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LAPORAN TUGAS AKHIR
Evaluasi Sistem Pengkondisi Udara pada Gedung Perkantoran
Nama : Sri Widodo
Nim : 41310110015
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK MESIN
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS MERCU BUANA
2015
http://digilib.mercubuana.ac.id/
i
LAPORAN TUGAS AKHIR
Evaluasi Sistem Pengkondisi Udara pada Gedung Perkantoran
Nama : Sri Widodo
Nim : 41310110015
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK MESIN
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS MERCU BUANA
2015
http://digilib.mercubuana.ac.id/
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN TUI,ISAN
Yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini :
Nama
Nim
Fakultas
Jurusan
Judul Laporan
Sri Widodo
4131 011 001s
Teknik
Teknik Mesin
Evaluasi Sistem Pengkondisi Udara pada Gedung
Perkantoran
Ivlenyatakan bahwa Laporan Tugas Akhir ini adalah murni hasil karya saya,
apabila saya mengutip hasil karya orang lain, maka saya mencantumkan sumbemya
sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku.
Demikian surat pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenar - benarnya, apabila
kemudian ditemukan penyimpangan dan ketidakbenaran dalam pemyataan ini saya
bersedia menerima sangsi akademik sesuai dengan norna yang berlaku di perguruan
tinggi ini.
Iakxta, 16 Agustus 2015
Yang msmbuat pernyataan,
Sri Widodo
{4131011 001
http://digilib.mercubuana.ac.id/
LEMBAR PENGE SATIAN UNWERSISTAS
Diajukan untuk memenuhi persyaratan kurikulum Sarjana Strata Satu (S-l)
P ro gram Studi Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Mercu Buana
Dengan judul:
Evaluasi Sistem Pengkondisi Udara pada Gedung Perkantoran
Disusun oleh :
SRI \VIDODO
4131 011 0015
Pembimbing, Mengetahui,
Koordinator Tugas Akhir /
Ut
(ftof.Dr. h. Chandrasa Soekardi) n Sebayang)
http://digilib.mercubuana.ac.id/
v
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur penyusun panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, karena hanya atas rahmat
dan hidayah - Nya Tugas Akhir ini dapat tersusun hingga selesai.
Tugas Akhir dengan judul “Evaluasi Sistem Pengkondisi Udara pada Gedung
Perkantoran” disusun untuk memenuhi persyaratan kelulusan Strata 1 Jurusan Teknik
Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Mercu Buana.
Penulis menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa tugas akhir ini selesai berkat bantuan moril
maupun material dari berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu penulis mengucapkan terima
kasih yang sebesar – besarnya kepada :
1. Bapak Prof. Dr. Ir. Chandrasa S. selaku Pembimbing dan Dekan Fakultas
Teknik Universitas Mercu Buana.
2. Bapak Prof. Dr. Ing. Darwin Sebayang selaku Kepala Program Studi Teknik
mesin Universitas Mercu Buana.
3. Bapak Imam Hidayat ST. MT. selaku Sekertaris Program Studi Teknik Mesin
Universitas Mercu Buana
4. Bapak, Ibu, Kakak serta Adikku yang selalu memberikan dorongan dan
motivasi baik secara moral maupun material dalam penyelesaian Tugas Akhir
ini.
5. Sdr. Gathot, Suji, mas Yadi dan semua teman – teman PKK Teknik Mesin
angkatan 17 yang selalu memberikan dukungan, motivasi serta bantuan secara
langsung dan tidak langsung dalam menyelesaikan Tugas Akhir ini.
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vi
6. Bapak Andrew Sunaryo MBA. selaku Executive Director PT. Seltech Utama
yang telah mengizinkan dilakukannya penelitian sebagai bahan Tugas Akhir ini.
7. Ibu Ir. Liliani selaku Product & Project Manager PT. Seltech Utama yang telah
memberikan kesempatan bertanya serta arahan dalam penyusunan Tugas Akhir
ini.
8. Sri Astuti, yang selalu memberikan dukungan moril kepada penulis serta semua
pihak yang telah memberikan bantuan kepada penulis hingga terselesaikannya
penulisan Tugas Akhir ini.
Penulis menyadari bahwa penulisan laporan ini masih jauh dari sempurna, oleh
karena itu penulis akan menerima saran dan kritik dengan senang hati. Akhir kata
penulis berharap semoga tugas akhir ini akan memberikan sumbangan yang berarti bagi
perkembangan ilmu dan teknologi.
Jakarta, 16 Agustus 2015
Penulis
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DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ..................................................................................................................... i
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN TULISAN ................................................................. ii
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN UNIVERSISTAS .......................................................................... iii
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................................... iv
KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................................................. v
DAFTAR ISI............................................................................................................................... vii
DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................................................ x
DAFTAR GAMBAR .................................................................................................................. xii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................................. xiv
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................................................ 1
1.1. Latar Belakang Masalah ................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Perumusan Masalah ...................................................................................................... 3
1.3. Tujuan Penelitian .......................................................................................................... 3
1.4. Batasan Masalah ........................................................................................................... 3
1.5. Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................................................ 4
1.6. MetodePenelitian .......................................................................................................... 4
1.7. Sistematika Penulisan ................................................................................................... 5
BAB II LANDASAN TEORI .................................................................................................... 7
2.1. PengertianUmum .......................................................................................................... 7
2.2. Thermal Comfort Zone ................................................................................................. 8
2.3. Faktor Kenyamanan Termal ........................................................................................ 10
2.4. Peralatan Tata Udara ................................................................................................... 15
2.5. Perpindahan Panas ...................................................................................................... 21
2.5.1 Konduksi ............................................................................................................. 22
2.5.2 Konveksi ............................................................................................................. 23
2.5.3 Radiasi ................................................................................................................. 24
2.5.4 Koefisien Perpindahan Panas .............................................................................. 25
2.6. Psikometri ................................................................................................................... 26
2.6.1 Definisi Udara ..................................................................................................... 27
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2.6.2 Kelembaban udara ............................................................................................... 28
2.7. Beban Pendinginan ..................................................................................................... 29
2.7.1 Beban Pendinginan Luar (External) .................................................................... 31
2.7.2 Beban Pendinginan Dalam (Internal) .................................................................. 33
2.7.3 Beban Pendinginan Ventilasi dan Infiltrasi ........................................................ 35
2.8. Ducting ........................................................................................................................ 36
2.9. Metode Perhitungan Ducting ...................................................................................... 36
2.10. Aliran Fluida dalam Ducting ................................................................................... 37
2.9.1. Persamaan Kontinuitas Aliran ............................................................................ 38
2.9.1. Hukum Bernouli .................................................................................................. 39
2.9.2. Kerugian akibat Gesekan .................................................................................... 39
2.9.3. Kerugian akibat Fitting ....................................................................................... 41
2.9.4. Daya Fan ............................................................................................................. 42
BAB III METODOLOGI ........................................................................................................ 44
3.1. Diagram Alir Penelitian .............................................................................................. 45
3.2. Data Teknis Gedung.................................................................................................... 46
3.2.1. FCU 1-1 dan 2-1 (Area Gudang) ........................................................................ 48
3.2.2. FCU 1-2 (Ruang Accounting) ............................................................................. 49
3.2.3. FCU 1-3 (Area Lobby) ........................................................................................ 49
3.2.4. FCU 1-4 (Ruang Marketing Lt. 1) ...................................................................... 50
3.2.5. FCU 2-2, 2-3 (Ruang Training ) ......................................................................... 51
3.2.6. FCU 2-4 (Ruang Finance) .................................................................................. 52
3.2.7. FCU 2-5, 2-6 (Area LobbyLt. 2) ......................................................................... 53
3.2.8. FCU 2-7 (Ruang Teknisi) ................................................................................... 53
3.2.9. FCU 2-8 (Ruang Marketing Lt. 2) ...................................................................... 54
3.2.10. FCU 2.9 (Ruang Direktur& Ruang Meeting) ..................................................... 55
3.3. Koefisien Perpindahan Panas Transmisi .................................................................... 56
3.4. Jenis Dinding dan Pengelompokan Zona .................................................................... 57
3.5. Penyesuain tabel CLTD/SCL ...................................................................................... 58
BAB IV PERHITUNGAN RANCANGAN PENGKONDISI UDARA ............................... 60
4.1. Perhitungan Beban Pendinginan ................................................................................. 61
4.1.1. Beban FCU 1-1, Area Gudang ............................................................................ 62
4.1.2. Beban FCU 1-2, Ruang AccountingLt.1 ............................................................. 67
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4.1.3. Beban FCU 1-3, Area Lobby Lt. 1 ...................................................................... 68
4.1.4. Beban FCU 1-4, Ruang Marketing Lt.1 .............................................................. 69
4.1.5. Beban FCU 2-1, Gudang Lt. 2 ............................................................................ 70
4.1.6. Beban FCU 2-2, 2-3 (Ruang Training) ............................................................... 71
4.1.7. Beban FCU 2-4 (Ruang Finance) ........................................................................ 72
4.1.8. Beban FCU 2-5, 2-6 (Area Lobby Lt. 2) ............................................................. 73
4.1.9. Beban FCU 2-7 (Ruang Teknisi) ........................................................................ 74
4.1.10. Beban FCU 2-8 (Ruang Marketing) .................................................................... 75
4.1.11. Beban FCU 2-9 (Ruang Direktur) ....................................................................... 76
4.1.12. Beban Total Chiller ............................................................................................. 78
4.2. Analisa Psikometri ...................................................................................................... 78
4.3. Perhitungan Ducting ................................................................................................... 83
4.3.1. Perhitungan Ducting FCU 1-2 ............................................................................ 84
4.3.2. Perhitungan Ducting FCU 1-3 ............................................................................ 89
4.3.3. Perhitungan Ducting FCU 1-4 ............................................................................ 90
4.3.4. Perhitungan Ducting FCU 2-2 , 2-3 (Typical) .................................................... 92
4.3.5. Perhitungan Ducting FCU 2-4 ............................................................................ 92
4.3.6. Perhitungan Ducting FCU 2-5, 2-6 (Typical) ..................................................... 93
4.3.7. Perhitungan Ducting FCU 2-7 ............................................................................ 94
4.3.8. Perhitungan Ducting FCU 2-8 ............................................................................ 95
4.3.9. Perhitungan Ducting FCU 2-9 ............................................................................ 96
4.4. Perhitungan Daya Fan ................................................................................................. 97
4.5. Biaya Operasi .............................................................................................................. 99
4.6. Optimasi Pengkondisi Udara menggunakan Sistem Split ........................................ 101
BAB V PENUTUP ................................................................................................................... 104
2.11. Simpulan ............................................................................................................... 104
2.12. Saran ..................................................................................................................... 104
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .............................................................................................................. 106
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2. 1. Kecepatan udara terhadap temperatur udara kering ...................................... 11
Tabel 2. 2. Laju pertambahan panas dari penghuni dalam ruangan ................................ 13
Tabel 2. 3. Besarnya metabolisme untuk berbagai aktifitas............................................ 14
Tabel 2. 4. Isolasi Thermal untuk berbagai jenis pakaian ............................................... 15
Tabel 2. 5 Konduktivitas thermal material ...................................................................... 23
Tabel 2. 6 Nilai Koefisien untuk Elbow persegi ............................................................. 41
Tabel 2. 7 Nilai Koefisien untuk Elbow bulat................................................................. 42
Tabel 3. 1 Data FCU terpasang ....................................................................................... 48
Tabel 3. 2 Perhitungan nilai tahanan dinding bata .......................................................... 56
Tabel 3. 3 Perhitungan nilai tahanan lantai ..................................................................... 57
Tabel 3. 4 Perhitungan nilai tahanan dan U-Factor kaca ................................................ 57
Tabel 3. 5 Penyesuaian arah mata angin ......................................................................... 58
Tabel 4. 1 Penentuan beban puncak harian ..................................................................... 62
Tabel 4. 2 Perhitungan beban pendinginan FCU 1-1 ...................................................... 66
Tabel 4. 3 Perhitungan beban pendinginan FCU 1-2 ...................................................... 67
Tabel 4. 4 Perhitungan beban pendinginan FCU 1-3 ...................................................... 68
Tabel 4. 5 Perhitungan beban pendinginan FCU 1-4 ...................................................... 69
Tabel 4. 6 Perhitungan beban pendinginan FCU 2-1 ...................................................... 70
Tabel 4. 7 Perhitungan beban pendinginan FCU 2-2, 2-3 ............................................... 71
Tabel 4. 8 Perhitungan beban pendinginan FCU 2-4 ...................................................... 72
Tabel 4. 9 Perhitungan beban pendinginan FCU 2-5, 2-6 ............................................... 73
Tabel 4. 10 Perhitungan beban pendinginan FCU 2-7 .................................................... 74
Tabel 4. 11 Perhitungan beban pendinginan FCU 2-8 .................................................... 75
Tabel 4. 12 Perhitungan beban pendinginan ruang meeting direktur ............................. 76
Tabel 4. 13 Perhitungan beban pendinginan ruang direktur & beban total FCU 2-9 ..... 77
Tabel 4. 14 Perhitungan beban total Chiller .................................................................... 78
Tabel 4. 15 Perhitungan aliran udara tiap FCU ............................................................... 82
Tabel 4. 16 Perbandingan kapasitas unit ......................................................................... 82
Tabel 4. 17 Hasil perhitungan diameter hidrolik ............................................................ 87
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Tabel 4. 18 Hasil perhitungan Ducting FCU 1-2 ............................................................ 89
Tabel 4. 19 Hasil perhitungan Ducting FCU 1-3 ............................................................ 90
Tabel 4. 20 Hasil perhitungan Ducting FCU 1-4 ............................................................ 91
Tabel 4. 21 Hasil perhitungan Ducting FCU 2-2,2-3 ...................................................... 92
Tabel 4. 22 Hasil perhitungan Ducting FCU 2-4 ............................................................ 93
Tabel 4. 23 Hasil perhitungan Ducting FCU 2-5, 2-6 ..................................................... 94
Tabel 4. 24 Hasil perhitungan Ducting FCU 2-7 ............................................................ 94
Tabel 4. 25 Hasil perhitungan Ducting FCU 2-8 ............................................................ 95
Tabel 4. 26 Hasil perhitungan Ducting FCU 2-9 ............................................................ 97
Tabel 4. 27 Hasil perhitungan Daya tiap FCU ................................................................ 98
Tabel 4. 28 Konsumsi Energi Sistem Central Chiller ................................................... 100
Tabel 4. 29 Pemilihan peralatan sistim split ................................................................. 101
Tabel 4. 30 Konsumsi Energi Sistem Split ................................................................... 102
Tabel 4. 31 Perbandingan konsumsi energi dan biaya operasi ..................................... 103
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2. 1 Pemetaan Thermal Comfort Zone pada Psikometri ................................... 10
Gambar 2. 2 Hubungan kecepatan udara terhadap kenaikan temperatur ....................... 12
Gambar 2. 3 Water Cooled Screw Chiller ...................................................................... 16
Gambar 2. 4 . Air Cooled Reciprocating Chiller ............................................................ 17
Gambar 2. 5 Pompa Sentrifugal dan Aksesorisnya ........................................................ 18
Gambar 2. 6 Ducted Fan Coil Unit ................................................................................ 19
Gambar 2. 7 Cassette Fan Coil Unit............................................................................... 19
Gambar 2. 8 Air Handling Unit ..................................................................................... 20
Gambar 2. 8 Cooling Tower .......................................................................................... 21
Gambar 3. 1 Diagram Alir Penelitian ............................................................................. 45
Gambar 3. 2 Skematik Instalasi Chiller & Fan Coil Unit .............................................. 47
Gambar 3. 3 Skematik ducting FCU 1-2 (Ruang Accounting) ....................................... 49
Gambar 3. 4 Skematik ducting FCU 1-3 (Area Lobby) .................................................. 50
Gambar 3. 5 Skematik ducting FCU 1-4 (Ruang Marketing) ......................................... 51
Gambar 3. 6 Skematik ducting FCU 2-2, 2-3 (Ruang Training) .................................... 52
Gambar 3. 7 Skematik ducting FCU 2-4 (Ruang Accounting) ....................................... 52
Gambar 3. 8 Skematik ducting FCU 2-5, 2-6 (Area Lobby lt. 2) .................................... 53
Gambar 3. 9 Skematik ducting FCU 2-7 (Ruang Teknisi) .............................................. 54
Gambar 3. 10 Skematik ducting FCU 2-7 (Ruang Marketing Lt. 2) .............................. 54
Gambar 3. 11 Skematik ducting FCU 2-7 (Ruang Direktur) .......................................... 55
Gambar 4. 1 Analisa Kondisi udara pada diagram Psikometri ....................................... 79
Gambar 4. 2 Skema pendinginan dalam ruangan ............................................................ 80
Gambar 4. 2 Bagan perbandingan kapasitas pendinginan .............................................. 83
Gambar 4. 4 Friction Chart FCU 1-2 ............................................................................. 86
Gambar 4. 5 Skematik hasil perhitungan ducting FCU 1-2 ............................................ 89
Gambar 4. 6 Skematik hasil perhitungan ducting FCU 1-3 ............................................ 90
Gambar 4. 7 Skematik hasil perhitungan ducting FCU 1-4 ............................................ 91
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Gambar 4. 8 Skematik hasil perhitungan ducting FCU 2-2, 2-3 .................................... 92
Gambar 4. 9 Skematik hasil perhitungan ducting FCU 2-4 ............................................ 93
Gambar 4. 10 Skematik hasil perhitungan ducting FCU 2-5, 2-6 .................................. 94
Gambar 4. 11 Skematik hasil perhitungan ducting FCU 2-7 .......................................... 95
Gambar 4. 12 Skematik hasil perhitungan ducting FCU 2-8 .......................................... 96
Gambar 4. 13 Skematik hasil perhitungan ducting FCU 2-9 .......................................... 97
Gambar 4. 14 Bagan hasil perhitungan Daya FCU......................................................... 99
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 : Layout FCU lantai 1
Lampiran 2 : Layout FCU lantai 2
Lampiran 3 : Tabel Properti Udara Campuran
Lampiran 4 : Tabel Properti Thermodinamik Uap Air
Lampiran 5 : Tabel CLTD untuk berbagai jenis dinding
Lampiran 6 : Tabel SCL untuk berbagai jenis zona
Lampiran 7 : Tabel hasil perhitungan dimensi ducting
Lampiran 8 : Tarif Dasar Listrik
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