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SKRIPSI
KOMPLEKSITAS KETERLIBATAN AKTOR EKSTERNAL
DALAM KONFLIK YAMAN
Disusun dan Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat Memperoleh Gelar
Sarjana Ilmu Sosial (S.Sos) Strata-1
Oleh:
ISNAINIYATUL KAMALIYA
201610360311029
PROGRAM STUDI HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2020
ii
iii
iv
BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI
Nama : Isnainiyatul Kamaliya
NIM : 201610360311029
Fakultas : Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik
Program Studi : Hubungan Internasional
Judul Skripsi : Kompleksitas Kerterlibatan Aktor Eksternal Dalam
Konflik Yaman
Pembimbing : 1. Peggy Puspa Haffsari, M.Sc., M.Si.
2.Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub.Int.
Kronologi Bimbingan
Tanggal Paraf Pembimbing
Keterangan Pembimbing I Pembimbing II
15 Oktober 2019 Pengajuan Judul
3 Februari 2020 ACC BAB I
28 Februari 2020 Seminar Proposal
17 Agustus 2020 ACC BAB II
5 September 2020 ACC BAB III
7 September 2020 ACC BAB IV
8 September 2020 ACC Ujian Skripsi
Malang, 9 September 2020
Mengetahui,
Pembimbing I Pembimbing II
Peggy Puspa Haffsari, M.Sc., M.Si. Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub.Int.
v
vi
ABSTRAK
Isnainiyatul Kamaliya, 2020, 201610360311029, Universitas Muhammdiyah
Malang, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Program Studi Hubungan
Internasional, Kompleksitas Keterlibatan Aktor Eksternal Dalam Konflik
Yaman, Pembimbing I: Peggy Puspa Haffsari, M.Sc., M.Si.; Pembimbing II:
Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub.Int.
Penelitian ini membahas mengenai alasan keterlibatan aktor eksternal dalam
Konflik Yaman. Konflik Yaman adalah konflik domestik antara Pemerintah Yaman
dibawah pimpinan Presiden Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi dengan kelompok
pemberontak Syiah Houthi pada tahun 2014. Eskalasi konflik akhirnya
mengundang masuk negara didalam dan diluar kawasan Timur Tengah di tahun
2015. Konsep yang digunakan dalam peneletian ini adalah pattern of amity and
enmity dalam Regional Security Complex Theory yang ditulis oleh Barry Buzan dan
Ole Waever. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif. Teknik
pengumpulan data ialah studi dokumentasi yang relevan dengan topik penelitian
bersumber dari buku, jurnal nasional dan internasional, artikel serta pemberitaan
secara daring. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa keterlibatan aktor eksternal
didalamnya, seperti Koalisi Pimpinan Arab Saudi dipengaruhi oleh pola
persahabatan dan permusuhan diantara negara yang terlibat. Pola persahabatan dan
permusuhan ini dibentuk oleh faktor persamaan dan perbedaan identitas aliran
keagamaan. Faktor lain yang mempengaruhi pola persahabatan diantara negara-
negara tersebut adalah sejarah kerjasama dan bantuan finansial ataupun non-
finansial yang diberikan oleh GCC dan Arab Saudi. Akibat keterlibatan aktor
eksternal ini, perkembangan konflik Yaman menjadi semakin buruk bahkan
mempengaruhi stabilitas Kawasan Timur Tengah yang dapat dilihat dalam
terganggunya jalur distribusi minyak dan gas kawasan di chokepoint Selat Bab el-
Mandeb.
Kata Kunci: Konflik Yaman, Koalisi Pimpinan Arab Saudi, Amity and Enmity.
Malang, 9 September 2020
Isnainiyatul Kamaliya
Mengetahui,
Pembimbing I Pembimbing II
Peggy Puspa Haffsari, M.Sc.,M.Si. Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub.Int.
vii
ABSTRACT
Isnainiyatul Kamaliya, 2020, 201610360311029, University of Muhammdiyah
Malang, Fakulty of Social and Political Science, Department of International
Relation, The Complexity of External Acttors in Yemen Conflict, Advisor I:
Peggy Puspa Haffsari, M.Sc., M.Si.; advisor II: Najamuddin Khairur Rijal,
M.Hub.Int.
This research aims to find out the reasons of the involvement of esternal
actors in Yemen Conflcit. Yemen's conflict is a domestic conflict between The
Government under President Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi and Houthi Syiah rebel
groups in 2014. Escalation of the conflict finally invited countries inside and
outside the Middle East region in 2015. The concept used in this research is the
pattern of amity and enmity in Regional Security Complex Theory written by Barry
Buzan and Ole Waever. The research method used is descriptive. Data collection
techniques are documentation studies relevant to research topics sourced from
books, national and international journals, articles and online news. The results of
this study found that the involvement of external actors in it, such as the Saudi Led-
Coalition, is influenced by patterns of friendship and hostility between the countries
involved. This pattern of amity and enmity is formed by the similarity and difference
in the identity of religious sectarians. Another factor that affecting the pattern of
amity between these countries is the history of cooperation and financial or non-
financial assistance provided by the GCC and Saudi Arabia. As a result of the
involvement of these external actors, the development of the Yemeni conflict is
getting worse and even affecting the stability of the Middle East Region, which can
be seen in the disruption of regional oil and gas distribution lines in the chokepoint
of the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
Keyword: Yemen’s Conflict, Saudi Led-Coalition, Amity and Enmity.
Malang, 9 September 2020
Isnainiyatul Kamaliya
Approved by,
Advisor I Advisor II
Peggy Puspa Haffsari, M.Sc.,M.Si. Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub.Int.
viii
KATA PENGANTAR
Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatatuh
Puji sukur kehadirat Allah SWT karena berkat rahmat dan kemudahan-
Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi yang berjudul, Kompleksitas
Keterlibatan Aktor Eksternal Dalam Konflik Yaman.
Penulis menyadari bahwa skripsi ini masih memiliki banyak kekuangan,
namun penulis berharap penelitian ini bermanfaat untuk semua pihak. Atas
terselesaikannya skripisi ini, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih atas bantuan dan
dukungan:
1. Allah SWT yang terlah meridhai dan memudahkan penyelesaian skripsi ini.
2. Bapak Abd. Hannan dan Alm. Ibu Shofijah Emmawaty selaku orang tua, atas
doa dan seluruh dukungannya. May Allah always protect you and repay your
kindness better.
3. Mrs. Peggy Puspa Haffsari, selaku dosen pembimbing I yang telah sabar
membimbing penulis dalam mengerjakan skripsi ini.
4. Bapak Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, selaku dosen pembimbing II yang telah
sabar membimbing penulis dalam mengerjakan skripsi ini.
5. Seluruh Ibu dan Bapak yang telah memberikan ilmu dan mendidik penulis
selama berkuliah di Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
6. Keluarga Besar Abd. Mubin dan Muqaddas, dan seluruh orang yang telah
mendukung penyelesaian skripsi ini. Khususnya adik saya tercinta, Siti
Fatima Masluha, atas dorongan semangatnya kepada penulis.
7. Teman-teman saya yang telah menemani dan berjuang bersama-sama selama
mengerjakan skripsi ini; Kontrakan Madura; Nuna, Irdha, Ilmi, Eva, Ila,
Thifa.
Malang, 9 September 2020
Isnainiyatul Kamaliya
ix
MOTTO
‘Tugas yang baik adalah tugas yang selesai.’
–Peggy Puspa Haffsari-
“Jika kamu tidak mampu menahan lelahnya belajar, maka kamu harus
mampu menahan perihnya kebodohan.”
- Imam Syafi’i-
x
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN SAMPUL ....................................................................................... i
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN ............................................................................. ii
LEMBAR PENGSESAHAN ........................................................................... iii
BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI ................................................... iv
PERNYATAAN ORISIONALITAS ............................................................... v
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ vi
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... vii
KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................... viii
MOTTO ............................................................................................................ ix
DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................................... x
DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................ xi
DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................... xii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................. 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah .................................................................................... 7
1.3 Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian .............................................................. 7
1.3.1 Tujuan ....................................................................................... 7
1.3.2 Manfaat ..................................................................................... 7
1.4 Penelitian Terdahulu .............................................................................. 8
1.5 Konseptualisasi Konsep ....................................................................... 21
1.5.1 Konsep Amity and Enmity dalam Regional Security
Complex Theory ...................................................................... 21
1.6 Metode Penelitian ................................................................................ 24
1.6.1 Jenis Penelitian........................................................................ 24
1.6.2 Metode Analisis ...................................................................... 25
1.6.3 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian....................................................... 25
1.6.4 Tekhnik Pengumpulan Data .................................................... 26
1.7 Argumen Utama ................................................................................... 26
1.8 Sistematika Penelitian .......................................................................... 26
BAB II GAMBARAN KONFLIK YAMAN DAN
KOMPLEKSITAS KETERLIBATAN AKTOR ........................... 30
2.1 Gambaran Konflik Yaman ................................................................... 30
2.1.1 Latar Belakang dan Awal Mula Konflik Yaman ....................... 30
2.1.2 Dinamika Konflik Yaman 2014-2019 ....................................... 39
2.2 Aktor-Aktor yang Terlibat .................................................................. 51
2.2.1 Koalisi Pimpinan Arab Saudi..................................................... 51
2.2.2 Iran ............................................................................................. 57
2.2.3 Negara diluar Kawasan MERSC ............................................... 58
xi
2.3 Dampak Konflik Yaman Terhadap Dinamika Kawasan Timur
Tengah................................................................................................. 64
BAB III IMPLIKASI KOMPLEKSITAS KETERLIBATAN
AKTOR EKSTERNAL DALAM KONFLIK YAMAN ............ 68
3.1 Hubungan Persahabatan dan Permusuhan yang Membentuk
Keterlibatan Berbagai Aktor dalam Konflik Yaman .......................... 68
3.1.1 Iran ............................................................................................. 69
3.1.2 Gulf Cooperation Council.......................................................... 70
3.1.3 Mesir .......................................................................................... 72
3.1.4 Maroko ....................................................................................... 74
3.1.5 Yordania ..................................................................................... 77
3.1.6 Negara diluar Kawasan Keamanan Timur Tengah .................... 78
3.1.7 Peran Kekuatan Global Dalam Kawasan Timur Tengah ........... 81
3.2 Pengaruh Keterlibatan Aktor Terhadap Kawasan Keamanan
Timur Tengah...................................................................................... 83
BAB IV PENUTUP ......................................................................................... 88
4.1 Kesimpulan .......................................................................................... 88
4.2 Saran .................................................................................................... 90
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...................................................................................... 91
xii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1.1 Wilayah yang Diambil Alih Houthi .................................................... 2
Gambar 2.1 Skema Dinamika Konflik Yaman ..................................................... 53
Gambar 2.2 Negara Anggota Koalisi .................................................................... 55
Gambar 2.3 Skema Keterlibatan Aktor di Yaman ................................................ 66
Gambar 2.4 Chokepoint Selat Bab el-Mandeb ...................................................... 68
Gambar 3.1 Peta Markas Militer Jabal Dukhan .................................................... 74
Gambar 3.2 Jalur Chokepoint Terusan Suez dan Bab el-Mandeb ........................ 75
Gambar 3.3 Skema Hubungan Keterlibatan Aktor ............................................... 83
Gambar 4.1 Skema Proses Pengaruh Konflik Yaman Terhadap RSC Timur
Tengah ................................................................................................ 84
xiii
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.1 Posisi Penelitian ........................................................................... 18
Tabel 3.1 Momen Penting Hubungan Maroko-Teluk .................................. 77
1
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