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Prof. Doutora Maria do Rosário Partidário
"Conceitos base em AIA/ EIA basic concepts"
Participação pública/ Public participation!Métodos e técnicas/ Methods and techniques"
Mestrado em Engenharia Civil "Master on Civil Engineering "Impactes Ambientais / Environmental Impacts 5/10"
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A positive or negative change on a valuable asset resulting from the effect of human action.
Can be “measured” on physical, ecological, social, cultural or economic components (called environmental factors), within a given period of time and a geographical area, when compared to the situation that would occur should the action not take place
1. What is an impact in EIA?
Basic concepts
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IMPACT
Time Initiation"
With action
Without action"
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Horizon
Envi
ronm
enta
l fac
tors
Basic concepts
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Criteria Impacts range Incidence Direct or indirect Signal Positive, Nul, Negative Importance Highly significant, less significant,
irrelevant Magnitude Maximum, moderate or minimum Probability Certain, probable or uncertain Duration Permanent or temporary Temporal dimension Immediatr, medium term or long term
Spatial dimension Adjacent, local, regional, national, transboundary, global
Reversibility Reversible (total or parcially) or irreversible
Classification of impacts
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3. Components, scale and time dimensions
now 2010
2020
local regional national beyond
Physical environment
Socio-economic environment
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Project: technical document of architecture and engineering, that contains the written reports and drawings that enable the physical design of an initiative (empreendimento). Project preparation and approval is usually a phased process (ex: previous study, ante-project, execution or licensing project). Action: activity, inserted or not in a project.
3. Project and Action
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Procedure and Process 4.
Procedure: set of rule to proceed with a certain activity Process: sequence of phases and technical and administrative activities Also the set of documents relating to a case EIA procedure relates to the administration of the process (rules, timings, competences)
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AIA e EIA / EIA and EIS 5.
AIA - Avaliação do Impacte Ambiental (Environmental Impact Assessment - EIA)
EIA - Estudo de Impacte Ambiental (Environmental Impact Study - EIS)
SCREENING
SCOPING
EIS PREPARATION
REVIEW
DECISION
POST-EVALUATION
Type of process
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Systematic (life-cycle) approach 6.
EIA follows a systematic and iterative process that starts with intention to develop an action (start of impact causes) and ends with abandonnement
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ALTERNATIVES 8.
Alternatives are fundamental to enable informed choice and avoid or minimize environmental impacts
Alternatives: option of how to do, or not to do, a project. “Zero Alternative”: expected evolution of the state of the environment in the absence of a project
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Types of Alternatives: - location - dimension - conception or design - construction techniques and processes - operation and maintenance techniques and procedures - abandonnement procedures - timing
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9. Impacts significance - How much is an impact? - Depends on context (spatial and temporal) and intensity
Criteria and scale to establish the magnitude and importance of environmental impacts
- Population
- Health issues
- Natural protected areas
- Cultural heritage
- Costs, etc.
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12. Mitigation measures Measures that aim at avoiding, reducing or compensate significative negative impacts = Minimization measures and compensation measures Residual Impacts: impossible to mitigate
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Information to decision-making 13.
Decision-support tool, but does not take decisions
Must be proactive
Must present information that is technically and scientifc robust, credible, relevant and useful (www.iaia.org - impact assessment principles of good practice)
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Teams 14. Multidisciplinary teams that work in an interdisciplinary fashion, with strong and competent leadership, ensuring sufficient technical input
Teams that develops studies
Temas that assess quality of environmental impact statement (EIS)
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Public Participation
Assessment is based on values judgement;
Its effectiveness depends on range of values considered;
Any impact assessment must involve relevant stakeholders and public in various ways at various moments
Information must be ready and accessible
SENSU - Research Group on Strategic Approaches to Environment and Sustainability - DECivil e Arquitectura, IST
Concept
Public participation may be defined as the INVOLVEMENT OF INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS that are POSITIVELY OR NEGATIVELY affected by, or that are interested in, a proposed project, program, plan or policy, that is subject to a decision-making process
IAIA Public Participation, International Best Practice Principles, 2006
(www.iaia.org)
- Education and information dissemination
- Identification of problems, needs and values - Generation of ideas, proposals and solutions to problems
- Reaction to proposals - Assessment of alternatives
- Consensus building for conflict resolution
Objectives of public participation:
International Principles for Public Participation
(André, P., B. Enserink, D. Connor e P. Croal 2006 Public Participation International Best Practice Principles. Special Publication Series No. 4. Fargo, USA: International Association for Impact Assessment)
Basic Principles 1. Adapted to the context 2. Informative and proactive 3. Adaptive and
communicative 4. Inclusive and equitable 5. Educative 6. Cooperative 7. Imputable
Operative principles 1. Initiated early and
sustained 2. Well planned and focused
on negotiable issues 3. Supportive to participants 4. Tiered and optimized 5. Open and transparent 6. Context-oriented 7. Credible and rigorous (www.iaia.org / publications)
Aarhus Convention and European Directive 2003/4/CE of 28 January
http://www.unece.org/env/pp/
Access to information, Public participation in environmental decision-making and Access to justice in environmental matters
European Directive 2004/35/CE - environmental responsibility
International drivers Principle 10 of Rio Declaration(1992) Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens….each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment ….and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes.
http://lithgow-schmidt.dk/sherry-arnstein/ladder-of-citizen-participation.html
Citizens participation ladder Arnstein (1969, Journal of the American Planning Association, 35: 216-224)
Manipulation
Information
Consultation
Participation
Delegation of power
Citizens control
Public weight in decision-making
What happens in IA – still much scope for improvement
SCREENING
SCOPING
PREPARATION OF EIR
QUALITY REVIEW
DECISION
POST-EVALUATION
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION as required by the EU Directive
Institutions consultation
Public participation
Shift paradigms
From giving information
Stakeholders Decisores Decision-makers
Information Consultation
to asking for views for creative development and mutual learning
• science is not enough • learning processes • traditional knowledge • collaborative processes
Be specific on:
!Whom? How? When? as early as possible
– when is that? Forms of communication (regional or minority languages)
identify target groups groups hard to reach groups that may hinder decision
Cameco case, Ontario Canada
Conversion of area and activities
http://www.cameco.com/fuel_services/port_hope_conversion/environment_safety/environmental_assessments/
EIA Methodologies and techniques
1. Methods and techniques 2. Significance of environmental impacts 3. Uncertainty in impacts prediction 4. Current state of the environment
Bibliography!CANTER, L. 1996, Environmental Impact
Assessment. McGraw-Hill. (ch 3, ch 15)"
Morris, P. and Therivel, R. (Eds), 2001. Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment, 2nd edition, Spon Press, London (2008 reprint).
Partidário e Jesus, 2003. Fundamentos de Avaliação do Impacte Ambiental. Universidade Aberta. "
EIA methodologies Introduction!
EIA methodologies – approaches developed to identify, predict and value changes of an action. Methodologies use methods and techniques to quantify or to qualify those changes. Even if all aspects and variables can be measured, the problem is to value them
1/3
Example of methods!1. Experts judgement
2. Checklists and matrices
3. Flowcharts and decision trees
4. Multicriteria analysis
5. Case comparison
6. Simulation Models
7. GIS and map overlays
8. Contingency analysis
9. CBA, CEA, other economic evaluation
1. Simple : no information needed on magnitude or importance of impacts"
2. Descriptive, require information on magnitude or importance of impacts as well as indication on prediction methods and indicators."
3. Questionnaires, three types of answer: “yes”, “no”, “may be”"
Three types:
Checklists
Simple checklists Impactes Project phase
Design Construction Operation Abandonnement 1. On water 1.1. Poluição 1.2. Decréscimo do caudal 1.3. Cambio de uso
X
X
X
2. On air 2.1. Poluição 2.2. Incremento do ruído 2.3. Presencia de maus cheiros
X
X X
3. On climate 3.1. Cambio de temperatura 3.2. Aumento das chuvas 3.3. Aumento da evaporação 3.4. Aumento de nebulosidade
X X X X
4. On soil 4.1. Perda de solo 4.2. Dunas 4.3. Acidificação 4.4. Salinizaçao 4.5. Geração de pântanos 4.6. Problemas de drenagem
X X X X
X
5. On vegetation and fauna 5.1. Perda de biodiversidade 5.2. Extinção de espécies 5.3. Alteração sobre espécies endémicas 5.4. Alteração sobre espécies protegidas
X X X X
6. On population 6.1. Perda de base de recursos 6.2. Alterações culturais 6.3. Perdas de recursos arqueológicos 6.4. Traslado de população
X X
X X
7. Other 7.1. Perda de valores paisagísticos
X
X
X
Issue Yes May be No Observation Noise. Will the project:
• Increase existing noise levels?
Vegetation. Will the project: • Change the diversity or productivity of
species or the number of any species (including trees, shrubs, aquatic plants, etc.)?
Energy. Will the project:
• Use substantial amounts of energy?
Transports and traffic. Will the project: • Generate additional traffic?
• Have effects or increase demand on parking infrastructures?
Public services Will the project have effects on, or result in, need for new services or changes in the following areas:
• Fire services?
• .....
Public reaction. Is the project:
• Potentially controverse?
• Conflictual with objectives in environmental plans locally adopted?
Chec
klis
ts:
impa
ct id
enti
fica
tion
Checklists
Advantage
• structured list of key potential factors for analysis or key impacts - aide-memoire;
• often result from experts judgement published by public / international organizations;
• enable interdisciplinary discussions;
• preparatory stage for matrix assessment (checklist of actions /activities and checklist of environmental components);
Disadvantage
• Guided tour - standard analysis, misses specific issues
Matrices!Double entrance tables, permit establishment of relationships: "1. Project actions or activities (causes) "2. And the environmental factors (effects)""
Functions:""- Preliminary identification of impacts (scoping)"- Comparative analysis of alternatives"- Impact assessment"-Presentation of evaluation results"
Matrices!
Actio
ns"
a b c d e
a -2 +1
+8 5
b +7 +2
8 8
1 3
-9 7
Leopold Matrix (Leopold et al., 1971).
Magnitude (left-hand corner) and Importance or significance (right-hand corner). Scale 1 to 10. Values can still be signaled as positive ( “+”) or negative (“-”).
Environmental factors"
Matrices – Basic rules "1. Objectives and assumptions clear."2. Matrices can be used creatively to identify indirect
impacts, cumulative impacts or contributions to mitigation measures."
3. Its better to use colour codes and graphical symbols in matrices."
4. The development ofa matrix does not imply that it needs to be used in the report, it may simply be an element of work "
5. Each impact analysis needs to be contextualized."
FLOWCHARTS!
Flowcharts and impacts trees, including network diagrams, enable the analysis of the inter-relationship between causes and effects and enables de analysis of indirect and cumulative impacts. """
FLOWCHARTS!
Fluxograma de impactes da aplicação aérea de herbicida (Bisset, 1983)
Aplicação aérea de herbicidas
Contaminação da água por herbicidas
Decréscimo do oxigénio dissolvido
Mortalidade de vegetação para alem da pretendida com o
herbicida
Perda de vegetação
ripícola
Contaminação de cadeia
alimentar no meio aquático
Decréscimo do crescimento de
algas, fitoplancton, etc
Aumento da temperatura da
água
Contaminação de cadeia alimentar no meio terrestre
Aumento do escoamento superficial
Aumento da perda de água
Aumento dos sedimentos
Aumento da carência de
oxigénio dissolvido
Danos na desova
Poluição da água por sólidos flutuantes
Aumento da erosão
Aumento do caudal
Flowcharts / Networks
Advantages: - integrated assessment, instead of discipline by discipline - inter-relations between causes and effects, including indirect impacts - cumulative impact assessment - communication (when simple). Disadvantages: - complexity (especially visually complex) - difficult to distinguish and quantify magnitudes (and importance) of different impacts
Mapping spatial areas
Arcview
Overlays and GISs
Prediciton of impacts - Methods Prediction of impacts is based on the quantification or descriptive qualification of impacts identified. Prediction impacts are clearly dependent on impacts and disciplines.
Type of methods: • Experts opinion • Case comparison • Use of models • Experiments
Prediciton of impacts - Models Physical models – representation of the reality ina reduced scale, simulating processes. (Exs. Wind tunnels or coastal area physical models that simulate waves)
Visual models – elaboration of images that represent the environment before and after the development of a project and its alternatives. It can also address the timing dimension (e.g., seasonal changes, vegetation growth).
Mathematic models- maths or statistic simulations applied to the deterministic or probabilistic calculation, based on quantitative values.
Cartographic models- representation of reality that will be affected by the project through maps or charts. Cartographic overlaps enable impact preditions.
There is no single ideal method!
Significance of an impact – how to decide?
• Cultural Importance • Social Importance • Ecological Relevance • Environmental Standards • Statistic significance • Technical issues • Political/institutional issues • Cost
Finding the significance of impacts All the possible effects of proposed project
Significant impacts
Impact analysis ! Decision factors ! Environmental
relevance Scaling impacts
Environmental filter
Impact assessment – criteria for significant impacts – USA
• health and safety • unique characteristics in a geographical area, such as historical
and cultural resources, wetlands, scenic rivers, critical areas for nature conservation
• human environmental quality at highly controversial levels • Unceratin, unique or unknown risks on the human environment • Precedent for future projects with significant impacts
Cumulative impacts
• destruction of designated buildings, places or objects (cultural and historical) or scientific resources
• Species or designated habitats • Risk of violation of any law or regulation for environmental
protection
Significant impacts Canadian guidance
• Determine adverse negative impacts
• Determine magnitude, including cumulative impacts
• Determine geographical extension of negative impacts
• Determine duration and frequency
• Determine the degree of reversibility
• Assess its probability of occurrence
• Assess the scientific uncertainty of the probability of occurrence of a significant impact
quantity: spatial and temporal resolution, reading mistakes, bias and imprecisions associated to the technique.
precision: detail on measurements
reliability: correctin of such measurements
The more precise is the information the more difficult it is to get reliable data.
Uncertainties related to:
Sources of uncertainty: • information on baseline and on the project (quantity, precision, reliability) • associated to the model • preparation of the model • application of the model
Characterization should: "• limit itself to the relevant affected factors" "• be proportional to the probable significant impact""
1st step- establish objectives in information collection""Do not collect and present available information just because it is available, if it is irrelevant, concentrate efforst on relevant information"
Baseline
2nd step- analysis of available information and verification of such information to the defined objectives."
- spatial and temporal representativeness"
tempo
variá
vel a
mbi
enta
l
t1 t2 tempo
variá
vel a
mbi
enta
l
t1 t2
3rd stage- identify additional information needs, field work/ time available"
4th stage- synthesize collected information and identify gaps in knowledge and how important they are to the keyobjectives"
"
• Methods vary depending on natural, social or economic variables"
• Function of scoping and impacts identification"
Criteria for selection of methods:""- Objectives"
- impact indicators (relationship with monitoring)"
- limitation: time and budget"
Baseline - methods
Recommended