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Material de preparação para o exame de mandarim HSK
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Me & You
Vocabularies
我 (wǒ)
I
你 (nǐ)
you (singular)
我们 (wǒ men)
we
他 (tā)
he
她 (tā)
she
爱 (ài)
English:
to love
Example:
我爱你
I love you
你爱我
You love me
他爱她
He loves her
喜欢 (xǐ huan)
English:
to like
Example:
我喜欢你
I like you
你喜欢我
You like me
我喜欢她,你喜欢她
I like her, you like her
和 (hé)
English:
with, and
Example:
我喜欢你和她
I like you and her
Grammar
The structure of a basic sentence is
Subject + Verb + Object
Example:
我 (subject) 爱 (verb) 你 (object)
我和你 (subject) 喜欢 (verb) 她 (object)
Vocabularies
很 (hěn)
English:
very, quite
Example:
我很喜欢他
I like him a lot
都 (dōu)
English:
all, both
Example:
我们都喜欢她
We like her
都很好
All is fine/nice/great
我们都很好
We're all doing fine
我和你都喜欢她
I and you like her
高兴 (gāo xìng)
English:
happy, glad, cheerful
Example:
我很高兴
I am very happy/excited
她爱我,我很高兴
She loves me, I am very happy
漂亮 (piào liang)
English:
pretty, beautiful
Example:
她很漂亮
She is very pretty
你们都很漂亮
You're all looking great
她很漂亮,我很喜欢她
She is really pretty, I like her a lot
Grammar
Similar to “very“ in English, 很 is put in front of adjectives
Subject 很 Adjective
The difference to English is, that sentences with this structure don't need a
verb “to be“
Example:
我很好 - I'm doing fine
你很漂亮 - You're beautiful
我很高兴 - I am very happy/excited
很 can also be put in front of verbs
Subject 很 Verb ...
Example:
我很喜欢他 - I like him a lot
This and that
Vocabularies
个 (gè)
English:
Measure word (MW) for
almost everything
这 (zhè)
English:
this
Example:
我很喜欢这个
I really like this
那 (nà)
English:
that
Example:
我很喜欢那个
I like that a lot
些 (xiē)
English:
some, few, several
Example:
我很喜欢这些
I really like these
我很喜欢那些
I like those
是 (shì)
English:
to be
Example:
这是我
This is me
的 (de)
English:
Character to form an
attribute
Example:
这是我的
This is mine
朋友 (péng you)
English:
friend
Example:
这是我的朋友
This is my friend
Grammar
The character 的 is used to express belonging
Object 的 Object
Example:
这是我的 - This is mine
这是我的朋友 - This is my friend
这是我朋友的朋友 - This is my friend's friend
Vocabularies
好 (hǎo)
English:
good, nice, very
Example:
这是我很好的朋友
This is my very good friend
这是我的好朋友
This is my good friend
这是我好朋友
This is my good friend
她好漂亮
She is very beautiful
我好高兴
I am very happy
人 (rén)
English:
person, people
Example:
这个人很好
This person is very nice
这些人很好
Those people are very nice
这个人是我的朋友
This person is my friend
那个人很漂亮
That person is very beautiful
Past tense
Vocabularies
了 (le)
English:
Character indicating past
or change
Example:
我好了
I'm fine (now)
太 (tài)
English:
too, extremely
Example:
太好了!
Great!
衣服 (yī fu)
English:
clothes
Example:
这些衣服很漂亮
Those clothes look great
买 (mǎi)
English:
to buy
Example:
我买了衣服
I bought clothes
我买衣服了
I bought clothes
我买的衣服都很漂亮
The clothes I've bought do all look
great
大 (dà)
English:
big, great
Example:
我买的衣服太大了
The clothes I bought are too big
小 (xiǎo)
English:
small
Example:
我买的衣服太小了
The clothes I bought are too small
To be or not to be
Vocabularies
不 (bù)
English:
no, not
Example:
我不喜欢你
I don't like you
我不买这个
I don't buy this
她不漂亮
She is not pretty
有 (yǒu)
English:
to have
Example:
我有衣服
I have clothes
没 (méi)
English:
not
Example:
我没有衣服
I don't have clothes
我没买这个
I didn't buy this
我没有买这个
I didn't buy this
钱 (qián)
English:
money
Example:
我有钱
I have money/I am rich
我没有钱
I don't have money/I am poor
Grammar
没 must be used to negate the verb 有
没 + 有
Example:
我没有衣服 - I don't have clothes
我没有钱 - I don't have money/I am poor
不 can be used to negate any other verb in either present or future or any
adjective
不 + Verb/Adjective
Example:
我不喜欢你 - I don't like you
我不买这个 - I don't buy this
她不漂亮 - She is not pretty
没 used to negate other words than 有 signals past tense. Sentences with 有
might do as well
没 + Verb
Example:
我没买这个 - I didn't buy this
我没有买这个 -I didn't buy this
Simple Questions
Vocabularies
吗 (ma)
English:
Character to form a yes
or no question
Example:
你喜欢买衣服
You like buying clothes
你喜欢买衣服吗?
Do you like buying clothes?
你爱她吗?
Do you love her?
呢 (ne)
English:
Character to build a
question based on earlier
mentioned topics and to
Example:
你喜欢买衣服吗?
Do you like buying clothes?
provide choices 我很喜欢,你呢?
I like it a lot, and you?
我不太喜欢
I don't like it that much
Grammar
Another way to form a question is to use the verb twice with 不 or 没 in
between
Verb 不/没 Verb
Example:
这是你的朋友 - This is your friend
这是不是你的朋友? - Is this your friend?
他有钱 - He has money
他有没有钱? - Does he have money?
你喜欢买衣服 - You like buying clothes
你喜不喜欢买衣服? - Do you like buying clothes?
你买不买? - Do you buy it?
Who, what and which
Vocabularies
谁 (shéi)
English:
who
Example:
我爱你
I love you
我爱谁?
Who do I love?
你
you
我爱你
I love you
谁爱你?
Who loves you?
我
I
什么 (shén me)
English:
what
Example:
你喜欢买衣服
You like buying clothes
你喜欢什么?
What do you like?
买衣服
Buying clothes
书 (shū)
English:
book
Example:
(see below)
本 (běn)
English:
root, basis, foundation,
origin, capital, MW for
books, files, etc.
Example:
你喜欢这本书吗?
Do you like this book?
我喜欢这本书
I like this book
哪 (nǎ)
English:
which
Example:
你喜欢哪本书
Which book do you like?
我喜欢这本书
I like this book
这本书
This book
他喜欢这些书
He likes those books
他喜欢哪些书
Which books does he like?
这些书
Those books
几 (jǐ)
English:
how many, several
Example:
你买了几本书?
How many books did you buy?
我买了几本书
I bought several books
多少 (duō shao)
English:
how many, how much
Example:
这本书多少钱?
How much is this book?
你买了多少?
How many/much did you buy?
多 (duō)
English:
much, many
Example:
我买了很多
I bought a lot
我买了不多
I didn't buy too many (not really
少, but I could have bought more)
少 (shǎo)
English:
few, little
Example:
我买了很少
I bought just a few
我买了不少
I bought quite a few (not really 多,
but still quite a few)
怎么 (zěn me)
English:
how
Example:
这本书怎么买?
How can you buy this book?
你怎么了?
How are you? What's wrong?
怎么样 (zěn me yàng)
English:
how is/are, how about
that?
Example:
这本书怎么养?
How's that book? Do you like this
book?
你怎么样?
How are you?
Places
Here and There
Vocabularies
天气 (tiān qì)
English:
weather
Example:
(see below)
这儿 (zhè r)
English:
here
Example:
这儿的天气很好
The weather here is very good
那儿 (nà r)
English:
there
Example:
那儿的天气很好
The weather there is very good
里 (lǐ)
English:
in, inside, MW for 0.5 km
Example:
这里的天气很好
The weather here is very good
那里的天气很好
The weather there is very good
在 (zài)
English:
at, on, character
indicating action in
progress
Example:
在那儿天气怎么样?
How's the weather there?
在这里天气很好
The weather here is quite good
冷 (lěng)
English:
cold
Example:
这里的天气很冷
It's quite cold here
热 (rè)
English:
hot, warm
Example:
这里的天气很热
It's quite hot here
住 (zhù)
English:
to live, to stay, to reside
Example:
你住在哪儿?
Where do you live?
你住在哪里?
Where do you live?
北京 (Běi jīng)
English:
Beijing
Example:
我住在北京
I live in Beijing
中国 (Zhōng guó)
English:
China
Example:
我住在中国
I live in China
Up and Down
Vocabularies
去 (qù)
English:
to go
Example:
我去你那儿
I'm coming to you
你去哪儿?
Where are you going?
我去北京
I go to Beijing
我去买衣服
I go shopping for clothes
来 (lái)
English:
to come, to arrive, ever
since
Example:
你来我这儿
Come to me
你来吗?
Are you coming?
我来了
I'm here/I arrived
上 (shàng)
English:
to go up, to attend, to
climb, on, upon,
previous, upper
Example:
我上去
I'm coming up
你上来吗?
Are you coming up?
下 (xià)
English:
descend, fall, below,
down, under, MW for
times of action
Example:
你下来吗?
Are you coming down?
我下去
I'm coming down
Before and Behind
Vocabularies
工作 (gōng zuò)
English:
job, to work
Example:
你的工作是什么?
What's your job?
医生 (yī shēng)
English:
doctor
Example:
我是医生
I'm a doctor
医院 (yī yuàn)
English:
hospital
Example:
我在医院工作
I work at the hospital
饭馆 (fàn guǎn)
English:
restaurant
Example:
这是一个很好的饭馆
This is a very good restaurant
商店 (shāng diàn)
English:
shop, store
Example:
这个商店很大
This shop is quite big
前面 (qián miàn)
English:
ahead, in front
Example:
在医院的前面有个很小的商店
There's a small shop in front of the
hospital
后面 (hòu miàn)
English:
rear, back, behind
Example:
在医院的后面有个我很喜欢的饭
馆
At the back of the hospital is a
restaurant I like a lot
先生 (xiān sheng)
English:
Mister (Mr.), teacher
Example:
钱先生,你好
Hello Mr. Qian
Numbers, Time and Dates
Numbers
Vocabularies
十 (shí)
English:
10
Example:
我有十个朋友
I have 10 friends
一 (yī)
English:
1
Example:
十一
11
一个朋友
a friend
二 (èr)
English:
2
Example:
十二
12
二十
20
二十一
21
二十二
22
三 (sān)
English:
3
Example:
十三
13
三十二
32
三本书
3 books
四 (sì)
English:
4
Example:
十四
14
四十一
41
四个人
4 people
五 (wǔ)
English:
5
Example:
十五
15
五十四
54
六 (liù)
English:
6
Example:
十六
16
六十六
66
七 (qī)
English:
7
Example:
十七
17
七十二
72
八 (bā)
English:
8
Example:
十八
18
八十四
84
九 (jiǔ)
English:
9
Example:
十九
19
九十九
99
零 (líng)
English:
0
Example:
零下四
-4 (for temperature)
零下十一
-11 (for temperature)
Time
Vocabularies
点 (diǎn)
English:
point, dot, to nod, to
click, MW for a little, a
bit
Example:
一点儿
a little bit (儿 is pronounced more
or less like an R, er in Pinyin)
这里有点儿冷
It's a little bit cold here
现在 (xiàn zài)
English:
now
Example:
现在几点?
What's the time?
分钟 (fēn zhōng)
English:
minute
Example:
30分钟
30 minutes
48分钟
48 minutes
9点 25分钟
9:25
9点 25 分
9:25
12点 55 分
12:55
现在 2点 5 分
It's 2:05
上午 (shàng wǔ)
English:
morning
Example:
上午 9点 15 分
9:15 a.m.
中午 (zhōng wǔ)
English:
noon, midday
Example:
中午 11点 50 分
11:50 a.m.
下午 (xià wǔ)
English:
afternoon
Example:
下午 3点 35分
3:35 p.m.
Date
Vocabularies
时候 (shí hou)
English:
time, moment, period
Example:
么时候来
when
你什么时候来?
When do you come?
昨天 (zuó tiān)
English:
yesterday
Example:
我昨天来了
I came yesterday
今天 (jīn tiān)
English:
today
Example:
我今天来
I'll come today
我今天来了
I came today
明天 (míng tiān)
English:
tomorrow
Example:
我明天来
I'll come tomorrow
月 (yuè)
English:
month, moon
Example:
一月
January
二月
February
三月
March
四月
April
五月
May
六月
June
七月
July
八月
August
九月
September
十月
October
十一月
November
十二月
December
一个月
1 month
四个月
4 months
日 (rì)
English:
day, sun
Example:
8月 3日
August 3rd
一天
1 day
四天
4 days
年 (nián)
English:
year
Example:
2012年 8月 3日
August 3rd, 2012
1978年 3月 23日
March 23rd, 1978
2012年 8月 3日上午 10点 10
分
August 3rd, 2012 10:10 a.m.
一年
1 year
四年
4 years
星期 (xīng qī)
English:
week
Example:
星期一
Monday
星期二
Tuesday
星期三
Wednesday
星期四
Thursday
星期五
Friday
星期六
Saturday
星期日
Sunday
星期天
Sunday
今天星期六
Today is Saturday (informal)
今日星期六
Today is Saturday (formal)
明天星期天
Tomorrow is Sunday (informal)
明日星期日
Tomorrow is Sunday (formal)
一个星期
1 week
四个星期
4 weeks
Eating and Drinking
About Eating
Vocabularies
东西 (dōng xi)
English:
thing
Example:
她很喜欢去买东西
She likes to go shopping
我买了很多东西
I bought a lot of things
吃 (chī)
English:
to eat
Example:
我很喜欢吃东西
I like eating
喝 (hē)
English:
to drink
Example:
(see below)
茶 (chá)
English:
tea
Example:
中国人很喜欢喝茶
Chinese really like drinking tea
小姐 (xiǎo jiě)
English:
Miss, young lady,
prostitute
Example:
小姐,你好
Hallo, Miss!
她是个小姐
She's a prostitute
菜 (cài)
English:
dish, vegetable
Example:
小姐,点菜
Miss, we want to order
这个菜很好吃
This dish is delicious
这个菜多少钱?
How much is this dish?
要 (yào)
English:
to want
Example:
我要这个
I want this
我要这个菜
I want this dish
米饭 (mǐ fàn)
English:
(cooked) rice
Example:
我要一个米饭
I want a bowl of rice
块 (kuài)
English:
MW for a piece or money
Example:
我要一块
I want one piece
这本书 34块
This book costs 34 RMB
杯子 (bēi zi)
English:
cup, glass
Example:
我要一杯茶
I want one cup of tea
我杯子里的茶很好喝
The tea in my cup is delicious
请 (qǐng)
English:
to ask, to invite, please
Example:
我请你吃饭
I invite you for lunch/dinner
我来
I pay
请
Please!
坐 (zuò)
English:
to sit, to take (bus, train,
etc.)
Example:
请坐
Please take a seat
坐一下
Take a seat
椅子 (yǐ zi)
English:
chair
Example:
这个椅子太小了
This seat is too small
桌子 (zhuō zi)
English:
table
Example:
桌子上的菜都很好吃
The dishes on the table do all taste
great
狗 (gǒu)
English:
dog
Example:
你的狗很漂亮
Your dog is georgious
猫 (māo)
English:
cat
Example:
中国人都喜欢吃猫和狗吗?
Do all Chinese like eating cats and
dogs?
谢谢 (xiè xie)
English:
thanks
Example:
谢谢你
Thank you!
不客气 (bú kè qi)
English:
you're welcome
Example:
谢谢
Thanks
不客气
You're welcome
Cooking
Vocabularies
做 (zuò)
English:
to do, to make
Example:
我喜欢做饭
I like cooking
会 (huì)
English:
meeting, conference, can,
to be able to, indicating
future tense
Example:
我会做饭
I can cook
我不会做饭
I can't cook
能 (néng)
English:
ability, gift, energy,
capable, able, to be able
to
Example:
我不能做饭
I'm not able to cook (today/now)
水 (shuǐ)
English:
water
Example:
我要一杯水
I want a glass of water
开 (kāi)
English:
to open, to start, to drive
(car, etc.)
Example:
你要一杯水吗?
Do you want a cup of water?
我要一杯开水
I want a cup of drinking water
我要
I do
要
Yes
水果 (shuǐ guǒ)
English:
fruit
Example:
你喜欢什么水果?
Which fruits do you like?
苹果 (píng guǒ)
English:
apple
Example:
我很喜欢吃苹果
I really like eating apples
这个苹果很好吃
This apple is really good
Family & Friends
People
Vocabularies
叫 (jiào)
English:
to be called, to call, to
shout
Example:
我叫...
My name is …
你好,我叫...
Hello, my name is ...
名字 (míng zi)
English:
name
Example:
你叫什么名字?
What's your name?
岁 (suì)
English:
MW for years old
Example:
你几岁?
How old are you?
你多大?
How old are you?
我 24岁
I'm 24 years old
他今年 55岁
He's 55 years old this year
妈妈 (mā ma)
English:
mother, mum
Example:
这是我妈妈
This is my mum
爸爸 (bà ba)
English:
father, dad
Example:
这是我爸爸
This is my dad
爸爸在哪儿?
Where is dad?
他在吃饭呢,你吃了吗?
He's eating, have you eaten already?
我吃了
I've already eaten
儿子 (ér zi)
English:
son
Example:
这是我儿子
This is my son
女儿 (nǚ ér)
English:
daughter
Example:
你的女儿很漂亮
Your daughter is very beautiful
家 (jiā)
English:
family, home, houshold,
MW for businesses,
families, etc.
Example:
你家有几个人?
How man people are there in your
family?
我的家有三个人,爸爸,妈妈和
我
There are 3 people in my family,
my dad, my mum and me
这个家有四个人,爸爸,妈妈,
儿子 和女儿
This family consists of 4 people,
dad, mum, sun and daughter
Grammar
This grammar pattern can be used to say that somebody is doing something at
the moment
somebody/something 在 doing something (呢)
Example:
他在吃饭呢 - He's eating
我在做饭 - I'm cooking
Travelling Home
Vocabularies
想 (xiǎng)
English:
to think, to miss, to want
Example:
我很想你
I miss you
我很想我的家
I miss my family/I miss home
我在想
I'm thinking
我在想我要吃什么
I'm thinking what I should eat
你想一想
Think about it
我想吃东西
I want to eat something
回 (huí)
English:
to return, to answer, to
reply, MW for events of
action
Example:
我想回家
I want to go home
我明天回家
I'll go home tomorrow
看见 (kàn jiàn)
English:
to see, to catch sight of
Example:
我在这儿,你能看见我吗?
I'm here, can you see me?
我看见你了
I spotted you!
火车站 (huǒ chē zhàn)
English:
train station
Example:
我是在火车站吃饭的
I ate something at the train station
火车站在那儿?
Where is the train station?
Grammar
This pattern can be used to put emphasis on time, place or method of doing
something
somebody/something 是 time, place or method 的
Example:
我是在火车站吃饭的 - I had something at the train station
你是坐火车回来的吗? - You came back by train?
是,我是今天回来的 - Yes, I came back today
Vocabularies
飞机 (fēi jī)
English:
airplane
Example:
我坐飞机回家
I'm going home by plane
出租车 (chū zū chē)
English:
taxi
Example:
我是坐出租车去火车站的
I took a taxi to the train station
再见 (zài jiàn)
English:
goodbye, see you
Example:
明天见
See you tomorrow
再见
See you
Activities
Vocabularies
看 (kàn)
English:
to see, to watch, to look
at
Example:
我在看你
I'm looking at you
电影 (diàn yǐng)
English:
movie, film
Example:
我和我的朋友们今天去看电影
I and my friends are going to
watch a film today
你今天想去看电影吗?
Do you want to go watch a film
today?
电视 (diàn shì)
English:
TV(-set)
Example:
我爸爸在看电视
My dad is watching TV
电脑 (diàn nǎo)
English:
computer
Example:
我朋友的电脑很好
My friend's computer is really
good
睡觉 (shuì jiào)
English:
to sleep, to go to bed
Example:
我去睡觉
I go to bed
打电话 (dǎ diàn huà)
English:
to make a phone call
Example:
我在打电话
I'm calling somebody
喂 (wèi)
English:
to feed, to breed, hello
Example:
喂,你好
Hello (when answering the phone)
我在喂狗
I'm feeding the dog
下雨 (xià yǔ)
English:
to rain
Example:
你今天想去看电影吗?
Do you want to go watch a film
today?
今天下雨了,我不想去
It's raining today, I don't really
want to go
明天会下雨
It might be raining tomorrow
对不起 (duì bu qǐ)
English:
sorry, I'm sorry
Example:
(see below)
认识 (rèn shi)
English:
understanding,
knowledge, awareness, to
know, to recognize, to
understand, to be familiar
with
Example:
对不起,我不认识他
Sorry, I don't know him
没关系 (méi guān xi)
English:
it doesn't matter
Example:
对不起,我不认识你
Sorry, I don't know you
没关系,我叫Mike,我是你朋
友的朋 友
Doesn't matter, I'm Mike, I'm your
friend's friend
Study
Vocabularies
学校 (xué xiào)
English:
school
Example:
这是我的学校
This is my school
大学 (dàxué)
English:
unviersity, college
Example:
我的大学很好
My university is very good
读 (dú)
English:
to read aloud, study
Example:
我在北京大学读书
I'm studying at Beijing university
我在读书
I'm reading/I'm studying
我在看书
I'm reading a book
学习 (xué xí)
English:
to study, to learn
Example:
我在北京大学学习
I'm studying at Beijing university
我在学习
I'm studying
汉语 (hàn yǔ)
English:
Chinese language
Example:
我很喜欢学习汉语
I really like studying Chinese
我很喜欢学汉语
I really like studying Chinese
学生 (xué sheng)
English:
student, pupil
Example:
我是很好的学生
I'm a good student
同学 (tóng xué)
English:
classmate
Example:
我的同学都很喜欢我
My classmates do all like me a lot
老师 (lǎo shī)
English:
teacher
Example:
我们的汉语老师很好
Our Mandarin teacher is very
good
听 (tīng)
English:
to listen, to hear, to obey,
MW for canned
beverages
Example:
(see below)
说话 (shuō huà)
English:
chat, talk, to speak, to
talk, to gossip
Example:
我很喜欢听我的老师说话
I really like listening to what my
teacher says
字 (zì)
English:
word, character
Example:
汉语有很多字
Mandarin consists of many
characters
写 (xiě)
English:
to write
Example:
老师在写汉字
The teacher is writing characters
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