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RESEARCH PROCESSRESEARCH DESIGN
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RESEARCH
The systematic investigation
into and study of materialand sources in order toestablish new facts and
reach new conclusion
(Oxford Dictionary)
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The steps in the research process are,identification and definition of the problem or
opportunity, planning the research design, selectinga research method, selecting a sampling procedure,
data collection, evaluating the data and finallypreparing and presenting the research report.
Steps in the researchSteps in the research
processprocess
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Steps in the Research Process
Identifying and Defining Problem/ Opportunity
Planning the Research Design
Selecting a Research Method
Selecting a Sampling Procedure
Data CollectionEvaluating the Data
Preparing and Presenting the Research Report
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Overview of ResearchOverview of ResearchDesignsDesigns
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Research Design
A master plan that
specifies the methodsand procedures forcollecting and analyzing
needed information.
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Define the Information Needed
Design the Exploratory, Descriptive, andExplanatory Research
Specify the Measurement and ScalingProcedures
Construct a Questionnaire
Specify the Sampling Process and theSample Size
Develop a Plan of Data Analysis
Tasks Involved In a Research Design
Lets
have adetailed
look
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A Classification of Research Designs
Research
Design
Exploratory
Research
Explanatory
Research
Secondary
Data
Experience
Surveys
Pilot
Studies
Case
Studies
See next slide
Descriptive
Research
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A Classification of Research Designs
ResearchDesign
ExploratoryResearch
ExplanatoryResearchDescriptiveResearch
Cross-Sectional
StudyLongitudinal
Study
Secondary dataStudy
Survey Observation
Experiments
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Exploratory Research
Usually conducted during the initial stageof the research process
Purposes To narrow the scope of the research topic,
and
To transform ambiguous problems into well-defined ones
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Exploratory Research Techniques
Secondary Data Analysis
Secondary data are data previously collected &assembled for some project other than the oneat hand
Pilot Studies
A collective term for any small-scale exploratoryresearch technique that uses sampling but doesnot apply rigorous standards
Unstructured, free-flowing interview with asmall group of people
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Case Studies Intensively investigate one or a few
situations similar to the problemsituation
Experience Surveys Individuals who have knowledge about
a particular research problem arequestioned
Exploratory Research Techniques
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Descriptive Research
A researcher starts Descriptive research, when he may have amore
Highly developed idea about a Social Phenomenon
Want to describeDescriptive research presents a picture of the specific detail ofa situation
SituationSocial Setting
RelationshipIt Examines who, what, when, where and how
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Common Characteristics ofDescriptive Studies
Build on previous information
Show relationships between variables Representative samples required
Structured research plans
Require substantial resources Conclusive findings
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When you encounter an issue that is already knownand have a description of it, you might began towonder why things are the way they are
The desire to know WHY to explain is thepurpose of explanatory research.
For Example, a descriptive researcher may discover that
10 percent of parents abuse their children, whereas theexplanatory researcher is more interested in learningWHY PARENTS ABUSE THEIR CHILDREN
Explanatory Research
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Exploratory ResearchSecondary Data
Analysis
Focus Groups
Conclusive ResearchDescriptive and
Explanatory
Conclusive ResearchDescriptive and
Explanatory
Exploratory
ResearchSecondary Data
Analysis
Focus Groups
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Comparison of Research DesignsExploratory Descriptive Causal
Purpose ID problems, gain
insights
Describe things Determine cause-
and-effect
relationships
Assumedbackground
knowledge
Minimal Considerable Considerable
Degree of
structureVery little High High
Flexibility High Some Little
Sample Non-representative Representative Representative
Research
environmentRelaxed Formal Highly controlled
Cost Low Medium High
Findings Preliminary Conclusive Conclusive
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Exploratory
Research
Descriptive
Research
Explanatory
Research
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Choose a Topic
Personal Experience
Personal Curiosity
The State of Knowledge in a field
Personal Values
R fi T i i t
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Refine a Topic intoResearch Question
Refine and narrow down a topic sufficiently into a problemof Question
Although the problem is identified in a broader
perspective, it needs to be defined specifically in terms ofwhat is to be researched. It is important to define theproblem in a precise manner. A well defined problem givesthe researcher a proper direction for carrying outinvestigation. It also helps in utilizing the resources
provided for the research effectively.
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A researcher can focus his efforts on collectingrelevant information, if the problem is defined properly.
Some research problems such as conducting a survey onthe newspaper reading habits of a given sample of thepopulation can be clearly defined.
But if a company wants to define a research problemsuch as declining sales, it needs to define the researchproblem further through exploratory research.
Refine a Topic into
Research Question
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Preparing the Statement ofResearch Objectives
Formal research statement.As precise as possible.Objectives act as guidelines for various steps inthe research process.
The objectives of the research must be brief andspecific.
Once the objectives and research questions
are identified, a researcher has to develop ahypothesis statement that reflects theseresearch objectives.
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Developing the hypothesis
A hypothesis is a statement based on somepresumptions about the existence of arelationship between two or more variables
that can be tested through empirical data. When a researcher is developing a hypothesis,
he/she will try to assume an answer for aparticular research question and then test it
for its validity.
contd..
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A hypothesis normally makes the research questionclearer to the researcher. The formulation of ahypothesis allows the researcher to make apresumption or guess and can thus ensure that all
the relevant aspects of the research are includedin the research design.Example why are the sales of refrigerators are going up in
winter? In this case the hypothesis could bethe sales of refrigerators are going up during winter
due to off-season discounts. This makes theresearch question much clearer.
Developing the hypothesis
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Planning the Research Design
Planning the research design is a crucial step inthe research design process. A research design
is the actual frame work of research thatprovides specific details regarding the processto be followed in conducting the research.
The research is designed based on the
objectives formulated during the initial phasesof the research.
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The research design includes all the detailsregarding the research such as
Where the information should be obtainedfrom The time and budget allotted for conducting
the research
Select the appropriate measurementtechniques Sampling process.
Planning the Research Design
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Selecting the Research Method
After developing an appropriate researchplan, it is important for the researcher toselect a proper research method.
There are four basic methods of conducting aresearch study.
Secondary data studies
SurveysExperimentsObservation
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Surveys
Preparing the questionnaire.
Collecting the data through telephone.
Gathering the data from internet. Collecting the data through the personal
interview method.
Using the mailed questionnaire method Advantages and disadvantages
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Experiments
Conducted for studying cause-and-effect relationships.
Analyzing the sales targets achieved by
individual salespersons by manipulating theirmonetary rewards is a typical example ofexperimentation.
Example . Test marketing conducted by companies to
test the viability of their new product in themarket is a form of business experimentation.
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Secondary Data Studies
Concerned with the analysis of already existing data thatis related to the research topic in question.
Analyze the future sales of a product.For instance, for the cell phone wave protectorresearch, secondary data regarding thetelecommunications setup, mobile networking, thewaves used for communication for communication inwireless telephony and its effects, may be essentialfor assessing the future sales trends of the cellphone wave protector.
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Observation Techniques
Respondents are observed without anyinterruption by the observers
The advantage of this method is that theobservers do not depend on the respondents fortheir responses as they are only observed and arenot asked to participate in the research process.
Although the observation technique is useful, itcannot be used for studying several other factorssuch as motivation, attitudes and so on.
Selecting the Sampling
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Selecting the SamplingProcedure
Once the researcher selects the research method thatis most appropriate for the research, he needs todevelop a sampling procedure.
Sampling is a process that uses a small number of itemsor a small portion of a population to draw conclusionsregarding the whole population.
A sample can be considered as a a subset of a larger setcalled the population.
A well defined sample has the same characteristics asthe whole population.
Selecting the Sampling
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When the research is conducted on such a sample theresults obtained will represent the characteristics ofthe whole population.
Another important aspect of sampling is to decide onthe size of the sample.
The bigger the sample size the greater will be itsprecision.
But for practical reasons, it is not feasible to selectlarge samples.
A sample can be selected in two ways from a population.through probability sampling(or)
through non-probability sampling
Selecting the SamplingProcedure
Probability Sampling
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When the subsets of a population are chosen in such away that it ensures a representative cross section bygiving every element in the population a known chance
of being selected, it is calledprobability sampling.
When subsets of a population in which little or noattempt is made to ensure a representative cross
section are chosen, it is callednon probability
sampling.
Once a researcher decides on a sample, he needs toobtain data from this sample.
Probability Sampling& Non Probability Sampling.
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Data Collection
The researcher collects the data from theunits in this sample. As there are severalresearch techniques, there are a number of
data collection methods as well. In the survey method the data is collected by
asking the respondents to fill out a
questionnaire administered to them. In the observation technique the respondentsare just observed without their directparticipation in the research.
D t ll ti d i
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Data collection done inTwo stages
Pre-testing Main study
Pre-testinginvolves collecting the data from a
small sub sampleTest whether the data collection plan for the mainstudy is appropriate.This help the researchers to minimize any
potential errors that may crop up during the mainstudy.If the results of a pre-test are not appropriatefor decision making, then the researcher mayconsider altering the research design.
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Evaluating the data
The most important aspect of data evaluation is toconvert the data collected into a format which willfacilitate the Readers in effective decision making.The reason for analyzing the data is to obtain
research results and to prepare the research report.Evaluation of data normally starts with editing andcoding the dataEditing is undertaken to verify the data and checkfor any potential errors or for any inconsistencies
and so on.Another task of editing is to remove any errors thatmay have cropped up during the interview such asrecording the answers under the wrong columns of aquestionnaire and so on.
D t A l iD t A l i
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The interpretation of the data that has beencollected by using different analytical
techniques according to the requirements of
the Study is called analysis.
Several statistical tools are used for dataanalysis, in order to make the analysis suitable
for effective decision making.
Data AnalysisData Analysis
P i d P ti th
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Preparing and Presenting theResearch report
The last and major phase that comes into pictureis the preparation of a research report. Theresearch reports can be presented either in
Oral Format.Written Format.
Brief description of the objectives of theresearch
Summary of the research design adopted.Summary of the major findingsConclude with the limitations andrecommendations.
Preparing and Presenting theResearch report
P i d P ti th
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Information that can aid in efficientdecision making.
Carefully analyze the informationobtained and present it according to therequirements of the study.Research report should be developed
most efficiently and it should portray theresearch findings most effectively.
Preparing and Presenting theResearch report
P i d P s ti th
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Researchers fill the research reports with allthe technical values.
The amount of information provided in theresearch report should be based on therequirements of the Study.
A research report also acts as a historical
document, in the sense that the researchersmay refer to this document in the future if aresearch on the same lines is being conductedsometime in the future.
Preparing and Presenting theResearch report
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