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WS WuenWS Wuen Mobile Communications 1
National Chiao Tung University
行動通訊 Mobile CommunicationsOverview of Wireless Communications行動通訊 Mobile CommunicationsOverview of Wireless Communications
溫文燊 Wen-Shen WuenTrans Wireless Technology Laboratory
National Chiao Tung University
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
2Mobile Communications
OutlineOutline
History of Wireless CommunicationsWireless Vision and Future Trends Technical Issues and ChallengesModern Wireless Communication SystemsWireless Spectrum, Regulations and Standards
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
3Mobile Communications
Early Wireless CommunicationsEarly Wireless Communications
Visual Communication– Line of Sight (LOS) communication– LOS distance further extended by telescopes– e.g. Smoke signals, Heliographs and Semaphore
Heliograph signaling Semaphore signaling Semaphore wheel
History of Wireless CommunicationsHistory of Wireless Communications
[Source: Wikipedia] [Source: Portsdown Tunnels] [Source: ThinkQuest]
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
4Mobile Communications
Origin of Wireless CommunicationsOrigin of Wireless CommunicationsHistory of Wireless CommunicationsHistory of Wireless Communications
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
5Mobile Communications
History of Wireless CommunicationsHistory of Wireless CommunicationsHistory of Wireless CommunicationsHistory of Wireless Communications
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
6Mobile Communications
History of Wireless CommunicationsHistory of Wireless CommunicationsHistory of Wireless CommunicationsHistory of Wireless Communications
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
7Mobile Communications
Wireless vs. Mobile CommunicationsWireless vs. Mobile CommunicationsWireless Vision and Future TrendsWireless Vision and Future Trends
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
8Mobile Communications
Wired/Wireless Network TodayWired/Wireless Network Today
Mobile DataDevices
PC / Server
BroadbandInternetServicePCS
MobileNetwork
Ethernet
Cable
GPS
DigitalCamera
DVD/TV/VCR
Printer
Real-TimeVideo
PCSDevice
Auto
DSL
USB
RCA
Mobile Devices
Wired Devices
Wireless Vision and Future TrendsWireless Vision and Future Trends
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
9Mobile Communications
Future of the Wired/Wireless WorldFuture of the Wired/Wireless World
Mobile DataDevices
PC / Server
BroadbandDigital Data(Fiber/FWA)
BTWPAN
3GWWN
802.11WLAN
OC3WAN
GPS
DigitalCamera
DVD / HDTV
Printer
Real-TimeVideo
Auto
ConsumerPOS
SODA
3G MobileDevices
Red: Multi-ModeGreen: Single Mode
Wireless Legend
UWB
Wireless Vision and Future TrendsWireless Vision and Future Trends
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
10Mobile Communications
Wireless Industry At A CrossroadWireless Industry At A CrossroadWireless Vision and Future TrendsWireless Vision and Future Trends
2.8 2.7 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.7
2.64.6
6.9 911.3 12.3 13.6
0.9
14.3
10.712.5
13.2
9.3
5.4
7.3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Wired Only Wireless Total Purchase
[Source: JupiterResearch Home Networking Model, 8/04]
US
Hom
e N
etw
orki
ng P
urch
ases
(in millions)
Wireless outsold wired home networking gear for the first time in 2004!
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
11Mobile Communications
Trend – Convergence of 4CTrend – Convergence of 4C
Wireless PAN
Wireless LAN
Wireless MAN
NotebookPCs
PDAs
Personal Computer(Internet)
Scanners
Storage Devices
Printers
Mobile Communication
3G Handsets
CordlessPhones GSM
Consumer Electronics(Broadcast)
Game Platforms DVDs
STBs
Contentsover
Everywhere
PortableGame Cube
MP3Players
DigitalCameras
DVCamcorders
PortableProjectors
Wireless Vision and Future TrendsWireless Vision and Future Trends
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
12Mobile Communications
Trend – Ubiquitous Wireless ConnectivityTrend – Ubiquitous Wireless Connectivity
Wireless Network Infrastructures
•3G MobileWCDMA, CDMA 2000Wireless MAN 802.16 •4G MobileMBWA 802.20Wireless RAN 802.22
Home
metropolitan
Downtown
Museum
Train
Airplane
Campus
in-house
campus-based
Hospital
regional
Vertical Handoff
Wireless Vision and Future TrendsWireless Vision and Future Trends
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
13Mobile Communications
Wireless Home NetworkWireless Home Network
Digital Home/e-HomeBroadbandBroadbandWireless Wireless AccessAccessHome Home
SecuritySecuritySenorSenor
NetworkNetwork WirelessWirelessHomeHome
NetworkNetwork
Wireless Wireless PANPAN
Broadband Broadband InternetInternetxDSLxDSL
Wireless Vision and Future TrendsWireless Vision and Future Trends
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
14Mobile Communications
Convergence of Consumer Electronic Devices Convergence of Consumer Electronic Devices
Unified Wireless Access Platform
NCTU NCTU HeRMesHeRMesOn On UniWANUniWANDigital Digital
ContentContent
Wireless MANWireless MANWireless LANWireless LAN
Digital Digital Video Video
BroadcastBroadcast
High RateHigh RateWireless PANWireless PAN
(e.g. UWB)(e.g. UWB)
Low Rate Low Rate Wireless PANWireless PAN
(e.g. Bluetooth, (e.g. Bluetooth, ZigbeeZigbee))
Wireless Vision and Future TrendsWireless Vision and Future Trends
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
15Mobile Communications
Wireless Industry TrendsWireless Industry Trends
20022002 20062006 20102010
Dat
a R
ates
Dat
a R
ates
WLANWLAN
>100Mbps>100Mbps
WWANWWAN--CellularCellular
WPANWPAN--UWBUWB
WPAN WPAN –– BTBT
300 300 -- 500Mbps500Mbps>1 >1 GbpsGbps
WMAN (WiMax)WMAN (WiMax)
Technology Issues and Challenges Technology Issues and Challenges
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
16Mobile Communications
Giga-bit WLAN
Heterogeneous Wireless Network AccessHeterogeneous Wireless Network Access
4G
Future Ultra-Wide Band
802.11n
802.11a802.11g
Ultra-Wide Band
Next GenerationBluetooth
ZigBee
1Mbps
10Mbps
100Mbps
1Gbps
Bluetooth
Wi-Fi
802.11b
802.11
WPAN WLAN WMAN WRAN
10km100kbps
Beyond 3G
802.16e, 802.20, 802.22
3G – WCDMA, CDMA2000
2.5G – GPRS / EDGE2G - GSM
High Mobility
High Data Rate
Desktop Room Building Community~1km
City
Wireless Vision and Future TrendsWireless Vision and Future Trends
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
17Mobile Communications
Challenges in Wireless CommunicationsChallenges in Wireless Communications
Spectrum is scarce License feeHigh data rates Multimedia applicationsReliability Quality of serviceMobility Channel characteristicsPortability Low power consumptionConnectivity in various wireless networks MultimodeInterference from other users Limited user capacitySecurity Mobile commerce
Technology Issues and Challenges Technology Issues and Challenges
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
18Mobile Communications
Requirements for Multimedia ApplicationsRequirements for Multimedia ApplicationsTechnology Issues and Challenges Technology Issues and Challenges
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
19Mobile Communications
Issues of Portable DevicesIssues of Portable Devices
Power consumption– limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks due
to limited battery capacity– CPU: power consumption ~ CV2f
• C: internal capacitance, reduced by integration• V: supply voltage, can be reduced to a certain limit• f: clock frequency, can be reduced temporally
Loss of data– higher probability, has to be included in advance into the
design (e.g., defects, theft)Limited user interfaces– compromise between size of fingers and portability– integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols
Limited memory– limited value of mass memories with moving parts– flash-memory or ? as alternative
Technology Issues and Challenges Technology Issues and Challenges
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
20Mobile Communications
Wireless v.s. Wired NetworksWireless v.s. Wired Networks
Higher loss-rates due to interference, lower reliabilityRestrictive regulations of frequenciesLower transmission ratesHigher delays, higher jitterLower security, simpler active attackingFlexibility and freedom
WIDE AREA CIRCUIT SWITCHING
User Bit-Rate (kbps)
14.4digitalcellular
28.8 modem
ISDN
ATM
9.6 modem
2.4 modem 2.4 cellular
32 kbps PCS
9.6 cellular
wired- wireless bit-rate "gap"
1970 200019901980 YEAR
LOCAL AREA PACKET SWITCHING
User Bit-Rate (kbps)
EthernetFDDI
ATM100 M Ethernet
Polling
Packet Radio
1st genWLAN
2nd genWLAN
wired- wirelessbit-rate "gap"
1970 200019901980.01
.1
1
10
100
1000
10,000
100,000
YEAR.01
.1
1
10
100
1000
10,000
100,000
[Source: Andrea Goldsmith, Wireless Communications]
Technology Issues and Challenges Technology Issues and Challenges
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
21Mobile Communications
Cross-Layer Design for Quality of Service Cross-Layer Design for Quality of Service – service location– new applications, multimedia– adaptive applications– congestion and flow control– quality of service– addressing, routing,
device location– hand-over– authentication– media access– multiplexing– media access control– encryption– modulation– interference– attenuation– frequency
Application layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
Technology Issues and Challenges Technology Issues and Challenges
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
22Mobile Communications
Cross-Layer Design Cross-Layer Design
Adaptive techniques– Link, MAC, network, and application adaptation– Resource management and allocation (power control)
Diversity techniques– Link diversity (antennas, channels, etc.)– Access diversity – Route diversity– Application diversity– Content location/server diversity
Scheduling– Application scheduling/data prioritization– Resource reservation– Access scheduling
Technology Issues and Challenges Technology Issues and Challenges
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
23Mobile Communications
Wireless System On a ChipWireless System On a ChipTechnology Issues and Challenges Technology Issues and Challenges
MemoryControllerCPU
RF Modules
ADC/DAC Module
Bridge
Peripheral Bus
UART Timer
USB1.1/2.0
10/100MAC
10/100PHY
Wireless MAC
Wireless PHY
Wireless SOC
Wireless Transceiver– Connectivity interface in SOC
Peripheral Bus
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
24Mobile Communications
Wireless SOCWireless SOC
Ref: Alcatel, ISSCC 2001
Ref: A. Reza Rofougaran et al, IEEE Microwave Magazine, Mar 2005
1st Single-Chip Bluetooth SOC
Wireless LAN SOC
Technology Issues and Challenges Technology Issues and Challenges
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
25Mobile Communications
Wireless Communications in Physical LayerWireless Communications in Physical Layer
Transmitter Channel Receiver
Coder Modulator RF FrontEnd
DeCoderDemodulatorRF FrontEnd
Help!
101100111..
Help!
Technology Issues and Challenges Technology Issues and Challenges
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
26Mobile Communications
Wireless Transceiver ElementsWireless Transceiver ElementsTechnology Issues and Challenges Technology Issues and Challenges
ModulationModulationSourceCodingSourceCoding
ChannelCoding
ChannelCoding
RFFront-End
RFFront-End
MultipleAccess
MultipleAccess
TransmissionTechnique
TransmissionTechnique
Demod.Demod.SourcedecodingSource
decodingChanneldecodingChanneldecoding
RFFront-End
RFFront-EndEqualizationEqualization DiversityDiversity
Info.Source
Info.Sink
RadioChannel
Transmitter
Receiver
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
27Mobile Communications
Typical RF Transceiver SystemTypical RF Transceiver System
090
LNA Mixer
VCOAntenna
090
Power Amplifier
Mixer
T/R Switch
Power Driver
A/D
A/D
D/A
D/APower Control Logic
PA & PM
RF Front-End
Analog Mixed Signal
Switch & Filter
1/N
Fref
ReferenceI, V, Freq
ClockTree
Regulators
Technology Issues and Challenges Technology Issues and Challenges
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
28Mobile Communications
Propagation Channel EffectsPropagation Channel Effects
Pr
Pt
dB
d0 log(d)
Multipath + Shadowing + Path Loss
Path Loss
Shadowing + Path Loss
Technology Issues and Challenges Technology Issues and Challenges
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
29Mobile Communications
InterferenceInterference
890.4
890.4 890.4
890.4890.4
890.4 890.4
Desired Channel
MHz890.4
Co-channel Interference
Desired Channel
Adjacent Channel
Adjacent Channel
MHz890.2 890.4 890.6
891.0
890.4
890.8
891.2
890.6
890.0
890.2
Co-Channel Interference Adjacent-Channel Interference
Technology Issues and Challenges Technology Issues and Challenges
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
30Mobile Communications
NoiseNoise
Thermal noiseMan-made noiseReceiver noise
TX RX
fTX fRXS
Pn=N0B
RequiredTransmissionQuality
SNRmin
BER[%]
SNR[dB]
Technology Issues and Challenges Technology Issues and Challenges
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
31Mobile Communications
Modern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems
Paging SystemCordless Phone SystemCellular Phone SystemSatellite NetworkWireless Local Area NetworkWireless Personal Area NetworkWireless Metropolitan Network
Modern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
32Mobile Communications
Paging SystemPaging System
Send brief message to a subscriberSimplex SystemLarge transmitter power (~ kWatt)Low data rate (~ kbps)
PSTN
PagingControlCenter
PagingTerminal
Landline Link
Landline Link
Satellite Link
City 1
City 2
PagingTerminal
PagingTerminal
City N
Worldwide paging
Local paging
Remote paging
Simulcasting:Simultaneously broadcasting a page
Modern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
33Mobile Communications
Cordless Phone SystemCordless Phone System
Full duplex system1st generation primarily for in-home useNow as extended telephone in-home/in-building use or outdoor locations within urban centersLimited range and mobility
PSTN
PublicSwitched
TelephoneNetwork
Fixed Port
BaseStation
Wireless Link
Cordless Handset
Modern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
34Mobile Communications
Cell: coverage of a base station transmitter
Cellular Phone SystemCellular Phone System
TAIPEI
HSINCHU
MSC: Mobile Switch CenterMTSO: Mobile Telephone Switching OfficePSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network
Handoff: enables a call to proceed moving from one cell to another.
Modern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems
PSTNMSC(MTSO)MSC
(MTSO)
Internet
Long-DistanceNetwork
High Speed Wired Link
Base Station
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
35Mobile Communications
Fundamental of Cellular Phone SystemFundamental of Cellular Phone System
Frequency Reuse– Signal power falls off with distance– Reuse the same frequency spectrum at spatially-separated
locationsInter-cell Interference– Interference caused by users in different cells operating on the
same channel set– Must remain below a given threshold for acceptable system
performanceReuse Distance– Should be as small as possible so that frequencies are reused
as often as possible, thereby maximizing spectral efficiency more user capacity
– Difficult to determine the minimum reuse distance since both transmitting and interfering signals experience random power variations due to the characteristics of wireless signal propagation
Modern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
36Mobile Communications
Cell Types of Cellular Phone SystemCell Types of Cellular Phone System
Macro-cell– Early cellular systems used relative large cells ( small number
of cells) to cover an entire city due to high cost of base stations– Signal power radiated uniformly in all directions and the circular
contour of constant power yields a hexagonal cell shape for the system
– Mostly in rural areasMicro-cell, Pico-cell– need for higher capacity– reduced size and cost of base station electronics– mostly in urban areas– less transmitting power is required– smaller cells cause complicated network design, handoff and
location management– difficult to develop general propagation models for small cells
Modern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
37Mobile Communications
Common Terms in Cellular Phone SystemCommon Terms in Cellular Phone System
CAI: Common air interfaceFVC: Forward voice channel– Voice transmission channel for BS MS
RVC: Reverse voice channel– Voice transmission channel for MS BS
FCC: Forward control channel– Control channel for setting up a call for BS MS
RCC: Reverse control channel– Control channel for setting up a call for MS BS
Modern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
38Mobile Communications
FCC
RCC
FVC
FCC
FCC
RCC
FVC
FCC
Call Process: Landline User Mobile UserCall Process: Landline User Mobile UserModern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems
Receives page and matches the MIN with its own MIN
Receives MIN, ESN, Station Class Mark and passes to MSC
Acknowledges receipt of MIN and sends ESN and Station Class Mark
Verifies that the mobile has a valid MIN, ESN pair
Requests BS to move mobile to unused voice channel pair
Transmits data message for mobile to move to specific voice channel
Receives data messages to move to specified voice channel
Connects the mobile with the calling party on the PSTN
Begin Voice transmission
Begin voice reception
Begin Voice transmission
Begin voice reception
Receives call from PSTN; Send the requested MIN to all base stations
Transmits page (MIN) for specified user
MSC
BS
MS
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
39Mobile Communications
Call Process: Mobile User 1 Mobile User 2Call Process: Mobile User 1 Mobile User 2Modern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems
FCC
RCC
FVC
FCC
FCC
RCC
FVC
FCC
Receives call initiation request from BS and verifies that mobile has a valid MIN, ESN pair
Paging for called mobile, instructing the mobile to move to voice channel
Instruct FCC of originating BS to move mobile to a pair voice channels
Receives page and matches the MIN with its own MIN. Receives instruction to move to voice channel.
Connects the mobile with the called party on the PSTN
Begin Voice transmission
Begin voice reception
Begin Voice transmission
Begin voice reception
Sends a call initiation request along with subscribe MIN and number of called party
Receives call initiation request and MIN, ESN, Station Class Mark
MSC
BS
MS
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
40Mobile Communications
Evolution From 2G to 3G Cellular SystemsEvolution From 2G to 3G Cellular Systems
IS-95 GSM IS-136 & PDC
IS-95B HSCSDGPRS
EDGE
cdma2000-1xRTT
cdma2000-1xEV, DV, DO
cdma2000-1xRTT
W-CDMA
TD-SCDMAEDGE
2G
2.5G
3G
Modern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
41Mobile Communications
Migration of Digital Cellular SystemsMigration of Digital Cellular Systems
UMTS
GSM Circuit-Switched Voice
GPRS
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service(17.6 kbps x 8)
EDGE: Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution(59.2 kbps x 8)
UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecomm Systems
EDGE
IS-136 Circuit-Switched Voice
IS-136+
EDGE
Packet Voice & Dataover EDGE
Packet Voice & Dataover UMTS (WCDMA)
Circuit-SwitchedCircuit-Switched VoicePacket-Switched Data Packet-Switched
CDMA2000
PacketData
Modern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
42Mobile Communications
Circuit Switched vs. Packet SwitchedCircuit Switched vs. Packet Switched
A
B
C
A
B
C
Circuit-Switched
Packet-Switched
Modern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems
Header Data Trailer
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
43Mobile Communications
Multiple AccessMultiple Access
FDMA– Frequency Division Multiple Access
TDMA– Time Division Multiple Access
CDMA– Code Division Multiple Access
TDMA
CDMAtimeFDMA
freq
time
freq
TDMA
time
freq
code
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
44Mobile Communications
Satellite NetworkSatellite Network
Inter Satellite Link (ISL)
Mobile User Link (MUL)
Gateway Link (GWL)
Small cells(spotbeams)
GWL
MUL
PSTNISDN GSM
User Data
Modern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems
base station or gateway
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
45Mobile Communications
Wireless Local Area NetworkWireless Local Area NetworkModern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems
Hub
Server
Switch
Internet
Wireless LAN (WLAN) as an extension to wired LAN
Access PointHub
Workgroup Bridge
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
46Mobile Communications
Infrastructure vs. Ad-hoc NetworksInfrastructure vs. Ad-hoc Networks
Infrastructurenetwork
APAP
APAP: Access Point
ad-hoc networkPDA
WiFi PhoneLaptop
Computer
Wired Network (Ethernet)
Modern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
47Mobile Communications
Wireless Personal Area NetworkWireless Personal Area NetworkModern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems
Personal Ad-hot Network Cable Replacement
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
48Mobile Communications
Wireless Personal Area NetworkWireless Personal Area Network
SecurityHVAC
Lighting ControlAccess ControlLawn & Garden
Irrigation
Asset MgtProcess Control
EnvironmentalEnergy Mgt
Patient monitoring
Fitness monitoring
SecurityHVACAMR
Lighting ControlAccess Control
TVVCR
DVD/CDRF Remotes
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL/RESIDENTIAL/LIGHT LIGHT
COMMERCIAL COMMERCIAL CONTROLCONTROL
CONSUMER CONSUMER ELECTRONICSELECTRONICS
PC & PC & PERIPHERALSPERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIALINDUSTRIALCONTROLCONTROL
PERSONAL PERSONAL HEALTH CAREHEALTH CARE
BUILDING BUILDING AUTOMATIONAUTOMATION
Chart Copyright ZigBee Alliance 2004
Modern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
49Mobile Communications
Wireless Metropolitan Area NetworkWireless Metropolitan Area NetworkModern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems
BWA Operator Network Backbone
INTERNETBACKBONE
Mobile Backhaul
3
RESIDENTIAL & SoHo DSL LEVEL SERVICE
1
802.16d
FRACTIONAL E1 for SMALL BUSINESS
T1+ LEVEL SERVICE ENTERPRISE
BACKHAUL for HOTSPOTS
2
802.16d
Mobility
5802.16eH
H
HHH
H
H
H
WMAN Nomadic Coverage --> handoff from HOT SPOTS
4
= wide area coverage outside of Hot Spots
H
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
50Mobile Communications
Wireless Regional Area NetworkWireless Regional Area Network
WRAN HierarchyPublic IP Network
Service Provider IP Network
HAAAA
S D
ACR ACR
WRANBS
CPE
• AAA : Authentication, Authorization and Account Server • ACR : Access Control Router HA : Home Agent
Modern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
51Mobile Communications
Wireless Regional Area Network Wireless Regional Area Network
WRANRepeater
TV TransmitterWRAN
Base Station
WirelessMIC
WirelessMIC
WRANBase Station
: CPE: Customer Premise Equipment
: WRAN Base Station
Typical ~33kmMax. 100km
Deployment Scenario
Modern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
52Mobile Communications
Electromagnetic SpectrumElectromagnetic Spectrum
108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9
ELF SLF ULF VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF
Wavelength (meters)
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017
1 m1 km1 Mm 1 mm 1 μm 1 nm
1 MHz1 kHz1 Hz 1 GHz 1 THzFrequency (Hz)
Radio waves MicrowavesInfra-Red
Ultra-Violet
X-Ray
Wireless Spectrum, Regulations and StandardsWireless Spectrum, Regulations and Standards
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
53Mobile Communications
Spectrum Regulation AgenciesSpectrum Regulation Agencies
Since frequency spectrum is scarce, the application of spectrum is regulated by governments.– Taiwan: National Communications Commission
(NCC)– Japan: Ministry of Internal Affairs and
Communication (MIC)– United States: Federal Communications
Commission (FCC)– Europe: European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ESTI)– Global: Internal Telecommunications Union (ITU)
Wireless Spectrum, Regulations and StandardsWireless Spectrum, Regulations and Standards
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
54Mobile Communications
Applications of Frequency SpectrumsApplications of Frequency Spectrums
US Licensed Band
Wireless Spectrum, Regulations and StandardsWireless Spectrum, Regulations and Standards
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
55Mobile Communications
Applications of Frequency SpectrumsApplications of Frequency Spectrums
US License-Exempt Band
Wireless Spectrum, Regulations and StandardsWireless Spectrum, Regulations and Standards
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
56Mobile Communications
Standard OrganizationsStandard Organizations
Telecommunications Industry Association– represents providers of communications and information
technology products and services for the global marketplace through its core competencies in standards development, domestic and international advocacy, as well as market development and trade promotion programs.
IEEE– leads the way in developing open, leading-edge consensus
standards for Wireless Local Area Networks (Wireless LANs), Wireless Personal Area Networks (Wireless PANs), and Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (Wireless MANs).
ETSI– is officially responsible for standardization of Information and
Communication Technologies (ICT) within Europe.
Wireless Spectrum, Regulations and StandardsWireless Spectrum, Regulations and Standards
WS WuenWS Wuen
Overview of Wireless Communications
57Mobile Communications
Current and Evolving Wireless StandardsCurrent and Evolving Wireless Standards
IEEE 802.15.3 UWB, Bluetooth
Wi-Media, BTSIG, MBOA
WWAN
WMAN
WLAN
WPAN ETSI HiperPAN
IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi Alliance
ETSI-BRAN HiperLAN2
IEEE 802.16d WiMAX
ETSI HiperMAN & HIPERACCESS
IEEE 802.20IEEE 802.16e
3GPP (GPRS/UMTS)3GPP2 (1X--/CDMA2000)
GSMA, OMA
SensorsIEEE 802.15.4(Zigbee Alliance)
RFID(AutoID Center)
IEE
E 8
02.2
1,IE
EE
802
.18
802.
19
WRANIEEE 802.22
Wireless Spectrum, Regulations and StandardsWireless Spectrum, Regulations and Standards
行動通訊 Mobile Communications�Overview of Wireless CommunicationsOutlineEarly Wireless CommunicationsOrigin of Wireless CommunicationsHistory of Wireless CommunicationsHistory of Wireless CommunicationsWireless vs. Mobile CommunicationsWired/Wireless Network TodayFuture of the Wired/Wireless WorldWireless Industry At A CrossroadTrend – Convergence of 4CTrend – Ubiquitous Wireless ConnectivityWireless Home NetworkConvergence of Consumer Electronic Devices Wireless Industry TrendsHeterogeneous Wireless Network AccessChallenges in Wireless CommunicationsRequirements for Multimedia ApplicationsIssues of Portable DevicesWireless v.s. Wired NetworksCross-Layer Design for Quality of Service Cross-Layer Design Wireless System On a ChipWireless SOCWireless Communications in Physical LayerWireless Transceiver ElementsTypical RF Transceiver SystemPropagation Channel EffectsInterferenceNoiseModern Wireless Communication SystemsPaging SystemCordless Phone SystemCellular Phone SystemFundamental of Cellular Phone SystemCell Types of Cellular Phone SystemCommon Terms in Cellular Phone SystemCall Process: Landline User Mobile UserCall Process: Mobile User 1 Mobile User 2Evolution From 2G to 3G Cellular SystemsMigration of Digital Cellular SystemsCircuit Switched vs. Packet SwitchedMultiple AccessSatellite NetworkWireless Local Area NetworkInfrastructure vs. Ad-hoc NetworksWireless Personal Area NetworkWireless Personal Area NetworkWireless Metropolitan Area NetworkWireless Regional Area NetworkWireless Regional Area Network Electromagnetic SpectrumSpectrum Regulation AgenciesApplications of Frequency SpectrumsApplications of Frequency SpectrumsStandard OrganizationsCurrent and Evolving Wireless Standards
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