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ECE544: Communication
Networks-II, Spring 2015
D. Raychaudhuri & D.
Reininger
Lecture 1Includes teaching materials from L. Peterson & L. Govindan
Software Defined Networks, P. Goransson & C. lack S!stem Performance, . Gregg
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Toda!s "ecture
• Administrative matters
• Course Overview – topics covered
– design & prototyping projects
• Introduction to networking
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C#ass Structure
• riday !"#$%"!'pm
• Lecture (ormat – )*ides+ ,oard+ -
– Interactive
• wo /' min sessions
– with a 1' min 0reak in 0etween
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Contact In$ormation• Instructors:
– Prof. D. Raychaudhuri• mai*" ray2win*a0.rutgers.edu
• O3ce 4ours" 0y appt+ 5I6LA, ech Center or Core $'1
– Dr. D. Reininger• Email: dan@semandex.net
• Oce Hours: by at
•
Pro!ect "#: $rancesco %ron&ino – mai*" 0ron7ino2win*a0.rutgers.edu – O3ce hours" t0d
mailto:dan@semandex.netmailto:baid@winlab.rutgers.edumailto:baid@winlab.rutgers.edumailto:dan@semandex.net
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C#ass %esources
• 5e0 page"http"88www.win*a0.rutgers.edu8comnet9
• :ai*ing *ist" comnet92win*a0.rutgers.edu
• )ign up (or mai*ing *ist at"
http"88*ists.win*a0.rutgers.edu8*istin(o8comnet9
http://www.winlab.rutgers.edu/comnet2mailto:comnet2@winlab.rutgers.eduhttp://lists.winlab.rutgers.edu/listinfo/comnet2http://lists.winlab.rutgers.edu/listinfo/comnet2mailto:comnet2@winlab.rutgers.eduhttp://www.winlab.rutgers.edu/comnet2
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Course %eadings• e;t0ook '? materia*@ – eterson & Davie+ BComputer 6etworks" A
)ystems Approach+ :organ au(man+ #th or$th editions
• 4andouts posted to course we0site
•Research papers in networking – to 0e distri0uted either on*ine or in c*ass – co**ection o( c*assica* and topica* research
• >1' papers and standards documents
• re=uired reading to supp*ement te;t 0ook
overview
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Course &rading• C*ass participation & homework" $?
– ,rie( in%c*ass presentations
– Assigned homework (rom te;t0ook
• :idterm inc*udes 0oth descriptive and numerica*pro0*ems
• Design & rototyping Assignments" !$? – network architecture paper 1'?
– protoco* project & report 9$?
•6o makeup e;ams+ no e;tra credit work
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Student Commitments• eep up with your reading
– read app*ica0*e te;t 0ook chapter anddistri0uted papers8RCFs 0e(ore and a(tereach c*ass
• )harpen your programming ski**s – study C8CGG & Hni; programming as
needed and work on simp*e programminge;ercises ear*y in the semester
•5ork independent*y – no Bco**a0oration o( any sort
• urn in assignments on time• :ake sure assignments are grada0*e
– (o**ow project and program su0mission ru*es
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'rere(uisites
• Curricu*ar prere=uisites – Computer 6etworks I or e=uiva*ent
– enera* communications andcomputer architecture8O) 0ackground
• )ki**s
– C8CGG programming• signiJcant programming project
– use o( design and ana*ysis too*s
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Course Topics
• Introduction
• 6etwork rincip*es
• )hared :edia8:AC
• kt switching
• I ,asics
• I Advanced
• :o0i*ity rotoco*s
%% mid%term
• )o(tware deJnednetworks
• 6etwork security
• ransport *ayer• 4igher%*ayer
protoco*s
•
4ardware issues• Case studies and
research topics – Content networks
– ,ig data and networks
– (uture Internet arch
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'ro)ects• 6etwork
architecture paper% top%down design% re=uirements
% speciJcations% system ana*ysis% report
• 5arm%up rojects% C8CGG programminge;ercises
% Hni; sockets+ etc.
% simp*e *ink protoco*s
• 6etwork so(twareproject
% new routing protoco*% so(tware p*at(orm provided
% student teams wi** writecompeting protoco* specs
% meetings to speci(yB
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*+at is t+e pro#em
Applications
T e c h n o l o g y Scale
The Global Network
Robustness
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.pp#ication Considerations
• App*ication input to network – tra3c data rate
– tra3c pattern
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.pp#ication Considerations:IoT
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.pp#ication Considerations
/IoT
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.pp#ication Considerations
/ata Centers, ig ata
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Cha"ter #, $igure #.#
. 3u#timedia .pp#ication
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%e#ia#e i#e Trans$er
• Loss sensitive
• 6ot de*ay sensitive re*ative to
round trip times• oint%to%point or mu*tipoint
• ,ursty
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%emote "ogin
• Loss sensitive
• De*ay sensitive
– su0ject to interactive constraints
– can to*erate up to severa* hundreds o(mi**iseconds
• ,ursty• oint to point
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Network .udio
• Re*ative*y *ow 0andwidth – Digiti7ed samp*es+ packeti7ed
• De*ay variance sensitive• Loss to*erant
• ossi0*y mu*tipoint+ *ong duration
sessions – natura* *imit to num0er o(
simu*taneous senders
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Network ideo
• 4igh 0andwidth
• Compressed video+ 0ursty
• Loss to*erance (unction o(compression
• De*ay to*erance a (unction o(
interactivity• ossi0*y mu*tipoint
• Larger num0er o( simu*taneous
sources
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*e
• ransactiona* tra3c – short re=uests+ possi0*y *arge
responses• Loss to*erant
• De*ay sensitive
– human interactivity• oint%to%point
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*+at is67
• )tructure
• :etrics
• ai*ure modes
• unctions
The Global Network
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Network Structure
Local%ccess Networks
Nodes,
'osts, CP(
)egional
Networks, ISP
National%Glo*al
Networks, ack*ones
Servers,
Data Centers
)outers,
Switches
Links, LN
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Network Topo#ogies
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Network 3etrics
• ,andwidth – transmission capacity
• De*ay – =ueueing de*ay
– propagation de*ay
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andwidt+ 8ersus "atenc• Re*ative importance
– 1%0yte" 1ms vs 1''ms dominates 1:0ps vs1'':0ps
– 9$:," 1:0ps vs 1'':0ps dominates 1ms vs1''ms
• InJnite 0andwidth – R dominates
• Throughput = TransferSize / TransferTime
• TransferTime = RTT + 1/Bandwidth x TransferSize
– 1%:, fle to 1%0ps *ink as 1%, packet to 1%
:0ps *ink
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e#a 9 andwidt+ 'roduct
• Amount o( data Bin Kight or Binthe pipe
• ;amp*e" 1''ms x#$:0ps $',
Bandw idth
Delay
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Cha"ter #, $igure #.+
10,000
5000
2000
1000
500
200
100
50
20
10
5
2
1
10010RTT (ms)
1-MB object, 1.5-Mbs lin!
1-MB object, 10-Mbs lin!
2-"B object, 1.5-Mbs lin!2-"B object, 10-Mbs lin!
1-byte object, 1.5-Mbs lin!
1-byte object, 10-Mbs lin! # e $ c e i % e d
l a t e n c y ( m s )
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Network ai#ures
• acket *oss – =ueue overKows
– *ine noise• 6ode or *ink (ai*ures
• Routing transients or (ai*ures
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Statistica# 3u#tip#e9ing &ain
1 :0ps *inkE users re=uire '.1 :0pswhen transmittingE users active
on*y 1'? o( the time.• Circuit switching" can support 1'
users
• acket switching" with !$ users+pro0a0i*ity that M1' aretransmitting at the same time
'.'''#.
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ack in t+e o#d das77
-ime
* w
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T+en came T377
mu demu
http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/ECE544%202010/ECE544%202008/ECE544_2007/ECE544%202006/defense-talk/tdm.ppthttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/ECE544%202010/ECE544%202008/ECE544_2007/ECE544%202006/defense-talk/tdm.ppt
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"ogica# network 8iew
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'acket switc+ing /Internet
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'acket Switc+ing
Inter*eave packets (rom diNerentsources
• 3cient" resources used ondemand – statistica* mu*tip*e;ing
• enera* – mu*tip*e types o( app*ications
• Accommodates 0ursty tra3c
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C+aracteristics o$ 'acket
Switc+ing• )tore and (orward
– packets are se*( contained units
– can use a*ternate paths % reordering• Contention
– congestion
– de*ay
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ata, Contro# 3anagement '#anes
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Switc+!s unctiona# #ocks
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'rotoco#s
• On top o( a packet switched network+need
•)et o( ru*es governing communication0etween network e*ements
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'rotoco#s /contd7
• ,ui*ding 0*ocks o( a networkarchitecture
•
ach protoco* o0ject has two diNerentinter(aces – service interace" operations on this protoco*
– peer-to-peer interace" messages
e;changed with peer• erm Bprotoco* is over*oaded
– speciJcation o( peer%to%peer inter(ace – modu*e that imp*ements this inter(ace
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"aering
Host Host
Application
Transport
Network
Link
/ser /ser -eleconferencing
La!ering0 techni1ue to sim"lif! com"le s!stems
Peers
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"aering
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"aering C+aracteristics
• ach *ayer re*ies on services (rom*ayer 0e*ow and e;ports services to
*ayer a0ove• Inter(ace deJnes interaction
• 4ides imp*ementation % *ayers can
change without distur0ing other*ayers
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'acket ;eaders
La!er + hdr La!er 2 hdr La!er 3 hdr -railer
Data
4(nca"sulation5
Packet 'eaders can contain0
6 addresses, flow ID, "kt t!"e, service t!"e, error checks, 7oS, 8
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IS< .rc+itecture
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
End host
One or more nodes
within the network
Network
Data link
Physical
Network
Data link
Physical
Network
Data link
Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
End host
Network
Data link
Physical
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Internet .rc+itecture• DeJned 0y Internet ngineering ask orce
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"aering &enera# Issues
• Re*ia0i*ity
• *ow contro*
• ragmentation• :u*tip*e;ing
• Connection setup
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E9amp#e: Transport #aer
• irst end%to%end *ayer
• nd%to%end state
• :ay provide re*ia0i*ity+ Kow andcongestion contro*
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E9amp#e: Network "aer
• oint%to%point communication
• 6etwork and host addressing
• Routing
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Inter-'rocess
Communication• urn host%to%host connectivity intoprocess%to%process communication.
• i** gap 0etween what app*ications
e;pect and what the under*yingtechno*ogy provides. ost ost
/lication
ost
/lication
ost ost
+hannel
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I'C .stractions
• Re=uest8Rep*y – distri0uted J*e
systems
– digita* *i0raries
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Host 1
Protocol
Host 2
Protocol
High-leelo!"ect
High-leelo!"ect
Serice
inter#ace
Peer-to-peer inter#ace
Inter$aces
Cha"ter #, $igure #.#
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#
T+#
send(#, messae) deli%e$(T+#, messae)
Inter$aces /contd7
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Cha"ter #, $igure #9
send()deli%e$()
Tomost $otocol
/lication $ocess
Inter$aces /contd7
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:;
'rotoco# 3ac+iner• rotoco* raph
– most peer%to%peer communication is indirect – peer%to%peer is direct on*y at hardware *eve*
$ile
application
Digitalli!rary
application
%ideo
application
&&P 'SP
HHP
Host 1
$ile
application
Digitalli!rary
application
%ideo
application
&&P 'SP
HHP
Host 2
Cha"ter #, $igure #.##
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:9
3ac+iner /cont• :u*tip*e;ing and Demu*tip*e;ing
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Network .rc+itecture
• oa* is to design a comp*ete networkso*ution that meets servicere=uirements and cost constraints
• Design space inc*udes – App*ication p*at(orm & so(tware
– 6etwork topo*ogy
–
Core techno*ogies – rotoco*s
– ra3c engineering
– Cost estimation
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Concept Example 1: Sensor Nets
'o!ile (nternet )(P-!ased*
Oerlay Sensor Network (n#rastr+ct+re
,omp+te Storage
Serers.ser inter#aces #or
in#ormation control
Ad-Hoc Sensor Net A
Ad-Hoc Sensor Net /
Sensor net0(P gateway
304
/TS
Perasie
ApplicationAgents
&elay Node
%irt+ali5ed Physical orld
O!"ect or Eent
Sensor0
Act+ator
6ig/ee7
./7 etc8
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Concept Example 2: Infostations
Internet
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esigning a Network
• Identi(y 0asic service re=uirements – transport service
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%e(uirements /contd7
• List additiona* service and network(eatures – Qo)+ video8audio+ etc.
–specia* routing
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%e(uirements .na#sis • )ummary ta0*e *isting key
re=uirements
= of users
-erminal t!"e
)elia*ilit!
Securit! features
it rate
-o"olog!
7oS features
vaila*ilit!
-rans"ort services
Cost
C), >)6rt,..
.#6#
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Network Components
• ey hardware components o( anetwork – 6IC >1'+ 1''+ 1$$+ 99+ 1''' :0ps
–
shared media channe*s :0ps
– point%to%point *inks
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Network Components
• ey so(tware components o( anetwork – C8ermina* O) & drivers
–
App*ication inter(ace S Bsocket spec – ransport *ayer protoco*
– 6etwork *ayer protoco*
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;ig+-"e8e# esign
• )e*ect network topo*ogy 0ased ongeographic+ capacity+ re*ia0i*ity+ etc.
• artition into access network+ corenetwork+ etc. as re=uired
• Assign network hardware componentsto each su0network 0ased on serviceand Qo) re=uirements
•DeJne service AI and protoco* stacks
• Ana*y7e network per(ormance & costand iterate unti* re=uirements are met
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;ig+ "e8e# esign
/sersE=, densit!, mo*ilit!F
ccess Net
*"s
Pkt sie
urst statistics
Stream "arameters
-echnolog! choice
Ee.g.
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Internet %e$erence 3ode#
App*ication
ransport
Internet
Link
JSI 9
JSI 3
JSI 2
JSI + & #
'ayer (nit of Data
App*ication :essage
ransport )egment
6etwork acket
Link rame
hysica* ,it
Names for units
of data *! la!er
6 Programs that use network service
6 Provides end6to6end data deliver!
6 Send "ackets over multi"le networks
6 Send frames over a link
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'rotoco# Stack
Names $or de8ices in t+e network
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Names $or de8ices in t+e network #aers
6etwork 6etwork
Link Link
App App
ransport ransport
6etwork 6etwork
Link Link
hysica* hysica*
Link Link
)e"eater Eor 'u*F
Switch Eor *ridgeF
)outer
Pro! or
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Internet %e$erence 3ode#
I is the Bnarrow waist o( the Internet )upports many diNerent *inks 0e*ow and apps a0ove.
;amp*es o( common protoco*s in each *ayer
S
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'rotoco#s and "aers
6etworks need modu*arity to supportapp*ications 0y :aking and 0reaking connections
inding a path through the network rans(erring in(ormation re*ia0*y
rans(erring ar0itrary *ength o( in(ormation
)ending as (ast as the network a**ows
)haring 0andwidth among users )ecuring in(ormation in transit
Letting many new host 0e added
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'rotoco#s and "aers
rotoco*s and *ayers is the main structuringmethod used to divide up network(unctiona*ity ach instance o( a protoco* ta*ks virtua**y to its peer
using the protoco* ach instance o( a protoco* uses on*y the service o(
the *ower *ayer
4
C
I
/'9.11
,rowser
T
U
T
U
Node # Node +
Protocol K
Service "rovided
*! Protocol
Peer
instance
Instance of
Protocol K
Lower la!er
Instance Eof
Protocol F
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Encapsu#ation
H+.##
IP
-C
P
'--P
'--P '--P
-CP '--P-CP '--P
IP-CP '--P IP-CP '--P
H+.##
IP
-C
P
'--P
H+.## IP -CP '--P
EAireF
'-
-P
-C
P
I
P
H+.##
'-
-P
-C
P
I
P
H+.##
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emu#tip#e9ing
Incoming messages must 0e passed to the protoco* ituses.
Done with demu*tip*e;ing keys in the headers
S
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Network-.pp#ication Inter$ace
Defines how a""s use the network Lets a""s talk to each other via hostsMhide the details of the network Sockets let a""s attach to the local network at different
"orts
App
App
host host
App
App
Socket,
Port =#
Socket,
Port =+
ISP
k $
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Network Inter$ace
E #
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Encapsu#ation
% tin
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%outing
S k .'I
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Socket .'Irimitive :eaning
)OC Create a new communication endpoint
,I6D Associate a *oca* address with a socket
LI)6 Announce wi**ingness to accept connectionsE give=ueue si7e
ACC assive*y esta0*ish an incoming connectionCO66C Active*y attempt to esta0*ish a connection
)6D )end some data over the connection
RCIV Receive some data (rom the connection
CLO) Re*ease the connection
= i S k
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=sing Sockets
Client Ehost #F -ime Server
Ehost +F
#0 socket
:0 connect
90 send
H0 receive
#0 close
connect
re1uest
re"l!
disconnect
#0 socket+0 *ind20 listen30 acce"t
;0 receive
B0 send
#0 close
Ocall *locks
C#i ' < #i
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C#ient Ser8er 'rogram
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Toda!s ;omework• eterson & Davie+ Chap 1
Recommended