Gramática Avançada Língua Inglesa 2014 - Aula 02

7/23/2019 Gramática Avançada Língua Inglesa 2014 - Aula 02

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English Verbs

A Review of the System

Three categories of Englishverbs

Category Type Example

1. to be as main verb I am English

as auxiliary I am speaking English

2. Auxiliary verbs do Do you speak

English?/He doesn’t

speak English

have I have been to England

modal auxiliaries (can,

could, may, might, shall,

should, will, would )

I can swim

Can you swim?

Tom can’t swim

semi-modals (dare, need,

ought to, used to)

3. Main verbs regular love - loved

irregular speak spoke spoken

The verb to be

to be can function as an auxiliary or as amain verb, but even as a main verb, itbehaves syntactically like an auxiliary, i.e.:

• t is !irectly negate! with not :"e is tall # "e is not tall

• t is inverte! to form a $uestion:"e is tall # s he tall%

&orms of the verb to be '(ositive

&orms of the verb to be 'negative

Syntactic )ro(erties ofAuxiliary Verbs

• !irectly negate! with not :

*ou woul! go # *ou woul! not go•

inverte! to form a $uestion: *ou woul! go # +oul! you go%

• cannot be use! alone E-E)T: – in tag $uestions – in short answers an! a!!itions, to avoi!

re(etition

Auxiliaries use! alone

• Tag $uestions

*ou can swim, cant you%

*ou cant swim, can you%• Short answers an! a!!itions

/-an you swim%0 1 /*es, can.0

can swim an! so can my brother./ cant swim.0 1 /2either can .0

Exercise on mo!alauxiliaries

3. )reciso terminar esse trabalho ho4e.5. &echo a (orta ou !eixo aberta%6. )o!e esfriar bastante no inverno a$ui.

7. 8eva uma blusa $ue (o!e esfriar mais tar!e.9. Voc me em(resta uma caneta%;. Voc acha $ue !evemos chamar a (ol<cia%=. Vocs n>o !evem falar !urante a (rova.?. /)osso estacionar a$ui%0 1 /2>o, n>o (o!e.0@. Se eu fosse voc, n>o contaria (ara ningum.3B.C )e!ro n>o !eve ter recebi!o a nossa

mensagem.

Semi'mo!alsdare He dares (to) a!gue

with the teache!

He daren’t a!gue with

the teache!"

He doesn’t dare (to)

a!gue with the

teache!"

Dare he a!gue with

the teache!?

Does he dare (to)

a!gue with the

teache!?

Daren’t he a!gue

with the teache!?

Doesn’t he dare

(to) a!gue with the

teache!?

need #he needs to go to the

#he needn’t go to the

#he need not go to

the bank"

#he doesn’t need to

go to the bank"

Need she go to the

Does she need to go

to the bank?

Needn’t she go to

the bank?

Doesn’t she need

to go to the bank?

ought to He ought to

apologi$e"

He oughtn’t to

apologi$e"

He ought not to apologi$e"

He didn’t ought to

apologi$e"

Ought he to

apologi$e?

Did he ought to apologi$e?

Oughtn’t he to

apologi$e?

Ought he not to apologi$e?

Didn’t you ought

to apologi$e?

used to #he used to smoke" #he didn’t use to

smoke"

Did she use to

smoke?

Didn’t she use to

smoke?

Syntactic )ro(erties of DainVerbs

• cannot be !irectly negate! with not :

I like not action movies

!ont like action movies

• cannot be inverte! to form a

$uestion:Like you action movies?

o you like action movies%

The verb to !o F3G

• s the Hhi!!en auxiliary of the (resentan! (ast sim(le: *ou s(eak )ortuguese, !ont you%

stu!ie! English an! so !i! my brother."e love! his ex'wife an! he still !oes.

• "as to be use! in those tenses to negate

an! form $uestions with main verbs: !ont s(eak )ortuguese.i! you go to school to!ay%

The verb to !o F5G

The verb to have F3G

• Ise! as an auxiliary to form the(erfect tenses:

ha!nt been to Juenos Aires before.

"ave you rea! "arry )otter%• +ith its main verb meaning, it has the

syntactic (ro(erties of a main verbK:

!ont have time right now.

i! you have a goo! time last night%

The verb to have F5G

• KSometimes foun! with auxiliary syntax an!main verb meaning ' ol!'fashione!Lformal:

havent time right now.

"ave you enough money to get home%• n Jritish English es(ecially, have got is

much more common in main verb meaning:

havent got time right now.

"ave you got enough money to get home%

The system of tenses an!as(ects

• Tense – )resent – )ast

• As(ect – Sim(le vs. continuous – )erfect Fvs. non'(erfectG

Tense an! As(ect

• As(ects of the (resent tense: – )resent sim(le: I eat – )resent continuous: I am eating – )resent (erfect: I have eaten – )resent (erfect continuous: I have been eating

• As(ects of the (ast tense: – )ast sim(le: I ate – )ast continuous: I was eating – )ast (erfect: I had eaten – )ast (erfect continuous: I had been eating

&ormation of Tenses

• Sim(le tenses: basic verb forms,(resent an! (ast: live 1 live!, eat 1ate

• -ontinuous tenses: to be M 'ing form

• )erfect tenses: to have M (ast(artici(le

Cverview of Tenses

)ortuguese # EnglishE$uivalences F3G

falo # s(eak

estou falan!o # am s(eaking

Exce(tion:

Actions which starte! in the (ast an! are stillgoing on at the (resent time:

ve stu!ie! English for ten yearsLsince 5BB3.

"ow long have you been waiting here%)ort: )resent tense # Eng: )resent (erfecttense

)ortuguese # EnglishE$uivalences F5G

eu falava # s(okeL use! to s(eak L woul!s(eakeu estava falan!o # was s(eakingExce(tion:Actions which starte! at an earlier time an!are still going on at the moment in the (astwhich is being !escribe!: ha! stu!ie! English for two years before

going to the States."ow long ha! you been waiting for the bus%)ort: m(erfect tense # Eng: )ast (erfecttense

)ortuguese m(erfect

eu falava # s(oke use! to s(eak N eu costumava falarLfalavaantes

woul! s(eak N eu falariaN eu costumava falar was s(eaking N eu estava falan!o

2J: use! to also !escribes situations that are no

longer true: This buil!ing use! to be a movie theater.)aula use! to have long hair. use! to think English was !iOcult.

Exam(les of (ast im(erfectaction

She s(oke talian with her gran!mother. FambiguousG

She use! to s(eak talian with her gran!mother.Fhabitual action or action that is no longer trueG

She woul! s(eak talian with her gran!mother.Fhabitual actionG

She was s(eaking talian with her gran!mother.Fongoing actionG

f she coul!, she woul! s(eak talian with hergran!mother. Fcon!itionalG

)ortuguese )reterite

falei # s(oke re(orts a (ast action. Time of actionis either s(eciPe! or im(lie! from context:

Qu!y broke her arm an! ha! to go to thehos(ital. have s(oken re(orts on the currentsituation. Time of action is irrelevant what

counts is the im(act on the (resent: Qu!y has broken her arm. +e have to takeher to the hos(ital.

English )resent )erfect 1 Rulesof Thumb F3G

• Dore a!vance! Jrailian learners ten! tooveruse (resent (erfect Fwhere it is nota((ro(riateG. Jut some American native

s(eakers har!ly ever use the (resent(erfect, so, if in !oubt, use the sim(le(ast.

• The (resent (erfect -A22CT be use! if

there is any reference, ex(licit or im(lie!,to the time when the action ha((ene!E-E)T:

English )resent )erfect 1 Rulesof Thumb F5G

• f the time reference is a (erio! of timewhich has not yet en!e! at the time ofs(eaking:

"ave you seen Job this morning%Fcf. i! you see Job this morning%G • f the time reference is intro!uce! by for

or since referring to action that starte! in

the (ast an! is still continuing:+e have live! in Rio for seven years.Fcf. +e live! in Rio for seven years.G

Ising the )resent )erfect

• The (oint in the (ast is irrelevant 1 whatcounts is the im(act on the (resent:

"ave you met my wife% Fintro!uctionG

havent been to Juenos Aires./+heres Tim%0 1 /"es gone to thestore.0

*ouve given me the wrong change.F(ayingG

Ising the )resent )erfect F5G

• )resent (erfect is often use! to intro!uce a to(ic,em(hasiing its relevance to the (resent. etailsthen follow in sim(le (ast:/"ave you met my wife%0 1 /*es, met her

earlier.0 *es, have been to Juenos Aires. went there lastyear. Tims gone to the store. "e went to buy milk.

*ouve given me the wrong change. gave you aten'!ollar bill. The (rime'minister has resigne!. "e announce!his resignation this morning.

Exercise 3

3. Voc 4 esteve na nglaterra%5. 2>o comi na!a ho4e.6. 8iguei o ar. a$ui a (ouco vai refrescar a$ui

!entro.

7. Voc 4 foi ao su(ermerca!o%9. A San!ra acabou !e sair. Ela foi ao su(ermerca!o.;. Ela sem(re $uis ser cantora.=. Cs convi!a!os chegaram. Voc (o!e faer as

honras !a casa%

?. 2>o falei com o Tiago ho4e.@. 2>o falei com o Tiago ontem.3B.&a $uanto tem(o $ue voc estu!a ingls%

)resent )erfect -ontinuous

• have been !oing N tenho feito,venhoLan!o faen!o Fexce(t together withfor an! sinceG

/*ou look Pt.0 1 /*es, ve been workingout.0

*oure all !irty. +hat have you been !oing% The business has been growing stea!ilyover the last few years.

)erfect Sim(le vs. )erfect-ontinuous F3G

• The two tenses are often interchangeable,but sim(le im(lies com(letion whilecontinuous im(lies continuation:

ve been rea!ing a lot about I&Cs. FTenholidoG

ve rea! a lot about I&Cs. F Já liG

The (rice of oil has been falling lately. Fvem

baixandoG The (rice of oil has fallen to U9B a barrel.FbaixouG

• Exam(les with for an! since:ve been living here for seven years.FEstou morando/Moro G

ve live! here all my life. FMoro GShes been learning )ortuguese since shemove! to Jrail. FEle a!rende """GShes learnt )ortuguese since she move!to Jrail. FEla a!rendeu ...G

*our sons grown since saw him last.FcresceuG

• f the number of times is mentione!, orthe a!verbs always, never or ever #(erfect sim(le only:

ve rea! this book three times.+eve always live! in the same house.

ts the best movie ve ever seen.

• Verb to be has no continuous tenses:Shes been very un!erstan!ing. FtemsidoG

)ast )erfect Sim(le

• ha! !one N tinha feito"e ha! forgotten his (ass(ort. Ftinhaes#uecidoG

English often re$uires (ast (erfect where)ortuguese uses (reterite:Job realie! he! forgotten his (ass(ort. The (olice aske! her when she ha! last

seen her husban!.&or lunch ate the san!wiches ha!brought from home.

)ast )erfect Sim(le vs. )ast)erfect -ontinuous F3G

• )rinci(les are the same as for (resent(erfect sim(le vs. continuous, but (oint ofreference is in the (ast rather than the(resent:

! been stu!ying )ortuguese for a numberof years before move! to Jrail. ha! been to Jrail many times before came here to live.

"e tol! me about a book he ha! beenrea!ing. F... #ue ele liaG"e tol! me about a book he ha! rea!. F...#ue ele leuG

)ast )erfect Sim(le vs. )ast)erfect -ontinuous F5G

• Exam(les with for an! since Fcorres(on!s to im(erfect in)ortugueseG:

They ha! been living in S>o )aulo since3@=7. FEles moravam ...G

"ow long ha! you been marrie! when

you ha! your Prst chil!% F...era...G"e ha! grown since ha! last seen him.

EER-SE 5

3. &a tem(o $ue voc est me es(eran!o%5. C Jrasil mu!ou muito !es!e a (rimeira ve $ue vim a$ui

em 3@?3.6. Acho $ue voc errou o caminho. melhor voltar.7. Voc tem acom(anha!o a novela%

9. 2>o tem si!o fcil me a!a(tar W vi!a a$ui.;. Eu estava usan!o um cha(u !e (alha $ue com(rei o

ano anterior.=. Ele casou com a mulher $ue namorava faia oito anos.?. )erguntei W San!ra $uanto tem(o ela trabalhava como

(rofessora.@. Xuan!o fui a 8on!res, P$uei im(ressiona!o com o $uantomu!ou !es!e a Yltima ve $ue estive l havia vinte anos.

3B. C $ue $ue voc an!a a(rontan!o%

Talking about the futureEnglish Connotation Portuguese

will M inPnitive Qohn will leaveon Don!ay.f it rains, weZllstay at home.

2eutralLformalre(orting

-onse$uence

Vou faerLfarei

going to MinPnitive Qohn is going toleave onDon!ay.ts going torain tomorrow.

nten!e! (lan

mme!iatefuture base!on (resentevi!ence

Vou faer ...

(resentcontinuous

Qohn is leavingon Don!ay.

Arrangementalrea!y ma!e

Vou faer ...

(resent sim(le Qohn leaves onDon!ay. The game

starts at nine.

Re$uirement

Sche!ule!

&a[o ...

S(ecial use of $ll %will&

• S(ontaneous Fun(reme!itate!G statements an!!ecisions about the future, usually in res(onse tocircumstances are ex(resse! with Hll M inPnitivein English, 2CT (resent as in )ortuguese:

ll see you tomorrow. Fte ve'oG Thats the (hone. ll get it. Feu atendoGll have a mineral water, (lease. Fvou#uerer/#ueroG

Qohnll !ro( you o\ at the station, wont you, Qohn% Fo John te deixaG+ell hel( with the cleaning. Fa gente a'udaG

will or going to

• n many cases, will an! going to are largelyinterchangeable, with a (reference for going toin less formal language. Exam(les: think llL]m going to make some tea.

a! willLis going to be furious when he Pn!s out.+ellLwere going to have to Pn! a solutionsooner or later. *oullL*oure going to be late if you !ont hurry.m sure youllLyoure going to have a goo! time. They sai! itllLits going to rain on Sun!ay.llLm going to see Ann tomorrow.

i\erences in em(hasis

The com(any will o(en its Rio oOce in A(ril.Fnews re!ort( )ormal writingG

The com(any is going to o(en its Rio oOce inA(ril. Fs!eech( less )ormal writingG

The com(any is o(ening its Rio oOce in A(ril.

Fem!hasi*es arrangements already madeG

The com(any o(ens its Rio oOce in A(ril.

Fem!hasi*es +rmness o) !lan( also 'ournaleseG

A ) i l Ti f S k

A )ractical Ti( for S(okenEnglish

• )resent sim(le an! (resent continuouscan always be re(lace! by going to

• E-E)T in s(ontaneous statementsabout the future , will can very oftenbe re(lace! by going to

• f in !oubt, going to is safest o(tion

Exercise 6

3. Ima encomen!a (ara mim% Vou !escer.5. C ministro vai renunciar (or conta !o esc^n!alo.6. Vai cair um tor_ a $ual$uer momento.7. A (resi!ente se reunir amanh> com o

embaixa!or americano.9. 2>o sei se vai !ar tem(o (ara ler tu!o.;. 2>o se (reocu(em, eu a4u!o vocs.=. Xuan!o eu receber meu salrio, vou com(rar

um com(uta!or novo.?. Xuan!o eu (recisar !e a4u!a, te aviso.@. C meu irm>o vai (egar o voo !as 55h79.3B. A $ue horas termina o Plme%

Cther future tenses

• willLgoing to be !oing Ffuture continuousG This time next week m going to be sitting onthe beach.

*ou go into the (harmacy, ll be waiting

outsi!e.• will have !one Ffuture (erfectG

+ill you have Pnishe! the 4ob by &ri!ay% They will have been marrie! 9B years in Qune.

will have been !oing Ffuture (erfectcontinuousGJy the time we Pnish, well have been working57 hours non'sto(.

& t f t

&uture from a (ast(ers(ective

• woul! !oJob: /ll hel(0 # Job sai! he! hel(.

• was going to !oSara: /m going to get a !og.0 # Sara sai!she was going to get a !og.

• was !oing/+hen are you leaving%0 # aske! him whenhe was leaving.

• !i!/The movie starts at eight.0 # They tol! usthe movie starte! at eight.

Cther -on!itional Tenses

• woul! be !oing Fcon!itional continuousG They warne! us they! be arriving late.

• woul! have !one F(erfect con!itionalG

"e wasnt sure he woul! have Pnishe! allhis work in time to make it to the (arty.

• woul! have been !oing F(erfectcon!itional continuousG"e sai! he woul! have been traveling for6; hours by the time he got home.

Exercise 7

3. o you think the stu!ents will have!one the homework you gave them%

5. +ill you be nee!ing a ri!e home%

6. She sai! she woul! have (referre! tostay at home.7. Dy husban! was going to have (ainte!

the house in time for -hristmas.

9. +hat time !i! you say your `ight lefttomorrow%;. She tol! me she was meeting Trish

tomorrow.

Verb Tense an! As(ect 3

3A always wante! to go to America.3J have always wante! to go to America.

3- ha! always wante! to go to America.

5A They live in S>o )aulo for two years.

5J They live! in S>o )aulo for two years.

5- They have live! in S>o )aulo for twoyears.

6A The com(any has been growing stea!ilysince it was foun!e! in 3@??.6J The com(any has grown stea!ily since it wasfoun!e! in 3@??.

6- The com(any grows stea!ily since it wasfoun!e! in 3@??.

7A The house ha! been stan!ing em(ty for twoyears when we bought it.

7J The house stoo! em(ty for two years whenwe bought t.7- The house ha! stoo! em(ty for two yearswhen we bought it.

9A She was not seeing her chil!ren for six months.9J She !i! not see her chil!ren for six months.9- She ha! not seen her chil!ren for six months.9 She ha! not seen her chil!ren in six months.

;A "e is not s(eaking English since he came back from-ana!a.;J "e !oes not s(eak English since he came back from-ana!a.;- "e !i! not s(eak English since he came back from

-ana!a.; "e has not s(oken English since he came back from-ana!a.;E "e has not been s(eaking English since he came backfrom -ana!a.

=A Ex(orts have risen shar(ly in the lastPve years.=J Ex(orts rose shar(ly in the last Pve

years.=- Ex(orts have been rising shar(ly in thelast Pve years.

?A There has been a change of (lan.?J There was a change of (lan.

&uture tenses 3

3A The com(any will o(en its Prst overseas branch nextyear.3J The com(any is going to o(en its Prst overseas branchnext year.3- The com(any is o(ening its Prst overseas branch nextyear.3 The com(any o(ens its Prst overseas branch next year.

5A Analysts (re!ict that stock markets will continue to fall.5J Analysts (re!ict that stock markets are going to continue

to fall.5- Analysts (re!ict that stock markets are continuing to fall.5 Analysts (re!ict that stock markets continue to fall.

&uture tenses 5

6A +e will inform you if there are any new!evelo(ments.6J +e are going to inform you if there are any new!evelo(ments.6- +e inform you if there are any new !evelo(ments.

6 +e are informing you if there are any new!evelo(ments. 7A m leaving now, so see you tomorrow.7J m leaving now, so m seeing you tomorrow.7- m leaving now, so m going to see youtomorrow.7 m leaving now, so ll see you tomorrow.

&uture tenses 6

9A+hen get (ai!, m going to buya new com(uter.

9J+hen get (ai!, ll buy a newcom(uter.9-+hen get (ai!, buy a newcom(uter.

9 +hen get (ai!, m buying anew com(uter.

Gramática Avançada Língua Inglesa 2014 - Aula 02

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