Hydro Plant-Indonesia

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga AirDr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Isi

Pendahuluan

Tipe PLTA

KomponenUtama

Unjuk Kerja

Ringkasan

Pendahuluan(1)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

1. Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air => listrik dari tenaga air

2. Sekitar 15% daya yang dibangkitkan di Malaysia Hydro plants in

Peninsular Malaysia

3. Fungsi lain PLTA:

Irigasi Pencegah Banjir Pasokan air bersih

Reservoir

Penstock

Pendahuluan (2)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Keuntungan:

Air => sumber energi paling murah Biaya operasi & perawatan rendah Cepat dalam “menghidupkan” Cepat tanggap terhadap variasi beban Pembangkit berumur lebih panjang Kebutuhan pekerja rendah Tidak ada emisi Mempunyai fungsi guna yang lain Handal=> sedikit “trippings”

Kerugian:

Biaya konstruksi awal tinggi Lokasi jauh dari pusat beban Tergantung pada ketersediaan air Pembangunan perlu waktu lama Isu lingkungan seperti gundulnya hutan

Tipe-tipe PLTA (1)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

1. PLTA dapat digolongkan berdasarkan karakteristik aliran air/penampung

2. Tipe:Run of river plants (mini hydro)

Storage/reservoir plants

Pump storage plants

3. Type 1: Run of river plants:

a. Utilize the water flow as it runs through the year

b. No significant storage/dam for power generation

c. Typical for mini-hydro scheme => suitable for low

consumption at remote areas

d. Ukuran kapasitas : 10 - 1600 kW

Tipe-tipe PLTA (2)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

3. Tipe 2: Pembangkit Penampung (Storage) / waduk (reservoir):

a. Waduk (dams) berukuran besar => kapasitas pembangkitan tinggi

b. Tipe paling umum untuk pembangkitan daya komersial

Types of hydro plants (3)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

4. Pump storage plants:

b. Water storage obtained by pumping back from tail race

=> utilize low value, off-peak power (usually surplus)

a. Used only for short duration=> to meet peak load

c. Improves overall efficiency & reliablity of system grid

Komponen-komponen utama (1)

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Reservoir Dam Inlet water ways Power house Tailrace

Major components (2)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

1. Reservoir:

a. Includes catchment area and water reservoir

c. Head race => water surface level of the reservoir

d. Reservoir can be natural or artificial (i.e. with dam)

b. Purpose: to store water

2. Dam:

a. A structure of masonry and/or rock fill built across a river

b. Purpose: i) to provide head of water

ii) to create storage or pondage

Hydro plant: Reservoir

Hydro plant: Dam

Major components (3)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

3. Inlet water ways:

a. Passages through which is conveyed from dam to power house

c. Penstock => closed pressure pipes made

of reinforced concrete or steel

b. Includes: Penstock/tunnel, spillways

Hydro plant: Tunnel

d. Tunnel => made by cutting mountains

e. Spillways => provide discharge of surplus water from

storage reservoir into river

Hydro plant: Spillways

Major components (4)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

4. Power House:

a. Building that houses turbines, generators and other auxiliaries

b. Typical hydro plant turbines:

* Pelton turbine => Impulse

* Francis turbine => Mainly reaction

* Kaplan turbine => Reaction

Hydro plant: Pelton turbine

Hydro plant: Francis turbine

Hydro plant: Kaplan turbine

5. Tail race:

a. Passage for discharging

water leaving the turbine

Bersia

Hydro plant: Turbine-generator

Performance (1)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

1. Important hydro turbine parameters:

2. Power generated from hydro plant is given by:

HQP P = Power

Q = Rate of water flow

H = head

= efficiency

3. Specific speed:

a. Speed of turbine when delivers 1

horsepower under 1 metre head

Power Head Efficiency Specific speed Discharge

b. Independent of shape and size of turbine

c. Helps in selecting suitable type of turbine

4/5H

PNN s N = Turbine speed

Performance (2)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

4. Typical problems:

a. Sedimentation:

* Deposition of silt in the reservoir

* Cause reduction of water storage capacity

* Minimised by reclaimation/dredging

b. Cavitation:

* Formation of water vapour & air bubbles

due to reduction of pressure

* Occurs mainly at discharge end of blades

* Causes erosion of blade

* Prevention: material selection, selection of specific speed,

polishing surfaces, optimum dimension of runner

SummaryDr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

1. Types of hydro plants: run of river, reservoir, & pump storage

2. Main components: reservoir, dam, inlet water ways, power

house, tail race

3. Types of hydro turbine : Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan

4. Major hydro plant parameters: power, head, discharge,

effciency and specific speed

5. Problem khas: sedimentasi dan kavitasi

Thank You

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

PLTA: waduk (reservoir)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

BersiaKenyir

PLTA: Bendungan (Dams)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Kenyir

Bersia

PLTA: Terowongan (Tunnel)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Pergau

PLTA: Pelimpah (Spillways)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Pergau

Kenyir

Temengor

PLTA: Turbin-generatorDr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Pergau : turbine pit

Woh :

Generator

PLTA: turbin PeltonDr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Sg. Piah

PLTA: Turbin FrancisDr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

PLTA: Turbin KaplanDr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant