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Emerald Ash Borer Biocontrol: Release, Recovery, and Impact
Ben Slager
Supervisory Entomologist
EAB Biocontrol Facility
USDA-APHIS-PPQ
1
Objectives
I. Brief history of Emerald Ash Borer (EAB)
II. Rearing and Release of EAB Parasitoids
III. Releases to Date
IV. Recovery & Establishment of EAB Parasitoids
V. Parasitoid Impact – Michigan Case Study
2
EAB Invasion
3
Biocontrol Agents
USDA-APHIS-PPQ
USDA-APHIS-PPQ
A
USDA-APHIS-PPQ
B
USDA-APHIS-PPQ
A
J. Duan
C
Bauer et al. 2015
A
B
C
4
Constant Source of EAB Eggs
USDA-APHIS-PPQ
Leah Bauer
USDA-APHIS-PPQ
USDA-APHIS-PPQUSDA-APHIS-PPQ
USDA-APHIS-PPQ
Oobius Adults EAB Eggs
Parasitized EAB Eggs
EAB Eggs
EAB Eggs
Adult Emergence
Exposure
AdultEmergence
Exposure
Cold Storage
Non-Post-Diapause Generation
Short Day Conditions
Post-Diapause Generation
Long Day Conditions
Oobinator
Oobinator
Rearing Oobius agrili
D. Miller
D. Bopp
J. Duan
6
USDA-APHIS-PPQ
Rearing EAB larvae for larval parasitoids
USDA-APHIS-PPQ
USDA-APHIS-PPQ
USDA-APHIS-PPQ
7
Rearing Larval Parasitoids
Emergence Exposures
Cold Storage
EAB Bolts
Adults Shipped
Ship Bolts
Adults Parasitized BoltsEAB Bolts
Adults Shipped
H. Liu
USDA-APHIS-PPQ
Z-q Yang
J. Duan
Z-q Yang
J. Lelito
8
How many parasitoids have been released?
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000
1000000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Nu
mb
er
of
Par
asit
oid
s R
ele
ase
d
Year
Parasitoid Species Released by Year
Oobius agrili
Tetrastichus planipennisi
Spathius agrili
Spathius galinae
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Nu
mb
er
of
Par
asit
oid
s R
ele
ase
d
Year
Total Parasitoids Released by Year
9
Where have parasitoid releases occurred?
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Nu
mb
er
of
Stat
es
Re
leas
ing
Par
asit
oid
s
Year
Number of States Releasing Parasitoids by Year
*Canada °Washington D.C.
*
*
* °
*
10
Where have parasitoid releases occurred?
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Nu
mb
er
of
Re
leas
e S
ite
s an
d C
oo
pe
rato
rs
Re
leas
ing
Par
asit
oid
s
Nu
mb
er
of
Par
asit
oid
s R
ele
ase
d
Year
Total Number of Parasitoids Released and Cooperators Releasing by Year
# Parasitoids Released
# Release Sites
# Cooperators
Cooperating with Non-traditional Partners
Shipping permits
11
Spathius agrili recoveries
Recovery Spats
Number of States 4
Number of Counties 14
USDA-APHIS-PPQ
Oobius agrili recoveries
Recovery Oobs
Number of States 8
Number of Counties 25
Jian Duan - ARS
Tetrastichus planipennisi recoveries
Recovery Tets
Number of States 11
Number of Counties 35
Jian Duan - ARS
Parasitoid establishment
Spring 2014 – Sites w/ 2+ years Spats Oobs Tets
Number of States 6 6 8
Number of sites sampled 20 15 19
Established (2+ years) 1 8 12
% sites with confirmed establishment
5% 53% 63%
Data provided by Juli Gould – USDA APHIS
A Case Study for EAB Biocontrol in Michigan (2008 – 2014):Impact Evaluation
Pictures provided by Jian Duan – USDA ARS
Duan, Bauer, Abell, Ulyshen, Van Driesche. 2015. J. Appl. Ecol. 52: 1246-1254
Recovery, establishment, & dispersal of Oobius agrili
Pictures provided by Jian Duan – USDA ARS, Figure provided by Leah Bauer – USDA FS
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Egg
par
asit
ism
(%
)
Sample Year
Control Plot - Visual Egg Search
Release Plot - Visual Egg Search
Control Plot - Bark Sieving
Release Plot - Bark Sieving
Abell, Bauer, Duan, Van Driesche. 2014. Biol. Cont. 79: 36-42
*Releases occurred from 2007 to 2010.
Recovery, establishment, & dispersal of Tetrastichus planipennisi
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
% l
arv
al p
ara
sit
ism
by T
. p
lan
ipe
nn
isi
Sample Year
Release plots
Control plots
Pictures provided by Jian Duan – USDA ARS, Figure provided by Leah Bauer – USDA FS
USDA-APHIS-PPQ
Duan, Bauer, Abell, Ulyshen, Van Driesche. 2015. J. Appl. Ecol. 52: 1246-1254
*Releases occurred from 2007 to 2010.
Similar Case Study Results from Maryland
USDA-APHIS-PPQ
Jennings, Duan, Bean, Gould, Rice, Shrewsbury. 2016. Biol. Control 101: 138-144
Duan, Bauer, Abell, Ulyshen, Van Driesche. 2015. J. Appl. Ecol. 52: 1246-1254
Pictures provided by Jian Duan – USDA ARS
Number of Live EAB Larvae
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Mean +
SE
(m
-2 P
hlo
em
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Control
Release
Year of Sampling
EAB Density Adjusted for Available Resource
Impact: mechanism for EAB decline?
Impact: Native and introduced parasitoids are important
USDA-APHIS-PPQ
Duan, Bauer, Abell, Ulyshen, Van Driesche. 2015. J. Appl. Ecol. 52: 1246-1254
Atanycolus spp.
Tetrastichus planipennisi
Jian Duan - ARS
Take home…….
22
Mass rearing EAB parasitoids has been successful
Oobius and Tetrastichus appear to be establishing and impacting EAB
Looking to increase release footprint with non-traditional partnersEAB.Biocontrol.Program@aphis.usda.gov
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