FLOODS IN MALAYSIA - PWRI · Floods in Malaysia Jan 2004 FLOODS IN MALAYSIA by Keizrul bin Abdullah...

Jan 2004

FLOODS IN MALAYSIA

by Keizrul bin Abdullah

Director GeneralDepartment of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia

21 January 2004

Jan 2004

WATER HAZARDWATER

HAZARD

Jan 2004

Too MuchToo MuchToo MuchToo Much

Too LittleToo LittleToo LittleToo Little

Water Water Water Water HazardHazardHazardHazard

Jan 2004

Water Crisis

Jan 2004

CONTENTSCONTENTS

• The flooding problem in Malaysia

• Causes of flooding

• Strategies to overcome the problem

• Curative measures

• Preventive measures

Jan 2004

MALAYSIA

Jan 2004

MALAYSIA

Equator

Located in Humid Tropics Annual Rainfall of 3,000 mm

Jan 2004

Typhoon Greg, Sabah

Jan 2004

• Flooded area - 29,720 km²

• 9 % of the total land area of Malaysia

Flood ImpactsFlood Impacts

Jan 2004

LumpurKuala

S.Linggi

KELANTAN

Shah Alam

S.Perak

S.Bernam

Seremban

S.Klang

SELANGOR

Kangar

Alor Setar

George Town

PINANGPULAU

LANGKAWIPULAU

S.Muda

PERLIS

THAILAND

S.Rompin

SINGAPORE

Kuantan

S.Pahang

S.Cukai

S.Muar

S.Batu Pahat

S.Benut

PAHANG

SEMBILANNEGERI

MELAKA

MelakaS.Melaka

S.Kuantan

S.Johor

BahruJohor

S.Endau

S.Dungun

Kuala Terengganu

Kota Bharu

TERENGGANU

S.Kelantan

S.Terengganu

Flood Prone Areas in Peninsular Malaysia

Jan 2004

S.Rej ang

S.Sa dong

S.Rej ang

S.Sa dong

S.Sa rawakS.Sa rawakKucingKucing

SARAWAK

S.BaramS.Baram

LAB UAN

Kot a KinabaluKot a Kinabalu

S.Kina batanganS.Kina batangan

FLOOD PRONE AREA (EAST MALAYSIA)Flood Prone Areas in Sabah & Sarawak

Jan 2004

• Flooded Area - 29,720 km²

• 4.9 million (20 %) people affected

Jan 2004

• Flooded Area - 29,720 km²

• 4.9 million (20 %) people affected

• Average annual flood damage for country is estimated at RM 1 billion (US$ 263 million)

Jan 2004

Causes of FloodingCauses of Flooding

Natural Phenomenon

Human Activities

Jan 2004

Natural Phenomenon

Jan 2004

Kuala Lumpur in 1926

Jan 2004

Selangor Club Padang, Kuala Lumpur in 1949

Jan 2004

Muda River 1949

Jan 2004

Kuala Lumpur 1971

Jan 2004

Natural Phenomenon

- Heavy Rainfall

Jan 2004

26 April 2001

Location of Rainfall Station

JPS Ampang

Rainfall Duration

1 hour

Rainfall Intensity

Return Period

50 years

Jan 2004

Location of Rainfall Station

Ulu Tekai

Kuantan

Rainfall Duration

2 days

Rainfall Intensity

321 mm

528 mm

Return Period

100 years

50 years

Pahang - December 2001

Jan 2004

Rainfall at JPS station (KOMTUR, Kuantan)

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24December 2001

341 mm 308 mm

220 mm

Jan 2004

Isohyet Isohyet –– 3 3 -- 5 October 20035 October 2003

SUMMARY OF RAINFALL AND RETURN PERIOD (mm)October 2003

3907114810369Arithmetic AverageCatchment Rainfall

>100>100100

>100>100

normal50

>100>100>100

normalnormal>100>100>100

363471341512374150219284637369147125396301392

401529413607423180246316765416162151480372403

641277211449222757128681526859677

1771951102931391011201482521774133

220115242

1221491381051082956792381247260809074

38589395

127284332

147473433967112

Seberang Perai UtaraSeberang Perai UtaraSeberang Perai UtaraSebarang Perai TengahSeberang Perai TengahBalingBalingKuala MudaKuala MudaKuala MudaKota SetarKota SetarSikSikKulim

Ladang VictoriaPinang TunggalBumbong Lima Ara KudaSimpang AmpatPulaiKuala PegangJam. Syed OmarKedah PeakSg. PetaniPendangAlor SetarSikJeniang KlinikKulim

123456789101112131415

Return Period3 Days

(Maximum)

3 Days Rainfall

(Maximum)

Total(2–5 Okt)

5/104/103/102/10DistrictRainfall StationNo

Jan 2004

26/04/01 JPS Ampang 103 mm/1 hr 288 mm

17/09/95 Butterworth 350 mm/day 338 mm

04/09/99 Bayan Lepas 288 mm/day 339 mm

22/12/95 Petaling Jaya 169 mm/day 263 mm

Flood Occurrences by Heavy Rainfall

Date Location RainfallIntensity

Monthly averageRainfall

Jan 2004

Natural Phenomenon

- Rainfall- High Tides

Jan 2004

Port Kelang October 1999

Jan 2004

Natural Phenomenon

Human Activities

Jan 2004

Human Activities

- Change in Land Use

! Tekam River Experimental Basin Study (1977-86)

! Studied effects of landuse changes on hydrological regimes, soil fertility and water quality

! Jungle →→→→ Land clearing →→→→ Plantation

Jan 2004

StreamflowTransition Crop establishment

Water yield ↑↑↑↑ 157 % declined but >pre-clearance stage

Peak flow ↑↑↑↑ 185 % - ditto -

Time to peak ↓↓↓↓ 67 % ↓↓↓↓ by 2 hrs

River sedimentsediment load declined to 4 times greater pre-clearance level

StreamflowTransition Crop establishment

Water yield ↑↑↑↑ 157 % declined but >pre-clearance stage

Peak flow ↑↑↑↑ 185 % - ditto -

Time to peak ↓↓↓↓ 67 % ↓↓↓↓ by 2 hrs

River sedimentsediment load declined to 4 times greater pre-clearance level

Some Results of Tekam River Study

Jan 2004

Human Activities

- Change in Land Use- Rapid and Uncontrolled

Development

Jan 2004

Uncontrolled Land Clearing

Jan 2004

Human Activities

- Change in land use- Uncontrolled Development- Effect of Urbanisation

Jan 2004

• 1926, 1971 • 1982, 1986, 1988 • 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997 • 30 April 2000• 26 April & 29 Oktober 2001 • 11 Jun 2002• 10 Jun 2003

Major Floods in Kuala LumpurMajor Floods in Kuala Lumpur

Jan 2004 Agricultural Area Urbanised

Jan 2004

Effect of Urbanisation

Increase In Development

0 - 40 %

Runoff Quantity

Q Increase 190 %

Velocity V Increase 2x

Tc 50 % decrease

Jan 2004

Flow CharacteristicsRural and Urbanised Catchment

UrbanisedDeveloped

RuralUndeveloped

Jan 2004

TEPU BINA 1988

Jan 2004

TEPU BINA 1998

Jan 2004

3116430 KLANG RIVER AT S ULAIMAN BRIDGETEST FOR STATIONARITY OF SERIES OF ANNUAL MAXIMUM DISCHARGES

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1952 1957 1963 1968 1974 1979 1986 1991 1996

Mean annual flood = 148 m3/s

Mean annual flood = 440 m3/s

Increasing Trend of Annual Flood DischargeIncreasing Trend of Annual Flood Dischargeat at SulaimanSulaiman BridgeBridge

Annual flood flows of Klang River at Sulaiman Bridge

has increased from 148 to 440 cumecs

Jan 2004

Human Activities

- Change in Land Use- Uncontrolled Development- Effect of Urbanisation- Inadequate Drainage Facilities

Jan 2004

Inadequate Drainage

Infrastructure

Jan 2004

Human Activities

- Change in Land Use- Uncontrolled Development- Effect of Urbanisation- Inadequate Drainage Facilities- Obstructions in Rivers

Jan 2004

LRT Columns in River Berm

Jan 2004

Construction of Piers in the river

causing obstruction to the

Jan 2004

Construction works constricting

river channel

Jan 2004

Water level of river on 29 Oct 2001

Low soffit of Bridge causing obstruction to flow

Jan 2004

Human Activities

- Change in Land Use- Uncontrolled Development- Effect of Urbanisation- Inadequate Drainage Facilities- Obstructions in Rivers- Solid Waste and Debris

Jan 2004

Solid wastes being removed from river

Jan 2004

Human Activities

- Uncontrolled development

- Effect of Urbanisation

- Inadequate Drainage Infrastructure

- Obstructions in the river

- Solid Waste and garbage

- Development in Flood Plains

Jan 2004

Flood Plain

Jan 2004 Flood Plain developed into housing area

(Taman Sri Muda)

Pump House

River Bund

Jan 2004

STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME FLOODS

Jan 2004

Jabatan Pengairan dan SaliranJabatan Pengairan dan Saliran

FLOOD CONTROL STRATEGY

Curative Measures

Jan 2004

Curative Measures

Preventive Measures

Jan 2004

CURATIVE MEASURES

• Widening and deepening of the river

FLOOD CONTROL STRATEGIESFLOOD CONTROL STRATEGIES

Jan 2004

River condition during floods

Widening and deepening of river

Jan 2004

River Widening and Deepening

Jan 2004

CURATIVE MEASURES

• Deepening and Widening of the River

• Construction of Levees and Bunds

Jan 2004

River condition during floods

Widening and deepening of river

Construction of river levees/bunds

Jan 2004

Batu River Improvement

Jan 2004

Klang River Improvement Works in City Centre

Jan 2004

CURATIVE MEASURES

• Deepening and Widening of the river

• Construction of levees and bunds

• Construction of Flood Storage dams

Jan 2004

Batu Dam

Jan 2004

Klang Gates Dam

Dam height increased by 3 m to provide additional storage

Jan 2004

CURATIVE MEASURES

• Widening and Deepening of the river

• Construction of Levee and Bund

• Construction of Flood Storage dam

• Flood Attenuation Ponds

Jan 2004

Depression

Flooding of low ly ing are a adjace ntto riv er pre ve nted by lev ee . Howe ve re xc hange of wate r be twe en rive r anddepression oc curs v ia spilling ov erthe le ve e bank . No flow take s placeparalle l to the riv er.

W ate r surfac e is not horizontal across theriv er and de pre ssion

Jan 2004

Batu River Flood Attenuation Pond

Jan 2004

Proposal for the Implementation of Stormwater Management Measures to Reduce Flooding in Kuala Lumpur

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

TIME ( hours )

ARI 5 YEARS

ARI 10 YEARS

ARI 50 YEARS

ARI 100 YEARS

ARI 50 YEARS WITH SOURCE CONTROL

Storage required

Jan 2004

CURATIVE MEASURES

• Widening and Deepening of the river

• Construction of Flood Storage dams

• Construction of Flood Attenuation ponds

• Construction of by-pass and flood-way

Jan 2004

Kawasan BanjirSungaiJalan

Petunjuk

JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN NEGERI, PULAU PINANG

Pinang River

ProjekProjek RTB RTB PulauPulau PinangPinang Sg Air Terjun Flood Bypass

Jan 2004

Sg. Air Terjun Flood Bypass Tunnel

Jan 2004

City Center

Sg. Ampang

PROPOSED “FLOOD BYPASS”

Flood Bypass

Result – reduced flood dischargethrough city and reduced flooding

Sg. Keroh

Jan 2004

Flood Bypass untuk mengatasi Masalah Banjir

Flood Bypass ProfileFlood Bypass Profile

Jan 2004

Dual Function Flood Bypass Tunnel

Jan 2004

CURATIVE MEASURES

• Widening and Deepening of the River

• Construction of Flood Storage Dams

• Flood Attenuation Ponds

• Construction of By-pass and Flood-Way

• Poldering and Pumping

Jan 2004

CURATIVE MEASURES

Program Implementation

Jan 2004

1000RM

RM2 RM3 RM4 RM5 RM6 RM7

Malaysia Plan

Expenditure for Flood Mitigation Projects

Jan 2004

Million

Allocation For Flood Mitigation Projects

MP-2 MP-3 MP-4 MP-5 MP-6 MP-7 MP-8

Allocation Requested RM-8

Allocation Approved

Jan 2004

Curative Measures

Preventive Measures

Jan 2004

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

• Funds for curative measures becoming more limited

• More comprehensive and sustainable approach

• Address flood problem at source• Aimed at better planning/coordination/

institutional and legislative control• Community and stakeholder involvement

crucial

Jan 2004

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Current focus on :

• Control at Source (Urban StormwaterManagement Manual)

• Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM)

Jan 2004

URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT MANUAL

(SWMM)

URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT MANUAL

(SWMM)

Jan 2004

" Rapid Disposal of stormwater

OLD METHOD

Jan 2004

" Rapid disposal

OLD METHOD

" Control at Source, attenuated flow

NEW METHOD

Jan 2004

Reduce run-off through

• Storage

• Increasing Infiltration

• Decreasing Velocities

Jan 2004

• Storage

Jan 2004

• Storage– Detention Pond

Jan 2004

– Rainfall harvesting

Jan 2004

– Rainfall Harvesting

– Modular tanks underground

Jan 2004

• Storage• Increase Infiltration

Jan 2004

• Increase Infiltration– Infiltration/gravel Drains

Infiltration Trench

Jan 2004

• Increase Infiltration– Infiltration/gravel Drains

– Previous pavement

Jan 2004

• Storage

• Increase the Infiltration rate

• Reduce the Flow Velocity

Jan 2004

• Storage

• Increase the Infiltration rate

• Reduce the Flow Velocity

– (swale)

Jan 2004

# Explains Control at Source Method

# Provides Guidelines

# Gives Examples of World-wide Best Practices

URBAN STORMWATERMANAGEMENT MANUAL

Jan 2004

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Current focus on :

• Urban stormwater management manual (SWMM)

• Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM)

Jan 2004

INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT (IRBM)

Jan 2004

Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM)

Coordinated management of the resources existing in natural environment,

comprising air, water, land, flora and fauna, based on river basin as a geographic unit,

with the objective of balancing the needs of man to utilize the resources for the

improvement of his living conditions with the necessity of conserving the

resources to ensure their sustainable use

Jan 2004

Water needs for people, industry,

food production andnature

Managing the River Basinin a Holistic and Integrated manner

Water available Stress to environment

Jan 2004

• Government Policy in OPP3 (2001 - 2010) and 8th Malaysia Plan (2001 – 2005)

• Need for appropriate management model• Need for good information system (RBIS)• Need for stakeholder participation• Implemented through River Basin Master

Plans• Managed through River Basin Authorities/

Institution

Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM)

Jan 2004

ISSUESISSUES

Jan 2004

• What is appropriate level of protection?– Return Period used ranging from 1 in

5 yrs for rural to 1 in 100 yrs for cities

Risk ManagementRisk Management

Jan 2004

• What is appropriate level of protection?• Sharing the risk →→→→ deliberate failure section

IssuesIssuesRisk ManagementRisk Management

Flood Spill ??

Jan 2004

• What is appropriate level of protection?• Sharing the risk →→→→ deliberate failure section• Sharing the burden →→→→ upstream vs

downstream

Dams vs River Improvement

Jan 2004

downstream• Flood Insurance - Industry not well

developed, floods considered as “Act of God”

Jan 2004

downstream• Flood Insurance - floods act of God• Flood Risk mapping - advised against

publishing

Jan 2004

• More environment friendly options - use of wetlands

Other IssuesOther Issues

Jan 2004

Use of Lake as Detention Basin and Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement

PutrajayaPutrajaya

Jan 2004

• Need for better Governance, Transparency, Stakeholders’ participation

Jan 2004

• Financing issues - “Private Funding Initiatives”, BOT, Cost sharing, Cost recovery

Jan 2004

• Financing issues - “Private Funding Initiatives”, BOT, Cost sharing, Cost recovery

• Social issues - Resettlement, Compensation

Jan 2004

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Jan 2004

• Malaysia rich in water resources• Most significant natural hazard is water

related →→→→ floods• Rapid development and widespread

urbanisation main cause of urban flooding • Both curative and preventive measures

needed • Ultimate aim to manage floods to an

acceptable level, and in a sustainable manner →→→→ UNESCO-CHARM needed

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Jan 2004

Thank You

Terima Kasih

Domo Arigato

FLOODS IN MALAYSIA - PWRI · Floods in Malaysia Jan 2004 FLOODS IN MALAYSIA by Keizrul bin Abdullah...

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