History of Circuit Breaker Standards - Richmond …engineering.richmondcc.edu/Courses/EUS...

1 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh , PA 24 July 2008

History of Circuit Breaker Standards

Jeffrey H. Nelson, P.E.Principal Electrical EngineerTennessee Valley Authority

Senior Member, IEEE

Early Oil Circuit Breaker – 1898Early Oil Circuit Breaker – 1898

• Designed by L.L. Elden in 1898

• Installed at the Boston Electric Light Company L Street Plant (later Boston Edison)

• Open tank with upward motion operation

• Mounted on a panel

Early Oil Circuit Breaker – 1898Early Oil Circuit Breaker – 1898

Inside view of 1898

oil breaker

AIEE Committee on Standardization AIEE Committee on Standardization

• Held first committee on standardization in 1898

• “…recognized the importance of standardization in the electrical field.”

• All apparatus standards published in single volume until 1922

• AIEE Std. 19 – AC Power Circuit Breakers

Power Plant Crew in Early 1900sPower Plant Crew in Early 1900s

Pickle Barrel Breaker Pickle Barrel Breaker

Minimum Oil/Puffer BreakerMinimum Oil/Puffer Breaker

70 kV Circuit Breaker – 1910 70 kV Circuit Breaker – 1910

Internal View of 70 kV BreakerInternal View of 70 kV Breaker

• One tank per phase• Plain rotary break

contacts• Had a voltage and

continuous current rating

• No stated interrupting rating

Other Groups Interested in StandardsOther Groups Interested in Standards

• National Electric Light Association

• Electric Power Club (manufacturer’s association)

• Association of Edison Illuminating Companies

(AEIC)

• Many papers submitted to AIEE on circuit breakers

from 1910 to 1920

1919 Performance Standard1919 Performance Standard

Electric Power Club

• Breaker must be able to make 2

OPEN operations with a 2 MIN interval

• No limit on flame or oil rejected

• JUST INTERRUPT !!!!

“Skate Wheel” Breaker – 1924 “Skate Wheel” Breaker – 1924

• Multiple breaks to elongate the arc• Some magnetic blow-out effects

1924 Performance Standard1924 Performance Standard

• Standard now prohibited flame and said that the condition afterwards should be “…substantially the same as before.”

• AIEE 19 was revised to the same requirements

24 kV Oil Breaker Test at Duquesne Light in 1926

Condit Electrical Mfg. Corporation

• Part of 1926 Catalog• Many voltage and

current ratings• 12 to 20 cycles

interrupting time

1926 Merger1926 Merger

Electric Power Clubmerged with

Associated Manufacturers of Electrical Suppliesto become

National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Condit 34 kV BreakerCondit 34 kV Breaker

Westinghouse 230 kV BreakerWestinghouse 230 kV Breaker

General Electric – Oil Blast ChamberGeneral Electric – Oil Blast Chamber

Breaker Closed Breaker Opening Interruption

Westinghouse – Deion GridWestinghouse – Deion Grid

Allis Chalmers Ruptor – Baffle PlatesAllis Chalmers Ruptor – Baffle Plates

Performance DevelopmentsPerformance Developments

• Interrupting Times: 20 – 12 – 8 cycles later 5 – 3 – and work on 2 cycles

• Operating Duty: 2 Min., then down to 15 sec• Reclosing: 30 to 45 cycles with development of

pneumatic operating mechanisms, later 20 cycles

• Impulse withstand dielectric test requirements were added to the 60 Hz “hipot” withstand requirement

161kV Breaker Tested in mid-1950s161kV Breaker Tested in mid-1950s

First American StandardFirst American Standard

• Developed from standards of AIEE, NEMA and AEIC• Issued for “trial use” in 1941 and published in 1945

First American Standard – ASA C37First American Standard – ASA C37

Designation: C “electrical37 “switchgear” etc. (57 was transformers)

___________________________________________________

Alternating-Current Power Circuit BreakersC37.4-1945

Methods for Determining the Rms Value of a SinusoidalCurrent Wave and a Normal-Frequency Recovery Voltage

C37.5-1945

Schedule of Preferred Ratings for Power Circuit BreakersC37.6-1945

Operating Duty (Duty Cycle) for Standard and Reclosing ServiceC37.7-1945

Rated Control VoltagesC37.8-1945

Test Code for Power Circuit BreakersC37.9-1945

C37.6-1945 Table 1 Preferred RatingsC37.6-1945 Table 1 Preferred Ratings

Interrupting Ratings at Various Operating Duties – C37.7-1945 Table 1

Arc extinction in an oil circuit breakerArc extinction in an oil circuit breaker

Gas de-ionizes the arc Arc is extinguished

• Creates perturbations and gas in the oil • Requires reduction in the interrupting rating for some reclosing duty cycles

ASA C37 RevisionASA C37 Revision

C37.4-1953 Alternating-Current Power Circuit Breakers

C37.5-1953 Methods for Determining the Rms Value of a Sinusoidal Current Wave and a Normal-Frequency Recovery Voltage

C37.6-1953 Schedule of Preferred Ratings for Power Circuit Breakers

C37.7-1952 Operating Duty (Duty Cycle) for Standard and Reclosing Service

C37.8-1952 Rated Control Voltages

C37.9-1953 Test Code for Power Circuit Breakers

C37.12-1952 Guide Specification for Alternating CurrentPower Circuit Breakers

C37.6-1955 Table 3 Preferred RatingsC37.6-1955 Table 3 Preferred Ratings

Example from C37.6-1955Example from C37.6-1955

Line No. 26

Voltage RatingsRated kV 138Max Design kV 145Min kV for rated MVA 132

Interrupting Ratings3-Phase Rated MVA 10,000Amperes at Rated Voltage 42,000Max Amperes 44,000

Relation of Application Voltage and Interrupting Current

Short Circuit Current WaveShort Circuit Current Wave

Total rms current at any instant )dc()ac( 22+=

Amount of dc “asymmetry” is a function of the point on the voltage wave when the fault starts

Peak & dc decay: function of L and R in the circuit, stated as X/R ratio

Asymmetry Application FactorsC37.5-1953

1.23 cycle

1.15 cycle

1.08 cycle

MultiplyingFactor

Circuit Breaker Rated Interrupting Time

(60 Hz Basis)

Interrupting Rating Factors for Reclosing Service (C37.7-1952, Fig. 7-1)

• Reclosing Duty Cycle I: O + 15 sec* + CO + 15 sec* + CO + 15 sec* + CO• Reclosing Duty Cycle II: O + 0 sec** + CO• Reclosing Duty Cycle III: O + 0 sec** + CO + 15 sec* + CO + 15 sec* + CO

*15 seconds or longer**Zero seconds shall be interpreted to mean no intentional time delay.

Symmetrical Rating StandardsSymmetrical Rating Standards

• Simplify application where high speed relaying and fast clearing circuit breakers were used.

• Bring American standards into closer agreement with accepted international standards (IEC-International Electrotechnical Commission) to avoid confusion on rating differences, and

• Require that circuit breakers be proven to demonstrate a definite relationship between asymmetrical interrupting capability and symmetrical ratings

Symmetrical Rating StandardsSymmetrical Rating Standards

Application Guide (Expansion of material previously in C37.5)

C37.010C37.5

Test CodeC37.09C37.09aC37.9

Control VoltagesIncluded in C37.06C37.8Reclosing FactorsC37.07C37.7

Preferred RatingsC37.06C37.06aC37.6

Measurement of Voltage and Current WavesC37.05C37.5

DefinitionsRating Structure

C37.03C37.04C37.04a

SubjectSymmetrical Current Standard

Total Current Standard

Relation of Application Voltage and Symmetrical Interrupting Current

“S Factor”“S Factor”

C37.06a-1968 Table 3 Preferred RatingsC37.06a-1968 Table 3 Preferred Ratings

Example from C37.06a-1968Example from C37.06a-1968

Line No. 5CNominal Voltage Class kV 138Nominal MVA Class 10,000

Rated ValuesRated Maximum Voltage kV 145Rated Voltage Range Factor - K 1.10Rated Short Circuit at Rated Max kV 37,000

Related Required CapabilitiesMax Symmetrical Interrupting Capability 41,000Rated Max Voltage Divided by K - kV 132

Derivation of Rated Symmetrical Short Circuit Current

kA371.1

13kV145

MVA000,10I1964 =××

Required Asymmetrical Capability at Nominal 138 kV

kA5.462.1kA9.38

kA9.38kV138kV145kA37

S Factor for 3 cycle breaker = 1.2

Interrupting Rating Factors for Reclosing Service (C37.07-1969, Fig. 2)

• This method of derating originally introduced in C37.7-1960.

Circuit Breaker Standards Development in the 1970sCircuit Breaker Standards Development in the 1970s

Standards Development Organizations

• IEEE/PES Power Circuit Breaker Subcommittee

• NEMA Switchgear Section

• American National Standards Committee C37

• AEIC Committee on Electric Power Apparatus

• EEI-AEIC-NEMA Joint Committee

New Interrupting Current RatingsNew Interrupting Current Ratings

• C37.06-1971 introduced new interrupting current ratings for outdoor circuit breakers rated 121 kV and above, Table 4a

• Renard numbers: Set of preferred numbers proposed in the 1870s for use with the metric system

• Factor between two consecutive numbers in a Renardseries is constant (before rounding), namely 5th, 10th, 20th or 40th root of 10 (1.58, 1.26, 1.12 and 1.06)

• R10 Series: 10, 12.5, 16, 20, 25, 31.5, 40, 50, 63, 80, 100

Other Changes to Table 4a, C37.06-1971Other Changes to Table 4a, C37.06-1971

• The nominal 3-phase MVA Class was removed from the table of preferred ratings since it was no longer directly related to the interrupting current rating

• Voltage Range Factor, K, was changed to 1.0

Supplementary StandardsSupplementary Standards

C37.071-1969 Requirements for Line-Closing Switching Surge Control

C37.071a-1974 (Added corresponding parameters for 765 kV)

C37.072-1971 Requirements for Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV)

C37.0721-1971 TRV Application Guide

C37.0722-1971 TRV Ratings

C37.073-1972 Requirements for Capacitance Current Switching

C37.0731-1973 Capacitance Current Switching Application Guide

C37.0732-1972 Capacitance Current Switching Ratings

C37.074-1972 Requirements for Switching Impulse Voltage Insulation Strength

C37.076-1972 Requirements for Pressurized Components

C37.078-1972 Requirements for External Insulation for Outdoor Circuit Breakers

C37.0781-1972 Rated Test Values for External Insulation

C37.079-1973 Method of Testing Circuit Breakers When Rated for Out-of-Phase Switching

Circuit Breaker Standards ConsolidationCircuit Breaker Standards Consolidation

C37.04-1979 Rating Structure

C37.06-1979 Preferred Ratings and Related Capabilities

C37.09-1979 Test Procedures

C37.010-1979 Application Guide – General

C37.011-1979 Application Guide – Transient Recovery Voltage

C37.012-1979 Application Guide – Capacitance Current Switching

C37.11-1979 Requirements for Electrical Control

Circuit Breaker Standards Development1980 to 1999

Standards Development Organizations

• IEEE/PES High Voltage Circuit Breaker Subcommittee

• NEMA High Voltage Circuit Breaker Technical Committee

• Accredited Standards Committee C37, Power Switchgear

• AEIC Committee on Electric Power Apparatus

Standards WithdrawalStandards Withdrawal

Total Current Basis Standards

• In 1986, the original standards for circuit breakers rated on a total current basis were withdrawn

• They continue to be applicable for those circuit breakers designed and built to those standards

C37.081-1981 Guide for Synthetic Fault Testing

C37.081a-1997 Recovery voltage for terminal faultsAsymmetrical short circuit current

C37.082-1982 Methods for the Measurement of Sound Pressure Levels of AC Power Circuit Breakers

C37.083-1999 Guide for Synthetic Capacitive CurrentSwitching Tests of AC High-VoltageCircuit Breakers

Standards ConsolidationStandards Consolidation

• Several amendments for C37.04, C37.09 and C37.010 were issued during the 1980s and 1990s.

• At the end of the 1990s work culminated in general revisions which incorporated the amendment requirements and made additional revisions.

C37.04-1999 Rating Structure

C37.06-2000 Preferred Ratings and RelatedRequired Capabilities

C37.09-1999 Test Procedures

C37.010-1999 Application Guide – General

Rating Structure RevisionsRating Structure Revisions

• Rated standard operating duty (standard duty cycle) was changed and expanded

O - t - CO - t΄ - CO

where, O = OpenCO = Close-Opent΄= 3 mint = 15 s for circuit breakers not rated for

rapid reclosing and= 0.3 s for circuit breakers rated for rapid

reclosing duty

• The “S” factor for asymmetrical interrupting capability was eliminated. The standard now defines the percent dc component based on a standard time constant of 45 ms (corresponding to X/R of 17 for 60 Hz)

• Circuit breaker mechanisms to be “trip-free” or “trip-free in any position.”

• TRV first pole-to-clear factor was revised to 1.3 for circuit breakers rated above 100 kV.

• Maximum difference for simultaneity of poles was defined.

Closing 1/4 cycleOpening 1/6 cycle

Preferred Ratings 1987 Revisions

• Table of preferred ratings for indoor oil circuit breakers was deleted and Table 1 now pertained to indoor oilless circuit breakers.

• Table 2 was expanded to include oil and oilless circuit breakers rated 72.5 kV and below, including breakers applied in GIS.

• Preferred ratings for circuit breakers used in GIS were included in Tables 2, 2A, 3 and 3A.

• A new Table 5 provided a Schedule of Dielectric Test Values, for Circuit Breakers Applied in Gas Insulated Substations.

• The K factor for indoor circuit breakers was set to 1.0 and rated time-to-peak (T2) values for TRV were specified for the first time.

• Rated TRV for outdoor circuit breakers was revised to 2.0 kV/μsec.

• Voltage classes of 121 kV, 169 kV and 242 kV were changed to 123 kV, 170 kV and 245 kV. This completed a harmonization of rated voltages above 100 kV with IEC. IEC adopted 550 kV and 800 kV, replacing 525 kV and 765 kV respectively.

Portion of Table 3, C37.06-1997

• Trial Use Guide, C37.06.1-1997, “Definite Purpose for Fast Transient Recovery Voltage Rise Times” was published following reports of circuit breaker failures in applications where very fast TRVs were determined to be the cause of the failure.

• Required special fast TRV parameters for:– Test Duty 1 (7% of rated short-circuit current)– Test Duty 2 (30% of rated short-circuit current)

• Published as Full-Use Guide in 2000

Test Procedure RevisionsTest Procedure Revisions

• Lightning impulse withstand testing included the 3 x 9 method.

• Short-line fault tests were made mandatory for all outdoor breakers rated 15.5 kV and above.

Application Guide RevisionsApplication Guide Revisions• C37.010b-1985, Standard for Emergency Load Current-

Carrying Capability, established overload current criteria that allowed limits of total temperature for the circuit breaker to be exceeded under specified emergency load currents.

Generator Circuit BreakersGenerator Circuit Breakers

• A new standard for AC High-Voltage Generator Circuit Breakers, C37.013-1989

– Established rating capabilities and test requirements for circuit breakers applied between the generator and the step-up transformer

– Voltage ratings typically up to 38 kV– Continuous current ratings up to 20 kA– Symmetrical interrupting current ratings up to

160 kA or more• C37.013-1993 clarified meaning of rated

maximum voltage and added an application guide clause

Generator Circuit BreakersGenerator Circuit Breakers

• No other national or international standard on generator circuit breakers

• IEEE Working Group with members from IEC developed C37.013-1997

• The 1997 revision made the standard acceptable to IEC and as a result the IEC Technical Committee 17A on High-Voltage Switchgear has not developed it’s own generator circuit breaker standard

Application GuidesApplication Guides

• C37.011-1994, Guide for Transient Recovery Voltage for AC High Voltage Circuit Breakers

• C37.015-1993, Application Guide for Shunt Reactor Current Switching

• C37.10-1995, Guide for Diagnostics and Failure Investigation

Circuit Breaker Standards Development2000 to Present

Standards Development Organizations• 2002 – IEEE Standards Association BOD terminated the

Memorandum of Understanding with NEMA and it’s Co-Secretariat relationship with ASC C37

• As a result, ASC C37 and NEMA turned over control of several documents which covered dimensions, preferred ratings, construction, manufacturing, installation and maintenance to theIEEE

• NEMA retained control of documents covering conformance testing for metal enclosed and metal-clad switchgear

• Since 2002, the IEEE High Voltage Circuit Breaker Subcommittee controls all technical areas of C37 circuit breaker standards development, except for conformance testing

Capacitance Current SwitchingCapacitance Current Switching

• IEEE C37.04a, Standard Rating Structure Amendment 1: Capacitance Current Switching

• IEEE C37.09a, Standard Test Procedure Amendment 1: Capacitance Current Switching

– Capacitance current switching ratings unbundled– A “basic” circuit breaker has either an overhead line

switching or a cable switching rating– Capacitor bank ratings or additional overhead line

or cable ratings must be specified separately

• C37.012-2005 reflected changes made to the capacitive current switching requirements and test procedures

Capacitance Current SwitchingCapacitance Current Switching

Three Classes of Restrike Performance

• C0 – Has a probability of restrike up to one restrike per operation. Similar to the old “general purpose circuit breaker.”

• C1 – “Low Probability of Restrike”: Restrike performance similar to the old “definite purpose circuit breaker.”

• C2 – “Very Low Probability of Restrike”: Approximately 1/10 or less than that of a Class C1 circuit breaker.

Transient Recovery VoltageTransient Recovery Voltage

• C37.04b and C37.09b amendments being developed to redefine transient recovery voltage requirements

• C37.011-2005 addressed the application of the new TRV requirements

Preferred Ratings – C37.06Preferred Ratings – C37.06

• C37.06.1 ratings for fast TRV rise times will be incorporated

• Adjusting ratings tables to coordinate with new requirements for TRV and capacitance current switching

• Two new terms being introduced– Class S1 – Circuit breakers for cable systems– Class S2 – Circuit breakers for line systems

Application GuidesApplication Guides

• C37.10.1-2000, Guide for the Selection of Monitoring for Circuit Breakers

• PC37.12 – Specification Guide revision addressing latest revisions to ratings, requirements and test procedure documents

• C37.12.1-2007, Guide for High-Voltage Circuit Breaker Instruction Manual Content

• PC37.015 – Revision started to address some terminology, current chopping phenomena, arrester protection and controlled switching

Circuit SwitchersCircuit Switchers• C37.016-2006, Standard for AC High-Voltage Circuit

Switchers Rated 15.5 kV through 245 kV

Joint Working GroupsJoint Working Groups

• PC57.142 – Guide to Describe The Occurrence and Mitigation of Switching Transients Induced by Transformer, Switching Device, and System Interaction

• PC37.122 – Standard for Gas Insulated Substations

• PC37.122.2 – Guide for the Application of Medium Voltage Gas-Insulated Substations 1kV to 52kV

• Guide for SF6 Gas Handling for High Voltage Equipment

Future ActivitiesFuture Activities

• C37.04 revision

• C37.09 revision

• Application guides as required

• C37.082 – Sound Pressure Levels

• Long Line Fault TRV

• Gas Bushings for HV Breakers and GIS

FINALQUESTIONS?

History of Circuit Breaker Standards - Richmond …engineering.richmondcc.edu/Courses/EUS...

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