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Electronics and Microelectronics AE4B34EM
Lectures: Jiří Jakovenko
jakovenk@fel.cvut.cz
Labs: Vladimír Janíček
janicev@fel.cvut.cz
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
Lecture contents
Historical overview of electronics and microelectronics, Moore's Law, electronic components - the ideal and the real parameters
Basic methods of solving electrical circuits (Thevenin's theorem, superposition principle, voltage divider
Basic types and properties of semiconductors, PN junction, the metal-semiconductor junction, semiconductor diodes, the basic types of rectifiers
Bipolar transistor BJT
MOSFET
Technological process of manufacturing semiconductor devices and integrated circuits
Basic CMOS manufacturing process, layout, advanced sub-micron technologies
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
Lecture contents
Parameters of CMOS logic gates, power dissipation in log. gates, delays, bus drivers
Basic electronic circuits blocks, feedback. Operational amplifier, comparator, oscillators
Integrated memory structures: types and characteristics, methods of writing and reading, speed, access time
Optoelectronics components: a photodiode, phototransistor, laser, LED, their characteristics and applications
Power switching elements: power MOSFET, tyristor, IGBT
Sensors: types, characteristics, technologies and applications.
Design and technology of micro-electro-mechanical systems MEMS
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
Labs - content
Introduction to the laboratory. Measurement equipment for measuring and diagnosing of electronic circuits.
Measurement - VA characteristics of diodes, diode operating point.
Measurement - Applications LED: One way and two-way rectifier.
Measurements - Bipolar transistors: characteristics, parameters and applications of bipolar transistors.
Measurement - MOSFET: characteristics, application parameters with MOS transistor.
Circuit simulation, analysis types (DC, AC, Transient). Models of active and passive components.
Design, simulation and testing of amplifier stage.
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
Labs - content
Static and dynamic properties of logic gates and CMOS transmission gates.
Measurement - Operational Amplifier: basic circuits, static and dynamic properties
Measurement - Optoelectronic components: properties of opto-couplers, photodiodes and a phototransistor
Individual project
Presentation of projects, credit
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
Electronics and Microelectronics AE4B34EM
Studing materials: server MOODLE
http://moodle.kme.fel.cvut.cz
AE4B34EM – Electronics and Microelectronics
Book:Sedra, Smith: Microelectronic Circuits
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
Main benefits of electronics and
microelectronics technologies
Absolutely unique technology …
Increased speed and performance
Increasing integration density (transistors)
Less power dissipation in the functional block (energy saving) - but dramatically increases the power loss per chip
Less cost per functional unit
Less weight
Negative???
50 years of electronic integrated circuits
Integrated circuits have a relatively short history. From its inception until today, however, have seen an unprecedented momentum.
" If the car industry followed the same rules of progress as microelectronics tehnologies, cars would get 1 000 000 miles per gallon, travel at millions of miles per hour and be so cheap that it would be cheaper to buy a new Rolls-Royce than park it downtown for a day. "
G.E. Moore, cofounder of Intel
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
The history of semiconductor electronics
1906 – Semiconductors are used to detect the radio signals (Pickard, ATT)
1912 – Discovery of the rectifying characteristics of semiconductors
(Pickard, ATT)
1925 – FET - J. Lilienfeld patented principle US#1,745,175, #1,900,018, #1,877,140), 1935 O. Heil (British #439,457 )
1943 – Germanium crystals are used for demodulation of radio signals.
1947 – Tranzistor “Invention” Bardeen, Brattain a Schockley, ATT, Nobel Price, 1956
1952 – Implementation of the first FET (Field Effect Transistor)
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
Lilienfeld - FET Tranzistor (1930)
Implementation was not possible due to the presence of the large surface charges at the interface of the semiconductor and gate insulator.
In the fifties, this issue was resolved
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
The First Computer
Babbage Difference Engine (1832)
25 000 Mechanical parts
Price: 17 470 liber
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
ENIAC – The first electronic computer (1946)
Constructed by: John W. Mauchly (computer architecture) and J. Presper Eckert (electronics circuits) , university of Pennsylvan
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
1947 – The birth of modern electronics
Bell Laboratories - Invention of point-contact transistor - gain 18
William Shockley, Walter Brittain and John Bardeen
Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 1951: Shockley – transistors suitable for series production. 1954: The first transistor radio, The first silicon transistor (TI – price $2.50)
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
1958 – Revolutionary invention - the invention of the integrated circuit
The first integrated circuit - Jack Kilby, Texas Instruments 1 transistor and 4 resistorst integrated to 1 chip
Nobel Prize in 2000
Practically at the same time Robert Noyce invented the
IC
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
The planar technology - 1959
• Much more favorable for the production of integrated transistors
• Fairchild Electronics --
Jean Hoerni and Robert
Noyce
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
The first commercial planar IC
Fairchild -- One Binary Digital (Bit) Memory Device on a Chip
4 Tranzistory a 5 Rezistorů
Begining of SSI (SMALL SCALE INTEGRATION)
1961: Dual flip-flop
Price ~ $50 1963: Higher interration
density and yield– 4 x flip flop.
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
Integration of MOS Tranzistors - 1962
Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
Radio Corporation of America (RCA) Sarnoff Laboratories
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
The first analogue IC - 1964
Operational Amplifier MA 702 – Fairchild
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
The first 1024 bit memory chip - 1970
Intel Corporation DRAM
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
The first 256-Bit Static RAM - 1970
Fairchild 4100
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
The first EPROM - 1971
INTEL 1702
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
Birth of first Microprocesor - 1971
Intel 4004 – 2,300 Tranzistors, 108 kHz
The first computer on a single chip - constructed (Ted Hoff) for calculators
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
The first comertial Microprocessor - 1974
8-Bit Intel 8080, Intel Corporation – 6,500 Tranzistors, 2MHz
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
16-Bit Microprocessor 1979
Motorola 68000
ETAPA LSI (LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION)
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
The first 256 kb Bit Dynamic RAM 1981
IBM Corporation
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
The first 32-Bit Microprocessor 1981
Hewlett-Packard Co. –
450,000 Tranzistors
Bebining of VLSI (VERY LARGE SCALE
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT )
And how is it today ?
Intel Nehalem - surface of the chip size is approximately 246 mm2 in 45nm process technology
731 million transistors - each core has 32 KB instructions memmory and 32 KB of data cache L1 and 256KB L2 cache, 8 MB L3 cache is shared between all cores
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
The most advanced technologies
Intel I7 45 nm, 710 milions of tranzistors chip size 107 mm2 - origin of all the latest Intel CPUs
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
The most advanced technologies
AMD - core Shanghai "K10.5" –
705 millions tranzistors chip size 243 mm2,
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
World Semiconductor Market 2003 by SIA –
Semiconductor Industry Asociation
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
Ratios of end-users Moore’s Law
In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on a chip doubled every 18 to 24 months.
He made a prediction that semiconductor technology will double its effectiveness every 18 months
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
Moore’s Law
1,000,000
100,000
10,000
1,000
10
100
1
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
8086
80286 i386
i486 Pentium®
Pentium® Pro
K 1 Billion
Transistors
Zdroj: Intel
Year
Pentium® II Pentium® III
Pentium® IV
Nahalem
Transistors on Lead Microprocessors double every 2 years
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
Evolution of CMOS technologies
When will it end ???
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
Today's look of MOS transistors
“Strained Silicon”
Gate oxide thickness = 1.2 nm
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
64
256
1 000
4 000
16 000
64 000
256 000
10 000 000
40 000 000
160 000 000
640 000 000
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1E+09
1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010
Kb
it c
hip
cap
acit
y
Year
Evolution of DRAM memories
1.6-2.4 m
1.0-1.2 m
0.7-0.8 m
0.5-0.6 m
0.35-0.4 m
0.18-0.25 m
0.13 m
0.1 m
0.07 m
Human memmory
enciklopedia
2 hours of CD audio
30 sec HDTV
Book
page
4X growth each 3 years!
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
Clock Frequency
P6
Pentium ® proc 486
386 286 8086
8085
8080
8008
4004 0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Fre
qu
en
cy
(M
hz)
Doubles every
2 years
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
Power Dissipation
P6 Pentium ® proc
486
386
286 8086
8085 8080
8008 4004
0.1
1
10
100
1971 1974 1978 1985 1992 2000
Year
Po
we
r (W
att
s)
2009
Power will be a major problem !!!
5KW 18KW
1.5KW
500W
4004 8008
8080 8085
8086 286
386 486
Pentium® proc
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1971 1974 1978 1985 1992 2010 2015 2020
Year
Po
we
r (W
att
s)
Power delivery and dissipation will be prohibitive
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
Evolution of computers – Costumer will
be never satisfied
1995 2000 2003
Processor Pentium Pentium III Pentium IV
Power
dissipation (W)
1 12 60
Frequency
(MHz)
81 650 1800
Memory(MB) 8 64 512
HDD (GB) 0.8 15 80 GB
Price (Euro) 1 000 1 000 1 000
And what about today ???
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
MEMS Technologies
Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU
MEMS Technologies & Aplications
Accelerometers
Mikrofluidics
Optical MEMS
Other technologies
High frequency MEMS
Preassure sensors
Akccelerometres
Gyroscopes
Ink jet trysky
Lab on chip
MAP sensors
Barometric sensors
TIP display
DP projectors
Switchers
Coils with high Q
Fractal antena
R/W drive heads
Mikro-motors
RF power measurement
Electronic tveasure
Delphi - Delco
SensoNor
Hewlett Packard
Seiko Epson
TI, Nortel,
JDS Uniphase,
Lucent
Seagate
Siemens
MEMSCAP
Vaisala
Lucas Novasensor
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