdj ls%ia;=ka jykafia fj;ska kslafuk w;r kej; Wkajykafia fj;gu
fhduq jk nj i;H;djhls' ;jo ta Tiafia uq¿ ñksia ixy;sh i|yd o odho ù
we;s wdorh fiajfha i,l=Kla njg iNdj m;a ù we;' ndysr f,i úoHdudk
jk moaO;shla f,i mej;=ko wdOHd;añl mkakrhlska fyì njo oksuq' ;j
ÿrg;a foaj jpkfha ¥; fiajh i|yd fhduq jk Y=' iNd ud;dj ta Tiafia
ls%ia;=ka jykafia f.a ¥; ld¾hh i|yd iDcq f,iu iïnkaO jk nj meyeÈ,shg'
foúhka jykafiaf.a mS;Dl fifkyi ;=< wef.a mõldß iajrEmh fkdi,ld
178
.e,ùfï ld¾hNdrh i|yd iïnkaO lrk fial' fuh foúhka jykafia odhdo
lr we;s ud¾.hls' fuh ish¨ fokdf.au .e,ùu i|yd nj wmg mila lr fohs'
foúhka jykafiaf.a .e,ùfï ls%hdodufha l¾;D f,i fmkS isáfuka th
mßmQ¾K lrk ;ekajykafia ta hq.fhka hq.hg iïnkaO lrkqfha ;uka jykafia
b;sydih ;=< ikaksfõokh lrjñka h'
udxY.;ùu wNsryi ;=< ÈjHuh ikaksfõokh b;d .eUqre udkqIsl uqyqKq jrla
we;s l< fial' iNdj iy tla tla il%fïka;=j msgia;r isák foúhka jykafiaf.a
T!I§h ueÈy;a ùul fkdj ñksia ft;sydisl jHqyh ;=< Wkajykafiaf.a wiSñ;
wdorh úoHdudk lsÍuls' fuhska Wkajykafia i;=j mj;sk ðjudk iajNdjh
ms<sìUq fõ'
9'2'2 m%ido iakdmkSh le|ùu'
ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a fn!;siau iakdmkh
ls%ia;=ka jykafia ;uka jykafiau fn!;siau iakdmkh ,nd .;a nj wmg
meyeÈ<sj olakg ,efí' fÊiqia jykafiaf.a fn!;siauh ms<sn|j úia;rd;aulj
iuo¾Yl iqúfYaIhka ;=<ska wmg uqK .efia' ^uf;õ 3(13 -17&
—tiufhys fÊiqia jykafia .,S,fhys kdifr;ays isg jevu lr fcdyka úiska
fcd¾odka .f`.ys fn!;siau iakdmkh lrkq ,enQ fial' Wkajykafia Èfhka
f.dv kef`.;au iaj¾.h úúr ù wd;auhdKka jykafia mrúfhl= fuka ;uka
msg nei tkq ÿgq fial' ;jo iaj¾.fhka kslauqKq y`vla Tn udf.a ms%hdor
mq;%hdfKdah' Tn flfrys b;d m%ikak ù isàñhs mejiSh˜ ^udla 1(9- 11&
—;jo uq¿ fik`. fn!;siau iakdmkh ,enQ úg fÊiqia jykafia fn!;siau
iakdmk ,nd hdÉ[d lrñka isáh§ iaj¾.h újr ù Y=oaOd;auhdfKda mrúfhl=f.a
rEmdldrfhka Wkajykafia flfrys my< jQ fial' túg Tn udf.a ms%hdor
mq;%hdfKdah" Tn flfrys b;d m%ikak ù isáñ˜ hs wyiska y`vla kslañKs' ^Æla
3 (21-22&
i;rjk iqúfYaIljrhd fuu isoaêh ms<sn| i|yka fkdl<o th wkshï f,i
wjfndaO lrjhs' — uu Wkajykafia fkdye¢k isáfhñ( tfy;a" j;=frka fn!;siau
iakdmkh lrñka" ud meñKsfha Wkajykafia bY%rdfh,ajrekag m%ldY jk msKsih˜
hs
lSh' ;jo fcdyka idlaIs orñka wd;auhdKka mfrfúhl= fuka wyiska nei
Wkajykafia u; jev ys÷kq uu Èáñ˜ ^cqjï 1(31-32&
179
udla 1(9-11 fuu fÊofha jd¾;d lr we;af;a fÊiqia jykafia fcd¾odka kÈfha
fcdyka úiska fn!;siau lrkq ,enQ isoaêhhs' fuu wjia:dfõÈ iaj¾.fhka
kslauqKq — Tn udf.a ms%hdor mq;%hdfKdah˜ hk y`v Yíoh u.ska ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a
le|ùu m%ldY lrkq ,nhs'
ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a fuu le|ùu mss<sn| jpk WÉpdrKh lrkq ,nkafka
merKs .súiqfï NdIdfjks ' fuu jpkj,ska wmg fokq ,nk woyi l=ula o@
— Tn udf.a ms%hdor mq;%hdfKda h'˜ ^.s;dj,sh2(7& uu fï foaj ksfhda.h m%ldY
lrkafkñ' t;=udfKda ug l:d fldg"Z kqU udf.a mq;a l=ureh" wo uu Tfí msh
rcq jqfhñ'˜ — Tn flfrys uu b;d m%ikak fjñ˜ ud iydh fok udf.a fiajlhd
fukak' ug ms%h jQ udf.a f;dard .;a ;eke;a;d fukak' udf.a wd;audkqNdjh ud
t;=udg m%odkh lr we;' ish¨ cd;Skag t;=ud hqla;sh f.k fokq we;'˜ fhidhd
42(1& le|ùu m%ldY lsÍu i|yd ^.S;dj,sh 2(3& — wm ysr lr we;s ú,x.= ì|
ouñka hoï lvd ouñka — wms ksoyi ,nuq˜ hs Tjqyq mjikafkdah' foúhka
jykafia iïnkaO lr .kq ,enqfha ukao @ .s;dj,sh wxl 2 jkdys wNsfIal
lsÍfï .S;hls' th rdclSh .S;hls& we;eï úg rfcl= wNsfIal lsÍfï § .dhkd
flf¾' kdifr;ays fÊiqia jykafia merKs bY%drfh,a rcqka jeks rcl= fkdjk
nj foúhka jykafia m%ldY lrk fial' fiajl rc flkl= fkdfyd;a ÿla
ú¢k rc flfkl= jk nj Wkajykafia mjik fial' — Tn udf.a ms%hdor
mq;%hdfKdah''''' hkak iy ÿla ú¢k fiajlhd ys wvx.= uu Tn flfrys m%ikak
fjñ˜ hk fldgfiys iïnkaO;djhg fya;=j fuh fõ'
fÊiqia jykafia nõ;siauh ,eîu;a iu.u Wkajykafia miqmi mßlaIdjka yUd
tkakg úh' wksl=;a iqúfYaIhkaf.a oelafjk mßÈ fÊiqia jykafiaf.a n,h
Ndú; lrñka .,a f.ä mdka njg m;a lsÍugo" iaj¾.Sh ¥;hkaf.a iydh ,nd
.ksñka uysu;djhg meñKSu yd jia;= iïm;a bÈßfha oK keùugo id;kag
wjYH jq nj wms oksuq' jia;= iïm;a n,h yd uysu;djh hkq rfcl=g wh;a
,laIKhka fõ' fïjdhska rcl=f.a wkkH;djh m%ldY lrkq ,nhs' fï whqßka
n,h" jia;=j yd uysu;djh ;=<ska rclï l< bY%rdfh,a rcjreka jeks rcl=
jkakg fÊiqia jykafiao mßlaIdjg ,lajQ nj wmg is;sh yelsh' kuq;a fÊiqia
jykafia ;uka jykafiaf.a fn!;siauh le|ùu jQ fiajl rcl= ùfï le|ùug
úYajdijka; ùu ;=<ska tjeks rdclsh;ajhla m%;slafIam l< fial'
— tiufhys fÊiqia jykafia .,S,fhys kdifr;ays isg jevu lr fcdyka úiska
fcda¾odka .f`.ys fn!;siau iakdmkh lrkq ,enQ fial' Wkajykafia Èfhka
f.dv kef.;au iajr.h újr ú wd;auhdKka jykafia mrúhl= fuka ;uka msg
nei tkq ÿgq fial' ;jo iaj¾.fhka kslauqKa y`vla " ˜ Tn udf.a ms%hdor
180
mq;%hdfKdah' Tn flfrys b;d m%ikak ù isáñ˜ hs mejiSh˜ ^udla 1(9-11&
fin¢f.a mq;a cdfldío" fcdykao Wkajykafia fj; wjq;a — .=re foajfhks' wm
b,a,k foa Tn wmg fok fiala kï wms leue;af;uqhs˜ lSy' ud Tng l=ula lr
fokjdg Tn leue;a;yqoehs Wkajykafia Tjqkaf.ka weiQ fial' — Tnf.a
f;acYS%Sfha§" wfmka tla flfkl=g Tnf.a ol=Kq mio tlaflfkl=g jï mio
ys| .kakg jr ÿk uekjehs˜ Tjqyq Wkajykafiag lSy' tfy;a fÊiqia jykafia
— Tn b,a,kafka l=ula oehs Tnu fkdokakyqh' ud fndk ÿla fõokd kue;s
l=i,dfkka fndkak fyda ud ,nk nõ;siau iakdmkh ,nkakg fyda Tng
yels oe hs Tjqkaf.ka weiQ fial' wmg yels hehs Tjqyq Wkajykafiag lSy' fÊiqia
jykafiao ud fndk l=i,dfkka Tn;a fndkq we;' ud ,nk nõ;siau
iakdmkfhka Tn;a nõ;siau iakdmkh ,nkq we;' tfy;a udf.a ol=Kq mio"
jï mio b|.kak §u ud i;= fohla fkdfõ' hï wh i|yd th kshulr we;ao"
th whs;sjkafka Tjqkag hehs jod< fial' túg wks;a oifokd ta wid cdfldí
iy fcdyka iu. w;sYhska fldam jQy' fÊiqia jykafia Tjqka ;uka fj;g
le|jd fufia jod< fial' úcd;Ska w;r wdKavqldrhka jYfhka jQjka Tjqka
flfrys wdêm;H mj;ajk nj;a" Tjqkaf.a m%OdkSka Tjqka flfrys n,h mdk
nj;a Tn okakdyqh' tfy;a Tn w;r tfia fkdfõ Tn w;r m%Odkshd jkak
leu;s hfula we;ao Tyq Tfí fiajlhd úh hq;= h'˜ ^udla 10(35-43&
ls;=kq wkkH;dj .ek is;d ne,Sfï È — nõ;siau le|ùuZ fj; wjOdkh fhduq
fkdlrkafka kï jerÈ iy.;h' ls;=kq Èúfha îch nõ;siauhh úldYkh
jkakdjQ o Yla;su;a jkakdjQ o ls;=kq wkkH;djh uq¿ukskau mokï jkqfha
fuys§ nj wms oksuq' tu ksid fn!;siaufha le|ùug idlaIs oeÍu i|yd .kq
,nk wjxl m%h;akho wdor foú mshdKka jykafia wìhi m%ikak jkq we;'
fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafiag jvd wkqrEms jkakg wm ;=< we;s Êj,s;Ndjh
iúu;a jkqfha wka wh iu`. wm we;s lrkakdjq — wdor - ine¢hdj˜ u; nj
wu;l fkdl< hq;=hs' fn!;siau le|ùu u; mQcl" tfâßl iy Èjeisjr
ld¾hhka wm ðj;a jk mßirh ;=< Ôj;a lrùu wrnhd W;aiql ùu wmf.a
m%Odk;u j.lSuhs'
ls;=kq wmf.a mQcl ld¾hNdrh
fyfn%jrekag ,shk ,o ,smsfha l;=jrhd ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a mQcl ld¾hh
.ek wmg u;l lrkq ,nhs' mQcl me,eka;sfhka fkdmeñKsho Tjqka jykafia
mQclfhl= nj ikd: lrhs' mQclhd hkq ueÈy;alrejls' foú- ñksia in|;djfha
wiydh uOHia:Ndjh Tjqka jykafiaf.a O¾u¥; ld¾hh ;=< lemS fmfkkakls'
wm ðú; ;=<o fuu uOHia:Ndjh Ôj;a lrùug W;aiql úh hq;af;uq' tfukau
wNsjDoaê wdf,amh Tiafia m%ido iakdmkh odhdo lrk — mQcl le|ùu˜ M,oeßh
hq;=h'
181
iudch ;=< foúhka jykafia iy ukqIHhd w;r ueÈy;alrejka jkakg
W;aidy lsßu wm i;= m%Odk j.lSuls' fuh idlaIs oeÍfï j.lSula f,i
ie,lsh yels h'
ls;=kq wmf.a tfâßl ld¾hNdrh ^rdclSh&
fuh yqfola Y%djl;ajh u; rdclSh& mokï jQ ¥; fufyjrls' — l=ula fyhskao
ukqIH mq;%hdKka jqjo jeäfha fiajh ,eîug fkdj fiajh lsÍugh' fndfyda
fokdf.a ñ§u msKsi ish Èú ms§ugh'˜ ^udla 10$45& ls;=kqjka f,i wmg ysñj
we;s kdhl;ajh w;aoelSu i|yd ,efnk werhqula f,i ie,lsh yelsh' —
ls;=kq kdhl;ajh˜ hkak kshu f,i jgyd .; hq;=j we;' fuh f,!lsl
jákdlï iu`. mg,jd .ekSu w{dk ls%hdjls' ;u kug msgqmiska wl=re
lSmhla oud .ekSu kdhl;ajh fkdfõ' ;jo taldêldß ls%hdud¾.hlg msúiSu
o kdhl;ajh fkdjk nj is;ays ;nd .; hq;=h' fcdyka ;=udf.a iqndrxÑfha
oi jk mßÉfþoh wdYs%;j fuh jgyd .ekSug h;a; oeßu ldf,daÑ;h' kshu
kdhl;ajh l=ulaoehs iajdñka jykafiaf.a wka;su rd;s% fNdack wjia:dfõ§
wmg ;j ÿrg;a jgyd .ekSug werhqula ,efí'
ls;=kq wmf.a Èjeisjr ld¾hNdrh
foúhka jykafia fjkqfjka l;d lrk mqoa.,hd Èjeisjrfhls' iñ|dKka
jykafiaf.ka fcrñhd fj; meñK mKsjqvh fufiah' kj .súiqfï kshuhkag
lka fokak' cqodys ñksiqkag fcrei,fuys jeishkag l;d lrkak'˜ ^fcrñhd
11$1-2&
— WYaYShd" fcda;dï" wdydia iy fyilshd ms<sfj,ska cqodys rcjrekaj isá
ld,fha § o" fcdaiqjdiaf.a mq;a fcfrdfndajï bYardfh,a rcj isá ld,fha § o
fnfhaßf.a mq;a fydishdg iñ|dKka jykfia ÿka mKsjqvh fufia h' iñodKka
jykafia fydishd u.ska m<uq jrg bY%rdfh,a fik`.g l:d l< úg fufia
jod< fial' — kqU f.dia fji`.kl újdy lr f.k wef.a ffjYHdlñka ore
M, ,nd .kak' ukao fï rg iñ|dKkaf.ka fjka ù hdfuka fji`.klg
iudk ù we;' túg fydishd f.dia Èí,hsïf.a ÿj jq f.dafu¾ irK mjd
.;af;ah' wE Tyqg odj .eí f.k orejl= ,enqjdh˜ ^fydishd 1(1-3&
foúhka jykafiaf.a mKsjqvh /f.k hdu fuu miq;,fha flakaøhhs' mqrdK
.súiqu úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï§ — mKsjqvh˜ iy — m%ldY lrkakd˜ fofofkl=
f,i meyeÈ,s jk kuq;a ls%ia;=ka jykafia ;=< fuh mQ¾K;ajh lrd fhduq úh'
yqfola mKsjqvh fukau m%ldY lrkakdo Tjqka jykafiau úh' fuh iqúfYaI jq
;;ajhls'
182
wmsÿ i;Hhg idlaIs orkafka kï hqla;sh fjkqfjka idmsmdi jkafka kï"
idOdrKh wrnhd ls%hd lrkafka kï foúhka jykafiaf.a jpkfha fuj,ï
njg m;a fjuq'
ls;=kq wkkH;dj mßK; jkakg kï fuu j.lSï ksis f,i bgq lr,Su
w;HjYHhhs' nõ;siauh Tiafia wmg odhdo jk mQcl ld¾hh wka wh fjkqfjka
hdÉ[d lsÍu ;=< w;aoelsh yels nj .uH jk lreKls' wmg hdÉ[dj Tiafia
foú mshdKka iu`. iïnkaO ùfï § ksrka;rfhkau wka whjo isysm;a lr
Tjqka fjkqfjka o foaj wdYs¾jdoh b,a,d isàu jeo.;a fõ'
wNsjDoaê wdf,amh keue;s foaj m%ido ksOdkh ud¾.fhka fï whqßka lghq;=
lsÍu i|yd wmj iqo;=ï jrñka fmdfydks lrk nj úYajdifhka hq;=j ms<s
.ksuq' wêl f,i ld¾hh nyq,j mj;sk j;auka iudc jHqyhka ;=, Ôj;ajk
wmg fuh wk.s w;aoelSula jkq we;' wd;aud¾:ldñ .;s.=K ;=< uxuq,d ù
isák wmg iuyr úg fuh l< fkdyels fukau fkd is;sh fkdyels iDKd;aul
wNsfhda.hla jkq we;'
foúhka jykafia fjkqfjka l;d lsÍug" ls%hd lsÍug wmg wjia:djla Wod
fkdjkafka o hkak wmu wmf.ka wid oek .; hq;=h' fujeks wjia:djla
;=<§ wm fm!oa.,sl ,dNh biau;= ùu wrnhd foúhka jykafiaj iq¿
fudfyd;lg fyda wu;l lrkakg wm fm<fUkafka keoao hkak o weish hq;=
m%Yakhls'
fujeks m%Yak yuqfõ wm wNshi mj;sk Èjeisjr ld¾hh l%udkql+,j Tma
kexjk nj isf;a ;nd .ekSu jeo.;a h'
—kdhlhd - fiajlhd˜ ixl,amh kdhl;ajh fiajh ,nkakg fkdj fiajh
lsÍu i|yd h' wisiSfha idka; m%ekaisia uqks;=udf.a ðú;do¾Yh fuh wmg jv
jvd ;yjqre lrjk lreKls' — wdorh iy mß;Hd.h˜ u; f.dv ke`.=Kq
fiajfha fuj,ula njg iEu ls;=kq ðú;hlau mßj¾;kh úh hq;=h' ta Tiafia
nõ;siau le|ùula jk tf`âßl ld¾hNdrh bgqjk nj wms oksuq'
— ukao fcdyka j;=frka nõ;siau iakdmkh lf<a h' tfy;a ñka fkdfnda
ojilska Tn Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.ka fn!;siau iakdmkh lrkq ,nkafka h˜ hs
jod< fial ls%hd 1$5& Y=oaO Q ,sheú,a, wmg wjOdrKfhka isysm;a lrkqfha o
fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia ksid Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia ;=< wm ,nk mkakrhhs'
Yla;shhs' ls;=kq wmf.a wkkH;dj kshdudldr f,i Tmakexfjkafkao"
Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia ;=<h' tu ksid Y=oaOd;au n,h fodajkh ùu wrnhd
wm ;=, újD; Ndjhla — fufia whym;a jQ Tn" Tfí orejkag hym;a foa
183
fokakg okakdyq kï" Bg fldmuK jeäfhka Tfí iaj¾.sh mshdKka jykafia
;uka jykafiaf.ka b,a,kakkag Y=oaOd;auhdKka fkdfok fialao@˜ ¨la 11$13&
;sîu w;sYhskau jeo.;a h' tfukau" Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiag úreoaOj ls%hd
lsÍu wmg úkdYhlg fhduq lrkq ,nhs ^¨la 12$8-12&
fuys ks.ukh f,i wmg jgyd .; yels jkqfha ls;=kq wkkH;dj hkq —
fm%aufha - ne¢hdj˜ i|yd oukq ,nk iúu;a wä;d,ula f,igh'
9'2'3 iajdñka jykafiaf.a hd.sl fndÿk iy iyÔjkh
ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia jgd wm tla /ia jk úg
— /f.k j<|kak " fï udf.a YÍrhhs ''' Tn ish,a,kau fuhska f.k mdkh
lrkak' fuh ' ' ' ' .súiqï reêrhfõ˜ ^uf;õ 26(26-29& — ud isys lsÍu msKsi
fuh isÿ lrkak˜ ^Æla 22(19 1 fldßka;s 11(23-25&
ÈjH i;am%idoh flkaøSh jkaokd ms<sfj;a moku jkafka fuu wNsryiHuh YS%
joka fm<hs' ls;= iñ|dKka jgd tla /ia jQ Y%djl ix>h kj ux fm;a .ekajQ
fNdack ms<sfjf;a kj iïm%odhla we;s l< fuu ldreKsl n,j;a ksfhda.h
lf;da,sl idka; iNdj ;=< muKla fkdj fjk;a ls;=kq iNdjka ;=<o wo
fkdlvjd ls%hd;aul fõ
— uu o l,amdka;h olajd ioygu Tn yd iu`. isáñ˜ ^uf;õ 28(20&
ls%ia;=ka jykfiaf.a fuu m%;s{dj;a by; ksfhda.h;a taldnoaO jk uyd
wN sryiHuh il%fïka; =j ÈjH i;am %idohh s ' Tj qk a jykafi af. a
iaj¾.dfrdayKfhka miq Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.ka mQ¾K lrkq ,enQ Y%djlhka jgd
f.dvke.=Kq fcreif,fu ys uQ,sl ls;=kq ix>h ;=< fuh idïm%odhsl ms<sfj;la
úh' — Tjqyq fma%ß;jrekaf.a b.ekaùfuys o iyNd.slfuys o mqm leãfuys o
hdÉ[dfjyso ksr;j l,a .; l<y' ^ls%hd 2(42&
ckjkaokdj ;=< ÈjH i;am%ido jkaokd;aul fufyh ye¢kajQfha —mqm leãuZ
hkqfjks f.hska f.g hñka mqm lvñkao ;uka w;f¾ ms%;sfhkq;a ;Hd.sjka;
is;skq;a wdydr fnod .ksñkao ''''˜ ^ls%hd 2(46& uQ,sl ls%ia;shdks ix>fha ÈjH
i;am%didoh flakaø lr .;a uQ,sl wruqK jQfha foaj m%Yxidj;a ta yd iïnkaO
jk ifydaor fma%uh;a h' ix>fha yoj; yd flakaøh jQfha o fuhhs' fï wkqj
mqm leãu fYa%IaG;u ls%ia;= wd{dj ls%hdjg kexùula úh' — kqfò foú iajdóka
jykafiag m%Yxid lrkak' kqU kqUg fm%au lrkakdla fuka kqfò wi,a jeishdg;a
fma%u lrkak'˜ ^uf;õ 22(36 - 40&
184
uq,a ls;=kq iNdj wkqjo idka; iNdjo osjH hd.h ;=< W;a;u foaj jkaokdj
mj;ajñka wka;su rd;s% fNdack ms<sfj;g yjq,a jkakg ;u foaj ck;dj
le|jkakSh' fuhg wr:j;aj iyNd.s ùu i|yd ÈjH i;am%idÈh weoeys,a,
;yjqre lr .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'
merKs .súiqu ;=< foaj ck;dj
ñirfha jy,a núka uqod.;a r;= uqyqÈka tf;r lrkq ,enQ ck;dj iSkdhs lkao
mduq, § foaj ck;djla njg m;a jQy' —kqU,d ug mQcl rdcHhla o lemjQ
cd;shla o jkakyqh˜ ^kslauhdu 19(8& fuh oaúmd¾Yaúl .súiqula úh' fuu
.súiqug wkqj iajdóka jykafia Tjqka — ukakd˜ fndÿfkka fmdaIKh lrñka
o úúOdldr úm;ska wdrlaId lr .ksñka o r;= uqyqÈka tf;r lr Tjqkag u`.
fmkajñka o wdn%yïg fmdfrdkaÿ jQ foaYh lrd f.k .sh fial' fuishdk
ixl,amh ;=< jßka jr Èjeisjreka u`.ska .e,ùfï wfmalaIdjka mK.kajñka
Tjqka Yla;su;a l< fial' ck;djo oi mK; ms<smÈñka " hd. mQcdjka mj;ajñka"
úmf;a§ lkak,õ lrñka iy úgl ueisú,s lshñka yd fld÷rñka o iajdóka
jykfia jgd tlafrdla ù isáhy' fuu tf;r ùu isysm;a lrñka mdia;= ux.,
fndÿka fïih jgd jirla mdid fuu foaj ck;dj tla/ia jQy'
kj .súiqu ;=< foaj ck;dj
.súiqï ck;djla jYfhka tf;r ùfï ux.,Hh ieure cqod ck;djf.a hd.sl
fndÿk jQfha l=¿ÿ,a" msßisÿ neg¿ megfjls' fcdyka iqúfYaIhg wkqj" ksidïa
ui 13 jk Èk tkï kquqyqka mqm ux.,Hfha m<uqjk Èk fÊiqia jykafia o
;u Y%djlhka iu`. fcrei,ug meñKs mdial= hd.hg iqodkï ùu i|yd
Wvquy,g /ia jQ fial' Tjqka tu rd;s%fha fndÿka fïih jgd rla/ia jQfha
frdá wkqNj lr ñÈ ri mdkh lsÍughs' fÊiqia jykafia ;u lKavdhfï
m%Odkshd f,i frdá lvd fnod yod je<£u tÈk isÿ úh' kuq;a " fjkod whqßka
fkdfõ' ;uka jykafiaf.a YS% YÍrh yd reêrh YS% f,ighs'
ÈjH mqcdj .ek idlÉPd lsÍfï § fjkia l< fkdyels i;H;djhka lsysmhla
we;s nj is;ays ;nd .; hq;= h' ÈjH mqcdfõ Ndú; lrk mQm yd ñÈhqI fjkqjg
fjk lsisu úl,amhla fhdod.;a fkdyel' ;jo ñÈri iajNdúl úh hq;= nj;a
lsisu fohla ñY% fkdl< hq;= nj;a wms oksuq'
ÈjH mqcdj fNdackhla f,io jgyd .; yels nj wms oksuq' ck;djf.a ls%hdldÍ
iNNd.S;ajh fuys § b;du;a jeo.;a nj ms<sìUq ù we;' we;eï úg ieoeyej;a
ck;dj w;r fï iïnkaOfhka úúO u; fNaohka mj;sk nj o fkdryils'
uq¿ukskau mqcdjg iyNd.s fkdù ÈjH i;am%idoh ,nd .ekSug fmf<fUk
185
who isák w;r i;am%ido jykafia ,nd fkd.;af;d;a th uÈlula f,i
l,amkd lrk who isáhs' fuys§ ÈjH i;am%idoh ;=< jev isák ðjudk
fÊiqiñ|dkaj ,nd .ekSfï§ w;am;a jk wdOHd;añl mkakrh Tjqka
fkdi,lhs' wdOHd;añl mkakrh ,eìh hq;af;a mqcdjg fmrd;=j fukau
mqcdj wjia:dfõ§ o ksis f,i iqodkï ùfuks' ;jo fï iïnkaOfhka jHjia:dj
fufia mjihs' — nõ;siauh ,o ls;=kqjkg oK.id fyda isg .ksñka fÊiqj
,nd .ekSug wjia:dj we;' ;jo ;u iqr;g ÈjH i;am%odo jykafia b;du;a
Nla;sfhka ,nd .; yel'
ls;=kqjka f,i wmg wiSñ; foaj wdorh ;=< odhdo ù we;s iEu fohla
fjkqfjkau ;=;s mqokakg we;s m%Odk;u ud¾.h f,i ÈjH i;am%idoh ye¢kaúh
yel' tfukau ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia ;=< fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia m%n,
f,i ðjudk jk nj wms oksuq' fï ksidu ck;dj ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia
jgd tla frdla fjhs' ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia fNdackhla f,i meje;ajQ
wjia:djka b;sydih wmg u;la lr fohs'
—ñÈhdf;da¾ foahs foúhka jykafiaf.a uHia:lhdfKda & keue;s úYaj f,aLkh
ÈjH i;am%ido jykafiag lrk ,o jkaokdpd¾hhka fukau thg iïnkaOj
mj;sk úúO Nla;s wNHdihka foi wm wjOdkh fhduq lrhs' ;jo" frda.s wh
.ek fukau urK fudfyd;g m;aj we;s wh flfryso úfYaI wjOdkhla
fhduq lrkqfha ta wh i|yd ÈjH i;am%ido jykafiaf.a fmdaIKh iy mkakrh
,nd §u ;=<sks' ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia i;am%ido ksjyfka ;ekam;a lr
;eîfï uQ,sl woyi jQfha fuh úh' miqj th ck;djf.a jkaokdjg" f.!rjhg
iy m%Yxidjg ,la úh'
iaj¾.ia: jQ fojk cqjdï mdjq¨ Y=oafOda;u msh;=uka úiska 2003 jif¾ wfma%,a
ui 17 jk Èk ksl=;a lrk ,o úYaj f,aLkh jk — ÈjH i;am%idofha idka;
iNdj˜ ^tlaf,aishd os thqlßia;shd& g wkqj ÈjH i;am%idoh b;d W;alDIaG
jkqfha Y=oaO jQ iNdj Y=oaOj;a lrk m%Odk ud¾.h ksidh' tfukau tys
hemSuo tys meje;au fukau j¾Okho ls;=kqjkaf.a m%n, jev isàu l%udkQl+,j
wkdjrKh jk njo fuu wkdjrKfha uqÿkau,lv jk ÈjH i;am%ido
jykafia .eko buy;a Nla;s wdorfhka hqla;j l:d lrhs'
— ñiafÜßhqï *sfohs˜ ^úYajdifha wNsryi& keue;s úYaj f,aLkh ÈjH mQcdj
ls;=kq ðú;fha flakaøsh ;;a;ajh .ek idlÉPd lrk w;r tu f,aLkh
iqúfYaIdldrfhka i;am%id§h wNsryi wm iyNd.S jk ck jkaokdfõ
yoj; njg ikd: lrhs' wm úYajdih ;=< foúhka jykafiag jkaokd lrkakg
we;s m%Odk;u iy jeo.;au ud¾.h ÈjH mQcdjhs' ckjkaokdj iïnkaO
186
jHjia:dfõ wxl 10 o óg ;jÿrg;a idlaIs orhs' —ÈjH i;am%idofha úYajdislfhda
ls%ia;=ka jykafia fj; n,j;a fm%auhlska wefo;s' ta fm%au .skafkka weúf,;s'
tneúka foaj ck;dj ck jkaokdfjka" úfYaIfldg ÈjH i;am%idÈ W,am;lska
fuka foaj jrm%ido wm fj; .,d tk w;r Y=oaO jq iNdfõ ish¨u jev
lghq;=j, mrud¾:h jk fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafia ;=< foaj ck;djf.a wdOHd;auh
foúhka jykafiaf.a uysuho iM,j;a f,i k;=lr .; yels fjhs˜
;jo ÈjH i;am%idoh ia:dms; l< uy n%%yiam;skaod wka;su rd;s% fNdackh
iïnkaOj mj;sk jd¾;djka foi wjOdkh fhduq lsÍuo fuys§ jeo.;a f,i
ie,lsh yel'
uf;õ ;=udf.a jd¾;dj
Tjqka lEu lñka isáhos" fÊiqia jykafia frdà f.k wdYs¾jdoh mjid tajd
lvd Y%djlhkag § — /f.k j<okak' fï udf.a YÍrh˜ hs jod< fial' Tjqka
jykafia l=i,dkhlao f.k ;=;s mqod Tjqkag § Z Tn ish,af,dau fuhska mdkh
lrkak' fuh mõ ludj msKsi fndfyda fofkl= Wfoid j.=rjkq ,nk udf.a
.súiqï reêrh hs mejiQ fial˜ uf;õ 26(26-28& fÊiqia jykafia ;uka jykafiaf.a
reêrh .súiqï reêrhla f,i fuys§ y÷kajk fial' merKs .súiqfï hd.sl
mqcdjlÈ i;l= urd f,h mQcdikh u; o ck;dj u;o biSfuka .súiqfï
fldkafoais rlsk njg Èjqreï §ula isÿ úh' fuf,i foú mshdKka úiska
f,dalfha .e,ùu i|yd tjk ,o mõ ludj i|yd mQcd lrkq ,nk neg¿jd
;ukajykafia nj ikd: flßKs'
udla ;=udf.a jd¾;dj
Tjqka wdydr j<|ñka isáh§ Tjqka jykafia frdà f.k wdYs¾jdoh mjid" tajd
lvd Y%djlhkag § — .kak fï udf.a YÍrh hs˜ jod< fial' Tjqka jykafia
l=i,dkhlao f.k ;=;s mqod Tjqkag ÿka fial' —fuh fndfyda fokd fjkqfjka
j.=rjkq ,nk udf.a .súiqï reêrh fõ˜ udla 14(22-24&
merKs .súiqfï foaj ck;dj oaú md¾Yúl .súiqu lv l<y' kuq;a iajdóka
jykafia ;u .súiqu fkdlvd wjidkfha § ;u tl cks; mq;%hdKka" tkï
fuishia ;=uka fuf,djg tjQ fial' Tjqka jykafia ;ukajykafiaf.a Y%S reêrh
je.srùfuka fuu .súiqu mQ¾K;ajhg m;a l< fial'
¨la ;=udf.a jd¾;dj
—frdá f.k ;=;s mqod" tajd lvd Tjqkag § Tn Wfoid fokq ,nk udf.a YÍrh
fïh' ud isysslsÍu msKsi fuh lrkak˜ fNdackfhka miq — ta l=i,dk o Tn
187
Wfoid j.=rjkq ,nk udf.a reêrfhka l< kj .súiquh˜ ^Æla 22(19-20&'
fÊiqia jykafia reêrh j.=rjkq ,nkafka ñksid Wfoidu nj;a" ta ;=<ska kj
.súiqula f.dv k`.kq ,nk nj;a iy fuu .súiqï ms<sfj; fkdlvjd f.k
hñka u;= u;=o Wkajykafiaf.a ðú; mQcdj ieußh hq;= nj;a fmkajd fohs'
mdjq¨ ;=udf.a jd¾;dj
iajdóka jk fÊiqia jykafia mdjd fokq ,enq rd;s%fha§ frdáhla /f.k ia;=;s
fldg lvd fuh Tn Wfoid fok" udf.a YÍrhh ud isys lsÍu msKsi fuh
lrkak˜ hs jod< fial' tf,i rd;s% lEfuka miq l=i,dko /f.k fï udf.a
reêrfhka msysgqjk kj .súiquh' hï muK jr Tn fuhska mdkh lrkakyq o@
tmuK jr ud isys lrk msKsi fuh lrkak˜ jod< fial ^1 fldßka;s 11( 23-
25&
iuyr ls;=kq ix>hka ys mQm leãug fmr fNdack ix.%yhla meje;aúKs' fuh
fm%au ux.,Hh fyj;a —w.dfma˜ hkqfjka ye¢kaúK' fuhska woyia lrkafka
fÊiqia jykafiaf.a a ðú; mQcdj u`.ska kj .súiqula msysgqjkq ,enq njhs'
l=i,dfkka mdkh lrk iEu jrl§u rd;s% fNdack wji:dj ieußh hq;= njhs'
udla" uf;õ iqúfYaIhka ys fÊiq iñ÷ frdá yd l=i,dk u;=msg wdYs¾jdoh
mjihs' fuh wef,laiekaä%hdkq iïm%odhhs' Æla ;=ud yd mdjq ;=ud mjikafka
mQmh yd md;%h u;=msg ;=;s msÿ njhs' fuh m,ia;sk iïm%odhhs' wdYs¾jdoh yd
;=;s §u tlu wre;la f.k fokakls' fuh iïm%odhka foll ,laIKhka fõ'
tfy;a ms<sfj; tllauh' fuh .súiqï iïm%odhg wkqj Èjeis jelshla bgqùulao
fõ'
—bYardfh,a fik`. yd cqod fik`. iu.o ud w¨;a .súiqula lrk ld,h
meñfKkafkah' w¨;a .súiqu Tjqyq lv fkdlrkafkdah' .súiqï mK;a Tjqkaf.aa
is;aj, ,shkq ,nkafkah fï .súiqu ;=< Tjqkaf.a wmrdO lud lrkafkah'
Tjqkaf.a mdm ;j;a isys fkdlrkafkah˜ ^fcrñhd 31(31-40&
fcdyka iqúfYaIh ;=<ska wmg yuqjkafka ðjk odhl fNdackh uuh fcdyka
6(35-38& hs jod< .=refoajhdKka o kdhlhdKkao jk fÊiqia jykafia a fïifha§
foiQ iuq .ekSfï ^wjika & foiqï h'
fuu Y=oaO ,shú,s mdGhkaf.ka fmkS hkafka tod Y%djlhka fndÿka fïih
jgd tla/ia jQfha fÊiqia jykafiaf.a iu`. foúmshdKkag ;=;s ms§ug njhs'
ñksidf.a mdmh fjkqfjka reêrh je.srE l=reisfha ðú; mQcdjg yd W;a:dkhg;a
188
-mõ ludfõ hd.hg;a - YS% reêrfhka msysgqjkq ,nk kj .súiqug;a - ifydaor;ajh
fnod yod .ekSug iyNd.s ùugla njhs' wkd.; iNdj foig fhduq ùug;a -
neyem;a lfï kdhl;ajhg yqre ùug;a - fï fudfydf;a Tjqkag wjia:dj
ie,iqKq nj fmkS hhs'
fï wkqj yev .eiqK Y%djl ix>h Y=oaOd;au n,fhka mQ¾K lrkq ,enq miq
fÊiqia jykafiaf.a ¥; ld¾hh oi; Èh;a lrkq ,enqfha — mqm leãu˜ uq,afldg
f.kh' tu mqm leãu ÈjH hd.h ;=<ska isÿ lrk idka; iNdj mQmh iy
ñÈri ;=< jev isák ÈjH i;am%idoh jgd ;u foaj ck;dj tla/ia lrkafkao
uq,a Y%djl ix>hka mqm leäu u.ska w;alr .;a Nd.H Wodlr Èugh'
úfYaIfhkau uOH;k hq.fha iNd mshjreka u`.ska ÈjH i;am%idofha i;H;djg
úfrdaë wNsfhda.hkag ms<s;=re fokq ,enq w;r uka;%K iNd u`.skao idka;
iNdj ;u úYajdih iDcqj m%ldY l<dh' tkï ls;= iñodKka ;u Y%S YÍrh o
reêrh o hd.sl mQcdj u`.ska ÈjH i;am%ido hd.h ia:dms; lrk ,o nj;a" tu
i;H;djh Tjqkajykafia iu`. ne¢ mj;sk nj;a h' fojk j;sldk l;sldfõ
O¾u m%pdrl ls%hdldß;ajh ms<sn| m%ldYkfhys i|yka jkafka tmSis 4(13 wkqj&
ls%ia;=ka jykafia f.a ðjudk wjhjhka jYfhka ixhqla; ùu kï ÈjH
i;am%idoh u.ska Tjqkajykafiaf.a wdldrhg ^iajrEmhg& fjkia lrkq ,eìh
hq;= njhs' ˜ Æfuka fckaishqï˜ fyj;a cd;Skaf.a wdf,dalh keue;s O¾u
m%ldYkfha Y=oaOjQ iNdj wNsryila f,i y÷kajd fok w;r fÊiqia iñodKka
yd iNdj w;r ne£u .ek o Tjqkajykafiaf.a hd.h yd ÈjH i;am%idoh .eko
úia;r lrñka i;am%idoh ls;=kq ðú;fha W,am; yd WÉpia:dkh jYfhka
y÷kajd fohs' ^Æ' fc' wxl 37&
tïudjqia k.rhg hk Y%djlhka fofokdf.a wdrdOkh jQ — wm iu`. k;r jqj
uekj iajdñks˜ hk jelshg wkqj fojk cqjdï mdjq¨ Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=uka
úiska ksl=;a lrk ,o wfmdaia;,sl ,smsfha i|yka jkafka f,dalfha wdf,dalho
Ôjudk fÊiqia jykafiao jk ÈjH i;am%idoh wúYajdifha w÷r my lrk
wdf,dalhla fjñka foaj wNsryi y÷kajd fok njhs'
tfyhska ls;=kqjka jYfhka ÈjH hd.hg iyNd.S fjñkao foaj jpkhg ijka
foñka o Èj fndÿk je<§u i|yd ÈjH i;am%idoh jgd wm tla /ia úh hq;af;a
ksis iqodkulska hq;=jhs' —kqiqÿiq f,i YS% mQmh j<|k - l=i,dfkka mdkh
lrk wh iajdñka jykafiaf.a YS% YÍrhg yd reêrhg úreoaOj jrolrejka
jkafkah˜ ^ 1 fldßka;s 11(28& fuh Y= iNdjgo ifydaor ck;djgo úreoaOj
lrk jrols' fuu il%fïka;=j ixfla;d;aulj wkqiaurK isoaêhlg muKla
189
iSud fkdjkakls' tu ksid foaj fndÿk j<|k wms' wm iu`. fjfik
ifydaor ck;djgo ksis f.!rjh oelaúh hq;af;uq' Y%uh jeh lrñka iudc
hym; i|yd uu;ajh ;Hdc l< hq;af;uq' hym;a iuß;dkqjrhdf.a Wmudj
mßÈ wmf.a wi,ajeishd flfrys ifydaor ohdfjka lghq;= lrñka i;am%id§h
ðú;h iudch ;=< iðù lsßu kj .súiqfï foaj ck;djla jk wmf.a j.lSuhs'
wmg we;s buy;a fm%auh ksid wm fjkqfjka ;u Ôú;h l=rei .il mqo l<
Wkajykafiaf.a ðjudk YÍrh f,i iNdj ye¢kaúh yelsh' Y= mdjq¨ ;=ud
úiska fldßka;s ix>h fj;g hjk ,o ,smsh msßlaid ne,sfï§ meyeÈ,s f,i
fmfkk lreKla kï tu ls;=kq ck;dj tu fNdackh i;=j Èh hq;= wjOdkh
l%ufhka ySk l< njhs' ;jo iajóka jykafia ;=< —isyslrk msKsi˜ isÿ lrk
fuu ms<sfj; ;=< wksjd¾fhkau iukaúh hq;= wdorh" fm%auh oelaùu l<
njhs' wdorfhka f;drj mj;ajk ,o fujeks fNdack wjia:djka fÊiqia
ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a fNdackh wd;aud¾:ldó;ajhg fhduq l< wjia:djka
f,i ie,lsh yel' ^1 fldßka;s 11(17-37&
fuh idlaIs oeßh yels wjia:djla jk w;r th wjudkhg ,la lsÍu iqÿiq
ke;' tfukau ix>hla f,i iajdóka jykafia ;=< idufhka tluq;= ùfï§
Tjqka ;=< wksjd¾hfhkau iy Ôjkfha mkakrh úoHdudk úh hq;= w;r
Wkajykafiaf.a ðjudk m%n, jevisàuo Èiaúh hq;=h' ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia
fNdackhla whqßka wka whj Wkajykafia jgd tla /ia lrjk fial' ls;=kq
meje;afï flakøSh jk ÈjH hd.h Tiafia foúhka jykafia iy ck;dj
w;r mj;sk .eUqre iïnkaO;dj ;j ÿrg;a iúu;a f,i bÈßhg .uka lrjñkaa
iEu ÈjH hd.hl§u iajdñka jykafia ;=<ska kslafuk wdoHd;añl;ajh
ieoeyej;a ck;djf.a ðú; m%;srEmh njg m;a lr .kakg wdrdOkd ,efí'
fuf,i idlÉPd lrk l< wmg fmkS hkqfha Y=oaO jQ' iNdj ÈjH i;am%ido
jykafiau ;s<sKhla f,i odhdo lr f.k we;s njh' ^1 fldßka;s 11(23&
^uf;õ 26(19" udla 14(22-23 iy Æla 14 (20& Wkajykafiaf.a ðú; ld,h ;=<§
mej;s iEu fNdack ix.%yhlskau hï whqrlska foaj rdcHfha ióm nj ms<sìUq
úh' fNdackh iy fj<s mj;sk ñ;%;ajh foaj rdcHh yd iïnkaO jQ nj wmg
mila lr fok w;ru .e,ùfï wNsryig wmjo fhduq lrkq ,nhs'
mQm leãu ;=<ska ms<sìUq jQ Wkajykafiaf.a jev isàu ;u Y%djlhkag w;a
olskakg u`. ie,iqks' fuf,i wjidk rd;s% fNdackh iajdóka jykafiaf.a
jpk iy ls%hd Tiafia m%Odk il%fïka;=j njg m;aù we;' ÈjH i;am%ido
jykafia keue;s il%fïka;=j" i<l=K yd ixfla; Tiafia fÊiqia jykafia
;=< foúhka jykafiaf.a wmsßñ; fm%auh ieoeyej;=kag fhduq lrk .eUqre
iïnkaO;djhls'
190
1 fldßka;s 11(24 ls%hd 2(42 Y=oaO ,shú,a, i|yka lrk wdldrhg ÈjH i;am%ido
ms<sfj; ye¢kaùu i|yd kdu folla i|yka lr we;' ta mQm leäu iy iajdóka
jykafiaf.a wka;su rd;s% fNdackh hs' uq,a ls;=kq ix>fha ,laIK lsysmhla
oelsh yel' b.ekaùu" iyNd.slu iy hdÉ[dj hkq tajdh ;jo iajdóka
jykafia ;u Y%djlhska iu`. mj;ajk wka;su rd;s% fNdackh ;=< ÈjH i;am%ido
jykafia ia:dms; lsÍu ms<sn| úia;rh Wmqgd oelaúh yel' ^1 fldßka;s 15(26"
uf;õ 26(30"udla 14(22-26 Æla 22(14-20& mdjq¨ ;=udf.a ðú; mßj¾;khg
wkqj t;=ud wka;sfhdalsfha ix>h iu`. b;d ióm iïnkaO;djla mj;ajd .;a
nj meyeÈ<sh' ta ;=< biau;= jk oE wka;sfhdalshdkq iNd iïm%odh iy ck
jkaokd ls%hd ud¾. ;=<ska .;a nj nhsn,a úYdrohkaf.a u;hhs'
wka;su rd;s% fNdack ix.%yh iïnkaOj i,ld ne,sfï§ th fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka
jykafiaf.a ÿla m%dma;sh yd urKh wdYs%;j isÿ jQ nj fkdryils' fï ksid
foúhka jykafia fj;ska wm ,o uy`.= ;s<sKh f,i ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia
ye¢kaúh yel' ÈjH mqcdjg iyNd.s ùu iy ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia ,nd
.ekSu ks;e;skau úYajdihka yg wka whg fma%u lrkakg iy Tjqka fjkqfjka
mß;Hd.S ðú; miqìula cks; lr.kakg fnfyúka Wmldß fõ' breÈk ÈjH
mqcd hd.hg iïnkaO jk wm W;aiql úh hq;af;a wka wh fjkqfjka jeh
jkakg iy Tjqkaf.a wNsjDoaêh i|yd lemùugh' wka;su rd;s% fNdackfha§ isÿ
jQ mQm leãfï ls%hdj wmgo werhqï lrkqfha l=reisfha ;u ðú;h mQcd l<
ls%ia;=ka jykafia ksid wm Èúo tf,iu ilia lr .ekSu i|ydh' ÈjH i;am%ido
ksjykfha jev isák fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafiag ,nd Èh hq;= ksis f.!rjh
iy Nla;sh wms ,nd fokafkuq' tkuq;a tu iajdóka jykafiaj ÈjH mQcdj
;=<§ ,nd .kakd wmg ksis ye`.Sula iy wjfndaOhla we;soehs hkak i,ld
ne,sh hq;= lreKls' ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia fyj;a fm%aufha m%ido ksOdkhg
k;= ùfuka .e,ùu odhl ðú;hla i|yd wmgo uq, msßh yel'
iajdóka jykafiaf.a YÍrh iy reêrh iu`. iïnkaO jk .e,ùfï ;s<sKh
f,io ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia ye¢kaúh yel' fuu ;s<sKh odhdo lrkq jia
m%n, f,i odhl jk Y=oaOd;au ls%hdldß;ajh lsisúgl;a wu;l l< fkdyels'
fuu ;s<sKh Tiafia wm uejqïlrejdKka jk ufyda;a;u jQ foúhka jykafia
iu`. ksrka;rfhkau .eUqre iïnkaO;djhla we;sj ðj;a jkakg wmj fhduq
lrhs' ta ;=< wm mdmsIaG m%jK;dj,g iudj ,nd .; yel' ^uf;õ 26(28&
tfukau foúhka jykafiag ;=;s m%Yxid lsÍug fukau Wkajykafia ;=< wmg
odhdo jk ksula fkdue;s iudj" lreKdj iy fifkyi flfryso wm is;a
fhduq lr,Su u`. i,ihs'
191
ñksia mdms;r ,eÈhdj fkdi,ld wm fjkqfjka odhdo lrk jrm%ido Wfoid
ÈjH i;am %ido jykafi a jgd t alrdY S jk ieoEyej; a ck;dj
Wkajykafiag ;=;s mqo l< hq;=h'
tlu mQmhla tlu YÍrhla
ÈjH i;am%ido idx>sl;ajh ;=<ska we;sjk fuu úfYaI ne£u idka; iNdfõ
idx>Sl;ajhg iïnkaOj ñi fjk whqrlska m%udKj;a f,i wjfndaO lr
.ekSug fyda uq¿ukskau w;a oelSug fyda fkdyelsh' Y=OjQ' iNdj hkq ls%ia;=ka
jykafiaf.a YÍrhhs' wms ls%ia;=ka jykafia iu`Õ .uka lrkafka Tjqkajykafiaf.a
YÍrh iu`ÕZ iïnkaOj bkakd ;rug muKs' Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia j.=rjkq
,eîfuka ls%ia;=ka jykafia fuu idx>Sl;ajh cks; lsÍug iy th j¾Okh
lsÍug wjeis foa imhd ÿka fial' ;ukajykafiaf.a ÈjH i;am%idÈh jev isàu
u`.ska ls%ia;=ka jykafia fuu idx>sl;ajh ksrka;rfhkau f.dv k`.k fial'
wmj tlu YÍrhla njg m;a lrkafka fuu tlu ÈjH i;am%id§h mQmhhs'
mdjq¨ wfmdaia;=¨ ;=ud i|yka lrkafka fuf,ih'
— ud fï wkqYdikd lrk úg uu Tng m%Yxid fkdlrñ' ukao Tfí /
iaùïj,§ hym;g jvd whym; isÿ jk neúks ˜ ^ 1 fldßka;s 10"17&
;ukajykafiaf.a W;a;u mQcl heÿfuka biau;= jq W;a;ß;r wdo¾Yhg wkqj
ÈjH i;am%id§h wNsryi ;=< fÊiqia jykafia idka; iNdj idx>sl;ajhla
f,i j¾Okh lrk fial'
bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh
mshjr 1 m%ido ksOdk ls%ia;= flaka§%h jkafka flfiaoehs idlÉPd lrkak'
mshjr 2 ls;=kq Ôú;h ;=< m%ido iakdmkh le|ùu ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrkak'
mshjr 3 iajdóka jykafiaf.a hd.sl fndÿk yd iy Ôjkh ms<sn|j
l;sldj;la f.dv k.kak'
uQ,dY% -
uQ,drïNl foaj m%ido ksOdk " bkaød r;akisß msh;=ud
192
ksmqK;dj 9'0 ( ls;=kq ckjkaokdjg iyNd.s fjñka ls%ia;shdks Ôú;h
jeä j¾Okh lr .kshs'
ksmqK;dj uÜgu 9 3 ( kj ls;=kq oelaula i|yd Y=Od;aj ls%hdldß;ajfha wjYH;dj
úia;r lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( ld,ÉfPo 12
bf.kqï M, (
² f,dalh ;=, Y=oaOd;au ls%hdldß;ajh wjfndaO lr.kshs'
² ;u ðú;fhka Y=Od;auhdKka jykafiag idlaIs orhs'
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lroSug w;aje,la (
9'3'1 f,dalh ;=, Y=oaOd;au ls%hdldß;ajh
— mshdfKks" ud fufia hÉ[d lrkafka Tn ud ;=<o ud Tn ;=<o isákakdla
fuka Tjqkao wm ;=< tl;ajhla jk msKsi;a" Tn ud tajd jod< nj f,dalhd
úYajdi lrk msKsi;ah˜ ^fcdyka 17"21&
ÈjH i;am%ido jykafia idka; iNd idx>sl;ajfha uQ,dY%ho tys m%n,;u m%ldY
ùuo fjhs' ÈjH i;am%idoh idx>sl;ajfha ÈjHuh m%ldY ùuls' fï fya;=j
ksid ÈjH mQcdj meje;aùfï § tys mQ¾K iyNd.s;ajh iïnkaOfhka Y=oaO jQ
iNdj fldkafoais mkjkakSh' fuu úúO iSudjka ÈjH i;am%id§h idx>sl;ajh
iïnkaOfhka fÊiqia jykafia wmf.ka b,a,k úfYaIs; ;;ajhka ms<sn|j
fmrg;a jvd wjOdkhlska lghq;= lsÍug wm fhduq l< hq;=h' ÈjH mQcdfõ
iaf;da;% hd.sl heÿfï yuqjk Y=oafOda;;u msh;=uka iy moúfha ro.=re ;=uka
i|yka lsßïj,ska .uH jk mßÈ fuu idx>sla;jh úúO N+ñldjka iy f;ajdOQr
u; mokï jQ Oqrdj,suh idx>sl;ajhls' th" wfkdHdakH újD; nj" ohdj"
wjfndaOh iy iudj §u ms<soe.=ï lrk — idx>sl wdOHd;añl;ajhlska j¾Okh
flfrk iyDo idx>sl;ajhls'
úYajdih ;=< m%ido iakdmkh keue;s foaj m%ido ksOdkh wmg ohdo l< kj
ðú;h iúu;a lr .ekSug fukau úúO m%Yak yuqfõ ðj;a ùu wrnhd Y=oaOd;au
n,h ,nd .ekSu wjYH nj Y=oaO mdjq¨ ;=udf.a ,sms msßlaid ne,sfï§ wmg
meyeÈ,s jk i;H;djls frdau 8(1-18& tfy;a wd;auhdKka jykafia lrKfldg
f.k we;s jk m%;sM, kï fm%auh" mS%;sh" iduh bjiSu" lreKdj hym;alu"
úYajdilu" uDÿlu yd wd;au oukh hk fïjdh .,d;s 5(22& — Y=oaOd;auhdKka
193
jykafiag ÿla fkdfokak" ukao ñÈfï ojig iqodkula jYfhka th ,nd we;s
iy;slfha uqødj Tjqka jykafiah˜ ^tmSi 4(30&
;jo Y=oaOd;au wdf,amh ;=<ska wmg odhdo jk j.lSï fkdmsßfy,du bgq lsÍug
fnfyúka WmldÍ fõ' ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a —wd;auh " f,ig Y=oaOd;auhdKka
jykafiaj Y=oaO jQ mdjq¨;=ud w¾:lkh lrhs' ;jo Tjqka jykafiag idlaIs
orkakg iúh ,efnkafkao Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.ks' tfukau ls%ia;= wdl,am
cks; lr .kakgo" ta ;=<ska ls;=kq m%;sm;a;sj,g wkql+,j ieoEyej;a ck;djg
ðj;ajkakg o u`. i,id fokafka Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia nj wms oksuq'
Y=oaOd;au ls%hdldß;ajh Tiafia uejqïldr wm wdor foúhka jykafia iy wm
w;r mej;sh hq;= —fm%aufha ine¢;djh˜ ;j ÿrg;a ikd: lrñka th m%n,
Ôjudk iod;ksl w;aoelSula njg m;a lrhs' tu.ska wruKSh jQ meje;aula
wrnhd fhduq lrkafka Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiah' wm Ôú;ho ls%ia;=ka
jykafiaf.a W;a:dkhg wkqnoaO lrñka W;a:dkfha iy wdf,dalfha ore oeßhka
f,i ðj;a ùfï udj; újD; lrkafka o ta Tiafia wm Èú j,g kejqïNdjh
uqiq lrkqfha o Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiah'
iqmeyeÈ<s f,i biau;= jk ;j;a lreKla kï fÊiqia jykafiaf.au Y%djlhkag
mjd ks¾Nhjh iqndrxÑhg idlaIs oeÍfï Yla;sh Wod jqfha Y=oaOd;au wd.ukfhka
wk;=rej njh' fmka;fldia; we;aoelSu hkq Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiag wm
Èú ;=< mQ¾K f,i ls%hd;aul ùug bv ie,iSuhs' ta Tiafia .e,ùfï wNsryig
m%n, f,i wmgo iïnkaO úh yel' fuu woyi Y=oaO jQ mdjq¨;=udf.a fndfyd
,sms ;=< biau;= jk nj meyeÈ<s h'
ls;=kq j.lSu
iEu m%ido ksOdkhla ;=<skau W;a:dk jQ ls%ia;=ka jykafiaj uqK .efik nj
wmf.a úYajdihhs' tu ksid Tjqka jykafiaf.a W;a:dkh m%n, f,i wm ðú;
j,g iïnkaO lr .kakg W;aiql ùu ls;=kq wmf.a mru j.lSu fõ' m%ido
iakdmkh Tiafia wm odho lr .;a le|ùï mQcl" Èjeisjr iy tfvßl ld¾hhka&
wìjDoaê wdf,amh Tiafia ;jÿrg;a mßK; úh hq;= nj wm jgyd .; hq;= h'
—iNdfõ jeäysᘠuqyql=rd .sh idudðl idudðldjka f,i lghq;= lrkakg
ud¾.h újD; jk w;r fuu le|ùï m%n, f,i ðj;a lrùu i|yd wjia:djka
Wod fõ' tkuq;a fuysÈ wm is;ays ;nd .; hq;= ;j;a lreKla jkafka iqo;=ï
jrï ,enqKo wm ;=< wjxl m%h;akhla u; mokï jQ .=Kdx. fkdue;s kï
Y=oaOd;au ls%hdldß;ajh wvmK jk njhs' wdOHd;añl m%fndaOhla we;s lr .ksñka
194
foaj rdcHh f.dv ke`.Sfï ld¾hNdrh ks;e;skau wm is;ays OdrKh lr .;
hq;= h' ta ;=<ska wm ,o m%ido iakdmksh le|ùï jk mQcl" Èjeisjr iy
tfâßl ld¾hhka mK .ekaúh hq;=h'
foaj wKmk;a wkqidr lrñka ðj;a ùu — ls;=kq wkkH;djh˜ f,i b;d
ir, f,i w¾:l:kh l< yel' foaj mK;a hkqfjka w¾:j;a jkafka
l=ulaoehs m%:ufhkau jgyd .ekSu fhda.Hhh' foúhka jykafiaf.ka kslafuk
iEu mK;lau fm%auh nj wm u;l ;nd .ekSu b;d jeo.;a h' fuu mK;a wm
w;r ðjudk l< W;a:dk jQ iajdóka jykafia iu. oeä iïnkaO;djhla we;s
lr .ekSfï jeo.;alu biau;= fõ'
ls;=kq wkkH;djfha flakaøia:dkh W;a:dk jQ iajdóka jykafiah' fuu
wkkH;dj kshu wdldrhg jgyd .ekSu i|yd iqo;=ï n,h wjYH nj m%;H
jk lreKls' Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiag wm Èú ;=< we;s újD;Ndjh —ls%ia;=
flakaøSh ðú;hlg˜ wmj fhduq lrkq ,nhs' ls;= oyï iqúfYaIl;ajh uq¿ukskau
f.dkq ù w;af;a fï moku u; nj i;H;djhls' W;a:dk jQ ;ekkaa jykafia
wm iu`. Ôj;a ùu wm k;= lr hq;= w;aoelSuhs' ;u Y%djlhskaj Yla;sula l<
Tjqka jykafia — blaì;s Tjqkaf.ka fofofkl= msáirg hk l, Tjqka jykafia
wka ú,ilska Tjqkag o¾Ykh jQ fial˜ udla 16(22&" j;auka iudch ;=< úúO
mSvdldß ;;a;jhka wNshi Èú f.jk wmjo Wkajykafia iúu;a lrk nj
fkdryils' fuh wm i;= m%n, w;aoelSuh' — ud¾.ho i;Hho ðjkho uu
fjñ ˜ ^fcdyka 14(6&" w;S;h ;=< muKla fkdj j¾;udkfha fukau
wkd.;fhao wmg m%odkh jk iEu foaj m%ido ksOdkhla u.ska o W;a:dk jQ
iajdñka jykafiaj wms m%n, f,i w;a olsuq' Tjqka jykafia wm iu`. we;s
lr.kakd — ióm- wdor˜ ine¢hdj˜ wka wh iu.o fnod .ekSu ls;=kq
wkkH;dj ;j ;j;a ;yjqre lsÍuls' fuh wmf.a ffoksl ðú; rduqj ;=<
isÿ fõ'
bYardfh,a ck;djg foúhka jykafia wiSñ; f,i wdorh l< nj i;Hhls'
— ujlg yelso l=fia oere ì<s|d wu;l lrkak @ yelso wEg wef.Au lsß
orejdg fmï fkdlrkak @ ujl wef.a orejd wu;l l<;a uu kï lsisod kqU
wu;l fkdlrñ ^fhidhd 49(15& kj bYardfh,a ck;dj jk wmgo tf,iu
foaj wdorh Wreu j mj;sk nj i;Hhls' fuys§ wm jgyd .; hq;=j ;sfnk
;j;a lreKla kï fuu ixrlaIKh wm Èú ;=< kj fjkila cks; lrk
njhs' iajdóka jykafiaj uqK .eiSu wm Èú ;j ;j;a ls%hdldÍ ðú; njg
mßj¾;kh lrk nj wmf.a oeä úYajdihhs' Y=oaO jQ ,shú,a,o fuu i;H;djh
;j ÿrg;a ikd: lrhs'
195
fufia Tyq .uka lrñka ouialhg <x jQ l," yÈiaisfhka wyiska wdf,dalhla
Tyq wjg neì<sKs' Tyq N%dka; ú ìu jegqfKah' túg ˜ idjq,a idjq,a" Tn ug
mSvd lrkafka ukaoe hs lshk yvla Tyqg weisK' — iajdóks " Tn ljfrla o@
hs Tyq weiSh' — uu Tn úiska mSvd lrkq ,nk fÊiqiah' ke`.sg kqjrg we;=¿
jkak' Tn l< hq;= foa Tng lshkq ,nkafkah' ˜ hs ta y`v mejiSh' Tyq iu`.
.uka l< ñksiqkag ta y`v weiqKq kuq;a" Tjqyq lsisfjl= fkdoel ;=IaKSïN+;j
isáfhdah' idjq,a ke.sg weia weßh l<" Tyqg lsisfjla fmkqfKa ke;' Tyqjq
w;ska w,a,df.k ouialhg f.k .shy' Tyq ;=ka ojila weia fkdfmkS"
fkdld fkdî isáfhah˜ ^ls%hd 9(3-9&
idjq,af.a ðú; fjkilg Ndckh jQ W;a:dk jQ iajdóka jykafiaj w;aoelSfï
isoaêh fuys§ biau;= jk nj wms oksuq' tu m%n, w;aoelSu ðú; mßj¾;khlg
muKla fkdj úkdYldÍ fhduqjla ;snQ ðú;h foaj rdcHh f.dv ke`.Sfï
fuj,ula njg m;a jkakgo uq,a jQ nj i;H;djls'
;jo iajdóka jykafiaj uqK .eiSu Tiafia ðú; m%n, f,i ls%hdYS,s jk
wdldrho wmg meyeÈ<s h' iajdóka jykafia iu`. we;s lr .kakdjQ
iïnkaO;djh wm i;= jákdlï fukau j.lSï foio keUqre ùulg fhduq
lrkq ,nhs'
ia;%Sh Tjqka jykafia wu;ñka" — uy;dfKks" Tn Èjeisjrfhl= nj ug
fmfka' wfma mshjre fï lkao u; kuialdr l<y' tfy;a" ñksiqka kuialdr
l< hq;= fcrei,fuys hhs Tn lshkakyqh˜ hs lSjdh' fÊiqia jykafia ms<s;=re
foñka" — ia;%sh ud úYajdi lrkak' fï lkafoa§j;a" fcrei,fïÈj;a" Tn
mshdKka jykfiag kuialdr fkdlrk ld,hla meñfKkafkah' Tn kuialdr
lrkafka Tn yßhgu fkdokakd flfkl=gh' wm kuialdr lrkafka wm
okakd flfkl=gh ukao .e,ùu meñfKfkkafka cqfoõjrekaf.kah' tfy;a"
kuialdr lrkakka" wd;audkqNdjfhkao wjxl is;ska o" mshdKka jykfiag
kuialdr lrk ld,hla ieneúkau meñfKkafkah' oekgu;a meñK we;'
;uka jykfiaj kuÈk msKsi mshdKka jykafia fidhkafka tjekakkah'
foúhka jykafia wd;auhhs' Tjqka jykafiag kuialdr lrkakka
wd;audkqNdjfhkao wjxl is;skao kuialdr l< hq;=hZZhs' jod< fial' ia;s%h
ms<s;=re foñka — ls%ia;=ka jykafia hhs lshk fuishia ;=udKka tk nj oksñ'
Tjqka jykafia meñKs l, ish,a, wmg okajd jodrK fiale hs lSjdh' — fï
Tn iu`. l;d lrk uu" ta ;eke;a;d fjñZ hs fÊiqia jykafia jod< fial
^fcdyka 4 ( 19-26&
196
W;a:dk jQ iajdóka jykafiag iïnkaO ùfuka wmgo wkdjrKh jk wiSñ;
foaj wdorh iy foaj wNsm%dh l%udkql+,j úysÈ mj;shs' ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a—
uu fjñ m%ldYk msßlaid ne,Sfï § fuys r`od mj;sk jeo.;alu meyeÈ<sh' —
Tn ud f;dard.;af;a ke;' uu Tn f;dard f.k m;a lf<ñ' tfia lf<a Tn
f.dia M, ork msKsi;a" Tfí M, mj;sk msKsi;a" udf.a kdufhka Tn mshdKka
jykafiaf.ka b,a,k ljr fohla jqjo Tjqka jykafia Tng fok msKsi;a hZz
^fcdyka 15(16&
9'3'2 Y=oaOd;auhkag yd idlaIs oeßu
idlaIs oeÍu ls;=kq Èúfha me;slvls (
ls;=kq wkkH;djh ks;e;skau ieoeyej;a ck;dj fhduq lrkqfha úYajdi
lrk ,o idlaIs oeÍulg mßj¾;kh lsÍug nj wms oksuq' idlaIs oeÍu yqfola
jpkhg jvd ls%hdjg keUqrejkakls'
túg fmaÿre — ud Èú we;s f;la ljodj;a uf.a mdo fidaokakg kï bv
fkdfoñ˜ hs lSh' fÊiqia jykfia ms<s;=re foñka ud Tn fkdfiaÿfjd;a ud
iu`. iïnkaOlula Tng ke;e˜ hs Tyqg jod< fial^fcdyka 13(8& wiSñ;
f,i iudj §ug Y%djlhka yg W.kajd jod< fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafia l=rei
.fia § ;u ls%hdj ;=< th ikd: l< nj wms oksuq' úYajdi lrk foa i|yd
idlaIs oer§ug wm iúu;a lrkqfha Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiah' Y%djlhka iajdóka
jykafia l< lS oE kshudldrfhka jgydf.k ta i|yd idlaIs oeÍug fhduq
lrk ,oafoa Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia nj wms úYajdi lruq' ;u ðú; mjd
iajdóka jykafia fjkqfjka mß;Hd. lsÍug mkakrh Tjqka k;= lr .;af;a
Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia úiska nj Y=oaO ,shú,a, wmg u;la lrhs'
iqo;=ï mkakrh (
Y=oaO jq mdjq¨ ;=ud úiska frdaujrekag ,shk ,o ,smsfha 8 ( 1 - 17 Tiafia
Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a n,h iïnkaOj iqúfYaIs; jQ úia;rhla bÈßm;a
jk nj wms oksuq'
— fufia ls%ia;=ka jykafia ;=< Ôj;a fjkakjqkg úreoaOj kvq ;Skaÿjla ke;'
ls%ia;=ka fÊiqia jykafia ;=< jQ ðjk odhl wd;auhdKkaf.a wdOHd;añl m%;sm;a;s
mdmfha iy urKfha kshufhka Tn ksoyia lr we;' ñksia ÿ¾j,;d ksid
jHjia:djg bgq l< fkdyels foa foúhka jykafia bgq l< fial' tfia
flf<a mdmfha n,h ì¢k msKsi" iajlSh mq;%hdKkag wfma mdmsjQ ñksia lhg
iudk lhla § tùfuka ta ñksia lfha isáh§ foúhka jykafia úiska mdmhg
úreoaOj ;Skaÿj §fuks' Tjqka jykafia tfia lf<a udxYh wkqj fkdj
197
wd;auhdKka wkqj yeisfrk wm ;=< kS;sfha kshuhka bgq jk msKsih' udxYsl
f,i Ôj;a jkafkda udxYsl f,i foaj,go wd;auhdKka wkqj Ôj;a jkafkda
wdOHd;añl foaj,go uq¿ is;ska ms%h lrhs' udxYsl fÉ;kdfõ úmdlh urKh
fõ' wdOHd;añl fÉ;kdfõ úmdlh ðjkh yd Ydka;sh fõ' udxYsl fÉ;kdj
foaj úfrdaOluls' th foúhka jykafiaf.a wd{djg hg;a fkdjQjls' tfiau
hg;a fkdjkakls' udxYsl ;DIaKdj,g ji`. jQjkag foúhka jykfia i;=gq
l< fkdyelsh' wms orefjda kï Wreulaldrfhdao jïy' foúhka jykafiaf.a
Wreulaldrfhda o ls%ia;=ka jykafia yd iu`. yjq,a Wreulaldrfhda o jïy' ukao"
oeka Tjqka jykafiaf.a ÿla ú£fï mx.=ldrhka ùfuka wkd.;fha § Tjqka
jykafiaf.a uysufha mx.=ldrfhda o jïy˜ ^frdau 8(1-17&
fuys§ ls;=kq wm úYajdihgo jeo.;a ia:dkhla ysñ jk w;r m%ido iakdmkh
kue;s foaj m%ido ksOdkh Tiafia werfUk — kj Ôú;hla ˜ wrnhd
Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a n,h wjYH nj isysm;a lrkq ,nhs' tfukau
Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia iïnkaOj ukd wjfndaOhla we;sj ðj;a ùu foúhka
jykafia iu. .eUqre iïnkaO;djhlg k;= ùu i|yd u`. myod fohs'
—tneúka fï b.ekaùu m%;slafIam lrkakd úiska m%;slafIam lrkq ,nkafka
ukqIHd fkdj" iajlSh Y=oaOd;auhdKka Tng m%odkh lrk foúhka jykafiah'
tfy;a ifydaor fm%auh .ek Tng ,shd tùu jqjukd ke;' l=ula fyhskao"
tlsfldg fm%au lsÍug Tn foúhka jykafiaf.ka bf.k f.k isákakyqh˜ ^
^1 f;if,dakls 4 (8 -9&
foúhka jykafia iu. wm f.dv k`.d .kakd .eUqre" ióm iïnkaO;djh
i|yd Y=oaOd;au n,h iDcq f,iu n,mdk nj lsj hq;=h' fmr i|yka l< mßÈ
fn!;siauh ;=<ska w;am;a jk — kj ðú;h˜ wurKSh ;;a;ajh i|yd Tijd,kq
,nkafka Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia u`.ska h'
tu ksid nõ;siauh ,o ls;=kqjka f,i wm Ôj;a ùfï § Y=oaOd;auhdKka
jykafiaf.a ksrka;r jev isàu iy Y=oaOj;a lsÍfï ls%hdj,sh flfrys úYajdih
;nd lghq;= lsÍu jvd {dkdkaú;h' ls;=kq ðú; iajdñka jykafiaf.a .e<ùfï
wNsryig idlaIs oeÍfï ðú; mßj¾;kh lr,Sfuys,d W;aiql ùfï §
Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia ;=< wm ,nk mkakrh lsisfia;au wu;l l< fkdyel'
iqo;=ï jrï $§ukd$M, keue;s udj; Tiafia újD; jk uu — Y=oaOd;au mkakrh
foio wm wjOdkh fufia fhduq lruq˜
Y=oaOjQ mdjq¨ ;=ud úiska fldßka;s ix>h fj; hjk ,o m<uq yiqk Tiafia wm
idlÉPdj weröu b;du;a M,odhlh'
198
fldßka;s ,smsh ^12-14 mßÉfþo&
— úúOdldr §ukd we;;a" isákafka tlu Y=oaOd;auhdfKdah' úúOdldr fiajd
we;;a" isákafka tlu iajdóka jykafiah' úúOdldr foaj n, ls%hd lr;;a
isákafka ish,a,ka ;=< ls%hd lrk tlu foúhka jykafiah' wfkHdkHj
tlsfkldg wd;auhdKkaf.a m%ldY ùula § we;' flfkl=g wd;auhdKka u.ska
Wmfoia §fï m%{djo" ;j;a flfkl=g tu wd;auhdKka u.skau O¾uh myod
§fï {dkho § we;' wka flfkl=g wd;auhdKka ;=< úYajdiho" tu wd;auhdKka
;=< ;j;a flfkl=g iqj lsÍfï jruo § we;' ;j;a flfkl=g ydia lï lsÍfï
n,ho ;j;a flfkl=g Èjeis jels lssfï n,ho" ;j;a flfkl=g wd;au úi£fï
yelshdjo" ;j;a flfkl=g úúO Yíoj,ska l;d lsÍfï mq¿jkaluo" ;j;a
flfkl=g tu Yío myod §fï Yla;sho § we;' fï ish¨ §ukd ;uka leu;s
mßÈ fjka fjka jYfhka tlsfkldg fnod fokafka tlu wd;auhdKka
jykafiah' ta fyhska Tn ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a YÍrho fjka fjka jYfhka tys
wjhjfhdao jkakdyqh' fufia foúhka jykafia m<uq fldg fm%aß;hkao"
fojkqj Èjeisjrhkao" ;=kajkqj .=rejrekao" bkamiq ydialï lrk who iqj
lsÍfï jru ,;a who" Wmldr lrkakkao" mßmd,kh lrkakkao" úúO Yío
jHjydr lrkakkao iNdfõ msysgqjd jod< fial' ish,af,dau fm%aß;fhdao@
ish,af,dau Èjeisjrfhdao@ ish,af,dau .=rejreo @ ish,af,dau ydialï lrkafkdao@
iqj lsÍfï jru ish,a,kagu ;sfí o@ ish,af,dau úúO Yío jHjydr lr;a o@
ish,af,dau Yío myod fokafkdao@ fïjdg jvd W;=ï §ukd flfrys w;sYhska
wdYdjkak' oeka uu Tng jvd;a úYsIaG ud¾.hla fmkajñ˜ ^1 fldßka;s 12(1-
31&
§ukd úúOdldr jqjo Y=oaOd;au n,h iïnkaOj fuhska wre;a .ekafjk w;r
Tjqka jykafia lrKfldg f.k wm Ôú; Y=oaOd;au n,fhka fmdfydks fjk
njo isysm;a lrkq ,nhs'
— Tn tl is;ska" tl uqúka Tnf.a iajdóka jk fÊiqia ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a msh
jq foúhka jykafiag f.!rj lrk msKsi" ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a wdo¾Yh f,i
Tn tlsfkld iu. tlais;aj úiSug" bjis,af,a yd ffO¾hfha W,am; jQ foúhka
jykafia Tng jrï fok fialajd˜ ^frdau 15(5-6&
wm ,nk wOHd;añl §ukd j, úúO;ajh fukau tal;ajh iïnkaOjo meyeÈ,ss
jd¾;djla f,i bÈßm;a ù we;' ;jo §ukd u; ls;=kq ðú; wj;lafiare
fkdúh hq;= njo ;jÿrg;a meyeÈ,sh' Y=oaOd;au §ukd j,g k;=jk wh ;=<
lsisfia;au wka whj fy<d oelSfï m%jK;djhla cks; úh fkdyel'
199
—ta ksid kqU ug kE ke;ehs w; wu;d weig j;a" kqU,d ug kE ke;ehs md
wu;d ysig j;a lsßug fkdyelsh˜ ^ 1 fldßka;s 12(21&
wei - ixfla;j;a jkqfha o¾Yk olsk ls%ia;shdks ck;dj úh yel'
w; - tÈfkod ðú; .uk ;=< hï fiajhla lrk wh f,i w¾:l:kh
l< yel'
ysi- kdhl;ajh ;=< isák fyda kdhl;ajh orkakg iqÿiq wh f,i
ú.%y l< yel'
mdoh - iqúfYaI §ukd fkd,en isák idudkHh lf;da,sl ck;dj hhs
is;sh yel' ;jo 12(22" ÿ¾j, hehs y÷kajkq ,enqfõ ix>h ;=<
Ôj;ajk jvd;a ÿ¾j, ieoeyej;=ka f,i kï l< yel'
wfmdaia;=¿jre (
W;a:dkjq ls;= iñ÷kag idlaIs orK Tjqka jykafia úiskau hjkq ,enQ wh h'
— bkamiq Wkaa jykafia cdfldígo wk;=rej ish¨ fm%aß;hkago o¾Ykh jQ
fial˜ ^1 fldßka;s 15(7&
Èjeisjre (
Èjeisjrekaj ñka wk;=rej fm< .iajd we;s nj wms oksuq — Èjeisjr
wdkqNdiïmkak Ndjh˜ .eko uq,a ls;=kq iNdfõ wjOdkh fhduq jQ njo
fkdryils'
.=rejre (
— wka;sfhdalsfha msysá iNdfjys Èjeisjreo .=rejreo isáhy' tkï" nd¾Knia
iy ks.¾ kï isñfhdkao" isf¾ksfha ishiao hqj rc jQ fyfrdaoa iu. we;s oeä
jQ udkhskao idjq,a o hk fudyq h ˜ ^ls%hd 13 (1&
—túg Wka jykafia Tjqkag l:d fldg" tfyhska iaj¾. rdcHfhys f.da,hl=
njg m;ajk hï úkhOrfhla fõo" Tyq ish .nvdfjka kúk foa;a merKs
foa;a msg;g f.fkk .Dy uQ,slfhl=g iudk hehs jod< fial˜ uf;õ 13(52&
— ud ñksiqkaf.a o foaj ¥;hkaf.ao NdIdj,ska l;d lr;;a fma%uh ug ke;akï
uu f>daId lrk >KaGdrhlg fyda lgql rdjh fok ffl;d,ulg fyda
iudk fjñ' Èjeis jels foiSfï jru ug ;snqK;a" ish¨ wNsryia ork wjfndaOho
il, {dkho ug we;;a' l÷ fi,ùug ;rï n,j;a úYajdihla ug ;snqK;a
fm%auh ug ke;akï uu ysia ;eke;af;lañ' fm%auh bjis,sjka;h' lreKdjka;h'
fm%auh B¾IHd jkafka ke;' mdrÜgq lr.kafka ke;' W`v.= jkafka ke;'
fm%auh wúkS; fkdfõ' wd;aud¾:ldó fkdfõ' yksl fkdlsfma' kmqr isf;a
200
OdrKh lr fkd.kshs' fm%auh wkqkaf.a jro .ek mS%;s fkdù" yß foa .ek ms%S;s
fjhs' fm%auh ish,a, Wiq,hs' fm%aufha úYajdihg bula ke;' n,dfmdfrd;a;=jg
ksula ke;' bjiSug w.la ke;' fma%uh iod;kslh' Èjeisjels jqjo myj
hkafkah' úúO Yío yd foiqï jqjo ksu jkafkah' {dkh jqjo ke;s jkafkah'
ukao wfma {dkh wiïmQ¾Kh' Èjeis jels foiSuo wiïmQ¾Kh' iïmQ¾K foa
meñKs úg wiïmQ¾K foa myj hkafkah' weoys,a, n,dfmdfrd;a;=j yd fm%auh
ioygu mj;sk O¾u;d ;=kls' fuhska fYa%IaG;u jkafka fm%auhhs 1 fldßka;s
13(1-13&
fuys § fma%ufha woaù;sh iajrEmh biau;= fõ' fm%auh rys; lsisÿ Èukdjl
m%fhdackhla fkdue;s nj wjOdrKfhka u;la lrhs'
— fm%auh Tfí mrud¾:h lr .kak' wdOHd;añl §ukd m%Odk fldg Èjeis jels
foiSu" w;alr .ekSug ù¾h lrkak' wka NdId l:kh lrkakd ñksiqkag
fkdj foúhka jykafiag l:d lrhs' Tyq wd;auhdKka lrK fldgf.k
wNsryia l;d lrk neúka" lsisfjl=g Tyq f;areï .; fkdyel' tfy;a Èjeia
jels foikakd" wNsjDoaêh o ffO¾hh yd iekiSu o fok jpk ñksiqkag l:d
lrhs' wka NdId l:kh lrkakd ;udf.au wNsjDoaêh i,id .kS' foúhka
jykafiaf.a jpkh kslau .sfha Tn flfrkao @ fkdfyd;a th meñKsfha Tn
fj; muKla o @ hfula Èjeia jels foikafkl= fyda wOHd;añl l=i,;d
we;af;l= fyda hehs is;kafka kï Tng ,shk lreKq iajdóka jykafiaf.ka
tk wd{djla nj Tyq ta;a;= .kSjdæ hfula fï lreK fkdi,lafka kï Tno
Tyq fkdi,ld yeßh hq;=h' tneúka ifydaorjreks" Èjeia jels foiSug ;Èka
wdid jkak wka NdId l:kh wdid fkdlrkak' ish,a, úkS;j o úêu;ajo
l< hq;=h ^1 fldßka;s 14 (1-40&
Èjeisjr ld¾hh fukau wkH NdIdj,ska l;d lsÍu wrnhd fhduq jQ idlÉPdjla
f,i kï l< yel' fuys § jvd;a jeo.;a jkqfha Èjeisjr ld¾hho" tfia;a
ke;akï wkH NdIdj,ska l;d lsÍuo hkak fldßka;s ix>fha biau;= jk ,o
m%Yakhla jq neúka Y=oaOjq mdjq¨ ;=udf.a wkqYdil;ajh wkqj fuu §ukdjka
^Y=oaOd;au §ukd ksid& k;= lr,Sfï wjeis;djh fmkajd fok ,§'
bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh
mshjr 1 - f,dalh ;=< Y=oaOd;au ls%hdldÍ;ajh ms<sn|j l;sldj;la
f.dvk.kak'
- Y=oaOd;auhdkka yd idlaIs oeÍu ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrkak
uQ,dY%h - uQ,drïNl foaj m%ido ksOdk" bkaød r;akisß msh;=ud
201
ksmqK;dj 10'0 ( ls;=kq ckjkaokdjg iyNd.s fjñka ls%ia;shdks Ôú;h
jeä j¾Okh lr .kshs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'1 ( ñksid .ek yd iudch ms<sn| ls;=kq Ñka;kh
ld,Éfþo ( ld,ÉfPo 16
bf.kqï M, (
² ñksil= ù fuf,dj Wm; ,eîu foú iñodKkaf.ka ,o W;=ï ;s<sKhla nj
oek" ñksialfï Wodr;ajh /flk whqßka lghq;= lrhs'
² f,dalfha meje;au yd iudch f.dvke`.sfuys,d ldka;djkaf.a N+ñldj yd
odhl;ajh wjfndaO lrf.k ldka;djka .re;ajfhka i<lhs ^ldka;djl ùu
.re;ajfhka i<lhs&
² ñksid ;ks ;ksj Ôj;a jkakl= fkdjk nj jgyd f.k iuia; iudc jgmsgdj
iu`. iqyo in|;d f.dvk`.d .kshs'
² iudcfha j¾Okh yd ÈhqKqj msKsi lghq;= lsÍug ñksidg foaj le|ùula ,eî
we;s nj jgydf.k ;u Ôú; ;;a;ajh yd iudc mßirh ;=< fmdÿ hym;a iy
Wkak;sh fjkqfjka lghq;= lrhs'
² udkj ixj¾Okh " hymeje;au" iudc Wkak;sh hk fCI;% flfrys oekqïj;a
ù ls;=kqjl= f,i ta i|yd ;u Wmßu odhl;ajh iy iyNd.s;ajh ,nd fohs'
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr oSug w;aje,la (
10'1'1 ñksia nfõ .re;ajh
iEu ukqIHhl=gu" ñksil= f,i fuf,dj ìysùu lreKfldg ijNdjfhkau
úfYaIs; .re;ajhla iy W;a;ß;r njla ysñfõ' f,dj mj;sk iEu m%Odk
wd.ulu mdfya ukqIh;ajh ,en fuf,djg ìysùfï ÿ¾,N jákdlu iy
Wodr;ajh .ek úúO oDIaÀfldaK j,ska f.k yer oelafõ'
ukqIHdf.a meje;au" j¾Okh iy iudc ls%hdldÍ;ajh .ek úuis,af,ka n,k
l<" f,da my< jk ish¨ i;a;ajhka" Ôúka w;r nqoaêfhka yd m%{dfjka wkQk"
;shqKq l,amkd Yla;shlska yd ukd ikaksfõok rgdjlska msßmqka Wiia;u
i;a;ajhd ñksid nj ;yjqre fõ'
Y=oaOjQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;kh
Y=oaOjQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;khg wkqj ukqIHhl= f,i fuf,dj ìysùfï úfYaIs;
jákdlula yd f.!rjhla we;' foú÷kaf.a iajrEmhg yd iudklug ujk ,o
ukqIH;ajfha Wodr;ajh iy W;a;Í;r nj iuia; Y=oaOjQ nhsn,h mqrd mqk mqkd
202
.,d hhs' ñksia nfõ W;a;Í;r nj ms<sn| ls;=kq oelaug o Y=oaO jQ iNd
b.ekaùïj,go mdol jkafka fuu Y=oaO nhsn,Sh Ñka;khhs'
Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;khg o ls;=kq weoys,a,g o wkqj" ñksid foúhka
jykfiaf.a iajrEmhg yd iudk;ajhg ujk ,o ueú,a,ls' — wmf.a iajrEmh
wkqj" wmf.a iudk;ajh f,i ukqIHd ujuq˜ ^W;am;a;s 1(26& — foúhka
jykafia ;u ijrEmh wkqj ñksid uejQ fial ( foúhka jykafiaf.au ijrEmh
wkqj Tjqka ujd jod< fial˜ ^W;am;a;s 1(27& tfyhska" foúhka jykafiaf.a
ish¨ ueú,a w;r w.% ia:dkh o lsre< o ysñ jkafka ukqIHdgh'
— ñksid .ek is;kakg ;rï Tyq ljfrla o @ ñksid .ek i<lkakg ;rï
Tyq i;= jákdlu l=ulaoehs ug isf;kafkah' tfy;a" Tn ñksid ujd we;af;a
foú÷kag muKla fojeks jk f,iskah' f;o hi lsre<la Tyq ysi m<ok
,oafoah' uejq yeu foa Tyqg hg;a l< fial˜ ^.S;dj,sh 8(4-6&
foú iñ|dKka jykafia ukqIhd ueùfï§ nqoaêh" ksoyia leue;a; iy wurKSh
wd;auh hk ;s<sKh ukqIHdg ÿka fial' fjk;a ueú,sj,g fkd,enqKq"
ukqIHdg muKla ,enqKq fuu W;a;Í;r nj ukqIH;ajfha jákdlu iy
Wodr;ajh biau;= ùug fya;= jk nj meyeÈ,sh' fuu Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;kh
wkqj ish¨ ueú,s ^ðùka& w;r fYa%IaG;u jkafka o nqoaêfhka yd m%{dfjka
wkQk jkafka o ;shqKq l,amkd Yla;shlska yd ukd ikaksfõok rgdjlska
msßmqka jkafkao ukqIHhhd' hkak ls;=kq wmg wreuhla fkdfõ' — f;o hi
lsre<la Tyq ysi m<ok ,oafoah' uejq yeu foa Tyqg hg;a l< fial˜ hkqfjka
.S;dj,sfha ix.S;lrejd ukqIH;ajfha Wodr;ajh .ek Woka wkñka foú
iñ|dKka miikafka tfyhsks'
nqoaêh
nqoaêh iy m%{dj" ukqIHd fj; .,d tkafka ish¨ m%{dfõ W,am; yd mQ¾K;ajh
jk foú iñodKkaf.ks' fjk;a ueú,s j,g fkdue;s" ñksid ,nd we;s fuu
nqoaêh foaj iudk lfï ,laIKhls' nqoaêh kï foaj ;s<sKh Ndú; lrñka
ukqIHd kj ks¾udK ìys lrhs' tu`.ska ks¾udKlrejl= f,i foú÷kaf.a
ueùfï ld¾hhg o yjq,a fjhs' i;H iy hym; jk foú iñ|dKka fidhd
hdugo m%{dj úiska ukqIH nqoaêh fufyhjhs' tu m%{dfjka msfrkakg"
m%{dfõ W,am; yd mQ¾K;ajh jk foú÷ka heÈh hq;=h — m%{dj;a " oek.ekau;a
(Wisdom & knowledge) b,a,d i,fuka rc foú iñ÷kag lkak<õ l< whqre
lÈu ksoiqkls' 2 jxYdj,sh 1(10& nqoaêu;aj lghq;= lsÍug kï m%{dj wjYHh'
tu m%{dj Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.ka ,efnk §ukdjla nj Y=oaO jQ
nhsn,Sh Ñka;kh wmg W.kajhs'
203
ksoyia leue;a;
ukqIHhd ,o ksoyia leue;a; fyj;a ksoyia yDoh idlaIsh Tyq ;=< jq foúhka
jykafiaf.a iudklfï i<l=Kls' ukqIHhd ksoyia leue;af;ka ls%hd lsÍu
foúhka jykafiaf.a wNsu;h úh' yDoh idCIHfha y`vg ijka§ hym; yd
i;Hh wjfndaO lrf.k foú÷ka lrd .uka lsÍu Wkajykafiaf.a wNsm%dh úh'
— wdrïNfha § Wkajykafia ñksid uejQ fial' Tyqf.au ;SrKj,g bv ÿka
fial' yeisÍug Tn ;=< n,hla we;af;ah' Tn bÈßfhys Wka jykafia .skak o
c,ho ;enq fial' w; È.= lr Tn jvd leu;s foa f;dard .kak' ñksid wìuqj
Ôú;ho urKho we;af;ah' fuhska ñksidg Tyq jvd leu;s foa fokq ,nkafkah˜
^WmfoaYlhd 15(15-17&
wurKSh wd;auh
ñksid ujkq ,enqfõ YÍrhla muKla fkdj wd;auhla o we;sjh' tu`.ska
ukqIH;ajfha foaj ms<sônqj ukdj m%lg fõ˜ Zzfoú iñ|dKka jykafia
fmdf<dfõ ÿù,af,ka ukqIHHd ujd Tyqf.a kdiamq`vq ;=<g Ôjk yqiau
fy¿Efial˜ W;am;a;s 2(7& YÍrhg wd;auho tlaúh' YÍrh urKfhka miq Èrd
.sho wd;auh wurKShh' tu wd;auh" urKska miq" kej; foú iñ|dKka yd
tlaùu foaj wNsm%dhhs' ukqIHdf.a iod;k wdkkaoh o thh' — foú÷ka flfrys"
Ôjudk foú÷ka flfrys udf.a is; msmdid jkafkah' uu ljod wjq;a foú÷ka
bÈßfha fmkS isàï o@ ^.S;dj,sh 42(2&
Y=oaO jQ mdjq¨ wfmdaia;=¨;=ukaf.a foaj Od¾ñl Ñka;kh ukqIHhd ;=< we;s
wurKSh wd;auh ms<sn| jvd meyeÈ,s lrhs' ukqIHhd ;=< foúhka jykafiaf.a
wd;auhdKka jev jik fyhska ñksia isrer foúhka jykafiaf.a ukaÈrhh'
tfyhska th úY=oaOh' — Tn foúhka jykafiaf.a ukaÈrh nj;a" Tn ;=< foúhka
jykafiaf.a wd;auhdKka jev jik nj;a fkdokakyqo @ lsisjl= foaj ukaÈrh
jekiqfjd;a foúhka jykafia ta ;eke;a;d jkik fial' foúhka jykfiaf.a
ukaÈrh úY=oaOh' ta ukaÈrh kï Tnh 1 fldßka;s 3(16& tfukau" ukqIHhdf.a
YÍrh jkdys Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a ukaÈrhhs' — Tnf.a YÍrh Tng foúhka
jykafia fojd jod< " Tn ;=< jev jik Y=oaOd;auhdKkaf.a ukaÈrh nj Tn
fkdokakyq o @ Tn Tngu whs;s ke;' Tn ñ,hg .;a wh jkakyqh' tneúka
Tnf.a YÍr foaj uysuh i|yd fhdojkak' ^1 fldßka;s 6(9&
wlSlreùfï mdmh ksid foaj jrm%idofhka wE;aj mdmhg jegqKq ÿn, ukqIHhdg
.e,ùu fok msKsi foú iñ|dfKda ñksia nj f.k ukqIH lhla ord fuf,djg
jeähy' — wm iu`. o jdih lf<a h˜ fyj;a — O¾uhdfKda ñksi;a nj /f.k
wm w;r jev úiQ fial˜ fcdyka 1(14& hk Y=oaO jQ ,shú,s mdGh mila lrkqfha
204
udxY.;ùfï wNsryi u.ska ukqIH;ajh W;a;ß;r njg m;alsÍuhs' tfia
ukqIH;ajh ;j;a W;a;Í;r njg m;a l< iñ|dfKda ish fik`. iu`. jdih
lrkakdy' — wms Ôjudk foúhka jykafiaf.a ukaÈr fjuq' ta nj foúhka
jykafia fufia jod< fial˜ — uu fudjqka iu`. jdih lrkafkñ'
.ejfikafkñ" uu Tjqkaf.a foúhka jykafia fjñ' Tõyq udf.a fik`.
jkafkdah˜ ^2 fldßka;s 6(16&
ÿn," ÿ¾j, mõldr ukqIHhdg .e,ùu f.k § mdßY=oaO;ajhg m;a lf<a' foaj
mQ;%hdKka jq ls;= iñ|dKkaf.a YS% reêrfhkauh — Wkajykafia t¿jkaf.;a"
jiaikaf.;a f,hska fkdj" ;ukaf.au f,hska wm Wfoid iod;k úuqla;sh
,nd ioygu tla jrla Y=oaOdia:dkhg we;=¿ jQ fial˜ ^ fyfn%õ 9 (12&
fï wkqj n,k l<" Y=oaOjQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;khg wkqj" ukqIHhdf.a W;a;Í;r
nj" ish¨ ueú,s w;r w.% ia:dkh orñka foú iñ÷ka bÈßfha orkakdjQ jákdlu
uekúka meyeÈ<s fõ'
Y=oaO jQ iNd b.ekaùï
fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdfõ z j¾;udk f,dalfha Y=oaOjQ iNdjZ jHjia:dj
wdrïNfha §u" tys m<uq mßÑfþofha 12-18& ukqIH;ajfha Wiia nj .ek yd tu
Wiia nj /lsh hq;= wdldrh .ek wjOdrKh lrhs'
ukqIH;ajfha Wiia nj
- foúhka jykafiaf.a iudk lug ujk ,o fyhska ish¨ ueú,s w;frka ñksid
W;=ï fõ'
- ñksid foúhka jykafiaf.au ijrEmhh'
- ñksid m%Odk jYfhka YÍrhlska yd wd;auhlska hq;=h'
- ñksid wNHka;r ijNdjfhkau iudÔh i;a;ajfhls'
- nqoaêh yd m%{dj ksid ñksid foú÷kaf.a is;=ï me;=ï hkdÈhg mx.=ldrfhla
fjhs' Tyqf.a nqoaêuh iajNdjh msßmqka jkafka m%{dfjks'
- ñksidf.a W;=ïlu rodmj;skqfha Tyqgu úfYaIs; yDoh idlaIH ksidh' th
fya;=fldg foajdOdrfhka hym;g yd i;Hhg we£ hhs' whym;ska yd wi;Hfhka
je<lS isáhs'
- ksoyia leue;a; foaj iudk lfï úfYaI i<l=Kls' th Ndú; l< hq;af;a
foú\qka fidhd f.dia ;u mQ¾K;ajh t;=uka u`.ska ,nd .ekSugh'
- nqoaêh ñksid ,o foaj §ukdjls' th ks¾udKlrKhg fhoùfuka ñksid
205
ueùfï ld¾hhg odhl ù ueú,a, mQ¾K;ajh lrd f.k hdug iyh fõ'
- YÍrhlska iy wd;auhlska fyì ukqIHhd mdmfha jy,a nfõ neñ j,ska uqod
.kakd msKsi ls%ia;=ka jykafia l=reisfha ðú;h mQcd l< fial'
- Yßrh foúhka jykafia úiska uejq fyhska o wka;su ojfia§ th kej;
ke`.sgjkq ,nk fyhskao" th hym;a jQo" f.!rjh ,eîug fhda.HjQo fohla
jYfhka ie<lSu Tyqf.a hq;=luls' YdÍßl Ôú;h my;a fldg ie<lSu hq;=
fkdfõ' tfyhska ukqIHhd ;u YÍrfha foúhka jykafiaf.a uysuh k`.d,sh
hq;=h'
lf;da,sl iNd O¾fudamfoaYh ^l'i'O $c.c.c.&
- uejqïldrhdKka jykafiaf.a ueú,af,a w.%ia:dkh jkafka ukqIHhdh ^343&
- oEig fmfkk ish¨ ueú,s w;frka — uejqïldrhdKka oekf.k Wkajykafiag
fma%au l< yelafla — GS 23(3& ukqIHdhdg muKs' tfukau" — foúhka jykafiaf.a
ueú,s w;frka Wkajykafia Tyq ksidu wêIaGdk l< ñysmsg tlu ueú,a,˜ o
ukqIHhd h ^356&
- foaj iudklug ujk ,o ksidu" ukqIHhd W;a;ß;r nj orhs' Tyq — fohla
Z fkdj z flfklsZ fyj;a Z mqoa.,fhlsZ ij wjfndaOfhka fyì" fiiq
mqoa.,hka iu. in|;d meje;aúh yels Tyqj" uejqïlrejdKkayg úYajdifha
yd wdorfha m%;spdrhka oelaùug .súiqfï ðú;hlgo le|jd we;' Tyqg yer
fjk;a lsisÿ ueú,a,lg tfia .súiqfï ðú;hg m%;spdr oelaúh fkdyelsh ^
357&
- foúhka jykafia ish,a, ujd jodf<a ukqIHhd i|yd h' ^GS 12(1& tfy;a
ukqIHhd ujd jodf<a Wkajykafiag fiajh lsÍug yd wdorh lsÍug yd ish¨
ueú,a, kej; Wkajykafiag Tmamq lsÍug;a h' ^358&
- foaj iudklug ujk ,o ukqIHhd" tlúg YÍrhlska o wd;auhlskao fyìh
— Tyqf.a kdiamqvq ;=<g ðjkfha yqiau fy¿E W;am;a;s 2$7& fyhska ukqIHhd
iïmQ¾Kfhka iy uq¿ukska foú iñ÷ka wNsu;hls' ^362&
- ukqIH YÍrh — foúhka jykafiaf.a iajrEmhg ˜ mx.=ldr fjhs' tfy;a th
;ju;a ukqIH YÍrrhls' ukao wd;aufhka m%dKj;a ù" ls%ia;=ka jykafiaf.a
YÍrh ;=< Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafiaf.a ukaÈrhla ùug iïmQ¾K mqoa.,hd
le|jd we;s fyhsks ^364&
- Y=oaO jQ iNdj W.kajk mßÈ iEu wd;auhlau foúhka jykafia úiska ujkqq
úkd th foudmshkaf.a — ksIamdokhla˜ fkdfõ' tu wd;auh iodld,slh'
urKfha§ YÍrfhka fjka jqjo th úkdY fkdfõ' wjidk udxfYda;a:dkfha§
tu wd;auh YÍrh iu. kej; tla fõ' ^366&
206
10'1'2 ldka;djka ms<sn| ls;=kq Ñka;kh
merKs .súiqu
Y=oaOjQ nhsn,fha i|yka mßÈ foúhka jykafia m%:ufhka ñksid ujd" miqj Tyq
nr kskaolg m;a lr — Tyq ksod isáh§ Wkajykafia Tyqf.a b, weg j,ska tlla
f.k ˜ tu b, wegfhka —ia;S%hl ujd Tyq fj; f.kd fial˜ ^W;am;a;s 2(21&
ueùfï ls%hdj,sfha § ñksidg miq ia;S%h ujkq ,enqjo ia;S%h lsisfia;a mqreIhdg
fojeks fkdfõ' fofokdu ujkq ,enqfõ foaj iudklulgh' ^W;am;a;s 1(27&
tfyhska mqreIhdo ia;S%h o w;r we;af;a iudk;ajhls' tfll= wfkldg jvd
Wiia fkdfõ'
miqj foúhka jykafia wdYs¾jdoh odkh lf<a;a" ore iïm;a ,nd jeä j¾Okh
ù fmdf<dj hg;a lrf.k ueú,a, u; n,h mj;ajkakehs jodf<a;a mqreIhd yd
ia;S%h hk fofokdguh' ^W;am;a;s 1(28&
— ñksid ;ksj isàu iqÿiq ke;' Tyqg iqÿiq iyldßhl ujd fokafkñ W;am;a;s
1 (18&
fyfn%õ msgmf;a — ñksid ;ksj isàu iqÿiq ke; ˜ hk uq,a jpkd¾:fhka
woyia jkqfha iudÔh jYfhka ;ksùu yd wirKùu fyj;a wiïmQ¾Knjhs'
tu wiïmQ¾K nj yd ;ks nj msrùu i|yd — iqÿiq iyldßhlZ f,i foúhka
jykafia ia;S%h mqreIhdg ,nd ÿka fial' tfyhska" ia;S%h jkdys mqreIhdg ne,
fufyjrlï lrk fiaúldjl fkdj mqreIhd iu.u ðú; .ufka kshef,k
iudk;ajfha iyldÍhls' fyfn%õ w¾:h b`.s lrk mrÈ — iyldßhZ hkq hï
fohla iïmQ¾K;ajhg m;a lrkakshls' ;ksj isák mqreIhdf.a ;ks nj
ueflkafka" iïmQ¾K;ajh we;s jkafka i;=kaf.ka " .ia fld<ka j,ska fkdj
z iyldÍh Z jk ia;S%hf.ks'
—ñksid nr kskaolg m;a l< fial ˜ ^W;am;a;s 2 (21&
ñksid nr kskaolg m;a lr Tyqf.ka .;a b, weghlska ia;S%h ueùfuka woyia
lrkqfha iudÔh jYfhka wiïmQ¾K ñksid ia;S%h u.ska iïmq¾K;ajhg m;a
lsÍuls' újdyfha il%fïka;= iajNdjho ñka jvd meyeÈ,s h'
zz Tyqf.ka .;a b, weghlska ia;S%hl ujd Zz
nhsn,a úYdrohkaf.a u;h wkqj b, wegh ixfla;j;a lrkqfha f,a keoElula
yd ì¢h fkdyels ióm iïnkaO;djls' ñksidf.au b, weghlska ujk ,o
iaA;S%h ñksidf.au udxYhhs" Tyqgu ne£ mj;shs' m<uqjrg ia;S%h olsk ñksid
wehg olajk m%;spdrfhka th jvd meyeÈ<s fõ ^W;am;a;sh 2 ( 23&
207
—wEg —ia;S%˜ hhs lshkq we;'
ueùfï ls%hdj,sfhka miq ujk ,o ish¨ i;=kao wfkla ish¨ mCISka o u; kï
;nk msKsi foúhka jykafia ñksidg ndr l<fial' kï ;eîu" tu ueú,s u;
n,h yd wdêm;H meje;aSfï ixfla;hls' tfy;a ñksid fiiq ueú,j,g kï
;eîu isÿ l< wdldrfha kï ;eîula ia;S%h iïnkaOfhka olakg ke;' ta
fjkqjg —wehg ia;S% Z hhs lshkq we;' hk l¾u ldrl i|ykla we;' Y=oaO jq
nhsn,fha l¾uldrlh b`.s lrkqfha foúhka jykafiaf.a l¾;D;ajhhs' tneúka
ia;S%h mqreIhdf.a wdêm;Hhg hg;a odishl fkdj mqreIhdf.a iïmQ¾K;ajhg
bjy,a jk iyldßhk hk nhsn,Sh Ñka;kh wjOdrKh lrhs'
kj .súiqu
.e,ùfï b;sydih ;=< .e,ùfï ld¾hhg úúOdldrfhka odhl jQ ldka;djka
rdYshlf.a Wodr pß; olakg ,efí' ta w;r mõldr ukqIH ixy;sh mdmfhka
uqod .e,ùu f.k §ug fuf,djg jeä fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a ìysùu
i|yd f;dard.kq ,enQ Nd.Hj;a ks;H lkHdußh ud;djkaf.a pß;h iqúfYaISh'
´ f;dfuda jkdys — ld,h iïmQ¾K jQ l, foúhka jykafia úiska f;dard.;a
— ia;S%hls˜ ^.,d;s 4 ( 4&
fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a ¥; fiajdfõ § Wkajykafia wkq.dñjQ" iyh jQ wem
Wmia:dk l<" iómj isá iqjh iykh w;a ÿgq l=reish mduq, isá wd§ fndfyda
ldka;djka .ek iqndrxÑ fmd;aj, i|yka fõ' tfukau W;a:dkfha iqmqj;
wfmdaia;=¨jreka fj; f.k hdug f;dard .kq ,enqfha o ldka;djls'
uq,a ls;=kq iNdfõ" O¾u¥; fiajdfõ§ wfmdaia;=¨jrekag iyh jQ ldka;djka
.ek o ls%hd fmdf;a yd ixfoaYj, i|yka h'
Y=oaO jQ mdjq¨ wfmdaia;=¨;=uka mjik mßÈ ish,a,ka ls%ia;=ia fÊiqia jykafia
;=< tla flfkl= fuka isák ksid lsisÿ fNaohla ke;˜ ia;S% mqreI fNaohj;a
ke;' .,d;s 3(28&
fï wkqj Y=oaO jQ nhsn,fha i|yka oelau u; f.dv ke`.=Kq ls;=kq Ñka;kh
ia;S%ho" mqreIhd fuka .re;ajfhka yd iudk;ajfhka i<lhs'
208
iNd b.ekaùï
—iuia; iudc Ôú;fhys ,d wo jks;dfjda b;d Woafhda.Su;a whqßka iyNd.s
fj;s' tu ksid Tjqka iNdfõ wfmdaia;,sl fiajdfjys o kshe,S úúO fiajdjkays
mx.=ldr ùu jeo.;a fjhs ˜ ^.sys O¾u¥; fiajdj 09.fojk jls;dk l;sldj )
.
—il< ukqIHhka ;=< Èf,k foaj iajrEmhg ksis .re;ajh ,efnk msKsi
jks;djka ish¨ fjkialï yd m%fNaolrKSh n,mEï j,ska uqod.ekSu i|yd"
fhda.H foaj fufyjr fiajdj Èh;a lsÍu wm ldf.a;a hq;=lu fjhs *ñ,shdßia
fldkafid¾;aisT 24" &
—ñksid yd ia;S%h ueùu foaj wNsu;h úh' ukqIHhka jYfhka iïmq¾K
iudk;ajfhkao —mqreIhd˜ — ia;S%h˜ f,i ;ukag wdfõksl ijNdjfhkao
fofokdgu uejqïldrhdKka jk foúhka jykafiaf.ka ,efnk Wiia nj;a
.re;ajh;a ysñfõ' fofokdgu tl iudk W;a;Í;r njla ysñ h' th — foaj
iudklu fõ ˜ l'i'O 369
10'1'3 ñksidf.a iudc Ôú;h
foúhka jykafiaf.a ish¨ ueú,s w;r foaj iudklug ujk ,o" W;a;Í;r
ueú,a, jk ñksid iudÔh i;a;ajhl= nj Y=oaO jQ nhsn,h wmg mjihs' — ñksid
;ksj úiSu iqÿiq ke;˜ W;am;a;s 2-18& ueùfï ls%hdj,sfhA § uejqïldr foúhka
jykafiaf.a wNsu;h jQfha ñksid ;ksj" yqol,dj Ôj;aùu fkdj ia;S%h yd
mqreIhd f,i mjq,la j Ôj;aùuh" in|;d f.dvk`.d .ekSuh'
´kEu ñksia iudchl l=vdu tallh jkqfha mjq,hs' ñksil= yd ia;S%hl w;r
isÿjk újdyh mjq,a ixia:dfõ moku fõ' Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;khg wkqj "
wdoï taj" hk wd§ uõmshka jQ m<uq ñksid iy ia;S%h iudÔh jYfhka mjq,la
f,i Ôj;aùu foaj wNsu;h úh' ;ksj isá ñksidg iyldßhl ,nd ÿkafka tu
iudÔh Ôú;fha w¾:h iïmQ¾K ùugh' ;ksj isá ñksid - wdoï iïmQ¾K;ajh
,enQfõ ;uka yd iudk jQ ia;S%h - taj ksidh'
.e,ùfï b;sydih mqrd È. yefrk udkj ixy;sfha l;d mqj; ;=< ukqIHhdf.a
iudc ðú;h yd ne÷Kq" ta u; f.dvke.=Kq úúO w;aoelSï yd isoaê úia;r
flf¾' ta yeu w;aoelSulu fmkS hk iqúfYaIS ,l=Kla jkqfha ukqIHhd iudchla
f,i foúhka jykafia w;aoelSu yd iudÔh jYfhka isÿjk foaj wkdjrKhhs"
foúhka jykafia ujd jod< ñksid ;ks ñksfil= jqjo iA;S%h ksid iïmq¾K;ajh
,nd mjq,la njg m;aù mjq," ore mrmqrlao" f.da;%hla o" miqj f.da;% fod<ilska
209
f;dard.;a ck;djla o ù th ish¨ fNao blaujd tla udkj mjq,la olajd
f.dvkef`.k whqre b;d wisßu;a ft;sydisl w;aoelSuls'
tfyhska udkj iudcfha ;ks ;ksj " fjka ù yqol,dj Ôj;aùug ukqIHhdg
kqmq¿jk' udkj Wodr;ajh jvd ;Sj% jkqfha ñksid iudÔh ùu u;h' tu ksid
ñksid foaj fm%aufhka fukau .eUqre ifydaor fm%auhlska o fj<S Ôj;a úh hq;=
h'
ñksid iïmQ¾Kjkafka foú÷ka yd wkHhka iu`. in|;d f.dvk`.d .kakd
;rugh' ñksid W;a;Í;r ueú,a, jk fyhska iodpdrh yd jákdlï u;
Ôj;aúh yelafla Tyqg$wehg muKs' ukao znqoaêh" ksoyia leue;a; yd wurKSh
wd;auh Z keue;s ;s<sKh ñksid ,nd we;'
ksoyia leue;a; foaj §ukdjla jqjo ;uka leu;s kEu fohla is;+ is;+ f,i
lsÍug n,m;%hla bka fkd,efí' tfyhska iudcfha hym; fjkqfjka lghq;=
lsÍu" iodpdrd;aul Ôú; ms<sfj;l kshe,Su iajNdjfhkau ukqIhhdg mejfrk
j.lSuls" hq;=luls' bka ñksid ;=< we;s foaj iudklu yd iajrEmh ms<sônq
fjhs'
fï wkqj n,k l<" iudÔh Ôú;hla i|yd tlsfkld fhduq lrkakdjQ zfma%uhZ
kï O¾u.=Kh W;=ï jkafka h' foúhka jykafia fj; fm%auh o iudcfha
wi,ajeishka fj; fm%auh o fjka l< fkdyels h' — ud Tng fma%u l<dlaa
fuka Tn;a tlsfkldg fma%au lrkak˜ ish¨ ukqIHhka iudÔh jYfhka
tldjkaj Ôj;a ù foúhka jykafia yd tal;ajfhka ne£ug ñksidg werhqula
,eî we;' — Tn ud ;=< o ud Tn ;=< o isákakdla fuka Tjqka o wm ;=<
tal;ajhla jk msKsi '' ˜ ^fcdyka 17-20&
iudÔh Ôú;fha § iyðjkh j¾Okh ù iEu flfklau wfkldf.a udkj
.re;ajh ie<lSu" ñksia whs;sjdislï iq/lSu" fmdÿ hym; uq,a lrf.k lghq;=
lsÍu b;d jeo.;a h'
ñksid ;ksj úiSu foaj wNsu;h fkdjk ksid" iudÔh ðú;h j¾Okh
lrf.k tu.ska ;uka ;=< we;s foaj iudk;ajh yd iajrEmh f,djg m< lsÍu
o wkHhkag .re lrñka fmdÿ hym; fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍuo Tyq $weh
úiska l< hq;= h'
210
iNd b.ekaùï
— ukqIHhd ijNdjfhkau iudÔh jk fyhska Tyq wkqka iu`. tl;= ù Ôj;a
ùu o tlsfkldf.a Y=N isoaêh i|yd jev lsÍu o wjYH jkafka h' ^f,dal
iduh Pacem in Terris)
— '''' tfyhska" ukqIHhd Tyqf.a wNHka;r iajNdjfhkau iudÔh i;a;ajfhls'
wjfYaI wh iu`. iïnkaOlï fkdue;sj Ôj;a ùug fyda ;udf.a Yla;Ska
j¾Okh lr .ekSug fyda Tyqg kqmq¿jk' ' ' ˜ ^j¾;udk f,dalfha Y=oaOjQ
iNdj" 12&
— '''' ukqIHhdf.a le|ùu mQ¾K;ajhg m;a lrkq i|yd iudÔh Ôú;h w;HjYH
idOlhla jkafkah'''˜ ^l'i'O 1886 &
10'1'4 udkj ixj¾Okh yd ls;=kq iyNd.s;ajh
foúhka jykafia úiska ujk ,o ñksid" ;ksj úiSu Wkajykafiaf.a wNsu;h
fkdúh' tneúka ñksid iudÔh i;a;ajfhls' fuu Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh oelaug
wkqj lghq;= lsÍug ne¢ isák ñksidg ^ls;=kqjdg& iuia; udkj mjqf,a
j¾Okh yd Wkak;sh Wfoid lghq;= lsÍug j.lSula iy hq;=lula ñksil=
ùfï ls;=kqjl= ùfï& ijNdjfhkau ysñfõ' tu.ska Tyq weh foaj ueú,a, jeä
j¾Okh lsÍug odhl fjhs' iudcfha fmdÿ hym; yd udkj ixj¾Okh
fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍu ls;=kq j.lSula nj bka meyeÈ,sh'
fmdÿ hym;
iudcfha mru hq;=lu yd wruqK úh hq;af;a tu iudcfha mqrjeishkaf.a fmdÿ
hym; ie,iSuhs' fmdÿ hym; hkq — iuia;hla jYfhka iudcfha hym; iy
wfkHkH jYfhka tlsfkld yd iudch flfrys ne£ isák ;ks ;ks
mqoa.,hkaf.a hym; ie,iSuhs˜ l'i'O 1906& fmdÿ hym; i<iñka iudcfha
Wkak;sh i|yd o mqoa.,hkaf.a wNsjDoaêh i|yd o lghq;= lsÍug ls;=kqjdg
we;s j.lSu Y=oaOjQ nhsn,Sh oelau wmg bÈßm;a lrhs'
Y=oaOjQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;kh
ujk ,o ñksidg wdisß m;ñka" uq¿ ueú,a, j¾Okh lsÍug o md,kh lsÍug
o n,h Tyqg$ wehg ÿka fial' — kqU,d ore iïm;a ,nd jeä j¾Okh ù "
fmdf<dj mqrd me;sr '''˜ ^W;am;a;s 1-28&
211
iudcfha fjfik ifydaor mqrjeishkaf.a hym; fjkqfjka lghq;= lsßu -
hym;a iudßshhdf.a Wmudj ^¨la 10(25-37& Okm;shd yd ,diria ms<sn|
Wmudj ^Æla 16-19-31&
— fmfkk ifydaorhdg fm%au fkdlrkakdg" fkdfmfkk foúhka jykafiag
fm%au l< fkdyels h' foúhka jykafiag fm%au lrk ;eke;a;d ;u
ifydaorhdg;a fm%au l< hq;=h hk wd{dj wms Wkajykafiaf.ka ,enqfjuq 1
fcdyka 4(20-21&
by; i|yka Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;kh meyeÈ<s lrkqfha foaj ueú,a, j¾Okh
lsÍu fyj;a udkj mjqf,a ixj¾Okh iy fmdÿ hym; fjkqfjka wemlemùu
foúhka jykafia úiska ukqIHhdg mjrk ,o le|ùfï iajNdjhgu wdfõksl
jQjla njhs'
iNd b.ekaùï
ukqIHhd ;udf.a hq;=lï wkqoek wfkdHkH iyfhda.fhka tlsfkldf.a iqn
isoaêh fjkqfjka jev l< hq;= h'
— ukqIHhka iajNdjfhkau iudÔh jk fyhska Tjqka wkqka iu`. tl;= ù
Ôj;aùuo tlsfkldf.a Y=N isoêh i|yd jev lsÍuo wjYH jkafkah'
tlsfkldf.a wfkdHkH whs;sjdislï ms<sf.k tajdg .re lsÍuo" hq;=lï
oekf.k tajd bgq lsÍu o l%uj;a ukqIH iudchl úfYaI ,laIKhla úh
hq;=hs˜ ^f,dal iduh 31-33&
ñksid j.lSfuka hq;=j lghq;= lsÍu iudcfha hy meje;au yd iqn isoaêh
i|yd wjYH jkafkah'
— ksoyiska yd j.lSfuka hqla;j ls%hd lsÍug yelsùu ukqIH mqoa.,hdf.a
.re;ajhg WÑ; wx.hls' tfyhska iudc iïnkaOlïj,§ whs;sjdislï
ls%hd;aul lrkúg o hql=lï bgq lrk úg o m%Odk jYfhka ksoyia j.lSu yd
uq,a msÍfï Yla;sh wkqj ls%hd lsÍug Tyqg wjldYhla ;sìh hq;= hs''˜ ^f,dal
iduh 34&
— tl tl ukqIHhdf.a ÈhqKqj yd ukqIH iudcfha m%.;sh w;f¾ wfkdHkH
iïnkaO;djla we;s nj ukqIHhdf.a iudÔh iajNdjfhka fmkS hhs'''˜ j¾;udk
f,dalfha Y=oaOjQ iNdj 25&
212
— fmdÿ hym; hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha iudc lKavdhïj,g yd ta lKavdhïj,
ish¨ idudðlhkg ;uka iïmQ¾Klr .ekSug bv i,ik kshukays uq¿
tl;=jh'''˜ ^j¾;udk f,dalfha Y=oaOjQ iNdj 26&
— iudch jQ l,S" tluq;=lu mrud¾:h lrf.k tlg ne÷Kq " mqoa.,hka
iuQyhhs' w;S;fhka bf.k wkd.;h ie<iqï lrk iduqysl;ajfhls' iudch
ud¾.fhka iEu ukqIHhl=u tys — Wreulrejl= ˜ o fjhs' tfukau Tyqf.a —
;f,ka;= u.ska ;u wkd.;h ÈhqKq lrf.k tajd j¾Okh lr.kshss'''˜ l'i'O
1880 &
— udkj ixj¾Okh — iyNd.S;ajh˜ f,i y÷kajkqfha tlsfkld " iudc
hymeje;au yd fmdÿ hym; fjkqfjka iafõÉPdfjka yd mß;Hd.YS,sj bÈßm;a
ùuhs' fmdÿ hym; i|yd tlsfkld ;udf.a ;;a;ajh yd N+ñldj wkqj odhl
úh hq;=h' fuu wksjd¾h hq;=lu ukqI;ajh yd ijNdjfhka ne£ mj;S'''˜
^l'i'O 1913 &
udkj ixj¾Okh yd ls;=kq odhl;ajh .ek l;d lsÍfï§ iudcfha fmdÿ
hym; yd ck;d wNsjDoaêh fjkqfjka wemlemùu w;HjYH lreKls' iudÔh"
wd¾Ól" ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,ksl wxY' ls;=kq odhl;ajh ;=, foaj rdcHfha
jákdlï j,ska fmdaIKh jk l< ñksia iudch ñysmsg — foaj rdcH ˜ njg
m;ajkq we;' ls;=kq le|ùu jkafkao foaj rdcHfha Wodj fjkqfjka lghq;=
lsÍuhs' fuys,d m<uqj mqoa.,hdg .re;ajh oelaùu" fojkqj iudc iqn isoaêh
yd ixj¾Okh fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍu ;=kajkqj iudcfha iduh yd iyÔjkh
fjkqfjka fjfyiSu hk wx. ;=k b;d jeo.;a h'
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh
mshjr 1 ñksia nfõ .re;ajh ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrkak'
mshjr 2 ldka;djka ms<sn| ls;=kq Ñka;kh ms<sn|j l;sldj;la f.dv k.kak'
mshjr 3 ñksidf.a iudc Ôú;h ms<sn|j úia;rd;aulj idlÉPd lrkak'
mshjr 4 udkj ixj¾Okh yd ls;=kq iNd.S;ajh ms<sn|j l;sldj;la lr
f.dvk.kak'
uQ,dY% - Y=oaO jQ nhsn,h" kj wkqjdoh" fojk ixialarKh 1990
- ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a iNdj ms<sn| O¾u jHjia:dj (LG)
- j¾;udk f,dalfha Y=oaOjq iNdj (G S)
- f,dalfha iduh" 23 cqjdï Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukaf.a úYaj f,aLkh1963
- .sysfhda" II cqjdï mdjq¨ Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukaf.a wfmdaia;,sl wkqYdik
m;%h" 1988
- oyï ÈhU" oy;=ka jeks l,dmh" ls;=kq újdyh
213
ksmqK;dj 10'0 ( ls;=kq ckjkaokdjg iyNd.s fjñka ls%ia;shdks Ôú;h
jeä j¾Okh lr .kshs'
ksmqK;dj uÜgu 10'2 ( j;auka iudc .eg¨ ms<sn|j ls;=kq j.lSu f.kyer olajhs'
ld,Éfþo ( ld,ÉfPo 08
bf.kqï M, (
² iuia; ueú,a," ;s<sKhla f,i ñksidg ndr l< foúhka jykafiaf.a wNsu;h
jkqfha ñksid m%pKav;ajfhka iy ysxidfjka je<lS" ish¨ ueú,s iu. idufhka
yd ixysÈhdfjka Ôj;aùu nj jgyd .kshs'
² nhsn,Sh Ñka;kh yd ls;=kq oelau wkqj" iduh hkq m%pKav;ajh yd hqoaO .egqï
fkdue;sùu muKlau fkdj" tlsfkldf.a idOdrK wfmalaIdfjka y"whs;Ska
bgq lr,Su u.ska Tjqka ;=< we;sjk ;Dma;su;a ùfï i;=g yd mq¾K;ajfha
w;aoelSu nj wjfndaO lr .kshs'
² foúhka jykafiaf.a iudk;ajhg yd iajrEmhg ujk ,o ñksid" iajNdj
O¾ufha " mßirfha Ndrlre yd kshuqjd nj jgydf.k mßirh ixrlaIKh
lsÍu yd ;j;a ,iaik lsÍug ;uka i;= j.lSu ukdj wjfndaO lr.kshs'
² iajNdj O¾uh ;=<ska wkdjrKh jk foúhka jykafiaf.a uysuh yd n,h
wjfndaO lrf.k fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafia fuka oeä mdßißl ne£ulska fj,s
iajNdj O¾uhg yd mßirhg jv jvd iómj lghq;= lsÍug is;g .kshs'
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr oSug w;aje,la (
10'2'1 .egqï ksrdlrKh yd iduh k`.d,Su
ziduhZ ms<sn| Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;kh
Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;khg wkqj n,k l, ziduhZ hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha
hqoaOh fkdue;s" .egqï"ysxid fkdue;s mßirhla ìysùu muKla fkdfõ' Bg
tyd Èfjk .eUqre w¾:hla bka èjks; lrjhs'
merKs .súiqfï — iduhZ i|yd Ndú; z If,dï Shalom& hk fyfn%õ jpkfha
mq¿,a w¾:h jkqfha hul=f.a idOdrK wfmaCIdjka" is;=ï me;=ï bgqùu fya;=fldg
Tyq weh ;=< we;sjk iEysulg m;aùu fyda ;Dma;su;a ùfuka cks;jk
ika;=Iaáhhs' th mqoa.,hd ;=< we;sjk mQ¾K;ajfha w;aoelSula f,i o ye£kaùu
ksjerÈh' z iduhZ hk ixl,amh iEu úglu flfkl=f.a idOdrK b,a,Sï"
whs;sjdislï yd hqla;siy.; wfmaCIdjka yd tlg ne£ mj;S' tajd bIaG jk úg
iduh Wodùu fyj;a mQ¾K;ajh ,nd .ekSfï wjia:dj Wodfõ' .egqula we;sjkafka
hqla;sh" idOdrK;ajh wysñ jk úg§h" hqla;sh bgqjk úg .egqulg hdug
214
wjYH fkdfõ' tneúka .egqï ksrdlrKh i|yd hqla;sh" idOdrK;ajh bgq
lsÍfuka iduh k`.d,sh hq;= h'
iuia; ueú,a," foaj ;s<sKhla f,i ñksidg ndr l< foúhka jykafiaf.a
wNsu;h jkqfha ñksid ish¨ ueú,s iu`. idufhka yd ixys¢hdfjka Ôj;aùuhs'
tu ksid m%pKav;ajh" .egqï" ysxidj yd hqoaOh lsisfia;a foaj wNsu;h fkdjk
nj Y=oaOjQ nhsn,Sh Ñka;kh wmg lshhs'
mqrdK .súiqfï ziduhZ yqfola mqoa.,hl=f.a yDo wNHka;rfha cks;jk ye`.Sulg
jvd lKavdhula ck iuQyhla ;=< idx>Slj" iduqyslj ,nk w;aolSula f,i
úia;r flf¾' ix>fha ish¨ fokdf.a wjYH;d bgqùu" iudk whs;sjdislï
,eîu" fnod yod .ekSu u.ska idOdrK;ajh bgqùu u`.ska cks;jk iïmq¾K;ajh"
ixys¢hdj iduh f,i ye¢kafõ'
fuishia;=udKka idufha l=udrhdfKa h ^fhidhd 9(6&
idufha Wodj .ek fhidhd Èjeisjrhd wmQ¾j w¾:l:khla bÈßm;a lrhs' —
jDlhd neg¿ megjd iu`. jdih lrkafka h'''˜ ^fhidhd 11(6-9&
ish¨ cd;Ska tlaj úkdYldÍ wdhqO Ndú;h yd ieyeislï kj;d f,dj
ixj¾Okh yd hym; fjkqfjka lghq;= l< hq;=h' — ;ukaf.a lvqj,ska k.=,a
o fy,a, j,ska oEle;so idod .kafkdah''˜ ^fhidhd 2(1-5&
fuishdkq rdcH idufha rdcHhls ^óld 5(4&
fuishdkq b.ekaùu wkqj iduh ia:dms; ùug kï wksjd¾h fldkafoais folla
bgqúh hq;=h' tkï hqla;sh yd O¾ñIaGluhs'
hqla;sh - flfkl=g ysñúh hq;= idOdrK whs;sjdislï Tyqg$wehg
,nd §uhs'
O¾ñIaGlu - foaj wNsu;h úuid n,d thg wjk;j ta Tiafia ls%hdlsÍuhs"
ðj;aùuhs' ^fhidhd 9(7-11&
fï wkqj" iduh hkq bfí my<jkakla fkdfõ' iduh k`.d,Su hkq hqla;sh"
idOdrK;ajh bgq lsÍuhs' idOdrK;ajh bgq jkafka fld;eko" t;ek iduh
Wodfõ" hkak Y=oaO jQ nhsn,Sh oelau wmg mjihs' whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh
lsÍfï § mSä;hka iqrdlEfï§ " ks¾oh fy<d oelSïj,§ iduh lvù wfydais ù
hk njo th wmg mjihs' ^wdfudia 4(1-2& ^fcrñhd 22(13-14& iduh wfydais ù
215
hk ;ek .egqï ieyeislï biau;= jk w;r iudch ;j ;j;a w.dOh lrd we£
hdug ta fya;= fõ'
kj .súiqfï oDIaÀ fldaKh
kj .súiqu ;=< iduh hk ixl,amh .ek l;d lsÍfï § mqrdK .súiqfï
zIf,dïZ hk jokg iudk w¾:h Ndú; jqjo mqrdK .súiqfï b.ekaùïj,g
wu;rj wdOHd;añl iajrEmhla bka .uH fõ'
Èjeisjreka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ fuishia ;=udfKa z idufha l=udrhdfKa h' tfyhska
t;=udKkaf.a Wm; iqndrxÑhls' th —il, ckhd yg wdkkao ckl ux.,
mqj;la o fjhs' tu idufha §ukdj Wka jykafiaf.ka ,nkafkda — foaj m%idoh,;a
Z fyj;a iqis;a ckfhdah (Men of goodwill) foaj m%idoh ,;a ckhd jkdys foaj
wNsu;h y÷kdf.k ta Tiafia Ôj;a jk ck;djh ^Æla 2(10-14& foú÷kaf.ka
,efnk iduh w;aoelsh yelafla o iduh Wodl< yelafla o Tjqkg muKs'
fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.ka ,efnk iduh f,dalhdf.ka ,efnk iduhg
jvd w;s fjkia h' ^fcdyka 14 (27& ukqIHhdf.a wjYH;d" wfmalaId fldf;la
bgqjqjo yDo wNHka;rfha iduh we;aoelSug fkdyelsjqjfyd;a wiykhg"
le<öug m;afõ' fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafia wmg fokafka f,dalhdg Èh fkdyels
fujka W;a;Í;r iduhls' Wka jykafia wkHhka Wfoid ysiaù ish ðú;h mqcd
lr iduhg u`.mE¥ fial' ^tmSi 2( 14-16& iajlSh W;a:dkfhka miq o¾Ykh jQ
iEu wjia:djlu — Tng iduh fõjd˜ hs Æla 24(36& mjid Wkajykafia odkh
lf<a fuu uy`.= idufha ;s<sKhhs' f,dalhd iduh hkafkka woyia lrk foa
yd Wka jykafia wmg fok iduh w;r we;s mriamrh ñka wmg jegfya'
ls;=kq wkq.dñlhl= f,i iduh WodlsÍu fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍfï §
mß;Hd.YS,Súu w;HjYHh' mß;Hd.hlska f;drj iduhla kQm§hs' ^fcdyka
15(12-13& iduh yd fm%aufhka mß;Hd.ùu w;r we;af;a oeä iïnkaOhls'
lkao Wv foaYkfha wm olsk Wka jykafiaf.a wúysxidjd§ m%;sm;a;sh b;d
jeo.;a h' — hfula Tnf.a ol=Kq lïuq,g .eiqfjd;a Tyqg wfkla lïuq, o
yrjkak' ˜ ^uf;õ 5 (9&
ls;= oyu ;=< ieyeislï" m%pKav;ajh yd hqoaO .egqïj,g bvla ke;s nj ñka
ikd: fjhs' ysxidjg wúysxidfjka ms<s;=re § ysxidj" m%pKav;ajh mrdch lsÍu
ls;=kqjl=f.a mru hq;=luls'
216
;jo Ôj;ajk iudcfha iduh WodlsÍug ls;=kqjl=g j.lSula mejf¾' lkao
Wv foaYkfha ux., jdlHj, —iduh we;s lrkafkda Nd.Hjka;fhdah' Tõyq
foúhka jykafiaf.a mq;%fhda hhs lshkq ,nkafkda h''˜ uf;õ 5 (9& hk iñ÷kaf.a
ux., jdlH wkqj iduh fjkqfjka mß;Hd.fhka wemlemùu ls;=kqjl=f.a
mru j.lSuls' ^1 -fldßka;s 1(10&
iNd b.ekaùï
- —f,dal iduh (Pacem in Terris) 23 cqjdï Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukaf.a úYaj f,aLkh
- j¾;udk f,dalfha Y=oaOjQ iNdj G.S 5 jk mßÉfþoh - iduh k`.d,Su yd
cd;Skaf.a iudcfha ÈhqKqj i|yd ls%hd lsÍu fkd 77-82
- lf;da,sl iNd O¾fudamfoaYh ^l'i'O&
2302 -2306 - iduh iq/lSu
2307 - 2330 hqoaOh je<elaùu
10'2'2 mßirh iqrlSfï ls;=kq j.lSu
ueùfï l;dfõ mdßißl ine¢hdj
ueùu ms<sn| m<uq l;dj ^W;am;a;s 1$1-2" 4 w&
ueùfï l;dj rplhdf.a uqLH mrud¾:h " úYajfha ish¨ foag by<ska foúhka
jykafiaf.a mrudêm;H yd n,h ;yjqre lsÍuhs' tfyhska úYajfha wms<sfj,"
wixúOdkh" ysianj" foúhka jykafiaf.a ueùfï ls%hdj,sh ;=< mQ¾K f,i
zms<sfj,Z zixúOdkhZ njg m;aù ukyr jk wdldrh rplhd fmkajd fohs'
— wdrïNfha § foúhka jykafia wyi;a fmdf<dj;a uejQ fial' fmdf<dj ysiaj
md¿j ;sìKs''''˜ W;am;a;s 1(11&
iuia; ueú,a," iajNdj O¾uhd fyj;a mßirh we;sjkafka foúhka jykafiaf.a
wdêm;Hfhks' tys wdrïNh we;sjkqfha ñksidg fmrh' miqj wjidkfha§ foúhka
jykafiaf.a iudk;ajhg yd iajrEmhg ujk ,o ñksid mßirfha Ndrlre yd
kshuqjd njg m;afõ' ueú,a, iq/lSug ñksid foaj kshufhka ne£ isáhs' uq¿
uy;a fidnd oyu" mßirh mqrd ms<sônq jkafka" foajd;audkqNdjhhs' Wkajykafia
uejq ish,a, — b;d ukyr nj˜ foúhka jykafia ÿgq fial' ^W;am;a;s 1(31&tu
ukyr nj" o¾YkSh nj" iajNdúl fi!kao¾H ¥IKh fkdfldg" úlD;s fkdlr
iq/lSu yd ;j ;j;a ,iaik lsÍu ukqIHhd i;= j.lSuls' uq¿ uy;a ueú,a,
ñksidg ndr È th iq/lSug foúhka jykafia Tyq $weh yd .súiqula we;s lr
.;a fial' W;am;a;s 2(15& tneúka mßirfha Ndrldr;ajh oeÍu muKla fkdj"
th j¾Okh lsÍu yd iq/lSu ñksidf.a mru j.lSuls'
217
ueùu ms<sn| fojk l;dj ^W;am;a;s 2(4wd - 3 (24&
foúhka jykafia taoka ys Whkla ;kd tys oel=ïl¨ m%KS; wdydrhg .; yels
ish¨ .ia j¾. o jefvkakg i,id ñksid tys mÈxÑ lrjQ fial' W;am;a;s 2(19&
fuu rplhdf.a f,aLkfha — wdoïZ hk jpkh ÿú,a,g o ukqIHhdgo Ndú;
lsÍfuka ukqIHhd fmdf<djg fl;rï iómoehs yef`.a' ukqIHhd ujkq ,nkafka
fmdf<dfõ ¥ú,af,ks ^W;am;a;s 2(7& fmf<dj ireidrh" ireM,f.k fohs'
tuksid th wiajeoaÈh hq;=h' fmdf<dj wiaje§ug kï th wdrlaId l< hq;=h'
th wdrlaId l< hq;af;a ukqIHhdh' Y=oaOjq nhsn,Sh oelaug wkqj fmdf<dj
wiajeoa§uu foaj kuialdrfha ls%hdjls" foú iñ÷kag m%Yxid lsÍuls" foaj
jkaokdjls" mßirh fidnd oyu j¾Okh yd iq/lSu foaj jkaokdjla ùfukau
tu j.lSfï ne?reï nj jgyd .; yels h'
ñksid yd mßirh w;r fukau ñksid yd i;=ka w;f¾ o we;af;a oeä ine¢hdjls'
ñksid ujkq ,nkafka o ¥ú,af,ks W;am;a;s 2(7& i;=ka ujkq ,nkafka N+ñfhks
^W;am;a;s 2(19&
we;eï nhsn,a úYdrohka mjikqfha W;am;a;s fmdf;a yuqjk ueùfï l;dj
W;am;a;s 9 mßÉfþofha tk fkdajd iu. we;slr.;a foaj .súiqu iu. iïnkaO
lr wjfndaO lr.; hq;= njhs'
— ud yd kqU,d o kqU,d iu. isák ish¨ Ôjudk i;=kao w;r u;= ish¨
mrïmrdjla i|yd ud msysgqjk .súiqï ,l=K kï fuhhs ˜ ^W;am;a;s 9(12&
fuu .súiqu foúhka jykafia yd ukqIHhka w;r muKla fkdj uq¿ uy;a
ueú,a,o iu`.h' mßirho" fidndoyu o tys fldgialrejka jk neúka ñksia
wm ieu foaj ueú,af,a Ndrlrejka jkafkuq'
.S;dj,sh ;=< mdßißl wdOHd;añl;ajh
foaj ueú,af, w.%ia:dkh ñksid nj .S;dj,sh ;yjqre lrhs — ''' f;o hi
lsre<la Tyq msg m<ok ,oafoah' Tn uejQ yeufoa Tyqg hg;a l< fial' Tn Tyq
uq¿ ilaj<g wêm;s l< fial'''˜ ^.S;dj,sh 8(4-7& fï uq¿ uy;a ueú,a, iu`.
ñksid foúhka jykafiag m%Yxid lrhs' f.d¿ mßirhg jkkakg fkdyels
m%Yxidj" ia;=;sh ;u jkaokdfjka" m%Yxidfjka iÔù lrk ñksid iuia;
ueú,af,a w.%mQclhdKka nj .S;dj,sh fmkakqï lrhs' .S;dj,sfha tk m%Yxidfõ
ia;=;sfha .S;sldj, wf,dalh" wyia;,h" fmdf<dj" .ia fld<ka" ysre rdchd"i|
u`v," uiqka" mCISka" m¾j;" l÷ YsLr" uy ihqr" fmdf<dj" m;a," w.dOh" ksïk"
218
l÷lrh" ñksid hk fidnd oyfï iuia; ueú,a, ks;r ks;r isys lsÍu
uejqïlrejdKka miik .eUqre mdßißl wdOHd;añl;ajhla biau;= lr olajhs'
fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafia yd mdßißl ne£u
- fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a ¥; fiajdj m,ia;Skfha mdßißl fi!kao¾h yd
iïnkaOj jk whqre iqndrxÑ fmd;aj, ukdj Èiafõ'
- m,ia;Skfha ìysiqKq ldka;dr" l÷jeá " ìhlre m%md;" f.dhu .ia fld<ka"
i;=ka " mCISka" u,a m<;=re" we<fod<" .x.d ksïk" uqyqo" fmdl=Kq" wyia l=i" ysre
i÷" iq<`." m¾j;" wdÈh Wkajykafiag lsisfia;a wd.ka;=l fkdùh'
- Wka jykafia iajNdj O¾uhg " mßirhg" wêm;shdfKdah" fidnd oyuo Wka
jykafiaf.a wKg lSlreh' ^udla 4(35-41& uf;õ 14(22-23&
- mßirh" fidndoyu ;=<ska foaj wkdjrKh isÿfõ' ta ;=<ska foaj n,h w;aoelsh
yelsh' uf;õ 24(29-31&
- Ôú;h yd fyg oji .ek lkiai¨ fkdjk f,i l< foaYkh fidnd oyu yd
wmQrE f,i iïnkaOfõ' ^uf;õ 6(26-31" Æla 12(22-29&
- Wkajykfiaf.a Wmf;a§ iaj¾.ho" ñys;,ho wdkkaofhka bms,S .sfhah' ^Æla
2(14& ;drldjla wyfia mEhQy' ^uf;õ 2(2" 9-10&
- Wka jykafia nõ;siau iakdmkh ,enQfha fcda¾odka k§fhah' udla 1(9 -11& tys
§ Y=oaOd;auhdKka jeäfha mfrú ú,dihlsks'
- mdial= wNsryigo " T,sõ lkao" u,a Whk" f.d,af.d;dj" lsføka we," l=reisfha
urKfha § ;o wkaOldrhla my<ùu" fmdf<dj lïmd ùu" .sßl=¿ fooÍu"
fidfydka f.j,a újrùu uf;õ 27(45-46& wd§ fidnd oyfï ls%hd iy mßirh
oeä fia iïnkaOh'
by; i|yka Y=oaOjQ nhsn,Sh oelau yd fidndoyu kï foaj ;s<sKh .ek fufkys
lrk úg mßirh iq/lSfï" iajNdjO¾uh wdrlaId lsÍfï yd j¾Okh lsÍfï
ls;=kq j.lSu uekúka meyeÈ,s fjhs'
tfyhska mßir ¥IKh" lsÍu" flf<iSu" ls;=kq oelaug úreoaOh' tfyhska ;ud
Ôj;ajk mßirfha msú;=re nj /l.ekSu" mßir ixrlaIKh yd mßirfha
ukyr nj /l.ekSug ls;=kqjd ne£ isáhs' th fidnd oyug hqla;sh bgq lsßuls'
tkï ridhksl f,dalh" jdlaI,;d f,dalh" i;a;aj f,dalh yd ukqIH f,dalh
iqrlsñka th j¾Okh msKsi wemlem ùuhs'
ñksid foúhka jykafia iu`. o fiiq ñksiqka iu.o iajNdj O¾uhd iu.o
ióm iene¢hdjla f.dv k`.d .;hq;= nj ñka jvd meyeÈ,s fjhs'
219
iNd b.ekaùï
j¾;udk f,dalfha Y=oaOjQ iNdj" 69
l'i'O 299 - foúhka jykafia ukyr f,dalhla ñksidg ;s<sK l< fial'
338 - ish,af,a ks¾ud;DjrhdfKda foúhka jykafiah'
347 - ish¨ ueú,s foúhka jykfiag m%Yxid l< hq;=h'
341 - ueú,a, b;d ukyrh
2415-2418 ueú,a,g" mßirhg" wdorh lsÍu yd ixrlaIKh
668 - ls%ia;=ia jykafia ueú,af,a iajdñhdfKda h'
bf.kï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh
mshjr 1- .egqï ksrdlrKh yd iduh k.d,Su ms,sn|j idlÉPd lrkak'
mshjr 2- mßirh iq/lSfï ls;=kq j.lSï ms<sn|j l;sldj;la f.dv k.kak'
uQ,dY%h- Y=oaO jQ nhsn,h" kj wkqjdoh" fojk ixialrKh 1990
ls%ia;=ia jykafia iNdj ms<sn| O¾u jHjia:dj LG
j¾;udk f,dalfha Y=oaOjq iNdj G S
f,dal iduh" 23 cqjdï Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukaf.a úYaj f,aLkh 1963
.sysfhda" II cqjdï mdjq Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ukaf.a wfmdaia;,sl wkqYdik
m;%h" 1988
220
ksmqK;dj 10'0 ( ls;=kq ckjkaokdjg iyNd.s fjñka ls%ia;shdks Ôú;h
jeä j¾Okh lr .kshs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'3 ( ls;=kq tluq;=j yd úúO wd.ï j. iyÔjkh i|yd jvd;a
j.lSulska ls%hd lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( ld,ÉfPo 08
bf.kqï M, (
² YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk ls;=kq iNd ms<sn| lreKq oek úúO;ajh ;=< tlu ls%ia;=ia
jykafiag idlaIh orñka iqn jofka O¾u¥; j.lSu wjfndaO lr.kshs'
² b;sydifha isÿ jQ ñksia ÿ¾j,lï ksid" iNd fnÈï iy fjkaùï isÿ jqjo th
ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a wNsu;h fkdjk fyhska tal;ajfha ls;=kq iNdjla
fjkqfjka iNd ixjdofha jeo.;alu wjfndaO lr ta fjkqfjka lemfjhs'
² wkHd.ï ms<sn| ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a wdl,am yd iNd b.ekaùï oekf.k
wka;¾ iduhsl iu.sh u.ska wd.ñl iyÔjkh Wod lsÍug odhl fjhs'
² ls;=kq fkdjk wd.ï ;=< olsk hym;a ,laIK jákdlï iy yrj;a b.ekaùï
f.!rjfhka w.hñka fyd| ys; m< lr ¥; fiajdfõ kshef,ñka Tjqkgo
.e,ùfï mKsjqvh m%ldY lrhs'
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr oSug w;aje,la (
YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk ls;=kq iNd
* lf;da,sl iNdj
* ,xld iNdj
* fuf;dÈia; iNdj
* fm%iafífÜßhka iNdj
* nemaáiaÜ iNdj
* ls%ia;shdks frmrudÿ iNdj
* .e,ùfï yuqodj
* ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq iNdj
lf;da,sl iNdj
idudkH jyf¾ § frdaudkq lf;da,sl iNdj hkqfjka o ye¢kafjk fuu
iNdj ls%ia;=ia jykfia úiskau ia:dms; uf;õ 16$18-19& wfmdia;= jrekaf.ka
mej; tk APOSTOLIC & tlu ONE & Y=oaO jq HOLY& ldf;da,sl CATHOLIC&
hk ,laIK iys; iNdj f,i b;sydih mqrd w¾: .ekafõ' Y=oaO jQ fmaÿre
wfmdaia;=¨;=ukfa.a wkqm%dma;slhdKka f,i frdaufha rdc.=rem%idÈ ;k;=rg
221
m;ajk Y=oafOda;a;u mdmajykafia fuu iNdfõ úYaj kdhl tfârdKka f,i
kdhl;ajh Wiq,hs' Wka jykafiaf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a úúO rc.=re moúj,
rd.=re m%id§ka jykafia,d iduqysl ne£fuka fiajfha ksr; fj;s'
YS% ,xldfõ nyq;r ls;=kq ck;djla wh;ajk lf;da,sl iNdj rdc.=re moú 11
lska hq;=j rdc.=rem%id§ka jykafiaf.a tfârsl;ajh hgf;a ¥; fiajdfõ ksr;
fjhs'
,xld iNdj
weka.a,sldk ifydaor;ajh yd ne¢ ls%hd;aul jk ,xld iNdj fld<U iy
l=reKE., hk ÈfhdlsiSs fyj;a rdc.=re moú folla hgf;a fiajdfõ ksr; fõ'
ta ta ÈfhdalsiS iajdëkj ls%hd;aul fõ' ro.=re ysñ meúÈ mCIh yd .sys
ieoeyej;=kaf.ka iukaú; Èfhdlsis uka;%K iNdj u.ska wod< Èfhdalsisfha
fiajdjkag wod, ;Skaÿ" m%;sm;a;s wdÈh ilia flf¾'
fuf;daÈia; iNdj
weka.,sldk iNdfõ f.!rjkSh fcdaka fjia,sf.a iqndrxÑ fiajdfõ mqkreohlaa
f,i fuf;daÈia; iNdfõ uq,drïNh ie<lsh yels h' fuu iNdjg wh;a mi
fofkl=f.ka hq;a uq,au lKavdhula m%:u jrg 1814 cqks 29 od .d,a, g <`.d
ùfuka fuu iNdfõ furg wdrïNh isÿ ù we;'
fm%iafífÜßhka iNdj
fuu iNdj 1742 § .d,a, k.rfha § wrUk ,§' tjlg ,kao iNdfõ iyfhda.h
yd ms<sirK ,en fuh iS>%fhka jHdma; úh' fuys O¾u ÿ; fiajdj fld<U yd
uykqjr m%foaYj, isÿ fõ'
nemaáiaÜ iNdj
fuu iNdfõ .re fÊïia ldg¾ 1812 È ,kavkfha isg YS% ,xldjg meñKsfha h'
tjlg bx.S%is rcfha iyfhda.h u; t;=udf.a wd.ñl fiajdj wdrïN jqfha
.%Ekamdia m%foaYfhks' wdrïNfha isg u fuu iNdfõ fiajdj niakdysr jhU yd
uOHu hk m<d;a olajd úysÈ .sfha h'
ls%ia;shdks frmrudÿ iNdj
uE;la jk;=re ^2007& ´,kao frmrudÿ iNdj jYfhka o ye¢kajqKq fuu
iNdfõ furg ¥; fiajdj werUqfha 1647 §h' wdrïNfha § ´,kao cd;slhkg
iSud jqjo miqj isxy, ck;dj w;r o me;sßKs' ,kafoais wd.ukhla iu. werô
fuu iNdj YS% ,xldfõ merKs;u fm%df;ia;ka; iNdj fõ'
222
ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq iNdj
weka.a,sldk" fuf;daÈia;" fldka.%sf.aIk,a yd fm%iafífÜßhka hk úúO wd.ñl
iïm%odhkaf.ka fyì iNd lsysmhl tluq;=jl m%;sM,hla f,i 1947 iema;eïnr
ui fuu iNdj bkaÈhdfõ § ìysúh' ro.=re ysñhkaf.a wdOHd;añl u`. fmkaùu
hgf;a ls%hd;aul fõ' rdc.=re moúh md,kh jkafka ixiohlsks' ^Synod& tu
ixioh u.ska ro.=re ysñm;a flf¾'
10'3'2 ls;=kq iNd ixjdoh
.e,ùfï ie,eiau udkj ixys;sh mqrd hq.dka;h olajd isÿjk msKsi ñysmsg
.e,ùfï i<l=Kla f,i" fÊiqia ls%ia;ia jykafia úiska Y=oaO jQ fmaÿre
wfmdaia;=¨;=ukaf.a kdhl;ajh u; Y=oaO jq iNdj i:dmkh l< fial' Wka
jykafia ia:dmkh lf<a tla Y=oaO jQ iNdjls" iNd lsysmhla fkdfõ' fuu
iNdfõ fn§ï fjkaùï we;sùu Wkajykafiaf.a wNsu;h fkdùh'
b;sydih uq¿,af,a isÿjqKq iNd fn§ï wOHhkh lrk l<" úúO fya;= u; tu
fnoSï isÿjqKq nj mila jqjo Bg wod< fmdÿ idOlh jkafka ukqIHhkaf.a
ÿ¾j,lï yd mõldÍ iajNdjhh' tu ksid fuu iNd fn§ï" úisrhEï iNd
b;sydifha b;d wjdikdjka; isoaëka f,i Èiafõ'
b;sydifha we;sjqKq fn§ï" úisÍï j,g fya;= jQ lreKq l=ula jqjo tajd ls%ia;=ia
jykafiaf.a wNsu;hg mgyeksh' ish W;a;u mQcl hdÉ[dfõ § Wka jykafia
mshdKka jykafiag hd[a[d lf<a wkq.dñlhka ieuf.a tluq;=lu yd tal;ajh
fjkqfjks' ^fcdyka 17$11& tfiakï j¾;udkfha úúO iNdj,g yd
lKavdhïj,g fn§fjkaù tlu ls%ia;=ia jykafia woyñka iqndrxÑhg idCIH
orK ls%ia;= wkq.dñl wm ieuf.a j.lSu jkafka tal;ajfha ls;=kq iNdjla˜
u.ska Wkajykafia wNsu; jQ tal;ajh k`.d,Suhs' tal;ajfhka Wka jykafiag
idCIH oeÍuhs' tfiakï iNd b;sydifha isÿjq ñksia ÿn,lï" w;ajerÈ" fn§ï"
fjkaùï l=ula jqjo ta ish,a, wlduld tlu ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a tlu
iNdjla fjkqfjka wem lemùu fyj;a ta fjkqfjka orK m%h;akh jkqfha —
˜ls;=kq iNd ixjdohhs Ecumenism&
tfyhska fuu fn§ï" fjkaùï ;=< ;jÿrg;a iNd tal;ajh yd iu.sh fjkqfjka
lghq;= l< fkdyels nj ish¨ ls;=kqjka jgyd.; hq;= h' b;sydifha mgq iSud
yd jerÈj, t,an fkdisg iNd iu.sh" iNd tal;ajh fjkqfjka l< yels iEu
fohla u.ska" ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a wNs,dIh mßÈ tlu iNdjl ls%ia;= m%;srEmh
olskakg wmg yelsjkq we;'
223
iNd b.ekaùï
b;sydih foi yeß ne,Sfï § lf;da,sl iNdj úiska ks,jYfhka iNd iu.sh
Wfoid oeuq m%:u yd m%n, wä;d,u f,i fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdj
ye¢kaúh yelsh ' 1962-1965& l%sia;=ia jykafia iNd lsysmhla ia:dms; fkdl<
fial' tlu Y=oaO jQ iNdjla muKla msysg jQ fial' ˜ fufia tl /<la o tl
tfâfrla o jkakd y' ˜ ^fcdyka 10$16& hk tal;ajfha iNdjla i|yd mshjr
k`.kakg fuu uka;%K iNdj uy;a msájy,a úh' fuu uka;%K iNdfõ m%ldYk
16 ka follau fjkajkqfha ls%ia;shdks iNd ixjdoh iy iNd iu.sh ms<sn|
lf;da,sl iNdfõ b.ekaùu m%ldY lsÍuh'
fmrÈ. lf;da,sl iNd ms<sn| ksfhda.h
ls;=kq iNd tal;ajh k`.d,Sfï ksfhda.h
fuhg wu;rj" j;sldk uka;%K iNdfõ" ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a iNdj ms<sn|
cd;Skaf.a wdf,dalh kï jHjia:dfõ wxl 15 fjk;a ls;=kq iNd ;=< we;s
idOkSh hym;a ,laIK f.k yer olajñka ls;=kq iNd iu.sh b; is;ska
m%d¾:kd lrhs'
II cqjdï mdjq Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=udf.a — tal;ajhla jk msKsi˜ Utunum sinct&
ls%ia;= Y%djlhkaf.a ukqIH ÿn,lu ksid w;S;fha isÿj jer§ yd wkjfndaOh
u;iNd fn§ï" fjkaùï isÿjqjo tajd ;j ;j;a fn§ fjkaùulg fya;= fkdfldg"
mYapd;a;dmfhkao ifydaor ye`.Sfuka o foaj wNsuhg iy Y=oaOd;au ls%hdldß;ajhg
újD; ù lghq;= l<fyd;a foúhka jykafia ;uka jykafiaf.a wNsu;h wkqj
iqÿiq fhda.H wjia:dfõ§ ls;=kq iNd iu.sh yd tal;ajh kue;s f,daflda;a;r
;s<sKh wmyg odkh lrk neõ ksielh'
tfyhska ls;=kq iNd w;r foaj Od¾ñl jYfhka o iudðlhka w;aolsk tl`.;d
uq,a lrf.k ixjdohl fhduqq ù iNd iu.sh Wfoid hdÉ[d lsÍu;a ta fjkqfjka
fjfyiSu;a ls;=kq wm ieuf.a hq;=luls' ukao — tlu tfâfrla hgf;a tlu
/<la ˜ùug iñodfKda wm le|jd we;'
iNd ixjdofha m%;sM,
ls;=kq iNd ixjdofha m%ÓM,hla f,i YS% ,xld ls;=kq iNdfõ uE; ld,fha §
we;sjQ idOkSh ,laIK lsysmhla i|yka lrkq jà'
224
- YS% ,xld lf;da,sl rdc.=re uKav,h iy fiiq ls;=kq iNd tl`.;ajfhka 1983
§ fodrg jeä kj isxy, Y=oaO jQ nhsn,h'
- úYaj iNdj yd iïnkaO ù" iEu jirlu ckjdß udifha iy iu.sh Wfoid
flfrk heÿï i;sh'
- wd.ñl " iudÔh lghq;=j,§ iqyo;djfhka lghq;= lsÍu'
- foajOd¾ñl tl`.;d uq,alrf.k isÿjk Ydia;S%h yd Od¾ñl idlÉPd yd ixjdo'
- wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^W$fm& úNd.h i|yd iEu ls;=kq iNdjlgu fmdÿ
jQ úIh ks¾foaYhla ieliSug yels ùu'
10'3'3 úúO wd.ï iu`. iyÔjkh
úúO wd.ï u`. iyÔjkfhka lghq;= lsÍu fyj;a — wka;¾ wd.ñl ixjdoh˜
f,i ye¢kafjkqfha iudcfha mj;sk úúO wd.ï iy wd.ñl ck fldgia
iu`. tluq;= fjñka fj<s Ôj;aùug orK iNd m%h;akhhs'
f,dalfha úúO wd.ï iy o¾Yk ta ta b.ekaùï wkqj hñka i;Hh fidhdhk
.ukl ksr;fj;s' wm YS% ,xldj o f,dj m%Odk wd.ï y;f¾ wkq.dñlhkaf.ka
fyì nyq wd.ñl rgls' tfyhska" fn!oaO" yskaÿ" bia,dï hk fiiq wd.ñl
ieoeyej;=ka yd ixjdohl fhfoñka iyÔjkfhka lghq;= lsÍu ls;=kq wmg
b;d jeo.;a h'
wka wd.ï ms<sn| nhsn,Sh miqìu
Y=oaOjQ ,shú,a, rpkd l< l;=jrekaf.a oelau yd wruqK jQfha tl< jQ wka
wd.ï ms<sn| b.ekaùï fkdj" udkj b;sydih ;=< ;uka w;aÿgq" wkdjrKh jQ
tlu foúhka jykafia .ek ish w;aoelSï fnod.ekSuh' tfyhska f;dard.;a
ck;djf.a weiska cqod fkdjk wka wd.ï foi újD;j ne,Sula fndfyda úg
olakg fkd,eìKs'
tfy;a kslauhdu isoaêhg m%:ufhka meje;s .súiqu u.ska foúhka jykafiaf.a
.e,ùu ieugu újD;j ;snq nj fmkajd fohs' ^W;am;a;s 1$11& iuia; ñksia
j¾.hd i|ydu we;af;a tlu .e,ùfï b;sydihla nj ñka ukdj meyeÈ,s fõ'
fkdajd iu. we;s lr.;a .súiqu udkj b;sydifha foaj ueÈy;aùuls' tfyhska
bYardfh,fha foúhka jykafiaf.a leu;a; jkqfha iaj,am fofkl=f.a .e,ùu
fkdj ish¨ fokdu Wka jykafiaf.a .e,ùu w;aoelSuh' tkï foúhka
jykafiaf.a ls%hdldß;ajh fNaohlska iSudjlska f;drj iEu cd;shlgu" wd.ulg
o¾Ykhlgu újD;j mj;S'
225
wkHwd.ï ms<sn| ls%ia;=ia jykafia f.a wdo¾Yh
ls%ia;=ia jykafia wkHd.ï yd wkHd.ñlhka m%;sfCIam fkdfldg wka u;
bjiñka ixjdofha kshe¨Kq wjia:d lsysmhla iqndrxÑ fmd;a weiqfrka oelaúh
yels h'
1' iudßfha ia;S%h iu`. ,s| <`.§ lrk ixjdoh ^fcdyka 4^1-22&
2' lkdkSh ia;S%h yuqùu ^udla 7$24-30&
3' Y;dêm;shdf.a odihd iqj lsÍu ^uf;ï 8$5-13" Æla 7$1-10&
tfukau foaj rdcH ms<sn| Wka jykafiaf.a b.ekaùu tla ckfldgilg
muKla iSudjQjla fkdj iEug újD; mKsjqvhls' .e,ùu cqod cd;slhkag
muKla fkdj udkj mjqf,a ish¨ fokdg nj Wkajykafiaf.a b.ekaùu yd
Wmud rEml u.ska meyeÈ,s lrhs' ^uf;õ 8$10-11" 20- 24" 25^31-32" 43&
Y=oaO jQ mdjq¨ ;=ud yd úúO wd.ï
kd÷kk foúhka ms<sn| wßfhdam.fha foaYkh ^ls%hd 17(&
YS% ,dxlslhka jk ls;=kq wms nyq wd.ñl iudchl Ôj;afjñka wmf.a ls;=kq
úYajdih m%ldY lrñka foú iñ÷ka jkaokd lrkafkuq' tjeks nyq wd.ñl
iudchl § wd.ñl iyÔjkh fyj;a wka;¾ wd.ñl ixjdoh wmg fnfyúka
jeo.;ah' th iduldñ Ôú; rgdjlgo fya; fjhs' foú iñ÷kaf.a .e,ùfï
;s<sKh wmg w;aoelsh yels jkafka ish¨ wd.ï iu`. we;sjk ixjdoh fya;=fjka
WmÈk wfkHkH f;areï.ekSu" iqyo;dj" iyfhda.h uq,alrf.k f.dvkef.k
fm%aufhka msreKq iudchla ;=<sks'
iNd b.ekaùï
fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdj
fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdfõ fndfyda m%ldYk j,ska ls;=kq fkdjk wkH
wd.ï flfrys Y=oaO jQ iNdfõ oelau yd wdl,am fukau in|;d ms<sn| wjOdkh
fhduq lr;s' fï iïnkaOfhka tu l;sldfjka miq ksl=;ajqKq b.ekaùï o
nyq,h' fuu uka;%K iNd oelau h:d¾:hla njg m;alr.kakg 1964 § vi jk
mdjq¨ Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud úiska f,alï ld¾hdxYhlao ia:dms; lsÍu lemS
fmfka'
226
ls;=kq fkdjq wd.ï flfrys Y=oaOjQ iNdfõ in|;d ms<sn| j;sldk uka;%K
iNd m%ldYh ^NA& úYaj wd.ïj, we;s i;H;djka olshs' tajd w.h lrhs' ta
i;H;d fidhdn,d f;areï .ekSug iNd ud;djg wdrdOkd lrhs' yskaÿ" bia,dï"
fn!oaO" cqod hk wd.ïj, .eíj we;s i;H;djkao b;d ixCIsma;j fuu m%ldYkfha
igyka lrñka ta i;H;d olskak ieuf.a yoj;a újr lrhs'
— fuu wd.ïj, we;s Y=oaOjQ o i;HjQ o lsisjla lf;da,sl iNdj m%;sfCIam
fkdlrkakSh' ;u wd.ñl b.ekaùïj,g fndfyda foa fjkia jqj;a fuu wd.ïj,
Ôú; m%;smodjka" O¾u b.ekaùï iy O¾u YsCIK b;d by,ska w.h lrhs' NAA
2" 3&
ls;=kq fkdjk wd.ï woyk who úfYaIdldrhlska foaj ck;djg noaOfj;s'
tu ksid Tjqkago fyd| ys; md ¥; fiajdjka bgq lsÍug iNdjg le|ùula we;'
^ LG 16, 17&
tmuKla fkdj iNdjg ysßyer lrkakjqka flfrys fyd|ys; md .e,ùu m%ldY
lsÍug iNdjg le|ùula we;s nj fuu uka;%K iNdj fmkajd fohs' ^G S 92&
wm wkHd.ïj, mj;sk hym;a" id¾O¾u yd jákdlï f.!rjfhka i<lk
w;ru wmf.a úYajdih wkqj fÊiqia ls%ia;=ia jykafia" foúhka jykafiaf.a
fYa%IaG;u wkdjrKh nj;a — ud¾.h o i;Hho ðjkho ˜ (fcdyka 1(^6& nj;a
jgydf.k Wka jykafia y÷kdf.k taldnoaO jkakg ,eîu .ek i;=gq fjñka
tu w;aoelSu wkHhka yd fnod .ekSug o W;aiql úh hq;af;uq' tfia lsÍu
wmf.a hq;=lula yd j.lSuls' tfy;a" wm tfia l< hq;af;a wkHhkaf.a wd.ñl
ksoyig ndOd fkdjk fia" tu ksoyig uy;a fia .re lrñkah' tfiau
wkHd.ñlhkaf.a wdOHd;añl yd YS,Od¾ñl i;H;d Tjqkaf.a iudÔh ðú;h
yd ixialD;sh iqrlsñka yd w.h lrñka h ^NA 2 &
wkHd.ïj, w;s jákdlï" i;H;d iNd ud;dj w.h lr .re lrkakSh hkqfjka
woyia lrkafka tu O¾uhka ;=< ÿ¾j,;d" wiïmQ¾K;d ke;ehs lshd is;Su
fkdfõ' — ixjdoh iy m%ldYkhZ wxl 30" 31" 32 i|yka lrkafka f,dalh ;=<
mdmh" whym; mj;skakdfia wd.ñl iïm%odhka ;=< wiïmQ¾K;d yd wys;lr
wx. ls%hd;aul fjñka ;sìh yels njhs'
fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdj ukqIHdhg ;ukag leuels wd.ula weoySug
we;s ksoyi ms<s.kshs' fuu ksoyi ;ks mqoa.,hka" lKavdhï wdÈ ish,a, fj;
;sìh hq;= w;r lsisjl= úiska ;j;a wd.ula ms<s.ekSu flfrys ;jfll=g
n,mEula fkdl< hq;= nj okajhs' ^DH2 &
227
fuf;la iqndrxÑh fkdms<s.;a ls;=kq fkdjk wd.ïj,g whs;s wh o
úúOdldrfhka foaj ck;djg noaO jk nj fuu uka;%K iNdj W.kajhs LG
16" 17&
lf;da,sl iNd O¾fudamfoaYh ^l'i'O&
- 839 - 848
ixjdoh iy m%ldYkh
Y=oaOdikfha wka;¾ wd.ñl ixjdoh ms<sn| f,alï ld¾hdxYfha m%ldYkhls'
we;eï m%foaYj, ls;=kq ck;dj b;d iq¿;rhls' wkHd.ñl nyq;rhla ueo
ðj;ajk úg ls;=kq wm o Tjqka yd Ôú; ixjdofha fhÈh hq;= h' — Tjqka fuu
ukqIHhkag f.!rjfhka yd fm%aufhka iïnkaO ù ;uka o ta lKavdhïjj,
idudðlhka nj ms<s.;hq;= jkafka h' Tjqya ta ukqIHhkaf.a iudÔh jq o
ixialD;sljQ o Ôú;hg fkdfhla wdldr yqjudrej,ska yd jHdmdrj,ska mx.=ldr
fj;ajd ˜ ^AG 11&
fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh -
mshjr 1( YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk ls;=kq iNdj, ,ehsia;=jla f.dvke.Sug Wmfoia
§u'
mshjr 2 ( YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk ls;=kq iNd ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrkak'
mshjr 3 ( tal;ajfha ls;=kq iNdjla fjkqfjka iNd ixjdofha jeo.;alu ms<sn|
idlÉPd lrkak'
mshjr 4 ( wkHd.ï ms<sn|j ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a wdl,am yd b.ekaùï u.skaa
wka;¾ wd.ñl iu.sh wd.ñl iyðjkh Wodlrk wdldrh
ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrkak'
uQ,dY% (- - Y=oaOjQ nhsn,h" kj wkqjdoh" fojk ixialrKh 1990
- ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a Y=oaOjQ iNdj ms<sn| O¾u jHjia:dj ^L G&
- ls;=kq fkdjq wd.ï flfrys Y=Ojq iNdfõ iïnkaO;dj ms<sn| m%ldYkh
^NA &
- wd.ñl ksoyi ms<sn| m%ldYh ^DHe&
- j¾;udk f,dalfha Y=Ojq iNdj ^ GS&
- fmrÈ. lf;da,sl iNd ms<sn| ksfhda. (OE)
- ls;=kq iNd tl;ajh k.d,Sfï ksfhda. (UR)
- ixjdoh yd m%ldYkh
- oyï ÈhU" f;jeks l,dmh 2004 cqks iuhdka;r ixjdoh
- isß,la ls;= iiqk" .re ;su;s fld,uqkafka me;=ks'msh;=ud
228
mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh
ye|skaùu
bf.kqu - b.ekaùu iy we.hSu wOHdmk l%shdj,sfha jeo.;a ixrpl ;=kla nj;a"
bf.kqfuys iy b.ekaùfuys m%.;sh oek.ekSu msKsi we.hSu fhdod .; hq;= nj;a iEu
.=rejrfhl= úiska u o; hq;= meyeos,s lreKls' tajd wfkHdkH n,mEfuka hq;= j l%shd lrk
nj;a tfia u tlsfkflys ixj¾Okh flfrys tu ixrpl n,mdk nj;a .=rejre oks;s'
ika;;sl ^ksrka;rfhka isÿjk& we.hSï uQ,O¾u wkqj we.hSu isÿúh hq;af;a bf.kSu yd
b.ekaùu flfrk w;r;=r oS h' fuh bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh wdrïNfha oS fyda ueo oS
fyda w. oS fyda hk ´kEu wjia:djl oS isÿúh yels nj f;areï .ekSu .=rejrfhl=g wjYH
h' tf,i ;u isiqkaf.a bf.kqï m%.;sh we.hSug wfmalaId lrk .=rejrfhl= bf.kqu -
b.ekaùu iy we.hSu ms<sn| ixúOdkd;aul ie,eiaula fhdod.; hq;= fjhs'
mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï jevms<sfj< yqÿ úNd. l%uhla fyda mÍlaIK meje;aùula
fyda fkdfõ' th y÷kajkq ,nkafka isiqkaf.a bf.kSu;a" .=rejrekaf.a b.ekaùu;a jeä oshqKq
lsÍu i|yd fhdod.kq ,nk ueosy;a ùula jYfhks' fuh isiqkag iómj isáñka Tjqkaf.a
m%n,;d iy ÿn,;d y÷kdf.k tajdg ms<shï fhdoñka isiqkaf.a Wmßu j¾Okh <`.d lr
.ekSug fhdod.; yels jevms<sfj<ls'
bf.kqï - b.ekaúï l%shdldrlï ;=<ska wkdjrK l%shdj,shlg isiqka fhduq flfrk
w;r" .=rejrhd isiqka w;r .ejfiñka Tjqka bgqlrk ld¾hh ksßlaIKh lrñka
ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh imhñka lghq;= lsÍu mdi,a mokï lr.;a we.hSï jevms<sfj< l%shd;aul
lsÍfï oS wfmalaId flf¾' fuysoS YsIHhd ksr;=rej we.hSug ,laúh hq;= w;r" YsIH yelshd
ixj¾Okh wfmalaIs; wkaoñka isÿjkafka oehs .=rejrhd úiska ;yjqre lrkq ,eìh hq;= fjhs'
bf.kSu iy b.ekaùu u.ska isÿúh hq;af;a isiqkag ksis w;aoelSï ,nd foñka tajd isiqka
úiska ksis mßos w;am;a lr f.k ;sfí oehs ;yjqre lr .ekSu h' ta i|yd ksis ud¾f.damfoaYh
iemhSu h' we.hSfï ^;lafiare lsÍfï& fhoS isák .=rejrekag ;u isiqka i|yd fohdldrhl
ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh ,nd osh yels h' tu ud¾f.damfoaY fmdÿfõ y÷kajkafka m%;sfmdaIKh
(Feed Back) yd bosß fmdaIKh (Feed Forward) hkqfjks' isiqkaf.a ÿn,;d yd fkdyelshd
wkdjrKh lr.;a úg Tjqkaf.a bf.kqï .eg¨ u`.yrjd .ekSug m%;sfmdaIKh;a" isiq yelshd
iy m%n,;d y÷kd .;a úg tu olaI;d jeä oshqKq lsÍug bosß fmdaIKh;a ,nd oSu .=re
ld¾hh fjhs'
bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh i|yd mdGud,dfõ wruqKq w;frka ljr
wruqKq ljr uÜgñka idlaId;a l< yels jQfha oehs y÷kd .ekSug isiqkag wjYH fjhs'
we.hSï jevms<sfj, Tiafia isiqka <`.d lr.;a m%ùK;d uÜgï ksYaph lsÍu fï wkqj
.=rejrekaf.ka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk w;r" isiqka yd fouõmshka we;=`M fjk;a wod< md¾Yjj,g
isiq m%.;sh ms<sn| f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh lsÍug .=rejreka fhduqúh hq;= h' fï i|yd
fhdod.; yels fyd|u l%uh jkafka ika;;slj isiqka we.hSug md;% lsÍug bv m%ia:d i,ik
mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï l%uhhs'
229
hf:dla; wruqK iys;j l%shd lrk .=rejreka úiska ;u b.ekakqï l%shdj,sh;a"
isiqkaf.a bf.kqï l%shdj,sh;a jvd;a ld¾hlaIu lsÍu msKsi jvd fyd| ld¾hlaIu;dfjka
hqla; bf.kqï - b.ekakqï iy we.hSï l%u fhdod .; hq;= fjhs' fï iïnkaOfhka isiqkag iy
.=rejrekag fhdod .; yels m%fõY ms<sn| m%fNao lsysmhla u;= oelafjhs' fïjd fndfyda
l,l isg .=rejreka fj; úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska o" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska o"
f;dr;=re iïmdokh lrk ,o l%ufõo fjhs' tfyhska tajd iïnkaOfhka mdi,a moaO;sfha
.=rejreka fyd|ska oekqj;a ù we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾' tu m%fNao fufia h (
01' mejreï 02' jHdmD;s
03' iólaIK 04' .fõIK
05' ksÍlaIK 06' m%o¾Yk$bosßm;a lsÍï
07' lafIa;% pdßld 08' flá ,sÅ; mÍlaIK
09' jHQy.; rpkd 10' újD; .%ka: mÍlaIK
11' ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï 12' Y%jK mÍlaIK
13' m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï 14' l:kh
15' iaj ks¾udK 16' lKavdhï l%shdldrlï
17' ixl,am is;shu 18' oaú;aj igyka c¾k,h
19' ì;a;s mqj;am;a 20' m%Yak úpdrd;aul jevigyka
21' m%Yak yd ms<s;=re fmd;a 22' újdo
23' idlÉPd uKav, 24' iïuka;%K
25' laIKsl l:d 26' N+ñld rx.k
y÷kajd oS we;s fuu bf.kqï - b.ekakqï iy we.hSï l%u iEu tlla iïnkaOfhka iEu
úIhh tallhlg u fhdod .;hq;= hehs wfmalaId fkdflfrhs' ;u úIhhg" úIh tallhg
.e<fmk m%fNaohla f;dard .ekSug .=rejreka oekqj;a úh hq;= h' j.n,d .; hq;= h'
fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj, .=rejrekag ;u isiqkaf.a bf.kqï m%.;sh ;lafiare
lsÍu i|yd fhdod.; yels bf.kqï - b.ekakqï yd we.hSï m%fNao ms<sn| i|ykla ;sfí'
tajd .=rejreka úiska iqÿiq mßos ;u mka;sfha isiqkaf.a m%.;sh ;lafiare lsÍu msKsi fhdod.;
hq;= fjhs' tajd Ndú; fkdfldg u. yeÍu isiqkag ;u Ydia;%Sh yelshd fuka u wdfõoksl .;s
,laIK;a" ufkdapd,l olaI;d;a ms<sn| j¾Okhla <`.d lr .ekSu;a m%o¾Ykh lsÍu;a ms<sn|
wvqmdvq we;s lrjhs'
230
mdi,a mokï lr.;a ;lafiarej
1' mdi,a jdrh - 01
WmlrK wxlh - 01
2' wdjrKh lrk ksmqK;d uÜgu - 6'1
3' wdjrKh lrk úIhh wka;¾.;h - Y=oaOjQ iNdfõ wdrïNl wjêh
mdjq¨;=udf.a O¾u¥; .uka
mdjq¨;=udf.a uQ,sl b.ekaùï
4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh - ì;a;s mqj;a m; - 18
5' wruqKq -
• Y=oaOd;aud.ukh ;=< isÿjQ Y=oaO iNdfõ wdrïNh ms<sn|j wOHhkh lrhs'
• uq,a ls;=kq iNdfõ úfYaI ,laIK f.k yer olajhs
• mdjq ;=udf.a O¾u¥; .uka yd Tyqf.a uQ,sl b.ekaùï ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,shd
olajhs'
6 we.hSï l%uh -
ks¾Kdhl ,l=Kq
1' bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,shg we;s iïnkaO;dj$ tys WÑ; nj 04
2' ixúOdka;ul nj yd m%udKd;aul nj 04
3' w,xlrKh i|yd fhdod we;s lreKq yd tajdfha fhda.H nj 04
4' wka;¾.;fha we;s ks¾udKYS,S nj yd ;¾ldkQl+, nj 04
5' ì;a;s mqj;am;la jYfhka ksuejqfuys id¾:l nj 04
uq¿ ,l=Kq 20
231
mdi,a mokï lr.;a ;lafiarej
1' mdi,a jdrh - 01
WmlrK wxlh - 02
2' wdjrKh lrk ksmqK;d uÜgu - 6'2
3' wdjrKh lrk úIhh wka;¾.;h - • m%Odk uka;%K iNd
• iNdmshjre
4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh - laIKsl l:d
5' wruqKq -
• m%Odk uka;%K iNd ms<sn|j úfõpkd;aulj lreKq bÈßm;a lrhs'
• iNd mshjrekaf.a Èúh ;u Èúhg wdo¾Yhla jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
6 we.hSï l%uh -
ks¾Kdhl ,l=Kq
1' m%fõYh" ud;Dldj meyeÈ<sj ye¢kaùu yd tys WÑ; nj 04
2' ixúOdkd;aul nj" ud;Dldjg wod< lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu
ksjerÈ ni 04
3' úfYaI fhÿï" mqoa., m%ldY wdÈh fhdod .ekSu yd
ks¾udKYS,S nj 04
4' meyeÈ,s nj" ksjerÈ lgy`v md,kh" wx. p,kh"
ksjerÈ WÉpdrKh 04
5' ks.ukj,g fya;= bÈßm;a lsÍu 04
uq¿ ,l=Kq 20
232
mdi,a mokï lr.;a ;lafiarej
1' mdi,a jdrh - 01
WmlrK wxlh - 03
2' wdjrKh lrk ksmqK;d uÜgu - 6'3
3' wdjrKh lrk úIhh wka;¾.;h -
• 5-9 Y; j¾Ij, hqfrdamfha ls;=kq jHdma;sh
• uOH;k hq.h
4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh - jHqy.; rpkd
5' wruqKq -
• uq,a Y;j¾Ij, hqfrdamh ;=< iNdj jHdma; jQ wdldrh wOHhkh lrhs'
• uOH;k hq.h ;=< isÿjQ úfYaIs; isoaëka f.kyer olajhs'
• b;sydih ;=< iNdfõ jeàï yd ke.sàï meyeÈ,s lrhs
6 we.hSï l%uh -
ks¾Kdhl ,l=Kq
1' ud;Dldj ye¢kaùu 04
2' úIh lreKqj, jeo.;alu$ud;Dldjg wod< nj 04
3' ixúOdkh" fþo fn§u" wkqms<sfj," úúO Wml%u Ndú;h 04
4' NdIdfõ ksjerÈ nj" ksjerÈ jHdlrK" úrdu ,laIK WÑ; fhÿï
meyeÈ,s nj yd ks¾udKYS,S nj 04
5' ks.ukj,g t<öu" idOdrKSlrKh" ;¾ldkql+,j lreKq
bÈßm;a lsÍu 04
uq¿ ,l=Kq 20
233
mdi,a mokï lr.;a ;lafiarej
1' mdi,a jdrh - 02
WmlrK wxlh - 01
2' wdjrKh lrk ksmqK;d uÜgu - 7'2
3' wdjrKh lrk úIhh wka;¾.;h -
• mqkreoh yd iNd m%;sixialrKh
• kQ;k hq.h
4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh - mejreu
5' wruqKq -
• mqkreoh we;sùug n,mE idOl y÷kd .kshs
• mqkreoh ksid we;sjQ iNd m%;sixialrK úia;r lrhs
• kQ;k hq.h ;=< olakg ,efnk iNd ls%hdldÍ;ajh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
6 we.hSï l%uh -
ks¾Kdhl ,l=Kq
1' úIh flaI;%hg $bf.kqï wruqKqj,g we;s iïnkaO;djh wod<
nj yd kj;djhlska hq;=ùu 04
2' ks¾udKh i|yd fhdod .kakd úúO l%uj, yd udOHfha WÑ; nj 04
3' ixúOdkh" bÈßm;a lsÍu" ks¾udKYS,S nj 04
4' wruqKq bgqjk wdldrhg f.dvke`.S ;sîu 04
5' w,xlrKh i|yd fhdod we;s Wml%u yd tajdfha id¾:l;ajh 04
uq¿ ,l=Kq 20
234
mdi,a mokï lr.;a ;lafiarej
1' mdi,a jdrh - 02
WmlrK wxlh - 02
2' wdjrKh lrk ksmqK;d uÜgu - 8'2
3' wdjrKh lrk úIhh wka;¾.;h -
• ksoyiska miq iNdj uqyqKq ÿka .eg¨
• fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdfõ n,mEï
• j;auka iudch ;=< ,dxflah iNdj
4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh - jHdmD;s
5' wruqKq -
• ksoyiska miq iNdj uqyqK ÿka .eg¨ úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
• fojk j;sldk uka;%K iNdfõ n,mEï ú.%y lrhs'
• j;auka iudch ;=< ,dxflah iNdfõ .uka u`. úia;r lrhs'
6 we.hSï l%uh -
ks¾Kdhl ,l=Kq
1' ud;Dldj$.eg¨j wjfndaO lr .ekSu yd w¾: oelaùu" úIh flaI;%hg
tys we;s iïnkaO;djh wjfndaO lr.ekSu yd wruqKq f.dvke.Su 04
2' ie,iqï lsÍu" ld, rduqjla ieliSu" f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu i|yd wkq.ukh
lrk ls%hdud¾. ;SrKh lsÍu iy tajd ixúOdkh lr .eksu 04
3' f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu yd tajdfha ksjerÈ nj 04
4' ie,eiau wkqj kshñ; ld,h ;=< jev wjika lsÍu" /ia lr .kakd
f;dr;=re wdY%fhka ks.ukj,g t<öu yd fya;= oelaùu 04
5' .eg¨j yd wruqKqj,g wod<j t<ö ks.uk weiqßka woyia oelaùu" jd¾;d
,sùu" úIh lafIa;%hg tys we;s in|;dj meyeÈ,s lsÍu 04
uq¿ ,l=Kq 20
235
mdi,a mokï lr.;a ;lafiarej
1' mdi,a jdrh - 02
WmlrK wxlh - 03
2' wdjrKh lrk ksmqK;d uÜgu - 7'3
3' wdjrKh lrk úIhh wka;¾.;h -
• wOHdmkh
• úoHdj yd ;dlaIKh
• l,dj
4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh - újdo
5' wruqKq -
• f,dalhg iNdfjka ,enqKq odhl;ajh úia;r lrhs'
• úoHdj yd ;dlaIKh iNdfõ Wkak;shg fhdod.;a wdldrh ú.%y lrhs
• l,dj ;=<ska ìysjQ ks¾udKhka fya;=fldg f.k iNdj uqyqK ÿka
wNsfhda.hka úfõpkd;aulj ú.%y lrhs
6 we.hSï l%uh -
ks¾Kdhl ,l=Kq
1' m%fõYh" ud;Dldj meyeÈ,sj ye¢kaùu yd tys WÑ; nj 04
2' ud;Dldj,g wod<j lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu yd ixúOdkd;aul nj 04
3' woyia ks¾udKYS,Sj yd ;¾ldkql+,j bÈßm;a lsÍu 04
4' WÑ; f,i wx. p,kh yd ld, l<ukdlrKh 04
5' iïmsKavkh" ks.uk yd ks.ukj,g fya;= bÈßm;a lsßu 04
uq¿ ,l=Kq 20
236
mdi,a mokï lr.;a ;lafiarej
1' mdi,a jdrh - 03
WmlrK wxlh - 01
2' wdjrKh lrk ksmqK;d uÜgu - 9'1
3' wdjrKh lrk úIhh wka;¾.;h -
• uq,a ls;=kq iNdj yd ckjkaokdj
• fmrÈ. iNdfõ ckjkaokd l%u
• ngysr iNdfõ ckjkaokd l%u
4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh - m%o¾Ykh
5' wruqKq -
• uq,a ls;=kq iNdj ;=< meje;s ckjkaokdj f.kyer olajhs
• fmrÈ. iNdfõ ckjkaokd l%u Ñ;% u.ska ksrEmkh lrhs
• ngysr iNdfõ ckjkaokd l%u fmdaiagrhla u.ska bÈßm;a lrhs
6 we.hSï l%uh -
ks¾Kdhl ,l=Kq
1' m%o¾Yk f;audj WÑ; nj yd úIh CIa;%hg we;s iïnkaO;dj
wruqKq f.dv ke`.Su 04
2' wruqKq wkqj fhdod.kakd úúO øjHj, yd udOHfha WÑ; nj
ixúOdkh lsÍu 04
3' m%foaYSh iïm;a fhdod .ekSu" iliqrejï f,i øjH mßyrKh" w,xlrKh
i|yd fhdod we;s Wml%u yd tajdfha id¾:l;ajh ^wruqKq wkqj& 04
4' bÈßm;a lsÍu" ks¾udKYS,S nj" wruqKq m%;HlaIjk whqßka bÈßm;a lsÍu 04
5' m%o¾Ykh M,odhs f,i bf.kqï ld¾hhg iïnkaO lsÍu" isiqka
fhdod.;a wruqKqj,g <`.dù ;sîu 04
uq¿ ,l=Kq 20
237
mdi,a mokï lr.;a ;lafiarej
1' mdi,a jdrh - 03
WmlrK wxlh - 02
2' wdjrKh lrk ksmqK;d uÜgu - 10'2
3' wdjrKh lrk úIhh wka;¾.;h -
• .egqï ksrdlrKh yd iduh k`.d,Su
• mßirh iq/lSfï ls;=kq j.lSu
• j;auka iudch ;=< ,dxflah iNdj
4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh - m%Yak úpdrd;aul jev igyka
5' wruqKq -
• ñksid m%pKav;ajfhka yd ysxidfjka je<lS ish¨ ueú,s iu`. idufhka yd
ixysÈhdfjka Ôj;aùu foaj wNsu;h jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• mßirh iq/lSfï ls;=kqq j.lSï nhsn,Sh mdG weiqßka f.k yer olajhs'
• .egqï ksrdlrKh yd iduh k.d,Su iïnkaOj iNdj m%ldYhg m;afldg
we;s úYajf,aLkj, wka;¾.;h bÈßm;a lrhs'
6 we.hSï l%uh -
ks¾Kdhl ,l=Kq
1' úIhg wod<jk mßÈ m%Yak ilialr .ekSu 04
2' WÑ; mßÈ lKavdhï ixúOdkh lr .eksu 04
3' m%Yak bÈßm;a lsÍfï l=i,;dj 04
4' ms<s;=re bÈßm;a lsÍug olajk odhl;ajh 04
5' ,l=Kq jd¾;d lsÍu yd iuia; odhl;ajh 04
uq¿ ,l=Kq 20
238
mdi,a mokï lr.;a ;lafiarej
1' mdi,a jdrh - 03
WmlrK wxlh - 03
2' wdjrKh lrk ksmqK;d uÜgu - 10'3
3' wdjrKh lrk úIhh wka;¾.;h -
• YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk ls;=kq iNd
• ls;=kq iNd ixjdoh
• úúO wd.ï iu`. iyÔjkh
4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh - .fõIKh - 4
5' wruqKq -
• YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk ls;=kq iNdjka ms<sn|j kdudj,shla ilia lrhs'
• tal;ajfha ls;=kq iNdjla fjkqfjka iNd ixjdofha jeo.;alu f.k yer
olajhs
• ls;=kq fkdjk wd.ï ,íêlhka iu. iyðjkfhka Ôj;a jk wdldrh
ksrEmkh lsÍug jevms<sfj,la ilia lrhs'
6 we.hSï l%uh -
ks¾Kdhl ,l=Kq
1' .eg¨j $ úIh ud;Dldj wjfndaOlr .ekSu yd wruqKq f.dvk`.d
.ekSu" wruqKq yd úIhhg we;s in|;djh ms<sn| oekSu 04
2' ls%hdj,sh - ie,iqï lsÍu" ixúOdkh yd o;a; /ialr.ekSug .kakd
ls%hd ud¾. ;SrKh lsÍu 04
3' f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu yd tajdfha ksjerÈ nj 04
4' o;a; úYaf,aIKh iy j.= yd m%ia;dr u.ska tajd ksrEmkh lsÍu 04
5' ks.ukj,g t<öu" fya;= oelaùu" jd¾;d ilia lsÍu 04
uq¿ ,l=Kq 20
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