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FSKTM
Sistem-MultipemprosesApakah faedah sistem multi-pemproses?
....a LAN?
Memory Unit
CPU 1 CPU 2 CPU 3 IOP 1 IOP 2
...or a single system with many
processors?
FSKTM
Sistem Multipemproses
Sistem multipemproses yg sebenar ialah suatu sistem yg berbilang pemproses dlm satu hos yg sama, sama2 beroperasi utk mencapai truput yg lbh baik drps satu pemproses.
FSKTM
Approaches To Building Powerful Systems
• Penggunaan pendekatan single high performance processor memerlukan penekanan dan sokongan teknologi litar berkelajuan tinggi. Ini
• susah utk direkabentuk dan
• penyelenggaraannya mahal
• Senang digunakan jk dipandang dr sudut perisian.
atau
FSKTM
Approaches To Building Powerful Systems
•Menggunakan pendekatan multiple conventional processors, ini perlu memfokus kpd peningkatan truput dgn kaedah parallel processing.
• Pemproses individu tidak kompleks
• Parallel processing - ok tetapi,
• Sukar utk bhgkan aplikasi ke tugasan2 yg kecil supaya diproses serentak
• Penjadualan dan kordinasi memerlukan perisian yang sofisikated
FSKTM
Kebaikan Sistem Multi-pemproses
• Ekonomik yakni peningkatan keupayaan komputer dgn hanya sedikit kos tambahan(jk m’gunakan pemproses konventional yg murah)
• Meningkatnya kebolehpercayaan sistem disbbkan adanya lewahan (redundancy) (yakni multiple-processors).
FSKTM
Keburukkan Sistem Multi -pemproses
•Agihan tugasan2 antara pemproses2
•Salingsambungan ant pemproses (topologi)
•Pengurusan memori (dlm ertikata penggunaan memori) yg komplex
•avoidance of deadlock and control of I/O resources
•Senibina berkemungkinan sesuai bg masalah tertentu tapi bukan utk semua masalah.
FSKTM
Forms of Parallel Processing
• Single-Instruction Single-Data (SISD), a normal conventional single processor system
• Single-Instruction Multiple-Data (SIMD), memproses sacara tatasusun ‘array processing’, binaan disekitar pusat pemproses mengawal tatasusun bg special purpose processors
• Multiple-Instruction Single-Data (MISD), Secara teoritikal ia melaksanakan multi-operasi secara selasi dalam satu aliran data tunggal berserta dgn pemproses bertalianpaip. Buat masa ini tiada sistem berjenis ini.
• Multiple-Instruction Multiple-Data (MIMD), setiap pemproses mempunyai set arahan sendiri pada struktur datanya. Pemproses blh mencapai memori setempat yg lain melalui sistem I/O (Most of the commercial multiprocessor systems are of MIMD system).
FSKTM
Multiprocessor System Characteristics
• Gandingan ‘coupling’ ant pemproses2.
• Tightly coupled, pemproses2 direkabentuk supaya merujuk kpd common buses dan memory area (global memory) utk pertukaran large quantities of data yg bertubi-bertubi (pantas).
•Potential speed
•Complexity of the hardware and software
• Loosely coupled, pemproses2 melakukan pertukaran data melalui rangkaian I/O. Setiap pemprose ada memorinya sendiri.
•Slower data rate
•Simplifies the hardware design
FSKTM
Multiprocessor System Characteristics
• Topologi Sistem (paparan fizikal pemproses2), yakni bgmn pemproses2 disusun dan berkomunikasi diantara satu sama lain. Sistem multipemproses blh dikategori berdasarkan topologinya (method of interlinking the processors together). Topologi2nya ialah:-
• Time-shared common bus
• Multi-port memory
• Crossbar switch
• Multi-stage switching network
• Hyper-cube system
FSKTM
Time-Shared common bus
Memory Unit
CPU 1 CPU 2 CPU 3 IOP 1 IOP 2
The total overall transfer rate within the system is
very much restricted by the speed of the single path
FSKTM
Multiple Bus Structure
GlobalMemory
BusController
CPU IOPLocal
Memory
Local Bus
BusController CPU IOP
LocalMemory
Local Bus
System Bus
FSKTM
Multi-port Memory
CPU 1
MM1
CPU 2
CPU 3
CPU 4
MM2 MM3 MM4
FSKTM
Cross-bar Switch
CPU 1
MM1
CPU 2
CPU 3
CPU 4
MM2 MM3 MM4
Crossbar switch organization supports simultaneous transfers
from all memory modules because there
is a separate path associated with each
module
FSKTM
Multistage Switching Network
stage1 stage2 stage3
D0D1
D2D3
D4D5
D6D7
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
FSKTM
2 X 2 SwitchA
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Operation of a 2 X 2 interchange switch
FSKTM
Hyper-cube System
• A hyper-cube system is a loosely coupled system which comprises of N (2n) processors in an n-dimensional cube form.For Example,If a system has sixteen (N) processors, the hyper-cube system is an n-dimensional system, whereby,N = 2n
2n =16n = log 16 log 2n = 4
FSKTM
Hyper-cube System
0
1
n = 1
(One Cube)
1101
00 10
n = 2
(Two Cube)
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Hyper-cube System
110 111
101100
010
000 001
011
The first practical hyper-cube was built in
1983 (Called the Cosmic Cube) and
was created using 64 units of the 8086 microprocessor
(together with the 8087 coprocessor)
FSKTM
Operating System
•Master/Slave OS, OS tuggal dilarikan pd master processor dan yg lain akan menerima tugasan daripadanya (slaves).
• Distributed OS, setiap pemproses melarikan Osnya sendiri, atau setiap pemproses boleh mencapai common OS melalui perkongsian memori. ( High Reliability)
FSKTM
Cache CoherencyIsu yang berkaitan dgn data disimpan dalam sistem multiprocessor, dan samada data didapati dr memori, sah atau tidak.
GlobalMemory
InterconnectionNetwork
CPU
CACHE
CPU
CACHE
FSKTM
Cache Coherency SolutionMethods of solving cache coherency problems:-
•Tidak membenarkan private cache, tumpukan kpd penggunaan shared cache area ( increases the average memory access time )
•Membenar penggunaan cache, ttp hy digunakan utk menyimpan data yg tidak dikongsi dan read only data ( cachable data )
•Membenarkan data dikongsi kecuali ttp hy satu pemproses blh Read/Write data dalam cachenya dalam satu masa.
•gunakan snoopy cache protocol (which is a hardware solution).
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