Dr awing Trees & Ambiguity in Trees - Template.net · ©Andr ew Carnie, 2006 Dr awing trees...

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Drawing Trees & Ambiguity in Trees

Some Phrase Structure Rules of English

CP ➝ (C) TP

TP ➝ {NP/CP} (T) VP

VP ➝(AdvP+) V (NP)({NP/CP}) (AdvP+) (PP+) (AdvP+)

NP ➝ (D) (AdjP+) N (PP+) (CP)

PP ➝ P (NP)

AdjP ➝ (AdvP) Adj

AdvP ➝ (AdvP) Adv

Drawing trees

Drawing treesStep 1: Identify the parts of speech for all the words in the sentence

Drawing treesStep 1: Identify the parts of speech for all the words in the sentenceStep 2: try to figure out what words "go together in phrases" (i.e. figure out what the constituents are)

Drawing treesStep 1: Identify the parts of speech for all the words in the sentenceStep 2: try to figure out what words "go together in phrases" (i.e. figure out what the constituents are)Step 3: apply the rules backwards (bottom up) to build the tree.

Drawing treesStep 1: Identify the parts of speech for all the words in the sentenceStep 2: try to figure out what words "go together in phrases" (i.e. figure out what the constituents are)Step 3: apply the rules backwards (bottom up) to build the tree. Start with AdvP & AdjPs

Drawing treesStep 1: Identify the parts of speech for all the words in the sentenceStep 2: try to figure out what words "go together in phrases" (i.e. figure out what the constituents are)Step 3: apply the rules backwards (bottom up) to build the tree. Start with AdvP & AdjPs Next do NPs, then PPs, then VPs

Drawing treesStep 1: Identify the parts of speech for all the words in the sentenceStep 2: try to figure out what words "go together in phrases" (i.e. figure out what the constituents are)Step 3: apply the rules backwards (bottom up) to build the tree. Start with AdvP & AdjPs Next do NPs, then PPs, then VPs Generally, start at the RIGHT edge of the tree and work leftwards apply the TP rule last.

Drawing treesStep 1: Identify the parts of speech for all the words in the sentenceStep 2: try to figure out what words "go together in phrases" (i.e. figure out what the constituents are)Step 3: apply the rules backwards (bottom up) to build the tree. Start with AdvP & AdjPs Next do NPs, then PPs, then VPs Generally, start at the RIGHT edge of the tree and work leftwards apply the TP rule last.Step 4: now check your tree against your rules. Start at the top, and check that each set of lines can be generated by the rules.

Drawing trees

Important:

Drawing trees

Important: Nothing can be left dangling in space.

Drawing trees

Important: Nothing can be left dangling in space. Everything has to be attached to something higher up.

Drawing trees

Important: Nothing can be left dangling in space. Everything has to be attached to something higher up.Lines can't cross one another.

Some trees

The very big man gave the marble to his son

Some trees

The very big man gave the marble to his son D Adv Adj N V D N P D N

Some trees

AdvPAdjP

Some trees

NPAdvP

Some trees

NPNPAdvP

Some trees

AdvPAdjP

Some trees

AdvPAdjP

Some trees

AdvPAdjP

Some trees

AdvPAdjP

Some trees

The big lazy dog bit a mouthful of food

Some trees

The big lazy dog bit a mouthful of foodD Adj Adj N V D N P N

Some trees

AdjP AdjP

Some trees

AdjP AdjP NP

Some trees

AdjP AdjP NP

Some trees

AdjP AdjP NP

Some trees

AdjP AdjP

Some trees

AdjP AdjP

Some trees

AdjP AdjP

Some trees

I will finish an assignment about trees

Some trees

I will finish an assignment about treesN T V D N P N

Some trees

A Personal Pet-peeveThe line in a tree represents the application of a PSR, so there is no line between a word

and its category:

Peanuts

and its category:

Peanuts

and its category:

Peanuts

NPeanuts

AmbiguityAmbiguity: when a sentence has two meaningsParaphrase: A restatement of the meaning of a sentence, used to disambiguate ambiguous sentences.

John went to the bank. Paraphrase 1: John went to the financial institutionParaphrase 2: John went to the side of the river

We use paraphrases to disambiguate. But be sure that when you draw trees you draw them of the ORIGINAL sentence, not the paraphrase

Ambiguity

Two kinds:

Lexical ambiguity uses words with more than one meaning.

Structural ambiguity ambiguous due to the structure of the tree.

Lexically Ambiguous Headlines Safety Experts Say School Bus Passengers Should Be Belted

Drunk Gets Nine Months in Violin Case Iraqi Head Seeks Arms

Farmer Bill Dies in House Stud Tires Out

Prostitutes Appeal to Pope British Left Waffles on Falkland Islands

Reagan Wins on Budget, But More Lies Ahead Red Tape Holds Up New Bridge

Deer Kill 17,000 Man Struck by Lightning Faces Battery Charge

Ban on Soliciting Dead in Trotwood

Structurally Ambiguous Headlines

Two Sisters Reunited after 18 Years in Checkout Counter

Enraged Cow Injures Farmer With AxHospitals are Sued by 7 Foot Doctors

Killer Sentenced to Die for Second Time in 10 Years.

The Principle of Modification“The Golden Rule”

If an XP modifies a head Y then XP must be Y’s sister (be the daughter of YP)

The Principle of Modification“The Golden Rule”

If an XP modifies a head Y then XP must be Y’s sister (be the daughter of YP)

YP XP Y

sisters

YP Y XP

sisters

Ambiguity in Structure

Ambiguity in StructureThe man put the book in the box on the table

Ambiguity in StructureThe man put the book in the box on the tableMeaning 1: put the book (currently in the box) on

the table. The box isn’t on the table

Meaning 2: put the book into the box. The box is on the table.

V NP PPput D N PP P NP the book on P NP D N in the table D N the box

V NP PPput D N P NP the book in D N PP the box P NP on D N the table

I killed the king with the knife

I killed the king with the knifeeasy reading: “used a knife for the killing”

I killed the king with the knifeeasy reading: “used a knife for the killing”harder reading: “king holding a knife”

I killed the king with the red hair

I killed the king with the red haireasy reading: “king who has red hair”

I killed the king with the red haireasy reading: “king who has red hair”harder reading: “used red hair to kill him”

I killed the king with a knife

D N P NP

killed using a knife

N V NP PPI killed

the king withD N

a knife

king holding a knifeTP

I killedD N PPthe king

D Na knife

N V NP

P NPwith

I killed the king with red hairkilled using red hair

D N P NP

N V NP PPI killed

the king withAdjP N hairAdjred Adjred

red-headed kingTP

I killedD N PPthe king

AdjP Nhair

N V NP

P NPwith

Summary

SummaryTree drawing

practice, practice, practice

SummaryTree drawing

Apply rules from bottom up, start with AdjPs, AdvPs, NPs, PPs first. Start from right edge.

SummaryTree drawing

Make sure everything is connected, no crossing lines.

SummaryTree drawing

Make sure everything is connected, no crossing lines.

CHECK your trees against the phrase structure rules.

Summary

SummaryStructurally vs. Lexically ambiguous.

Structurally ambiguous

different meanings have different trees.

relies on the principle of modification!

Structurally ambiguous

different meanings have different trees.

relies on the principle of modification!

A paraphrase is a restatement of meaning. Don’t draw trees for the paraphrase -- draw them for the actual sentence.

Dr awing Trees & Ambiguity in Trees - Template.net · ©Andr ew Carnie, 2006 Dr awing trees...

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