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Lab Animal Health MonitoringLab Animal Health Monitoring
Cho-Hua Wan, D.V.M., Ph.D.Dept. of Veterinary MedicineNational Taiwan University
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Routine Health MonitoringRoutine Health Monitoring
Why to do it? What to do? When to do it?Where/who to do it?How to interpret the test results?What should we do after infectious agents are detected? (inputs from lab animal veterinarian)
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Why To Perform Health MonitoringWhy To Perform Health Monitoring
Public health problem– Zoonotic and human pathogens carried by animals
Animal health problem– Pathogens fatal for animals– Pathogenic, but not fatal for animals– Opportunistic pathogens
Affected research dataCurrent animal problem to be solvedIndicators of microbiologic status of an animal/colony
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What To DoWhat To Do
Routine health monitoring– Gross/behavior (Clinical signs)
observations – Parasitology monitoring – Pathology monitoring– Serology testing– Molecular biology testing– Microbiology testing
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When to Perform Health MonitoringWhen to Perform Health Monitoring
Routine Health Monitoring – How frequently?– What assay?– How many animals?
Random samplessentinels
Problem solving
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Who/Where to do itWho/Where to do it
Gross/behavior monitoring (Clinical signs)– By animal care taker/user/diagnostic lab staff (lab
animal center/diagnostic lab)Parasitology/serology/microbiology/pathology monitoring– By experienced diagnostic lab staff– By lab animal pathologist
Result interpretation
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How to do it How to do it
Routine Health Monitoring – How frequently?– What assay?– How many animals?
Random samplessentinels
Problem solving Important decision! Discuss w/ lab animal veterinarian
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Lab Animal Health Monitoring Lab Animal Health Monitoring
Behavior/activity observationRoutine health monitoring– Parasitology monitoring – Pathology monitoring– Serology testing– Molecular biology testing– Microbiology testing
Genetic monitoring/phenotyping
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Behavior/Activity monitoringBehavior/Activity monitoring
Behaviors in natural habitatsBehaviors in good lab environmentsBehaviors in stress lab environmentsBehaviors of mutant/modified strain
PostureMovement
– Nude mutants (ICR nude) jump more
Barbering– C57BL, C3H, CDF
Aggression– male vs female – C57BL/10 vs CBA/Ca
*Relied on animal care staff/users/veterinarian
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Behavior/Activity monitoringBehavior/Activity monitoring
Direct signs– Death, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, hunched posture,
rough hair coat, weight loss, decreased activities, respiratory noise, swollen lymph nodes….
Indirect signs– Reduced diet or water consumption…
Changes in established reaction patterns– Anesthetic period, changed immunological
patterns/data*Relied on animal care staff/users/veterinarian
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Behavior/Activity monitoringBehavior/Activity monitoring
Most infections are subclinicalInfectious agents are easily transmitted by subclinical infected animals
Diagnosis of the subclinical infectious diseases mostly relies on laboratory diagnostic methods!
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Genetic MonitoringGenetic Monitoring
Genetic contaminationIncomplete inbreeding/residual heterozygosityGenetic drift/substrain variationGenetically engineered strainsStrains with mixed genetic backgroundUsu. performed in research institutes or in animal breeder companies
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PhenotypingPhenotyping
Phenotyping of Genetically Engineered Modified (GEM) Mice and Rats – An investigator may have created a knockout
mouse intending to produce a model for diabetes, yet the mouse demonstrates a cardiovascular lesion
– IL-k/o mice with typhlitis/colitis lesionInfectious disease?Abnormality caused by ‘Genetic modification’ ?
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PhenotypingPhenotyping MethodsMethods
Primary assessments– Clinical characteristics (activity, gross
anatomy, reproduction, life span)– Pathology (clinical & histopathologic)
Secondary assessments– Embryonic evaluation– Physiology– Biochemistry– Behavior
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Routine Health Monitoring Routine Health Monitoring
Parasitology monitoringPathology monitoringSerology testingMolecular biology testingMicrobiology testing
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ParasitologyParasitology
Diagnosis– Based on morphology (frequently)– Molecular diagnosis (less frequently)
Ectoparasite– fur between ears, shoulders, or hip
(dorsal area)—fur mitesEndoparasite– Mucosal/content smear– protozoa– Perianal Tape Test– pin worms– Fecal test—pin worms & tapeworms
Photos obtained from RADIL website
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ParasitologyParasitology
Endoparasite– Tissue gross/histo exam– Cysticercoid cyst
Cysticercus fasciolaris(in liver, cyst of cat tape worm)
– Trichosomoidescrassicauda
Photos obtained from RADIL website
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Routine Health Monitoring Routine Health Monitoring
Parasitology monitoringPathology monitoring– Infectious diseases– Non-infectious disorders
Serology testingMolecular biology testingMicrobiology testing
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Pathology TestingPathology Testing
Histopathology– Interpretation of tissue morphology (gross and histo
lesions)Disease diagnosisHealth monitoring
Clinical Pathology– Clinical chemistry (liver, kidney, and multi-organ functions)– Hematology– Cytology
Phenotyping of genetically-modified animals
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Histopathology TestingHistopathology Testing
Disease Diagnosis– Rely on typical histo lesions & staining
characteristicsRoutine Health monitoring
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Rodent MicrobesRodent Microbes
ParvovirusCoronavirusCytomegalovirusSendai virusPVMLCMMousepoxReovirusHantavirusHerpesvirusRotavirus
Clostridium piliformeMycoplasma pulmonisPseudomonas aeruginosaCorynebacteriumkutscheri & bovisStreptobacillusmoniliformisPasteurella pneumotropicaCitrobacter rodentiumStaphylococcus aureus
Helicobacterspp.CAR bacillusPneumocystisProteus mirabilisStreptococcusSalmonellaChlamydiaKlebsiellaDermatophytes
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Gross LesionGross Lesion
SDAV/RCV infection (coronavirus)– Cervical swelling– Nasal/ocular discharges (porphyrin stained)
Photos obtained from RADIL & Merck websites
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HistopathologyHistopathology
SDAV/RCV infection– Inflammation of salivary
glands and Harderian glands
Photos obtained from AFIP website
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HistopathologyHistopathology
Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV) (coronavirus)
Photos obtained from RADIL website
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HistopathologyHistopathology
Tyzzer’s Disease (C. piliforme)
Photos obtained from RADIL website
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HistopathologyHistopathology
Helicobacter spp.
Photos obtained from RADIL website
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HistopathologyHistopathology
Chronic Respiratory Disease– Mycoplasma pulmonis– Cilia-Associated Respiratory (CAR) Bacillus
Photos obtained from RADIL website
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HistopathologyHistopathology
Encephalitozoon cuniculi
Photos obtained from RADIL website
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HistopathologyHistopathology
Ectromelia virus (mousepox)
Photos obtained from RADIL website
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Emerging DiseaseEmerging Disease
Rat Respiratory Virus (RRV)– A hantavirus – Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia of rat
Photos obtained from RADIL website
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Clinical PathologyClinical Pathology
Urinalysis– Kidney, liver,
Hematology & Clinical ChemistrySpecies/strain variation
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Problems in Problems in HistopathHistopath MonitoringMonitoring
Typical gross/histopathology lesions are uncommon for most infectious agentsAnimal sacrifice is required
Serology/molecular biology/microbiology diagnostics are the choice
Histopath is the great method to identify new pathogens or disorders
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Routine Health Monitoring Routine Health Monitoring
Parasitology monitoringPathology monitoringSerology testingMolecular biology testingMicrobiology testing
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Serologic TestSerologic Test
Traditional Assays– Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA)– Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFA)– Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay (HAI)
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Serology TestingSerology Testing
Traditional Assays– ELISA
Ag-coated microplates(polystyrene or polyvinyl)Primary AbyEnzyme-conjugated secondary AbyChromogenic enzyme substrate
* Sensitive, Specific?
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Serology Testing (continual)Serology Testing (continual)
Traditional Assays– IFA
Infected and uninfected cells fixed to wells in a glass slidePrimary AbyFluorescent labeled secondary Aby
* Sensitive, Specific
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Serology Testing (continual)Serology Testing (continual)
Traditional Assays– HAI
The ability of specific Abyto inhibit virus-mediated hemagglutinationV-bottom microplateRodent parvoviruses, Reovirus type 3, Pneumonia virus of mice, Sendai virus
* Low sensitivity, High Specificity
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Serology Testing (continual)Serology Testing (continual)
Traditional Assays– Advantage
Cheap equipmentAutomated (ELISA)Sensitive (ELISA, IFA)Specific (IFA, HAI)
– DisadvantageIndividual Assay (inefficient)Manual (IFA & HAI) (labor-intensive)Insensitive (HAI)
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Improvement in DetectionImprovement in Detection
Multiplex & Automation– Multiplex Fluorescent
Immunoassay (MFI)Microspheresinternally dyed with red and intraredfluorophores
100 different microspheres -++Result
Aby α CAby α BAby α A
C#101 #120 #125A
B
B
B B
B
CC
CC
A AA
A
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Improvement in Detection (Continual)Improvement in Detection (Continual)
Automation & Multiplex– ElectroChemiLuminescence
Coated nitrocellulose membranethe light emitting chemiluminescentreaction is preceded by an electrochemical reaction.
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Serology Testing (continual)Serology Testing (continual)
MFI & ECL Assays– Advantage
Automated MultiplexSensitive & SpecificLess amount of test article required
– DisadvantageExpensive equipment
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Routine Health Monitoring Routine Health Monitoring
Parasitology monitoringPathology monitoringSerology testingMolecular biology testingMicrobiology testing
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Molecular Biology Diagnostics Molecular Biology Diagnostics
Application of molecular biology methodologies in nucleic acid detectionMonitoring – The nucleic acids from microbes (virus,
bacterium, parasite)– The genetic materials from biotics– The expression status of genes (mRNA)
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Molecular Biology MethodologiesMolecular Biology Methodologies
Nucleic acid amplification– PCR, RT-PCR, nested PCR (in test tubes) – In-situ PCR, in-situ RT-PCR
Nucleic acid hybridization– Southern blotting (detecting DNA)– Northern blotting (detecting RNA)– In-situ hybridization
SequencingRestriction enzyme digestion– Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
Nucleic acid amplificationNucleic acid amplification
PCRRT-PCRIn situ PCRIn situ RT-PCR
Forward Primer
Reverse Primer
1st cycle
nth cycle
2n-1 ampliconn=30
109 amplicon
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Nucleic Acid HybridizationNucleic Acid Hybridization
Southern blotNorthern blotIn situ hybridization– DNA– RNA
Add probe
Target gene
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Molecular Biology MethodologiesMolecular Biology Methodologies
Sequencing– Time consuming– Cost– Effort
Restriction digestion (RFLP)
A BE E E
E E
Strain A
Strain BE: EcoRI
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Molecular Biology DiagnosticsMolecular Biology Diagnostics
Goals – Sensitive– Accurate– Fast
AmplificationPCR/RT-PCR
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PCR/RTPCR/RT--PCRPCR
Primer design– Generic v.s. Specific– Conserved region v.s. Diverse regionEX. Rodent parvoviruses:
Generic rodent parvovirus PCRNS region: ~90% similarity
MMV, MPV, KRV, H-1 specific PCRVP region: ~70-75% similarity
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PCR/RTPCR/RT--PCRPCR
Specimen quality– Clinical samples
Feces, urine, blood, bio-swab, tissues– Inhibition factors
– Cultural & environmental specimensCells, media, cage swab
– Amount of specimen to screen – Inhibition factors
False Negative!
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Rodent Rodent ParvovirusesParvoviruses
Mouse– Mice Minute Virus (MMV)– Mouse Parvovirus 1 (MPV-1)
Rat– Kilham Rat Virus (KRV)– Toolan’s H-1 Virus (H-1)– Rat Parvovirus 1 (RPV-1)– Rat Minute Virus 1 (RMV-1)
Hamster– Hamster Parvovirus (HaPV)
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Diagnosis of Parvovirus InfectionDiagnosis of Parvovirus Infection
PCR assays (Mesenteric LN, Spleen)– Generic PCR assay– Serotype specific PCR assays
KRV specificH-1 specific RMV-1 specificMMV specificMPV/HaPV specific
RPV-
1aRM
V-1a
RMV-
1c
RMV-
1bKR
V
HaPV
MPV
-1
H-1
MM
V–
tissu
e
RMV-1 Specific
–co
ntro
l
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Rodent Rodent CoronavirusesCoronaviruses
Mouse– Mouse Hepatitis Virus
Multiple strains– Polytrophic (respiratory) : JHM, 1, 2, 3, A59, S
Usually more virulent– Enteric: D, Y, DVIM
Highly mutable (esp. the S gene)Pathogenic vs. nonpathogenic
Rat– Rat Coronavirus/Sialodacryoadenitis virus
(RCV/SDAV)Multiple strains
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Rodent Rodent CoronavirusCoronavirus
Linear, ss(+) RNAGeneric RT-PCR– Both MHV & RCV/SDAV– MHV: feces or mesenteric LN– RCV/SDAV: Salivary gland or Harderian
gland or lungNo virus species/strain-specific RT-PCR
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Gram-negative, spiralEnterohepatic infection– H. hepaticus– H. bilis– H. typhlonius– H. rodentium
Hepatitis, enterocolitis, hepatocellular neoplasmasModel for H. pylori
1 µm
Helicobacter in RodentsHelicobacter in Rodents
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EnterocolitisEnterocolitis
Photos obtained from RADIL website
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Helicobacter Generic PCRHelicobacter Generic PCR
Consensus region of helicobactersß-Actin PCR– Housekeeping gene– extraction control– inhibition factors
monitor* Fecal PCR
Fecal
2hepa bilis typh
102
10 102
10 10 NT10
2Fec
al 1
Helicobacter: 375 bpß-Actin: 272 bp
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Helicobacter SpeciesHelicobacter Species--specific PCRspecific PCR
H. hepaticus specificH. bilis specificH. typhlonius specificH. rodentium specific
* Fecal PCR
106
105
104
103
102
10 1 Control
H. hepaticus: 396 bpSensitivity: 10 copies
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Improvement in AmplificationImprovement in Amplification
Multiplex PCR– ↑ information for
client dollar– ↑ efficiency
103
102
10 Fecal
Control
H. typhlonius
H. bilis
Template copies
H. hepaticus
No templat
e
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Signal AmplificationSignal Amplification
PCR-ELISA
Anti-● AntibodyPCRELISA
Forward Primer
Reverse Primernth cycle
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
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Signal AmplificationSignal Amplification
PCR-Oligo hybridization
PCRForward Primer
Reverse Primernth cycle
Hybridization
★
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Signal AmplificationSignal Amplification
PCR- RFLPPCR
Forward Primer
Reverse Primernth cycle
RFLP
A B
E E E
E E
Strain A
Strain BE: EcoRI
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Improvement in DetectionImprovement in Detection
Automation– Labeled Probe
TaqMan– Quantitative Real-time v.s. endpoint PCR– The fluorogenic 5' nuclease PCR assay
the 5' --> 3' nuclease activity of Taqthe emission of the reporter dye is quenched by the intact quencher
Q R
QR
…..
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Improvement in DetectionImprovement in Detection
Automation & Multiplex– Multiplex Fluorescent Assay
Microspheres internally dyed with red and intraredfluorophores
100 different microspheres
-++Result
CBAAmplicon
#101 #120 #125
A
B
B
B
B
A
A
A
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Improvement in Detection (Continual)Improvement in Detection (Continual)
Automation & Multiplex– ElectroChemiLuminescence– Oligo-coated membrane – the light emitting
chemiluminescent reaction is preceded by an electrochemical reaction.
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Emerging DiseaseEmerging Disease
MurineMurine NorovirusNorovirus–– Related to human Norwalk virusRelated to human Norwalk virus–– Primary GI infectionPrimary GI infection–– No clinical signs in naturally infected miceNo clinical signs in naturally infected mice
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Emerging DiseaseEmerging Disease
Murine Norovirus exp. inoculation– RAG/STAT-/- mice exhibited high Mt with
encephalitis, meningitis, vasculitis, pneumonia, hepatitis
– RAG-/- exhibited low Mt but persistently infected– Immunocompetent mice seroconverted and
transiently infected– Mice with no INFαβ and IFNγ receptors are more
susceptible to MNV infection.
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Microbiology monitoringMicrobiology monitoring
Isolation of microbes in pure culture– Routine monitoring area: Nasopharynx and
cecum (rodents and rabbits)– Area of suspected lesions
Some organisms require specific culture medium and conditions
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Culture MethodsCulture Methods
Sensitive and expressiveResults are dependent on culture media, experience,…Expensive, sometimes time consuming and labor-extensiveFor most bacteria and fungi: the best method
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Techniques for Definite Diagnosis of RodentRodent Infections
Positive results: What can be doneConfirm lab results
Retest the same sampleRetest with other methodRetest in other diagnostic labRetest samples from the same source
Rule out the cross-reactionCross reactivity with related organisms
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How to Interpret the ResultsHow to Interpret the Results
Possible combinations of results of different testing (e.g. serology and PCR for MPV)
－－4＋－3－＋2＋＋1
MPV PCRMPV ELISASample
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Routine Health Monitoring
How frequently to screen?What assay/method to be applied?How to interpret the results?
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