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Dispense telerilevamento radar per frane e subsidenza, parte 2
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Monte Beni
Failure forecasting
Department of Earth Sciences CENTRE OF COMPETENCE OF THE CIVIL PROTECTION DEPARTMENT
PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Montebeni (Italy) April 19th 2002
Perimetral crack
debris cone debris cone debris cone
MASSIVE BASALTS
BASALT BRECCIAS
DISTURBED BRECCIAS
LIMESTONES
THRUST SURFACE WITH LAMINATED CHERTS
VEGETATED SLOPE DEPOSITS
talus
Tectonically disturbed breccias
Bedded limestones
Caothic clay shales
Basalt
Basalt breccias
Thrust fault
bedding
Monitoring with distometers
Target visibility
LiSA can operate in any condition of visibility (eg. during night, rainstorms and fog)
LISA Applications: Monte Beni landslide
Start: 8/5/2002 13:59
End: 13/5/2002 18:12 Interval: 124 h
Acquisition time: 40 min
Peak velocity: 0.48 mm/h
Mean Velocity: 0.16 mm/h
08/05/2002 13:59 08/05/2002 17:10 08/05/2002 20.28 08/05/2002 23:37 09/05/2002 00:07 09/05/2002 04:00 09/05/2002 06:35 09/05/2002 08:40 09/05/2002 11:20 09/05/2002 14:05 09/05/2002 16:50 09/05/2002 19:20 09/05/2002 23:55 10/05/2002 03:10 10/05/2002 05:50 10/05/2002 09:45 10/05/2002 11:52 10/05/2002 13:50 10/05/2002 16:45 11/05/2002 19:00 11/05/2002 21:20 11/05/2002 23:42 11/05/2002 19:00 11/05/2002 21:20 11/05/2002 23:42 12/05/2002 02:45 12/05/2002 06:00 12/05/2002 08:30 12/05/2002 11:20 12/05/2002 14:30 12/05/2002 17:35 12/05/2002 20:10 12/05/2002 22:40 13/05/2002 02:15 13/05/2002 05:46 13/05/2002 08:55 13/05/2002 12:40 13/05/2002 12:40 13/05/2002 15:40 13/05/2002 18:12
LOS DISPLACEMENT (mm)
cum
ulat
ed d
ispl
acem
ent
(mm
)
point 1: displacement = 57 mm velocity = 11 mm/day
point 5: displacement = 13 mm velocity = 3 mm/day
point 4: displacement = 22 mm velocity = 4 mm/day
point 3: displacement = 25 mm velocity = 5 mm/day
point 2: displacement = 37 mm velocity = 7 mm/day
point 1
point 2 point 3
point 4
point 5 D
ISP
LAC
EMEN
T (m
m)
m
m
elapsed time (min) elapsed time (min)
elapsed time (min) elapsed time (min) elapsed time (min) cu
mul
ated
dis
plac
emen
t (m
m)
cum
ulat
ed d
ispl
acem
ent
(mm
)
cum
ulat
ed d
ispl
acem
ent
(mm
)
cum
ulat
ed d
ispl
acem
ent
(mm
) Displacement histories
November 2002: early warning system
Traffic light 1
Traffic light 2 Network of wire extensometers, bar extensometers and clinometers
Displacement thresholds which activate two traffic lights
Early December: failure of sensors area 1
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
30/11/02 0.00 2/12/02 0.00 4/12/02 0.00 6/12/02 0.00 8/12/02 0.00 10/12/02 0.00 12/12/02 0.00 14/12/02 0.00 16/12/02 0.00 18/12/02 0.00 20/12/02 0.00
data
mm
(cm
per
AL)
, °c DR1
DR2EF1FA1FA2AL1 TA1
area2
-10.00
40.00
90.00
140.00
190.00
240.00
290.00
340.00
30/11/020.00
2/12/020.00
4/12/020.00
6/12/020.00
8/12/020.00
10/12/020.00
12/12/020.00
14/12/020.00
16/12/020.00
18/12/020.00
20/12/020.00
data
mm
, cm
per
AL,
°c
DR3DR4 EF2EF3FA3AL3AL2TA2
area3
-20
30
80
130
180
230
280
330
380
430
27/11/0212.00
29/11/0212.00
1/12/0212.00
3/12/0212.00
5/12/0212.00
7/12/0212.00
9/12/0212.00
11/12/0212.00
13/12/0212.00
15/12/0212.00
17/12/0212.00
19/12/0212.00
data
mm
, cm
per
AL,
°c DR5
FA4FA5FA6EF4TA2DR6
area4
-50
-30
-10
10
30
50
70
90
27/11/0212.00
28/11/0212.00
29/11/0212.00
30/11/0212.00
1/12/0212.00
2/12/0212.00
3/12/0212.00
4/12/0212.00
5/12/0212.00
6/12/0212.00
7/12/0212.00
8/12/0212.00
data
mm
, °c
EF5EF6EF7TA 4
Monitoring time series
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
4/4 24/4 14/5 3/6 23/6 13/7 2/8 22/8 11/9 1/10 21/10 10/11 30/11 20/12
InSAR monitoring
collapse
Cum
ulat
ed d
ispl
acem
ent
(mm
)
Extensometer monitoring
delta 1-2 delta 3-2 delta 12-8 delta a'-b' delta 34-35' delta 36-37 delta 45-47
Apollonius of Perga (Perga, 262 a.C. – Murtina, 190 a.C.)
The Conics
The hyperbolas
Saito (1965)
• Method to predict failure based on creep rupture • Linear relationship between inverse velocity and
time during periods of acceleration to failure (i.e. hyperbolic acceleration)
1/
velo
city
Time
Time of failure
0
Inverse velocity method Fukuzono (1985)
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()[ ] 11
11
1 )(1 −−−−=⇒∞= ααα ttAv fvf i
if α = 2
then: 1/v = A(tf-t)
Inverse velocity method
0.0000
0.1000
0.2000
0.3000
0.4000
0.5000
0.6000
0.7000
0.8000
0.9000
1.0000
1/9 9/9 17/9 25/9 3/10 11/10 19/10 27/10 4/11 12/11 20/11 28/11 6/12 14/12 22/12 30/12 7/1
1/v
(gio
rno/
mm
)
1/v1-2 1/v3-2 1/v12-8 1/va'-b' 1/v34-35' 1/v36-37 1/v45-47
collapse
0.0000
0.2000
0.4000
0.6000
0.8000
1.0000
1.2000
1.4000
1.6000
1.8000
13/7 23/7 2/8 12/8 22/8 1/9 11/9 21/9 1/10 11/10 21/10 31/10 10/11 20/11 30/11 10/12 20/12 30/12
1/v
(g
iorn
o/m
m)
failure
Benchmarks 1-2
Inverse velocity method
01-set
21-set
11-ott
31-ott
20-nov
10-dic
30-dic
19-gen
01-set 11-set 21-set 01-ott 11-ott 21-ott 31-ott 10-nov 20-nov 30-nov 10-dic 20-dic 30-dic 09-gen
Benchmarks 12-8
Azimi graphical method
Dispatches to civil protection authorities
• The landslide, until now sensitive to rainfall, is now increasing its rate of displacement independently from precipitation (letter of Prof. Canuti to the Mayor of Firenzuola, November 26th, 2002)
• The main landslide is on the point of collapsing. It is necessary that the evacuation measures will be strictly respected during Christmas holidays (letter of Prof. Canuti to the Mayor of Firenzuola, December 23rd, 2002)
• The main landslide will collapse within the first days of January 2003 (report of Prof. Canuti to the Civil Protection Commission, December 27th, 2002)
Regional road
Perimetral crack
Landslide volume: 500 000 m3
Angle of friction:
34°
Graphical elaboration: Conefall
(www.quanterra.org)
Risk scenario
December 14th 2002
Rock fall of 20 000 m3
December 15th 2002
Intitiation of the major collapse
December 28th 2002
Collapse of 500 000 m3 of rock
Today
Stromboli
Early Warning
Department of Earth Sciences CENTRE OF COMPETENCE OF THE CIVIL PROTECTION DEPARTMENT
PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
~400 minor explosion per day
~1 major explosion per year
100-200 m
2-4 km
Stromboli volcano
Lava effusion ~10 years
Slope instability ~20-40 years
Tsunami ~20-40 years
Sector collapse and megatsunami ~2000 years photo INGV
Landslides on 30 December 2002
Photo INGV Catania (2003) Courtesy of Sonia Calvari
Ash cloud and tsunami
Integrated monitoring
network
Broadband seismology
Infrasound acoustics Thermal infrared
Ground deformation (tiltmeters)
Ground deformation (InSAR da terra)
Broadband ondameters
Meteo
Ground deformation (Laser 3D)
Heli-platform
Radar installation
Data collection
centre
Wirless
connection
Heli-platform
Optical cable
Installation of the system
Measurement parameters
• Frequency range: 17.0 – 17.10 GHz
• Frequency points : 1601 • Polarization: VV • transmitted power:
300 mW (25 dBm)
• Synthetic Aperture: 3.0 m
• Step: 5 mm • Azimuth points : 601 • Time range: 12 min
• Image number: ca. 120 per day
• distance: 650 m • Spatial Resolution: 1.0 m x ca. 1.5 m • Accuracy: < 0.5 mm
Target area (2007)
Interferometry Image 1
Image 2
Interferogram (phase difference)
1 2
3
4
5
phas
e w
rapp
ing LO
S displacement (m
m)
1: Flank of Sciara del Fuoco (stable) 2 and 3: Sciara del Fuoco slope 4 and 5: crater
12 min interferogram
1 hrs interferogram
12 hrs interferogram
48 hrs interferogram
2007 eruption
27th February: lava effusion from the crater
27th February: vent opening 400 m a.s.l.
Main debris avalanche on the SdF
8-9 March: lava effusion from new vent
SdF 2007
27 F
eb. e
ffusi
on a
nd la
ndsl
ides
9 M
arch
effu
sion
Crater 2007
27 F
eb. e
ffusi
on a
nd la
ndsl
ides
15 M
arch
exp
losi
on
27 Feb. 2007
Eruption
Sequence of
11’ ITF
Interval: 14h 41’
Start:
00.11 GMT 2007/02/27
End:
14.52 GMT 2007/02/27
Inverse velocity plot – 27 February
ER
UP
TIO
N A
ND
LA
ND
SLI
DE
S
05.53 GMT
21.05 GMT
27 Feb. 2007
Power images Morphological modifications
of the crater and of the upper Sciara del Fuoco
Interval: 15h 12’
Upper:
05.53 GMT 2007/02/27
Lower:
21.05 GMT 2007/02/27
8-9 March 2007: Opening of new vent Time interval of 11 minutes (11.17-11.28 UT 9 March
2007)
velocity greater than 300 mm/h
0
0,001
0,002
0,003
0,004
0,005
0,006
0,007
0,008
0,009
0,01
09/03/2007
07.12
09/03/2007
07.55
09/03/2007
08.38
09/03/2007
09.21
09/03/2007
10.04
09/03/2007
10.48
09/03/2007
11.31
09/03/2007
12.14
09/03/2007
12.57
09/03/2007
13.40
09/03/2007
14.24
09/03/2007
15.07
inve
rse
of v
eloc
ity 1
/(mm
/h)
vent opening and landslides
Inverse velocity plot 9 March
Crater
Velocity in log scale (mm/h)
CONCLUSIONI Sciara del Fuoco
Velocity in log scale (mm/h)
Explosion of 7 september 2008 TERRA SAR-X satellite
04/09/2008 - 15/09/2008 sin-event
15/09/2008 - 26/09/2008 post-event
09/09/2008 - 20/09/2008 post-event
Descending Inc. angle= 43
Descending Inc. angle= 43
Descending Inc. angle= 28
1 fringe reprents a displacement of λ/2 = 15,5 mm
Santa Trada
Emergency Management
Department of Earth Sciences CENTRE OF COMPETENCE OF THE CIVIL PROTECTION DEPARTMENT
PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Scilla
Example #4: A3 Motorway: Scilla
Location
Landslide on the Motorway
Regional Landslide Map (PAI)
National Landslide Map (IFFI)
PS ERS (1992-2001)
PS ENVISAT (2002-2007)
02 February 2009
GB-InSAR
Risoluzione teorica:
range 0.05 m
azimut (100 m) 0.45 m
azimut (400 m) 1.74 m
GB-InSAR monitoring
Chronology
• 30 January 2009: Landslide triggering. 8.00 p.m. request from Civil Protection
• 31 January 2009: Installation. 3:00 p.m. testing
• 01 January 2009: Start of monitoring
• 05 February 2009: Shallow landslide
• 07 February 2009: Start of remote monitoring
• 12 February 2009: web application for real time monitoring (15’)
Cumulated displacements
Cumulated displacement – saturated scale
1-Week comparison
Cumulated displacement tra le ore 00.02 del 03/02/2003 e le 00.02 del 08/02/2009
Intervallo temporale: 5g 0h 0min
Cumulated displacement tra le ore 00.02 del 08/02/2003 e le 00.05 del 13/02/2009
Intervallo temporale: 5g 0h 3min
Landslide deformation
Landslide of 4 February 2009
Landslide of 4 February 2009
Cumulated displacement
Serie storiche spostamenti punti P1 - P6
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
02/02/2009 04/02/2009 06/02/2009 08/02/2009 10/02/2009 12/02/2009 14/02/2009
Spos
tam
entiu
lung
o il
LOS
[mm
]
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
Velocity
Serie storiche velocità punto P1
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
02/02/2009 04/02/2009 06/02/2009 08/02/2009 10/02/2009 12/02/2009 14/02/2009
Velo
cità
[mm
/h]
Serie storiche velocità punto P2
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
02/02/2009 04/02/2009 06/02/2009 08/02/2009 10/02/2009 12/02/2009 14/02/2009
Velo
cità
[mm
/h]
Serie storiche velocità punto P3
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
02/02/2009 04/02/2009 06/02/2009 08/02/2009 10/02/2009 12/02/2009 14/02/2009
Velo
cità
[mm
/h]
Serie storiche velocità punto P4
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
02/02/2009 04/02/2009 06/02/2009 08/02/2009 10/02/2009 12/02/2009 14/02/2009
Velo
cità
[mm
/h]
Serie storiche velocità punto P5
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
02/02/2009 04/02/2009 06/02/2009 08/02/2009 10/02/2009 12/02/2009 14/02/2009
Velo
cità
[mm
/h]
Serie storiche velocità punto P6
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
02/02/2009 04/02/2009 06/02/2009 08/02/2009 10/02/2009 12/02/2009 14/02/2009
Velo
cità
[mm
/h]
Conclusions
Integrated use of different remote sensing techniques (active/passive, satellite/ground-based sensors) Applicability of remote sensing techniques to mass movement hazard prevention:
– Inventory and motion survey – Monitoring and interpretation – Rapid mapping – Instant mapping – Failure forecasting – Early-warning – Emergency management
Current limitations associated to SAR satellites prevent further developments for application at regional scale
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