Globalization I: Age of Empire (1495-1945?) European Imperialisms

Globalization I:Age of Empire (1495-1945?)

European Imperialisms

Military Technology-Political Aspects(NEXT WEEK ECONOMIC)

Inter-European competition, rivalries = new military technologies

sea - gunboat, steam, metal land - multiple fire rifles, breech-loading cannon, Maxim gunresult: shift in balance of power, numbers no longer key

Military

“With the bible and the Gatlin gun…”

“To my mind the Embu haven’t been sufficiently hammered.”

From coastal periphery to interior of Africa, South, Southeast and East Asia

Mode of penetration: overwhelming force to awe into submission

MODELS AND STRATEGIES OF IMPERIAL RULE

Partial Colonialism vs. Full Colonialism

Indirect Rule vs. Direct Rule

Cultural conversion -- Christian missions, European education

Partial Colonialism

Indirect Rule:

Co-opt native rulers into colonial administration.

Froze local population in “tradition.”No attempts to ‘modernize’.Maintain distinction between colonizers

and colonized (segregation)

Full Colonialism

Direct Rule:

European administrators govern ‘native’ peoples.

Train ‘natives’ to act as low-level administrators & tax collectors

Examples: British East Africa and Southern Africa

French West Africa

Indigenous Military Units

Laws, French language and education imposed.

‘Assimilation’ -- French citizenship possible.

Full colonialism in French W. Africa

Variation:

Settler Colonies (South and Central America, Caribbean, Kenya, Rhodesia, Australia)

•Always direct rule• Takeover agricultural land (Kenya, Rhodesia, parts of Indochina)

• Convert indigenous population into wage laborers and service class

•Taxes

CHINA

CEYLON

SOUTH AFRICA

"Civilizing Mission"

SOFT SIDE Of Imperialism

Christian Missions and ChurchesConvert through preaching, goodworks, medicine and education

Schools Train native

civil servants

Social Darwinism

Hard side of imperialism

Scientific Racism and Survival of the Fittest

Right to rule over "inferior" people

Imperialism in China to 1912

Assault on the Qing Empire1842 and 1942 -- the century of strong foreign commercial and political influence.

GoalsOpen China to Western Commercial PenetrationAlter Ch’ing Diplomatic Forms

MethodWarfare (Gunboat Diplomacy)Military Garrisons Imposition of Unequal Treaties, Treaty Ports

By 1830's, English drug-trafficking had become huge.

Opium grown in India, sold illegally in China

Profits pay for colonial administration of India +

China -- Addiction devastating… 20-30 million addicts

Silver to India -- Economic instability in China

Crackdown … war

Unequal Treaties

Opium Wars, 1839-1842, 1856-1860

Treaties

-- Treaty Ports: Tiny enclaves of foreign influence and government located in coastal and eastern China, Extraterritoriality

--After 1860, foreigners legally free to travel.

-- Christian missionaries had the right to work, live, own, or lease property anywhere.

-- tariff control, business concessions

Foreign Treaty Ports

Shanghai

Qing Reaction

WesternizationGraft Western Technology onto Chinese Values

Foreign Experts + Technology Limited to Military

Limited Reform of Government and Educational System

Tests -- France, 1884; Japan, 1894-1895European spheres of influence: Austria, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russia

U.S. ‘Open Door’ Policy

Reaction: Boxer Rebellion, 1900

• Popular uprising -- anti-Christian, anti-Western

• missionaries killed, siege of legations

• “Relief” and Retribution

• Settlement destroys legitimacy of Qing

• Several decades of disorder, civil war, foreign exploitation

• Ends with Communist Revolution of 1949 -- abrogation of treaties, seizure of Western property + eradication of opium

“Never Forget National Humiliation” Wall Old Summer Palace, destroyed by British 1860

Contemporary Memory

Colonialism in Asia to World War II.