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Ročni predležni menjalnik /
Manual gerbox with a layshaft
2
Vhodna gred / Input shaft
Izhodna gred /Output shaft
Prestave /
Gears:
5. (direktna /direct) R 1. 2. 3. 4.
Sklopi za sinhronizacijo vrtenja /Syncroniser components
Prestavna shema /
Shifting scheme:
1
2
3
4
5
R
Predležna gred / Countershaft (Layshaft)
Avtomatski menjalnik /
Automatic transmission gearbox
• Triosno planetno gonilo tipa 1AI:
6
• Three-axis planetary gear
with an 1AI arrangement:
1
2 – Gred zobniškega venca /Shaft of a gear wheel with
internal teeth
P – Planetna gred /Planetary shaft
Planetna os /Planetary axis
Planetni zobnik /Planetary gear
Sončni zobnik /Sun gear
Avtomatski menjalnik /
Automatic transmission gearbox
• Možne prestave za avtomatski menjalnik:
– 1. prestava (gred 2 je blokirana, gred 1 je poganjana);
– 2. prestava (gred 1 je blokirana, gred 2 je poganjana);
– 3. prestava (vse tri gredi so povezane, gred 1 je poganjana);
– R prestava (gred P je blokirana, gred 1 je poganjana).
7
• Possible gear ratios for
automatic transmission:
– 1st gear (shaft 2 is fixed,
shaft 1 is a drive shaft);
– 2nd gear (shaft 1 is fixed,
shaft 2 is a drive shaft);
– 3rd gear (all the three
shafts are fixed together,
shaft 1 is a drive shaft);
– R gear (shaft P is fixed,
shaft 1 is a drive shaft).
Avtomatski menjalnik /
Automatic transmission gearbox
• Štiriosno planetno gonilo Ravigneaux:
8
• Four-axis planetary gear
Ravigneaux:
Avtomatski menjalnik /
Automatic transmission gearbox
• Štiriosno planetno gonilo Simpson:
• Predvsem starejši avtomatski menjalniki na ameriškem trgu so temeljili na planetnem gonilu tega tipa. 9
• Four-axis planetary gear
Simpson:
• This planetary gear was a
basic transmission gear for
older automatic gearboxes
mainly in USA.
Hidravlični menjalnik /
Automatic transmission gearbox
• Zgradba hidravličnega menjalnika:
10
• A torque-converter
assembly:
Hidravlični menjalnik /
Torque converter
• Hidravlični menjalnik v menjalniškem načinu delovanja (ωV=0):
11
• Torque converter in a fixed-
stator operation mode
(ωV=0):
Tok olja /Fluid flow
TČ
V=0
MČ MT
MV
T/ Č
MT/MČ
=3
0 1
=1
Hidravlični menjalnik /
Torque converter
12
• Hidravlični menjalnik v sklopčne načinu delovanja (ωV>0):
• Torque converter in a loose-
stator operation mode
(ωV>0):
Tok olja /Fluid flow
TČ
V>0
MČ MT
MV=0
T/ Č
MT/MČ
0 1
=1
=1
Hidravlični menjalnik /
Torque converter
• Dejanska karakteristika hidravličnega menjalnika, uporabljenega v avtomatskih menjalnikih:
13
• Actual characteristics of the
torque converter as applied
in automatic transmission
gearboxes:
=P
T/P
Č
Menjalniki z zvezno nastavljivim prestavnim razmerjem /
Continuously Variable Transmission – CVT
• Uporaba gonil z zvezno nastavljivim prestavnim razmerjem (CVT) v avtomo-bilski industriji v zadnjih letih kontinuirano narašča.
• Po pričakovanjih bo delež CVT gonil v naslednjem desetletju dosegel 25% vseh avtomatskih gonil.
Pričakovani razvoj trga avtomatskih menjalnikov / Expected
market development of automatic transmissions [Pennings] 20
• Application of continuously
variable transmissions
(CVT) in the automotive
industry is increasing in the
past few years.
• It is expected that a share of
the CVT drives will be 25%
in the next 10 years.
Menjalniki z zvezno nastavljivim prestavnim razmerjem /
Continuously Variable Transmission – CVT
• Osrednji strojni element CVT gonila je bodisi jermenski variator bodisi toroidno torno gonilo.
• CVT gonilo omogoča brezstopenjsko izbiro prestavnih razmerij od redukcijskih do multiplika-cijskih vrednosti prestave.
• Pri jermenskem variatorju se navor in moč prenašata s primarne na sekundarno jermenico s pomočjo trenja med jermenicami in členkastim kovinskim jermenom.
21
• The main component of the
CVT drive is either a belt
variator or a toroidal friction
drive.
• The CVT drive enables
level-less selection of gear
ratios from reduction gear
ratios to the multiplication
gear ratios.
• The belt variator transmitts
power and torque from the
primary to the secondary
pulley with a help of friction
between the pulleys and the
segmented steel belt.
Menjalniki z zvezno nastavljivim prestavnim razmerjem /
Continuously Variable Transmission – CVT
• Brezstopenjsko prestavljanje se izvede s spreminjanjem aksialnih sil na pomičnih jermenicah, kar rezultira v spremembi dotikalnega polmera jermena.
• Jermenski element je obremenjen z nateznimi in upogibnimi obremenitvami.
Princip delovanja jermenskega variatorja /
Principle of operation of the belt variator [Pennings]
Obremenitev jermenskega elementa /
Loading conditions of belt segments [Pennings] 22
• Level-less gear ratio change
is carried out by modifying
the axial forces on the two
pulleys, which changes a
negotiating radius of the belt.
• The belt guiding element is
loaded with tensile and
bending loads.
Menjalniki z zvezno nastavljivim prestavnim razmerjem /
Continuously Variable Transmission – CVT
• Van Doorne-ov segmentni jekleni jermen / Van Doorne‘s
segmented steel belt:
• Jeklena veriga s prečnimi tornimi sorniki / Steel chain
with lateral friction pins:
Vir / Source: www.slideshare.com
Vir / Source : www.sanboo.en.alibaba.com
23
Menjalniki z zvezno nastavljivim prestavnim razmerjem /
Continuously Variable Transmission – CVT
• Brezstopenjsko prestavljanje v toroidnih tornih gonilih se izvede z nagibom tornega kolesa, ki se nahaja med pogonskim in odgonskim toroidnim tornim kolesom.
Input disk
Output diskPower roller
Toroidni variator s polno votlino /
Toroid variator vith a full toroid [Pennings]
Power roller
Input diskOutput disk
Toroidni variator s pol-votlino /
Toroid variator vith a halftoroid [Pennings]
24
• Level-less gear ratio change
is carried out with an
inclination of the middle
friction wheel that is mounted
between the input and output
toroid friction wheel.
Menjalniki z zvezno nastavljivim prestavnim razmerjem /
Continuously Variable Transmission – CVT
• Toroidno CVT gonilo z dvojnim vmesnim kolesom:
– Znotraj toroidne votline je postavljen par nasproti-vrtečih se koničnih tornih koles.
– Na ta način se minimizira izgube zaradi nasprotne rotacije v širokem področju prestavnih razmerij in zmanjšajo aksialne sile na ležaje pri vmesnih kolesih.
CVT gonilo z dvojnim vmesnim tornim kolesom / CVT drive with a pair of mid friction wheels [Walker et al.] 25
• Toroid CVT drive with a pair
of the mid wheels:
– Inside a toroid space a pair
of counter-rotating conical
friction wheels is mounted.
– In this manner the losses
due to a counter-rotation of
the main toroids are
reduced in a large domain
of gear ratios. Besides, the
axial bearing forces of the
mid wheels are reduced.
Kontrola prestavljanja pri jermenskem CVT gonilu /
Gear-shifting control for CVT drive
• Pri CVT gonilu z jeklenim jermenom za kontrolo prestavnega razmerja uporabljamo direktni pritisk na jermenico.
• Kontrolni mehanizem je navadno izveden s koračnim električnim motorjem in servo ojačevalcem.
Jermensko CVT gonilo /
Belt CVT drive [Seiichiro et al.]
Koračni motor s servo ojačevalcem /
A steper motor with a servo amplifier [Seiichiro et al.] 26
• The axial force acting on the
pulley is applied to control
the gear ratio of a CVT drive
with the steel belt.
• A controlling mechanism is
usually composed of a
stepper electric motor and a
servo amplifier.
Reverzibilna Variabilna Transmisija /
Reversible variable transmission – RVT
• RVT transmisija je nov tip transmisije, ki omogoča kontinuirano obratovanje motorja z notranjim zgorevanjem na krivulji minimalne porabe tako, da eliminira nepotrebne potrošnike energije v transmisiji (torne sklopke, sinhroni, hidravlični menjalnik itn.).
• RVT gonilo je oblikovano tako, da hkrati minimizira t.i. rotacijski zdrs (ang. drill-slip) tornih koles, kar poveča učinkovitost prenosa in zmanjša izgube pri prenosu.
27
• RVT transmission is a new
type of transmission, which
enables continuous function
of the ICE within the
maximum fuel efficiency
domain in such a manner
that the un-necessary
transmission losses are
avoided (friction clutch(es),
synchronisers, hydraulic
transmissions etc.)
• RVT drive minimises the
drill-slip of the friction wheels
and maximises the
transmission efficiency at the
same time.
Reverzibilna Variabilna Transmisija /
Reversible variable transmission – RVT
• RVT gonilo je dvojno torno planetno gonilo.
• Prestavljanje je brezstopenjsko tudi med spremembo smeri vrtenja. Prestavna razmerja variirajo med 2.4 (prestava navora 0.417) v smeri naprej in 0.26 (prestava navora 3.846) v smeri nazaj.
• Rotacijski zdrs med tornimi kolesi se pojavi le med spremembo prestave.
Nevtralna prestava RVT gonila /
Neutral gear of the RVT drive [De Maziere]
28
• RVT drive is a double
friction planetary drive.
• Level-less gear change is
possible even when the
rotation direction changes.
Gear ratios are between 2.4
(torque ratio of 0.417) in the
forward direction and 0.26
(torque ration 3.846) in the
reverse direction.
• The drill-slip between the
friction wheels occurs only
during gear-ratio change.
Reverzibilna Variabilna Transmisija /
Reversible variable transmission – RVT
Najvišja prestava v smeri nazaj /
The highest gear ratio in the reverse direction [De Maziere]
29
Najvišja prestava v smeri naprej /
The highest gear ratio in the forward direction [De Maziere]
Avtomatski brezstopenjski menjalnik – FENDT vario /
Automatic CVT drive – FENDT vario
[Vir / Source: Honzek R., AGCO-Fendt ]
31
Pluženje(75% hidravlični prenos) /Plowing (75% hydraulic transmission)
Motor z notranjim
zgorevanjem /ICE
Vklop počasne/hitre prestave /Selection of a slow/fast gear
Mt,1=pogon/ input
Mt,2=odgon/ output
1
2
3
4
4
<>0
<>0<>0
Transport (100% mehanski prenos) /Transport (100% mechanical transmission)
1
2
3
4
4
00
<>0
Motor z notranjim
zgorevanjem /ICE
Vklop počasne/hitre prestave /Selection of a slow/fast gear
Mt,1=pogon/ input
Mt,2=odgon/ output
Seznam literature / List of references
• Motorno vozilo. Ljubljana: Tehniška založba Slovenije, 2001.
• Spletna stran podjetja FENDT / FENDT company web site: http://www.fendt.com/de/traktoren_fendt900vario_motorundgetriebe_fendtvario-getriebe.asp (zadnji obisk / last visit: 3. 1. 2013)
• Honzek R.: Firmenpräsentation: Stufenlose Getriebe und Motormanagement Neues stufenloses leistungsverzweigtes Traktorgetriebe. Marktoberdorf: AGCO-Fendt.
• Pennings, B. Recent material developments for further optimisationof the pushbelt CVT. FISITA Conference 2014: F2014-TMH-003
• Walker, P., Durack, J., Durack, M. Laboratory testing of new form of toroidal CVT. FISITA Conference 2014: F2014-TMH-025
• Seiichiro, T., Hiroyasu, T., Hideaki, S., Masahiro, Y., Tetsuya, I. Application of sliding mode control to a CVT ratio control system. FISITA Conference 2014: F2014-TMH-043
• De Mazière, F. Reversible variable transmission – new transmissionsystem for optimum fuel efficiency and sharpdynamics. FISITA Conference 2014: F2014-TMH-071
32
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