Himalaya Basin

Himalayan Basin

Vicco Oryzavica V22015007

Outline

• Introduction • Basin Formation (Tectonic Setting)• Basin Filling• Basin Deformation• Summary

Outline

• Introduction • Basin Formation (Tectonic Setting)• Basin Filling• Basin Deformation• Summary

Embryonic - rift valley forms as

continent begins to split. Juvenile - sea floor basalts begin

forming as continental sections

diverge. Mature - broad ocean basin widens,

trenches develop and subduction

begins. Declining - subduction eliminates

much of sea floor and oceanic ridge. Terminal - last of the sea floor is

eliminated and continents collide

forming a continental mountain

chain.

• Basin development stages

Introduction

Introduction• Location

Peta topografi himalaya (yin, 2006)

Introduction

(An Yin, 2005)

Introduction

INDIA

HIMALAYA

LHASA BLOCK

QIANTANG BLOCK

SONGPAN-GANZI BLOCK

QAIDAM BLOCKQILIAN BLOCK

TARIM BASIN

Jinsho SutureKunlun Suture

Qilian Suture

Altyn-Tagh Suture

Indus-Zangbo Suture

Bangong Suture

(An Yin, 2005)

Outline

• Introduction • Basin Formation (Tectonic Setting)• Basin Filling• Basin Deformation• Summary

Paleotethys

Neotethys

Triassic

Jurassic

(A Yin et al., 2006)

Cretaceous

Basin Formation

Paleogene

Neogene

(SEARLE et al., 1987)

Model Evolusi Himalaya

(Molnar, 1986)

Outline

• Introduction • Basin Formation (Tectonic Setting)• Basin Filling• Basin Deformation• Summary

Stratigraphy Division1. Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (THS) (1840 Ma– 40 Ma; Paleoproterozoic to

Eocene) 2. Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex (GHC) (?1800–480 Ma;

Paleoproterozoic to Ordovician) 3. Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS) (1870–520 Ma; Proterozoic–Cambrian) 4. Sub-Himalayan Sequence (Cenozoic Sequence in the MFT and MBT Hanging

Walls)

Structural Division1. South Tibet Detachment (STD)2. Main Central Thrust (MCT)3. Main Boundary Thrust (MBT)4. Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) hanging wall5. Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) footwall

Basin Filling

(Cattin and Avouac, 2000)

Structural Division

•The South Tibet Detachment juxtaposing the THS above and the GHC below•The MCT may be identified as a lithologic contact separating the LHS below from the GHC above (Heim and Gansser, 1939)•The MBT is defined as the thrust placing the LHS over Tertiary sedimentary strata•The MFT is regarded as the thrust contact between the Neogene Siwalik strata above and Quaternary

Pre Kinematic Phase

Paleoproterozoic

Cretasious

THS GHC

Plistosen

LHS

Ordovician

Cambrian

SHS

Devonian

Pre Rift

Carboniferous

Lower Jurasic

Syn Rift

JurasicPassive Margin

EoceneSyn Collision

Paleoproterozoic

EoceneSyn Kinematic Phase

Post Kinematic Phase

Outline

• Introduction • Basin Formation (Tectonic Setting)• Basin Filling• Basin Deformation• Summary

• ACTIVE HIMALAYAN FORELAND BASIN• Indo-Gangetic Depression• The Indo-Gangetic depression (Active Himalayan Foreland Basin) is an active foreland basin

receiving sediments from both the Himalayan orogen and the Indian Peninsula Highlands• The basin has been divided into four sub-basins, Indus Basin, Ganga Basin, Brahmaputra Basin, and

Bengal Basin• Basement ridges beneath the Indo-Gangetic depression are either Precambrian in age or have

been developed in the Cenozoic

Kumar, R., Ghosh, S. K. & Sangode, S. J. 2003

Basin Deformation

(A.Yin 2006)

1. Late Paleocene - Eocene2. Late Eocene – Early Oligocene3. Late Oligocene – Early Miocene4. Early – Late Miocene5. Late Miocene 6. Late Miocene – Early Pleistocene7. Mid Pleistocene8. Late Pleistocene9. Pleistocene - Holocene

Outline

• Introduction • Basin Formation (Tectonic Setting)• Basin Filling• Basin Deformation• Summary

Summary• The collisions is happened approximately at 50Ma (Late Cretaceous),

there were widespread and fundamental changes. The collision causes fold-trhust belt.

• The Himalayan Basin consist of 4 sequences :– Tethyan Himalayan Sequence – Greater Himalayan Cristaline– Lesser Himalayan Sequence– Sub Himalayan Sequence

• The Indo-Gangetic depression (Active Himalayan Foreland Basin) is an active foreland basin has been divided into four sub-basins, Indus Basin, Ganga Basin, Brahmaputra Basin, and Bengal Basin

• Cattin, R. and Avouac, J. P. (2000), Modeling mountain building and the seismic cycle in the Himalaya of Nepal. Journal Of Geophysical Research, Vol. 105, No. B6, Pages 13,389-13,407

• Célérier, J. et al. (2009), The Kumaun and Garwhal Lesser Himalaya, India Part 2. Thermal and deformation histories. Geological Society of America Bulletin, No.9-10, P.1281-1297, doi: 10.1130/B26343.1

• Garzanti, E. (1999), Stratigraphy and sedimentary history of the Nepal Tethys Himalaya passive margin, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 17 (1999) 805±827.

• Hodges, K. V. (2000), Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives. GSA Bulletin; March 2000; v. 112; no. 3; p. 324–350; 3 figures

• Searle, M. P. 1987, The closing of Tethys and the tectonics of the Himalaya, Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 98, p. 678-701, 12 figs., June 1987.

• Yin, An and Harrison, T. Mark. (2000), Geologic Evolution Of The Himalayan Tibetan Orogen, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2000. 28:211–80

• Yin, An. (2006), Tectonic Evolution Of The Himalayan Orogen As Constrained By Along-strike Variation Of Structural Geometry, Exhumation History, and Foreland Sedimentation, Earth-Science Reviews 76, hal.1–131.

Reference

Terima Kasih

Back Up Slide

INDIA

HIMALAYA

LHASA BLOCK

QIANTANG BLOCK

SONGPAN-GANZI BLOCK

QAIDAM BLOCKQILIAN BLOCK

TARIM BASIN

Jinsho SutureKunlun Suture

Qilian Suture

Altyn-Tagh Suture

Indus-Zangbo Suture

Bangong Suture

Paleotethys

Neotethys

Triassic

Jurassic

(A Yin et al., 2006)

(Trond H.Torsvik et al., 2009)

Cretaceous

Basin Formation

MODEL EVOLUSI HIMALAYA

Valdiya (1998)

Basin Filling

Stratigrafi dari Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (Yin, 2006)

HIMALAYA MOUNTAINSGEOLOGI REGIONAL HIMALAYA

Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (THS) Consist of Proterozoic to Eocene Siliciclastic and Carbonate sedimentary rocks interbedded with Paleozoicand Mesozoic Volcanic rocks The Tethyan Himalaya Sequence can be divided into four subsequences:1. Proterozoic to Devonian pre-rift sequence characterized by laterally persistent lithologic units deposited in an epicratonal setting;

– The Pre-rift sequence can be divided into Proterozoic-Middle Cambrian Haimanta Group and a Lower ordovician-Devonian Shelf Sequence (separated by regional unconformity)– The basement is Baragaon Gneiss (Northwestern India-Himalaya)

2. Carboniferous–Lower Jurassic rift and post-rift sequence that show dramatic northward changes in thickness and lithofacies;– Start of syn-rift sequence at beginning of Permian (Liu & Einsele,1994), At earliest Carboniferous (Garzanti,1999)– Carboniferous – Jurassic rifting is related to separation of Lhasa block from India and the eventual opening of Neo-Tethys.

3. Jurassic–Cretaceous Passive Continental Margin Sequence; and4. Uppermost Cretaceous–Eocene syn-collision sequence(Liu and Einsele, 1994; Garzanti, 1999) Tethyan Himalaya Sequence has also divided into northern and southern zone;

– Proterozoic – Carboniferous strata are similar in both zones, were deposit in shelf setting.– Mesozoic; northern zones consist of thick slope sequence whereas southern zone is dominated by shelf-shelf edge sequence.

Stratigraphy Division Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (THS)

Consist of Proterozoic to Eocene Siliciclastic and Carbonate sedimentary rocks interbedded with Paleozoic and Mesozoic Volcanic rocks

The Tethyan Himalaya Sequence can be divided into four subsequences:1. Proterozoic to Devonian pre-rift sequence characterized by laterally persistent lithologic units

deposited in an epicratonal setting;• The Pre-rift sequence can be divided into Proterozoic-Middle Cambrian Haimanta Group and a

Lower ordovician-Devonian Shelf Sequence (separated by regional unconformity)• The basement is Baragaon Gneiss (Northwestern India-Himalaya)

2. Carboniferous–Lower Jurassic rift and post-rift sequence that show dramatic northward changes in thickness and lithofacies;

• Start of syn-rift sequence at beginning of Permian (Liu & Einsele,1994), At earliest Carboniferous (Garzanti,1999)

• Carboniferous – Jurassic rifting is related to separation of Lhasa block from India and the eventual opening of Neo-Tethys.

3. Jurassic–Cretaceous Passive Continental Margin Sequence; and4. Uppermost Cretaceous–Eocene syn-collision sequence(Liu and Einsele, 1994; Garzanti, 1999)

Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex (GHC):

(?1800–480 Ma; Paleoproterozoic to Ordovician) grade Precambrian crystallines, Cambro-Ordovician (500 + 50 Ma) granites/orthogneisses and the Tertiary leucogranites (High Grades rocks)

In northern Pakistan become indistinguishable with THS, appears as low-grade to unmetamorphosed sedimentary strata interlayered with granites (~500 Ma)

In Nepal, the GHC is bounded by the MCT below and STD above, est to be Neoproterozoic to Ordovician.

The metamorphic grade in the GHC first increases upward in lower part and then decreases from the middle to upper part towards to STD

In Zanskar of NW India, low-grade THS surrounds the GHC. The Carboniferous and Triassicstrata of the THS are also metamorphosed to amphibolite facies (Honegger et al., 1982)

Stratigraphy Division

Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS):Metasediment and metavolcanic strata, augen gneiss (1780-800 Ma)On Lower part only includes the nonfossiliferous low-grade

metasedimentary rocksThese strata are overlain by Permian to Cretaceous strata which are often

referred to as the Gondwana SequenceNo Ordovician to Carboniferous strata are present above the LHS along the

whole Himalayan orogen east of the Nanga Parbat syntaxisThe LHS has an age range of 1870–850 Ma. Its main lithology includes

metasedimentary rocks, metavolcanic rocks, and augen gneissUpper Proterozoic strata are in conformable contact with overlying

Cambrian strata in NW India and possibly in Nepal But in Pakistan, Mesoproterozoic strata of the LHS are overlain by either Cambrian or Carboniferous sequences of the THS

Stratigraphy Division

Sub-Himalayan Sequence (Cenozoic Sequence in the MFT and MBT Hanging Walls)

This sequence consists of the Neogene Siwalik strata in the MBT footwall and Paleogene–early Miocene strata in both the MBT hanging wall and footwall

The Tertiary strata below the MBT were traditionally assigned as the sub-Himalayan geographic and stratigraphic zone

The Paleocene–Eocene strata of the Himalayan foreland were deposited in a marine setting while the Miocene–Pliocene strata were deposited in a continental setting.

Stratigraphy Division