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rene uelekiostin uoreni
* * *
literaturis Teoria
literaturis Teoria
rene uelekiostin uoreni
* * *
ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba
Tbilisi 2010
literaturis Teoria. ganaxlebuli gamocema.rene ueleki, ostin uoreniTheory of Literature: New Revised Edition. Rene Wellek, Austin Warren
kritikis klasika, romelic ikvlevs literaturis bunebas, funqcias, formasa da Sinaarss. `yvelaze mowesrigebuli, mravlismomcveli da mizandasaxuli mcdeloba... literatu ris Seswavla erTdroulad sazriani da Tavisufali gaxados~ (niu iork taimsi)
avtorebma scades daekavSirebinaT poezia (lite ra tu r u li Teoria) kritikasTan (literaturis Se fa seba), mecnierebasTan (kvle va) da literaturis TeoriasTan (literaturis TEeoriis dinamika da Teoriisa da kritikis statistikuroba). avtorTa mcde loba warmatebiYT dasrulda da wignma moulodneli popularoba moipova, gansakuTrebiT, rogorc studentTa saxelmZRvanelom. wigni mravaljer gamoica da mraval ena ze iTargmna.
wigni saintereso iqneba humanitaruli fakultetebis studentebisa da farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis.
wignis Targmani dafinansda saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis saministros programiT _ `sauniversiteto saxelmZRvaneloebis ganviTareba~. wigni momzadda ilias saxelmwifo universitetis mier. ISBN 978-9941-9085-8-3
ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemlobaqaquca ColoyaSAvilis 3/5, Tbilisi, 0162, saqarTvelo
Ilia State University Press3/5 K. Cholokashvili Ave, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia
3
Sinaarsi
winasityvaoba pirveli gamocemisTvis .................................... 5
winasityvaoba meore gamocemisTvis ........................................ 9
winasityvaoba mesame gamocemisTvis ........................................ 10
nawili pirveliganmartebani da gansxvavebani ................................................ 11
1. literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba......................... 13
2. literaturis buneba ...............................................................22
3. literaturis funqcia .............................................................36
4. literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria ....................... 51
5.zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli
literaturaTmcodneoba ............................................................63
nawili meoremosamzadebeli stadiebi ...........................................................75
6. faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTeba .................................... 77
nawili mesameliteraturis Seswavlis garegani meTodi ......................... 97
Sesavali ............................................................................................99
7. literatura da biografia .....................................................102
8. literatura da fsiqologia ..................................................111
9. literatura da sazogadoeba .................................................131
10. literatura da ideebi ...........................................................157
11. literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi ........................180
nawili meoTxeliteraturis Sinagani Seswavla ............................................199
Sesavali ...........................................................................................201
12. literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis
wesi .....................................................................................................205
4
13. evfonia, ritmi da metri ........................................................228
14. stili da stilistika .............................................................252
15. saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi ............................................270
16. naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi ................309
17. literauruli Janrebi ...........................................................329
18. Sefaseba ......................................................................................347
19. literaturis istoria ...........................................................367
SeniSvna.....................................................................393SeniSvna ............................................................................................395
bibliografia.......................................................453indeqsi......................................................................511
5
winasityvaoba pirveli gamocemisTvis
*winamdebare naSromisTvis saTauris SerCeva sakmaod
rTuli aRmoCnda. iseTi jerovani `mokle saTauric~ ki, rogoricaa `literaturis Teoria da litera turaTm codneobis meTodologia~, albaT, metis metad tlanqia. Ees wigni mecxramete saukunemde rom daweriliyo, yvelaferi iolad mogvardeboda, radgan maSin vrceli, analitikuri saTauri satitulo furcels daikavebda, wignis yuaze ki, ubralod, warwera `literatura~ aRmoCndeboda.
Cven davwereT wigni, romelsac, ramdenadac viciT, uSualo analogi ar moeZebneba. es wigni ar gaxlavT saxelmZRvanelo, romelic axalgazrdebs pirvel bilikebs ukvalavs literaturis gagebis gzaze, da arc (moricis `miznebisa da meTodebis~ msgavsad) mecnieruli kvlevis meTodebis mimoxilvas warmoadgens. SesaZloa, is mainc yvelaze metad enaTesavebodes `poetikas~ da `ritorikas~ (aristoteledan moyolebuli, bleris, kempbelisa da keimis CaTvliT), anda beletristikis Janrebisa da stilistikis sistemur gamokvlevebs, anda iseT wignebs, rogoricaa `literaturuli kritikis principebi~. SevecadeT, `poe tika~ (anu literaturis Teoria) da `kritika~ (literaturis Sefaseba) `mecnierebasTan~ (anu `kvlevasTan~) da `literaturis istoriasTan~ (literaturis ̀ dinamika” Teo riisa da kritikis ̀ statikurobis~ sapirispirod) dag vekavSirebina. Cveni wigni, garkveulwilad, uaxlovdeba zogierT germanul da rusul naSroms, magaliTad, valcelis `Gehalt und Gestalt”, iulius petersenis ‘‘Die Wissenschaft von der Dichtung~, an tomaSevskis `literaturis Teorias~. Tumca, germanelebisagan gansxvavebiT, moverideT sxvaTa Tvalsazrisebis ubralo reproduqcias da, miuxedavad imisa, rom viTvaliswinebT sxvaTa xedvasa da meTodebs, winamdebare naSromi myarad dasabuTebul Tval
6
sazriss efuZneba. tomaSevskisagan gansxvavebiT, ar viswrafviT, warmovadginoT elementaruli ganmarteba iseTi sakiTxebisa, rogoricaa prosodia. Cven arc germanelebiviT ekleqtikurebi varT da arc rusebiviT dogmaturni.
SedarebiT adreuli periodis amerikuli mecniere bis standartebis mixedviT, literaturaTmcodneobiTi kvlevis amosaval debulebaTa formulirebis yoveli mcdeloba (amgvari kvlevisas ki uTuod unda gavcdeT `faqtebs~), pretenziuli da `aramecnierulic~ kia, xolo am metad specializebuli gamokvlevebis mimoxilva da Sefaseba, garkveulwilad, sxva araferia, Tu ara kadniereba. udavoa, rom yovel specialists rodi daakmayofilebs misi specialobis Cveneuli Sefaseba. magram amomwurav ganxilvas miznad sulac ar visaxavdiT: Cven mier moyvanili literaturuli magaliTebi yovelTvis mxolod magaliTebs warmoadgens da ara raimes `dasabuTebas~; bibliografiebic `SerCeviTi~ xasiaTisaa. arc is gvicdia, Cven mier dasmuli yvela kiTxvisTvis gagveca pasuxi. migvaCnia, rom CvenTvisac da sxvisTvisac amosavali iyo is, rom Cvens kvlevebs internacionaluri Rirebuleba hqonoda, dagvesva swori kiTxvebi da SegvemuSavebina meTodTa garkveuli sistema.
am wignis avtorebma, romlebic pirvelad 1939 wels aiovas universitetSi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs, umalve aRmoaCines, rom literaturis Teoriisa da meTodologiis sferoSi Tanamoazreebi iyvnen.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxvagvari aRzrdaganaTleba hqondaT miRebuli, orive maTganma ganviTarebis msgavsi gza ganvlo, Seiswavla istoriuli gamokvlevebi da `ideaTa istoria~ da mivida im daskvnamde, rom literaturis Seswavla mkacrad literaturuli unda iyos. orive miiCnevda, rom `mecnieruloba~ da `kritika~ korelaciuri cnebebia; orive maTganisTvis miuRebeli iyo `Tanamedrove~ da warsuli drois literaturis gamijvna.
1941 wels maT daweres ori Tavi _ `istoria~ da `kritika~ _ saerTo wignisTvis `literaturuli mecniereba~. misi iniciatori da redaqtori iyo Nnorman forsteri, rom
winasityvaoba pirveli gamocemisTvis
7
lis naazrevsa da Tanadgomasac avtorebi didad afaseben. swored mas uZRvnian avtorebi am wigns (Tumca ar surT, rom amiT mkiTxvels mcdari STabeWdileba Seeqmnas Tavad forsteris doqtrinis Sesaxeb).
winamdebare wignis Tavebis dawera am sakiTxebisadmi amJamad arsebulma interesma ganapiroba. miuxedavad imisa, rom batonma uelekma umTavresad 12, 47, 914 da 19 Tavebze imuSava, batonma uorenma ki 3, 8 da 1518 Tavebi dawera, wigni or avtoris mWidro TanamSromlobis da TvalsazrisTa Tanxvedris namdvil magaliTs warmoadgens. imis miuxedavad, rom es avtorebi iyeneben sxvadasxvagvar terminologiasa da stils, da gansxvavebul sakiTxebs ikvleven, maTi azriT, ori gansxvavebuli midgomis arsebiTi SeTanxmeba amis kompensirebas axdens.
Cven isRa dagvrCenia, madloba gadavuxadoT doqtor stivenss da rokfeleris fondis humanitarul ganyofilebas, romelTa dauxmareblad am wignis Seqmna SeuZlebeli iqneboda. madlobas vuxdiT aseve aiovas universitetis prezidents, dekanebs da departamentis Tavmjdomares daxmarebisa da imisaTvis, rom dro ar daiSures CvenTvis.; r. p. bleqmursa da j. k. rensoms _ TanadgomisTvis; uoles foulis, roman iakobsons, jon makgaliards, jon s. poups da robert pen uorens, romlebmac zogierTi Tavi waikiTxes; miss elison uaits, romelmac gansakuTrebuli daxmareba gagviwia am wignze muSaobis ganmavlobaSi.
avtorebs surT, agreTve, aRniSnon zogierTi redaqtorisa da gamomcemlis gulisxmiereba, romelTac neba dagvrTes, Cveni adreuli naSromebidan zogierTi monakveTi Segvetana winamdebare wignSi: didi madloba luizianas universitetis gamomcemlobas da klinT bruqss, Southern Reviews yofil redaqtors (`liter aturuli nawarmoebis arsebobis modusis~ am wignSi CarTvis gamo); CrdiloeT karolinis universitetis gamomcemlobas (imis gamo, rom winamdebare wignSi CavrTeT mcire nawili `literaturis istoriisa~ `literaturul mecnierebaSi~, red. forsteri, 1941); kolumbiis universitetis gamomcemlobas (romelmac
winasityvaoba pirveli gamocemisTvis
8
neba dagvrTo am wignSi Segvetana monakveTebi naSromebidan `periodebi da mimdinareobebi literaturis istoriaSi~ da `paralelebi literaturasa da xelovnebas Soris~, romelic gamoqveynda `inglisuri institutis matianeSi” 1940 da 1941 wlebSi); filosofiur biblioTekas (romelmac neba dagvrTo am wignSi Segvetana monakveTebi naSromebidan `amboxi pozitivizmis winaaRmdeg~ da `literatura da sazogadoeba~, romelic Tavis droze gamoqveynda `meoce saukunis inglisurSi~, red. knikerbokeri, 1946).
niu heiveni, 1 maisi, 1948 weli rene ueleki ostin uoreni
winasityvaoba pirveli gamocemisTvis
9
winasityvaoba meore gamocemisTvis
*meore gamocema, arsebiTad, imeorebs pirvels, Tumca
teqstSi mcireodeni Sesworebebi da ganmartebebi SevitaneT.A amas garda, moviyvaneT ramdenime damatebiTi argumenti da mivaniSneT im axal mimdinareobebze, romlebic bolo dros gaCnda literaturis TeoriaSi. amasTan, gadavwyviteT, wignidan amogveRo pirveli gamocemis bolo Tavi (`literaturis Seswavla aspiranturaSi~), radgan gamocemidan (1946) aTi wlis Semdeg is ramdenadme moZvelda _ nawilobriv imitom, rom am TavSi SemoTavazebuli ramdenime reforma bevrgan ukve ganxorcielda. garda amisa, ganvaaxleT bibliografia _ naklebad mniSvnelovani da naklebad xelmisawvdomi naSromebis nacvlad masSi SevitaneT garkveuli raodenoba am sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili im uamravi gamokvlevisa, romlebic bolo rva wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoqveynda.
Soba, 1955 rene ueleki ostin uoreni
10
winasityvaoba mesame gamocemisTvis
*sasixaruloa, rom wignma ukve mesamed ixila dRis sina
Tle amerikasa da inglisSi, agreTve is, rom igi ukve iTargmna espanurad, italiurad, iaponurad, koreulad, germanulad, portugaliurad, ebraulad da gujaraTis enaze. Cven amjeradac ganvaaxleT bibliografia. teqstSi SevitaneT mcireodeni SeniSvnebi da Sesworebebi. TumcaRa, mesame gamocema, mniSvnelovanwilad, meoris xelaxal gamocemas warmoadgens. zogierT sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Sevecade, Cemi ideebi ganmexila da ganmeviTarebina ielis universitetis presis mier `kritikis konceptebis~ saxelwodebiT 1963 wels gamocemul gazeTebSi, rac SeniSvnebSia miTiTebuli. Cemi `Tanamedrove kritikis istoria~ warmoadgens mcdelobas, gaamyaros aq Ca moyalibebuli Teoriuli pozicia, romelic, Tavis mxriv, `literaturis TeoriaSi~ wamoyenebul kriteriumebsa da Rirebulebebs efuZneba.
niu heiveni, koneqtikuti, seqtemberi, 1962 weli
rene ueleki
11
nawili pirveli
ganmartebani da gansxvavebani
12
13
Tavi pirveli
literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba
*upirveles yovlisa, erTmaneTisagan unda gavmijnoT
literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba. Ees ori sxvadasxva sferoa: pirveli maTgani SemoqmedebiT saqmianobas ukavSirdeba, meore ki Tu mecnierebas (am sityvis zusti mniSvnelobiT) ara, Seswavlis an Semecnebis nairsaxeobas mainc war moadgens. rasakvirvelia, istoriis manZilze berjer sca des, es gansxvavebebi gaeqarwylebinaT. magali Tad, zogierTi mkvlevari amtkicebda, rom SeuZlebelia gaigo literatura, Tu Tavad ar qmni mas, rom poups verafers gaugeb, Tu Tavad ar SegiTxzavs heroikuli ortaepedebi, verc dedofali elisabedis droindeli dramas gaigeb, Tuki Tavad ar Seecdebi drama TeTri leqsiT dawero1*. TumcaRa, miuxedavad imisa, rom literaturul SemoqmedebiT pro cesze dakvirveba mis Semswavlel mecniers sasargeblo gamocdilebas sZens, sakuTriv am mecnieris amocana mainc sxvagvar aqtivobas gulisxmobs.Mman Tavisi literaturu li gamocdileba inteleqtualuri terminebiT unda gadmos ces da Tanamimdevrul sqemaSi moaqcios, romelic auci leb lad racionaluri unda iyos, radgan codna garduvalad ukavSirdeba racionalurobas. SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom misi Seswavlis sagani iracionaluria, an iracionalur elementebs Seicavs, magram, am TvalsazrisiT, literaturis Semswavleli mecnieris mdgomareoba didad ar gansxvavdeba mxatvrobis istorikosis, musikaTmcodnis, TuU gnebavT, sociologis an anatomiis specialistis mdgomareobisagan.
*SeniSvnebi ix. Ggv. 273313
14
rasakvirvelia, amgvari urTierTmimarTeba ramdenime
rTul problemas warmoSobs, romelTa gadasaWrelad ara
er Ti Tvalsazrisi iqna moxmobili.zogierTi Teoretikosi
ubralod uaryofda, rom literaturaTmcodneoba codnis
dargia da `kvlavSemoqmedebis~ ideas gvTavazobda, Tumca
Tanamedrove Teoretikosebis umravlesoba dRes miiCnevs,
rom amgvarma Tvalsazrisma mniSvnelovani Sedegebi ver
mogvca. magaliTisaTvis sakmarisia gavixsenoT `mona li
zas~ peiteriseuli daxasiaTeba, an saimondsis Tu si monsis
maRalfardovani stiliT dawerili pasaJebi. msgavsi `Semo
qmedebiTi kritika~ Cveulebriv gulisxmobs an usargeblo
gameorebas, an xelovnebis erTi nimuSis meore, bevrad ufro
mdare nawarmoebad gardaqmnas. roca Cven vcdilobT erTma
neTisagan gavmijnoT literatura da misi Seswavla, zogi
erT Teoretikoss amis safuZvelze sxvadasxvagvari skep
tikuri daskvnebi gamoaqvs: magaliTad, isini amtkice ben,
rom literaturis `Seswavla~ saerTod SeuZlebelia; rom
Cven mxolod misi wakiTxvis, aRqmisa da misiT tkbobis unari
Segvwevs. sxva danarCen SemTxvevebSi mxolod is SegviZlia,
rom garkveuli informacia Sevagro voT literaturis ̀ Sesa
xeb~. amgvari skepticizmi bevrad ufro metadaa gavrcele
buli, vidre Cven warmogvidgenia. praqtikaSi es gulisxmobs
aqcentis gadatanas mxolod da mxolod im garemos `faqteb
ze~, romelSic literatura arsebobs, da ugulebelyofas
yvela mcdelobisa, gavcdeT am faqtebs. iseTi faqtorebi,
rogorebicaa mkiTxvelis mier nawarmoebis saTanadod aRqma,
gemovneba da gulmodgineba _ individualuri gemovnebis
sferos ganekuTvneba da miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi arseboba
gardauvalia, maT araferi aqvT saerTo mkacr mecnierulo
basTan. miuxedavad amisa, diqotomia _ `mecnieruloba~ da
`aRqma~ _ mTlianad gamoricxavs literaturis WeSmariti,
anu iseTi Seswavlis SesaZleblobas, romelic erTdroulad
iqneba `literaturulic~ da `sistematuric~.
literaturis Teoria
15
problema isaa, Tu rogor unda ganvixiloT inteleq
tualuri meTodebiT xelovneba, kerZod _ literatura.
saer Tod, SesaZlebelia Tu ara es? da Tu SesaZlebelia _
rogor? erTerTi Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, amis ganxor
cieleba SesaZlebelia maSin, Tuki sabunebismetyvelo mec
nierebaTa mier SemuSavebuli meTodebi dainergeba lite
raturaTmcodneobis sferoSi. ganasxvaveben amgvari ga
datanis ramdenime tips. erTerTi maTgani emyareba iseT
zogadmecnierul idealebs, rogorebicaa obieqturoba,
miukerZoebloba da sicxade, rac, TavisTavad, neitra luri
faqtebis Segrovebas gulis xmobs.Mmeore Tvalsazrisis
mixedviT, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa mier SemuSave
buli meTodebis imitireba mizezobrivi wanamZRvrebisa da
pirvelwyaroebis Seswavlis gziT aris SesaZlebeli. praq
tikaSi es `genetikuri meTodi~ ga mosadegia nebismieri urT
ierTmimarTebis dadgenisas, Tuki es SesaZlebelia qro
nologiuri TvalsazrisiT. Uufro mkacri gagebiT, kauza
lur meTods mimarTaven imisaTvis, rom literaturuli
fenomenebi axsnan ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri
pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. aq, isev da isev, saqme gvaqvs rao
denobrivi meTodebis SemotanasTan, romelTac aqtiurad
iyenebs zogierTi mecniereba, mag., statistikaSi, agreTve,
cxrilebisa da grafikebis Sedgenis dros. dabolos, lit
eraturis ganviTarebis procesebis Seswavlisas cdiloben
gamoiyenon biologiuri cnebebi.2
dResdReobiT, sayovelTao aRiarebiT, amgvarma mid
gomam ar gaamarTla Tavdapirveli molodini. mTel rig Sem
TxvevebSi mecnieruli meTodebis nayofiereba gamovlinda
mxolod mkacrad SezRudul sferoSi an mxolod garkveuli
meTodis gamoyenebisas. magaliTad, statistikas iyeneben
teqstis kritikis zogierT skolaSi an metrikis Seswavli
sas. magram literaturaTmcodneoba Si amgvari mecnieru
li `SeWris~ momxreTa umravlesoba an marcxs aRiarebs da
literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba
16
skeptikurad ganewyoba xolme, an Tavs imiT imSvidebs, rom
amgvari mecnieruli meTodi momavalSi mainc gaamarTlebs.
magaliTad, a. e. riCardsi (I. A. Richards) miiCnevda, rom mo
mavali warmatebebi nevrologiis sferoSi ganapirobebda
literaturuli problemebis gadaWrasac.3
Cven davubrundebiT im problemebis ganxilvas,
romelTac warmoSobs literaturaTmcodneobaSi sabu
nebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa meTodebis danergvis farTod
gavrcelebuli tendencia. aRniSnuli sakiTxi gaazrebas
saWiroebs da, rasakvirvelia, xSir SemTxvevaSi, es ori me
Todologia erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba da kveTs kidec. iseTi
fundamenturi meTodebi, rogorebicaa induqcia da deduq
cia, analizi, sinTezi da Sedareba, saerToa sistematuri
codnis yvela tipisTvis. magram aq angariSi unda gavuwioT
sxva garemoebasac: literaturaTmcodneo bas sakuTari
mniSvnelovani meTodebi aqvs, romlebic, miuxedavad imisa,
rom yovelTvis sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebisgan ar aris
nasesxebi, mainc inteleqtualur meTodebs warmoadgens.
WeSmaritebis mxolod ukiduresad SezRuduli gagebisas
SeiZleba ugulebelvyoT huma nitarul mecnierebaTa mier
codnis sferoSi Setanili wvlili. Tanamedrove mecnierebis
ganviTarebamdeBbevrad adre filosofiam, istoriam, iuris
prudenciam, Teologiam da TviT filologiam SeimuSaves
Semecnebis nayofieri me Todebi. SesaZloa, am mecnierebaTa
miRwevebi Tanamedro ve fizikuri mecnierebebis Teoriulma
da praqtikulma war matebebma daCrdila, magram, amis miuxe
davad, es meTode bi kvlavac inarCunebs Rirebulebas da ad
vili SesaZlebelia _ mTel rig SemTxvevebSi garkveuli cv
lilebebiT – maTi gacocxleba da ganaxleba. magram saWiroa
erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT sabunebismetyvelo da humanita
rul mecnie rebaTa meTodebi da miznebi.
am gansxvavebebis gansazRvra rTuli amocanaa. jer
kidev 1883 wels vilhelm dilTaim (Wilhelm Dilthey) erTma
literaturis Teoria
17
neTisagan gamijna sabunebismetyvelo da istoriul mec ni
erebaTa meTodebi da aRniSna, rom maT Soris arsebobs gan
sxvaveba ganmartebisa da gagebis TvalsazrisiT.4 dilTai
amtkicebda, rom mecnieri mizezobrivi pirvel wyaroebis
gaTvaliswinebiT ganmartavs movlenebs, istorikosi ki
cdilobs, gaigos maTi mniSvneloba. gagebis es procesi yo
velTvis individualuri da subieqturic kia. erTi wlis
Semdeg filosofiis cnobili istorikosi, vilhelm vindel
bandi (Wilhelm Windelband) aseve daupirispirda Tvalsazriss,
romlis mixedviTac istoriul mecnierebebSi sabunebism
etyvelo mecnierebaTa meTodebi unda iq nes gamoyenebuli.5
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi zo gadi kanonebis dadge
nas cdiloben, maSin, roca istorikosebisTvis ufro mniS
vnelovania unikaluri da ganumerebeli faqtis aRmoCena. Ees
Tvalsazrisi Semdgom ganaviTara hainrix rikertma (Heinrich
Rickert), romelmac erTmaneTisagan ganasxvava ara imdenad
ganzogadebisa da individualizaciis meTodebi, ramdenadac
_ sabu ne bismetyvelo da kulturis Semswavleli mecniere
bebi.6 kulturis Semswavlel mecnierebs, misi mtkicebiT,
kerZo da individualuri faqtebi ainteresebT, individua
luri SemTxvevebi ki SeiZleba aRmoCenili da gagebuli iqnes
mxo lod garkveuli Rirebulebebis fonze, rac, isev da isev,
kulturas ukavSirdeba. safrangeTSi a. d. qsenopoli (A. D.
Xenopol) erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebs, romlebic `ganmeorebad faqtebs~ Seiswav lian
da istorias, romelsac `Tanmimdevruli faqtebi~ aintere
sebs. italiaSi benedeto kroCem (Benedetto Croce) mTeli Ta
visi filosofia daafuZna istoriul meTodze, romelic ra
dikalurad gansxvavdeba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis
meTodisagan.7
am problemebis srulfasovani ganxilva gulisxmobs is
eTi problemebis gadaWras, romlebic miemarTeba sabunebi
smetyvelo mecnierebebis, istoriis filosofiisa da Seme
literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba
18
cnebis Teoriis klasifikaciis sferos.8 Tumca, ramdenime
konkretulma magaliTma SeiZleba cxadyos, rom arsebobs
erTi realuri problema, romelsac literatu ris Semswav
leli studenti awydeba. ratom SeviswavliT Seqspirs? xom
aSkaraa, rom Cven ar gvainteresebs is, Tu ra saerTo aqvs mas
mTel kacobriobasTan, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi SegveZlo
nebismieri sxva pirovneba Segveswavla; arc is gvainteresebs,
Tu ra saerTo aqvs mas TiToeul ingliselTan, Tundac rene
sansis epoqis an elisabedis mefobis droindel adamianeb
Tan, yvela poetTan, yvela dramaturgTan, an Tundac elisa
bedis mefobis droindel yvela dramaturgTan, radgan, aseT
SemTxvevaSi, SegveZlo dekeri an heivudi Segveswavla. Cven
ufro imis gageba gvsurs, ra aris Seqspiris unikalurobis
mizezi, ra aqcevs mas Seq spirad, es ki ukve individualuro
bisa da Rirebulebis problemaa. romelime erTi periodis,
moZraobis an erovnul literaturis Seswavlis drosac
ki literaturaTmcodnes ainteresebs is individualuri,
dama xasiaTebeli niSanTvisebebi, romliTac es periodi Tu
moZraoba sxva msgavsi movlenebisgan gansxvavdeba.
individualobis sakiTxi kidev erTi argumentiT Sei
Zleba gavamyaroT: literaturaSi zogadi kanonebis aRmoCe
nis mcdelobebs arasodes gamouRia nayofi. luis kazamianis
(Louis Cazamian) e.w. inglisuri literaturis kanoni, romlis
mixedviTac `inglisuri erovnuli gonebis ritmi meryeobs~
or poluss, ganwyobasa da inteleqts Soris (am debulebas
Tan erTad, miTiTebulia, rom msgavsi ryevebis tempi miT
ufro Cqardeba, rac ufro vuaxlovdebiT Tanamedrove epo
qas) an trivialuria, an _ mcdari. viqtorianul periods is
saerTod ver esadageba.9Aam `kanonTa~ umravlesoba warmoad
gens mxolod da mxolod iseTi regularuli fsiqologiuri
mdgomareobebis gamo xatulebas, rogorebicaa moqmedeba
da reaqcia, an tradicia da amboxi, romlebic, maSinac ki,
roca maTi ar seboba eWvs ar iwvevs, mniSvnelovans verafers
gveubneba li te raturuli procesebis Sesaxeb. maSin, rode
literaturis Teoria
19
sac fizikaSi zogadi Teoriis umaRles miRwevad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos eleqtrobisa da siTbos, mizidulobisa da sinaT
lis gamosaxva formulebis meSveobiT, literaturaTm
codneobis miznebis misaRwevad ver gamoviyenebT verc erT
zogad kanons: rac ufro zoga di iqneba es kanoni, miT ufro
abstraqtuli da amdenad, uSinaarso aRmoCndeba is; da miT
ufro gagviZneldeba xelovnebis konkretuli nimuSis arsis
wvdoma.
amdenad, Cveni problemis gadasaWrelad ori ukidure
si gamosavali arsebobs. pirveli maTgani, ro melmac popu
laroba moipova sabunebismetyvelo mecnie rebebis presti
Jis wyalobiT, aRiarebs samecniero da istoriuli meTodis
igiveobriobas, ris Sedegadac saWiro xdeba an, ubralod,
faqtebis Segroveba, an metismetad ganzogadebuli istori
uli `kanonebis~ dadgena. meores mixedviT, literaturaTm
codneoba saerTod ar aris mecniereba, xolo literaturis
`gageba~ subieqturi xasiaTisaa, TiToeul literaturul
nawarmoebs ki `in dividualuroba~, ufro metic, `unika
luroba~ axa siaTebs. Mmagram antimecnieruli midgomis am
ukidures gamoxatulebas sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT. `in
tuiciam~, SesaZloa, mxolod da mxolod emociur ̀ aRqmamde~,
anu srul subieqturobamde migviyvanos. yoveli nawarmoebis
`individualurobis~ da Tundac `unikalurobis~ sagangebo
xazgasma (romelic sasargebloa imdenad, ramdenadac mimar
Tulia zedapirul ganzogadebaTa winaaRmdeg) niSnavs im
faqtis ugulebelyofas, rom xelovnebis verc erTi nimuSi
ver iqneba mTlianad `unikaluri~, vinaidan, aseT SemTxveva
Si, is mTlianad gaugebari iqneboda CvenTvis. rasakvirvelia,
arsebobs mxolod erTi `hamleti~ da jois kilmeris erTad
erTi “xeebi”. magram, amave logikiT xom nagvis grovac uni
kalurobiT xasiaTdeba, ramdenadac misi proporciebis, gan
lagebis da qimiuri Semadgenlobis zusti asli samyaroSi ar
moipoveba. ufro metic, yovel literaturul nawarmoebSi
yvela sityva Tavisi arsiT `zogadia~ da ara `kerZoobiTi~.
literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba
20
literaturaSi `universalurisa~ da “kerZos” urTierT
dapirispireba mimdinareobs mas Semdeg, rac aristotelem
Tqva, rom poezia istoriasTan SedarebiT meti universa
lurobiT da, amdenad, filosofiurobiT xasiaTdeba, xolo
istorias mxolod kerZo detalebi ainteresebs, da, agreTve,
mas Semdeg, rac doqtorma jonsonma (R. Johnson) ganacxada,
rom poeti `ar unda iTvlides, Tu ramdeni ZarRvia titas
furcelze~. romantikosebisa da Tanamedrove kritikosTa
umravlesobis mtkicebiT, poezia specifikuri bunebiT,
`faqturiTa~ da konkretulobiT xasiaTdeba.10 magram isic
unda aRiniSnos, rom yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebi
erTdroulad zogadicaa da kerZoc, an, ufro zustad rom
vTqvaT, individualuricaa da zogadic. individualuro
ba SeiZleba gavmijnoT absoluturi kerZoobiTobisagan
da unikalurobisagan.11 rogorc yoveli adamiani, yoveli
literaturuli nawarmoebic individualuri Tavisebure
bebiT gamoirCeva; magram mas aseve aerTianebs xelovnebis
sxva nawarmoebebTan zogadi Taviseburebebi, swored ise,
rogorc yovel calkeul adamians aqvs is Tvisebebi, romle
bic saerToa mTeli kacobriobis, misi sqesis, eris, klasisa
da profesiis warmomadgenlebisTvis. Aamdenad, Cven Segvi
Zlia ganvazogadoT is, rac exeba xelovnebis nawarmoe
bebs, elisabedis mefobis droindel dramas, da, saerTod,
mTel dramaturgias, mTel literaturas, mTel xelovnebas.
lite raturis kritika da literaturis istoria cdiloben
daaxasiaTon is individualuri Tvisebebi, romlebic niSan
doblivia mo cemuli nawarmoebis, avtoris, periodisa da
erovnuli literaturisTvis, magram es SesaZlebelia mx
olod uni versaluri terminebis meSveobiT, literaturis
Teoriis safuZvelze. Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneo
bisTvis gansakuTrebiT aucilebelia literaturis Teoria,
ro gorc mecnierul meTodTa erToblioba.
rasakvirvelia, es ideali ar akninebs nawarmoebis `sa
kuTari~ gagebisa da aRqmis mniSvnelobas, rac literaturis
literaturis Teoria
21
Sesaxeb Cveni codnis da misdami Cveni mimarTebis Camoyali
bebis winapirobas warmoadgens. magram ar unda dagvaviwydes,
rom es mxolod da mxolod winapirobaa. imis Tqma, rom lite
raturaTmcodneoba mxolod kiTxvis xelovnebas emsaxure
ba, mcdar warmodgenas Segviqmnis sistematizebuli codnis
idealze, Tumca mas didi mniSvneloba aqvs literaturis
SemswavlelTaTvis. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom `kiTxva~ far
To gagebiT kritikul gagebasa da Semecnebas gulisxmobs,
kiTxvis xelovneba mainc SeiZleba ideals warmoadgendes
mxolod im adamianisTvis, ro melsac surs Tavisi unarebis
ganviTareba. es ideali me tad popularulia da ganviTarebu
li literaturuli kulturis safuZvels warmoadgens. Tum
caRa, igi ver Caenacvleba `literaturis kvlevas~, rogorc
zogad tradicias, rome lic codnis, intuiciiT mignebuli
WeSmaritebebisa da Tval sazrisTa dagrovebas gulisx mobs.
literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba
22
Tavi meore
literaturis buneba
*pirveli problema, romelic Cven winaSe wamoiWreba,
literaturaTmcodneobis sagans ukavSirdeba. ra aris literatura? ra ar aris literatura? rogoria li te ra turis buneba? Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom es SekiTxvebi er Ti SexedviT SeiZleba martivad JRerdes, maTze pasuxis ga cema arc ise ioli saqmea.
SesaZlebelia, `literatura~ vuwodoT yvelafers, rasac beWduri saxe aqvs. maSin SevZlebT SeviswavloT iseTi nawarmoebebi, rogorebicaa `medicina meToTxmete saukuneSi~, `warmodgena planetebis moZraobis Sesaxeb adreul Sua saukuneebSi~ an `jadoqroba Zvelsa da axal inglisSi~. rogorc edvin grinlou (EEdwin Greenlaw) amtkicebda, `yvelaferi, rac civilizaciis istorias ukavSirdeba, Cveni Semecnebis sferoSi Sedis~; `rodesac romelime calkeuli periodis an civilizaciis arsis wvdomas vcdilobT, Cveni mcdeloba scildeba beletristikis, an Tundac nabeWdi an xelnaweri matianeebis sferos~, `Cveni nawarmoebi unda ganvixiloT im TvalsazrisiT, Tu ra adgili SeiZleba daika vos man kulturis istoriaSi~1Ggrinlous Teoriisa da bev ri sxva mecnieris naSromebis mixedviT, literaturaTmcodneoba ara mxolod mWidrod ukavSirdeba civilizaciis is torias, aramed isini identur movlenebadac ki ki miiCne vian. amgvari midgoma literaturulia mxolod im az riT, rom mas saqme aqvs dabeWdil an xelnawer masalasTan, rac, saerTod, istoriis umTavres wyaros warmoadgens. rasakvirvelia, amgvari Tvalsazrisis dacvis mizniT, SeiZleba imisi mtkiceba, rom istorikosebi, umTavresad, dip lomatiuri, samxedro da ekonomikuri istoriiT arian dainteresebuli da Cveulebriv, ugulebelyofen xolme am problemebs, amde
23
nad, literaturis mkvlevars ufleba aqvs momijnave sferoSi SeiWras. bunebrivia, aravis un da aekrZalos nebismieri sferos kvleva da, rasakvirvelia, mxolod misasalmebelia, Tuki civilizaciis istorias farTo perspeqtivaSi Seiswavlian. Tumca, amgvari Seswavla literaturuli veRar iqneba. imis mtkiceba, TiT qos saqme aq mxolod terminologiur davasTan gvaqvs, aradamajereblad JRers. civilizaciis istoriis kom pleqsuri Seswavla namdvilad gamoricxavs mxo lod da mxo lod literaturul Seswavlas. aq yvelanairi gansxvaveba qreba; literaturaSi ucxo kriteriumebi Semodis, ris ga moc literatura Rirebulad miiCneva mxolod im SemTxveva Si, Tu is garkveul nayofs gamoiRebs am, an momijnave dis ciplinisaTvis. literaturis gaigiveba civilizaciis is toriasTan niSnavs literaturaTmcodneobis sferosa da meTodebis specifikurobis ugulebelyofas.
zogierTi ganmartebis mixedviT, literatura aris mxo lod da mxolod `diadi~ nawarmoebebi, romlebic, Temis miu xedavad, gamoirCevian `maTi literaturuli formisa Tu gamoxatvis saSualebebis TvalsazrisiT~. Aaq kriteriumi an mxolod esTetikuri Rirebulebaa, anda esTetikur RirebulebasTan Serwymuli zogadi inteleqtualuri Tvisebebi. Llirikul poeziaSi, dramasa da mxatvrul lite raturaSi diad nawarmoebebs esTetikuri kriteriumebis mixedviT gamoarCeven; sxva SemTxvevaSi wignebs arCeven imis mixedviT, Tu ra reputaciiT sargebloben isini, an ra inteleqtualuri TvisebebiT gamoirCevian esTetikur RirebulebasTan (viwro gagebiT) erTad: aq, upiratesad, gamoarCeven stils, kompozicias da, zogadad, gadmocemis maneras. tradiciulad, swored am kriteriumebis safuZ velze saubroben xolme literaturis Taobaze. rodesac romelime literaturis Sesaxeb vambobT, rom `es ar aris literatura~, swored amgvari Rirebulebebi gvaqvs xolme mxedvelobaSi; msgavs msjelobas mivmarTavT ma Si nac, rodesac istorikosis, filosofosis, an romelime bunebismetyvelis wignze vsaubrobT da mas `literaturas~ mivakuTvnebT.
literaturis buneba
24
unda aRiniSnos, rom literaturis istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, garkveul adgils uTmoben filosofosebis, istorikosebis, Teologebis, moralistebis, politikosebisa da TviT bunebismetyvelebis romelime specialistis Sesaxeb msjelobas. magaliTad, Zneli warmosadgeni iqneboda meTvramete saukunis inglisis literaturis istoria berklisa (Berkeley) da iumis (Hume), episkopos batlerisa (Bishop Butler) da gibonis (Gibbon), burkisa (Burke) da adam smitis (Adam Smith) naazrevTa ganxilvis gareSe. miuxedavad imisa, rom am avtorebs, poetebTan, dramaturgebTan da romanistebTan SedarebiT, Cveulebriv, ufro naklebi yuradReba eTmoba, maT Sesaxeb msjeloba iSviaTad daiyvaneba maTive Txzulebebis mxolod esTetikuri Rirebulebis ganxilvaze. praqtikaSi amgvari msjeloba mxolod ze re le da araprofesiuli mimoxilviT Semoifargleba da saTanadod ver asaxavs am avtorTa moRvaweobas. DmarTlac, hiumi unda ganvixiloT mxolod rogorc filosofosi, giboni – rogorc istorikosi, episkoposi batleri – rogorc qristianobisa da zneobis damcveli, adam smiti ki rogorc moralisti da ekonomisti. magram literaturis istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebi am avtorebs, tradiciulad, mxolod fragmentulad da saTanado konteqstis, maTi sagnis istoriis gareSe ganixilaven. aqedan gamomdinare, ar xorcieldeba filosofiis istoriis, eTikis, isto riografiis da ekonomikis Teoriis namdvili gageba. Lliteraturis istorikosi avtomaturad rodi gardaiqmneba am disciplinaTa istorikosad. is mxolod da mxolod Tavdajerebuli kompilatoria, romelic ucxo sferoSi iWreba.
calkeuli `diadi wignebis~ Seswavla, SesaZloa, metad mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes pedagogiuri miznebisTvis. Cven yvelani unda SevTanxmdeT imaze, rom studentebi, gansakuTrebiT ki damwyebi studentebi, diad (an yovel SemTxvevaSi, karg) wignebs unda kiTxulobdnen da ara kompilaciebs Tu uCveulo istoriul movlenaTa aRwerebs.2 Tumca, saeWvoa, rom es principi gamosadegi iyos sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi, istoriasa an sxva romelime discipli
literaturis Teoria
25
naSi, romelic emyareba faqtebis Segrovebas da cnobilidan ucnobisken moZraobas. mxatvruli literaturis istoriis farglebSi mxolod didebuli wignebiT Tu SemovifarglebiT, garTuldeba literaturuli tradiciis Tanmimdevrobis, literaturul JanrTa ganviTarebis da Tavad literaturuli procesebis bunebis gageba. amas garda, bundovani gaxdeba Tanmxlebi socialuri, enobrivi, ideologiuri da sxva ganmapirobebeli garemoebani. istoriaSi, filosofiasa da msgavs sagnebSi, am princips, upiratesad, `esTetikuri~ Tvalsazrisi Semoaqvs. rodesac yvela inglisel mecniers Soris mxolod Tomas haqslis (Thomas Huxley) gamovarCevT da vityviT, rom misi nawarmoebebis wakiTxva Rirs, rasakvirvelia, Cvens arCevans mxolod da mxolod naTeli `stili~ da kompozicia gansazRvravs. Tu ramdenime gamonakliss ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, es kriteriumi gvaiZulebs, upiratesoba mivaniWoT mecnierul aRmoCenaTa popularizatorebs da ara mecnierebs, romelTac ganaxorcieles es aRmoCenebi. aqedan gamomdinare, haqsli ufro mniSvnelovan moRvawed warmogvidgeba, vidre darvini (Darwin), bergsoni (Bergson) da kanti (Kant).
termin `literaturis~ arsi yvelaze ukeT maSin gamoixateba, rodesac is mxolod mxatvrul sityvierebas, anu mxatvrul literaturas aRniSnavs.… Tumca, terminis amgvari gamoyenebiT garkveul problemebs vawydebiT; magram inglisur enaSi misi iseTi SesaZlo alternativebi, rogoricaa `proza~ da `poezia~, an viwro mniSvnelobisaa, an kidev, `mxatvruli literaturisa~ da `beletristikis~ msgav sad, tlanqi da bundovania. isini, vinc ewinaaRmdege bian termins `literatura~ (romelic momdinareobs sityvidan litera), sakuTar mosazrebas asabuTeben imiT, rom es termini mxolod da mxolod werilobiT an dabeWdil literaturas asaxavs, miuxedavad imisa, rom, sayovelTao aRiarebiT, nebismieri Tanmimdevruli koncefcia literaturis Sesaxeb `zepirsityvierebasac~ unda gulisxmobdes. Aam TvalsazrisiT, germanuli termini Wortkunst da rusuli slovesnost ukeTe
literaturis buneba
26
sad gamoxatavs literaturis arss, vid re ma Ti inglisuri Sesatyvisi.
es problema yvelaze martivad gadawydeba maSin, Tu ganvsazRvravT, ra Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs enas literaturaSi. ena literaturis masalaa, iseve, rogorc brinjao _ skulpturaSi, saRebavebi _ mxatvrobaSi an bgerebi _ musikaSi. Mmagram saWiroa imis gacnobierebac, rom ena, qvis msgavsad, mxolod inertuli masala ki ar aris, aramed adamianis mieraa Seqmnili da, amdenad, romeliRac enobrivi jgufis kulturuli memkvidreobis matarebelia.
saWiroa, erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT enis lite raturuli, yofiTi da mecnieruli gamoyeneba. miu xedavad imisa, rom marTebulad migvaCnia Tomas klark polokis (Thomas Clark Pollock) mier Aam sakiTxis ganxilva wignSi `literaturis buneba~ (The Nature of Literature),3 is mainc aradamakmayofileblad gveCveneba, gansakuTrebiT iq, sa dac saubaria literaturuli enisa da yofiTi metyvele bis urTierTgansxvavebulobis Sesaxeb.Ees uaRresad mniSvne lovani problemaa da misi gadaWra sulac ar aris ioli, radgan literaturas, xelovnebis sxva dargebisagan gans xvavebiT, komunikaciis sakuTari saSualebebi ar gaaCnia da udavoa, rom arsebobs bevri Sereuli da gardamavali forma. literaturuli da samecniero enis erTmaneTisagan gamijvna Zneli rodia. Tumca, aq sakmarisi ar aris mxolod `azrsa~ da `emocias~ an `grZnobas~ Soris arsebuli martivi kontrastis warmoCena. literaturisTvis ucxo araa azri, meore mxriv ki emociuri metyvelebis elementebi mxo lod literaturaSi rodi gvxvdeba: amis sailustraciod sakmarisia warmovidginoT, rogoria Seyvarebulebis sau bari, an Cveulebrivi kamaTi. magram idealuri samecniero ena wminda `denotaturi~ xasiaTisaa: misi mizania miaRwios maqsimalurad zust Sesatyvisobas niSansa da aRsaniSns So ris. niSani mTlianad pirobiTi xasiaTisaa da, amdenad, SesaZlebelia misi Canacvleba ekvivalenturi niSnebiT. amas garda, niSani gamWvirvalea, anu is uSualod da erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTebs referentze.
aqedan gamomdinare, samecniero ena uaxlovdeba niSanTa iseT sistemebs, rogorebicaa maTematika an sim boluri
literaturis Teoria
27
logika. Mmisi idealia characterististica univer salis, anu iseTi universaluri enis Seqmna, romelze mu Sa obac laibnicma wamoiwyo jer kidev meCvidmete saukunis miwuruls. samecniero enasTan SedarebiT, literaturu li ena garkveulwilad SeiZleba naklovani Candes. masSi di dia bundovanebis wili; bevri istoriuli enis msgavsad, masSi uamravi omonimi, pirobiTi niSani an iseTi aralogikuri kategoriaa, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gramatikuli sqesi; literaturul enaSi bevri istoriuli movlena, mogoneba da asociaciaa Semonaxuli. erTi sityviT, literaturuli ena uaRresad `konotatiuria~. ufro metic, literaturuli ena ar aris niSanTa martooden referenciuli sistema. mas eqspresiuli mxarec aqvs da mosaubris an avtoris intonaciasa da damokidebulebas gadmocems. is, amas garda, ubralod ki ar ambobs da gamoxatavs saTqmels, aramed miiswrafvis, zegavlena moaxdinos mkiTxvelis ganwyobaze, mis Sexedulebebze da, saboloo angariSSi, gardaqmnas is. literaturulsa da samecniero enas Soris kidev erTi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba arsebobs: pirvel maTganSi yuradReba TviT niSanze, sityvis bgeriT simbolizmzea gadatanili. Aam mizniT uamravi iseTi saSualeba iqna gamogonebuli, rogoricaa, metri, aliteracia da bgerwera.
literaturuli enis gansxvaveba samecniero enis gan sxvadasxva xarisxiT vlindeba sxvadasxva tipis literaturul nawarmoebebSi: magaliTad, romanebSi bgerweras gacilebiT umniSvnelo roli ganekuTvneba, vidre lirikuli poeziis zogierT qmnilebaSi, romelTa adekvaturi Targmnac Znelia. eqspresiuli elementi SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba `obieqtur romanSi~, sadac SesaZloa SeiniRbos da sulac ar gamovlindes avtoris damokidebuleba, e.w. `pirovnul~ lirikaSi ki yvelaferi piriqiT xdeba. pragmatuli elementi, rac `WeSmarit~ poeziaSi odnav Tu SeiniSneba, romanSi an satirulsa da didaqtikur nawarmoebebSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli. ufro metic, enis inteleqtualizaciis xarisxi sxvadasxvagvaria, imisda mixedviT, Tu ra tipis nawarmoebTan gvaqvs saqme: arsebobs filosofiuri,
literaturis buneba
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didaqtikuri poemebi da problemuri romanebi, romelTa ena nawilobriv mainc uaxlovdeba mecnierul enas. rogori Sereuli modusebic unda warmoaCinos romelime calkeuli literaturuli nawarmoebis Seswavlam, aSkaraa gansxvaveba enis literaturul da samecniero gamoyenebas Soris: literaturuli ena bevrad ufro metad asaxavs enis istoriul struqturas; is xazs usvams TviT niSnisadmi gacnobierebul damokidebulebas da sakuTari eqspresiuli da pragmatuli aspeqtebi gaaCnia, samecniero ena ki gamudmebiT cdilobs am elementebis minimumamde dayvanas.
ufro rTulia davadginoT, riT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan literaturuli da yofiTi ena. termini `yofiTi ena~ erTmniSvnelovani cneba rodia: masSi moiazreba enis iseTi mravalferovani variantebi, rogorebicaa sasaubro ena, vaWrobisa da komerciis ena, oficialuri ena, religiis ena, studenturi Jargoni. Mmagram sagulisxmoa, rom is, rac iTqva literaturuli enis Sesaxeb, yofiTi enis saxesxvaobebis mimarTac samarTliania; gamonakliss warmoadgens mxo lod samecniero ena. yofiT enasac aqvs eqspresiuli funqcia, Tumca is, SesaZloa, sxvadasxvagvarad vlindebodes _ dawyebuli uferuli oficialuri gan cxadebis eniT, da damTavrebuli mgznebare mowodebebiT emociuri aRgznebis momentSi. yofiT enaSi mravlad gvxvdeba istoriuli enis iracionaluri elementebi da mniSvnelobis konteqsturi cvlilebebi, Tumca mTel rig SemTxvevebSi is miiswrafvis mecnieruli sizustisadmi. yofiT metyvelebaSi TviT niSnebis gacnobiereba iSviaTad xdeba. Tumca, amgvari gacnobiereba zogjer mainc iCens Tavs, magaliTad, saxelebisa da moqmedebebis aRmniSvnel sityvaTa bgeriT simbolizmSi an kalamburebSi. udavoa, rom yofiTi ena yvelaze xSirad cdilobs miaRwios garkveul Sedegebs, gavlena moaxdinos garkveul moqmedebebsa da mimarTebebze. miuxedavad amisa, swori ar iqneboda imis Tqma, TiTqos salaparako ena mxolod komunikaciur fun qcias asrulebdes. Tu gavixsenebT, rom bavSvs saaTobiT SeuZlia ilaparakos, roca msmeneli ar hyavs, srul wlovani adamianebisaTvis ki sulac ar aris
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ucxo TiTqmis uazro `laqlaqi~, cxadi gaxdeba, rom xSirad enis gamoyeneba wmin da komunikaciur mizans ar emsaxureba.
amdenad, literaturuli ena unda gavmijnoT yofi Ti enis saxesxvaobebisgan, upirveles yovlisa, raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. enis resursebis gamoyeneba bevrad ufro mizanmimarTulad da sistemurad xdeba. poe tis `pirovneba~ mis qmnilebebSi bevrad ufro Tanamimdev ru lad da srulad warmoCndeba, vidre is pirovnebebi, romelTac yoveldRiur situaciebSi vxvdebiT. zogierTi tipis poeziaSi gamiznulad gamoiyeneba paradoqsi, orazrovneba, mniSvnelobebis konteqsturi cvlilebebi, TviT gramatikuli kategoriebis iseT iracionaluri asociaciebic ki, rogorebicaa sqesi an dro. Ppoeturi ena awesrigebs yofiTi enis resursebs da zogjer erTgvar Zaladobasac ki axorcielebs maTze, raTa Cveni cnobiereba da yuradReba mTlianad nawarmoebisa da saTqmelisaken mi marTos. Mmwerals mravali resursi ukve Camoyalibebuli xvdeba misi winamorbedi Taobebis Cumi da anonimuri muSao bis Sedegad. zogierT metad ganviTarebul literaturaSi da, gansakuTrebiT zogierT epoqaSi, poeti mxolod da mxolod ukve Camoyalibebul tradicias misdevs: aseT SemTxvevaSi SemoqmedebiTi aqtivoba ufro enis funqciaa, vidre _ TviT xelovanisa. miuxedavad amisa, xelovnebis TiToeuli nawarmoebi Taviseburad axdens masalis mowesrigebas, organizebasa da gamTlianebas. mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, magaliTad bevr sketCsa da saTavgadasavlo moT xrobaSi, es arc ise TvalSi sacemia, magram zogierTi poeturi nawarmoebis struqtura imdenad myaria, rom erTi romelime sityvis an sityvis adgilis Secvlac ki daazia nebda mTlianobis efeqts.
literaturul enasa da yofiT enas Soris pragmatuli gansxvavebebis gamokveTa bevrad ufro iolia. yvela nawarmoebs, romelic garegani moqmedebisken gvibiZgebs, Cven an usargeblo `leqsebad~, an _ cariel ritorikad miviCnevT. WeSmariti poeziis zemoqmedeba gacilebiT meti sifaqiziT gamoirCeva. xelovneba garkveul CarCos gvTavazobs, romlis farglebSic realuri samyaros gan msazRvreli niSnebi aRar moqmedebs. aqedan gamomdinare, Cvens semantikur ana
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lizSi xelaxla unda SemovitanoT zogierTi mniSvnelovani esTetikuri principi, magaliTad, `ganyenebuli Wvreta~, `esTetikuri distancia~ da “Car Co”. miuxedavad amisa, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom gan sxvaveba xelovnebasa da araxelovnebas, literaturasa da araliteraturul enobriv gamonaTqvams Soris metad aramdgradia da gamudmebiT ganicdis cvlilebebs. SesaZ loa, esTetikuri funqcia hqondes sxvadasxva tipis enob riv gamonaTqvamebsac. mxolod literaturis cnebis viwro mniSvnelobiT gagebisas aris SesaZlebeli misi farglebi dan propagandistuli xelovnebis, an kidev didaqtikuri da satiruli poeziis gamoricxva. arsebobs iseTi gardamava li formebic, rogoricaa ese, biografia da, xSir SemTxveva Si, ritorikuli literaturis didi nawili. sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi esTetikuri funqciis areali xan farTovdeba, xan mcirdeba: erTxans piradi werili da qa dageba mxatvrul formebad iTvleboda, dRes ki, rodesac dauSveblad miiCneva JanrTa aRreva, esTetikuri funqciis sfero Seviwrovda da xelovnebis siwmindeze gadaitanes aqcenti, rac, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens reaqcias mecxrame te saukunis dasasruls esTetikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli panesTetizmis da misi moTxovnebis winaaRmdeg. albaT, umjobesi iqneba, Tu literaturad miviCnevT mxolod iseT nawarmoebebs, romlebSic esTetikuri funqcia war mmarTvelia, Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom iseT sruliad gansxvavebuli, araesTetikuri daniSnulebis mqo ne nawarmoebebSic ki, rogorebicaa samecniero Sromebi, filosofiuri disertaciebi, politikuri pamfletebi da qadagebebi, SesaZloa monawileobdes esTetikuri ele mentebi, magaliTad, stili da kompozicia.
magram literaturis buneba yvelaze ukeT mimarTebiTi aspeqtebis fonze ikveTeba. literaturuli xelovnebis arsi vlindeba iseT tradiciul JanrebSi, rogorebicaa lirikuli, epikuri da dramatuli nawarmoebebi. yoveli maTganis wyaros warmoadgens warmosaxva, gamonagoni. romanSi, leqsSi an dramatul nawarmoebSi gamoTqmuli azrebi sityvasityviTi mniSvnelobiT ar unda gavigoT, radgan isini
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ar Seesabameba simarTles _ ar warmoadgens logikur propoziciebs. arsebobs Zireuli gansxvaveba im or SemTxvevas Soris, rodesac romelime faqtobriv movlenas vecnobiT, erTi mxriv, istoriul nawarmoebSi an balzakis (Balzac) romanSi da, meore mxriv, istoriis an sociologiis saxelmZRvaneloSi. subieqtur lirikaSic ki poetis `me~ warmosaxuli, dramatuli `subieqtia~. romanis gmiri gansxvavdeba istoriuli figurisagan an realuri adamianisgan. romanis gmiris saxe warmogvidgeba mxolod im winadadebebis meSveobiT, romlebiTac is xasiaTdeba nawarmoebSi an romlebsac avtori aTqmevinebs mas. amgvar gmirs arc warsuli aqvs, arc momavali da zogjer arc misi cxovreba warmogvidgeba srulad. Ees elementaruli dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom azrsmoklebulia kritikosTa is naSromebi, romlebSic saubaria vitenbergSi hamletis cxovrebis Sesaxeb, hamletze mamis zemoqmedebis Taobaze, agrTve _ gamxdari da axalgazrda falstafis, `Seqspiris gmiri qalTa siymawvilis~ an `ledi makbetis Svilebis raodenobis Sesaxeb~.4 romanis dro da sivrce ar emTxveva realuri cxovrebis drosa da sivrces. TviT yvelaze realisturi romani an naturalisturi nawarmoebic ki, romelic TiTqosda pirdapir cxovrebidanaa gadmoRebuli, garkveuli mxatvruli tradiciebis mixedviT aigeba. Soreu li istoriuli perspeqtividan CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT naTeli xdeba, Tu ramdenad erTgvarovania naturalistu ri romanebi Temebis, personaJTa daxasia Tebis xerxebis, movlenaTa SerCevisa da dialogTa agebis saSualebebis mixedviT. zustad aseve, CvenTvis cxadi xdeba, rom yvelaze naturalisturi dramis SemTxvevaSic ki pirobiToba Tavs iCens ara mxolod scenuri CarCos gaazrebaSi, aramed imaSic, Tu rogor aris SerCeuli da gadmocemuli sivrce da dro, TiTqosda yvelaze realisturi dialogebi da personaJebis gadaadgileba scenaze (rac Seexeba romanis drosTan dakavSirebul mosazrebebs, ix. Eedvin muiris (Edwin Muir) wigni “romanis struqtura” (The Structure of the Novel”), londoni, 1928. bolo periodSi (nawilobriv egzistencia luri filosofiis gavleniT), mniSvnelovani yuradReba eqceva
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literaturaSi drois problemas. ix. a. a. mendilous (A. A. Mendilow) wigni `dro da romani (Time and the Novel), londoni, 1952; hans meierhofis (Hans Meyerhoff) “dro literaturaSi~ (Time in Literature).5 ra mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebic unda iyos Seqspiris `qariSxalsa~ (The Tempest) da ibsenis (Ibsen) `Tojinebis saxls~ (A Doll’s House) Soris, maT saerTo dramatuli tradicia akavSirebs.
Tuki `mxatvrulobas~, `gamogonebas~, an `warmosaxvas~ literaturis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebad miviCnevT, maSin literaturas unda mivakuTvnoT homerosis (Homer), dantes (Dante), Seqspiris (Shakespeare), balzakis, kitsis (Ke-ats) Semoqmedeba da ara ciceronis (Cicero), montenis (Mon-taigne), bosiues (Bossuet) an emersonis (Emerson) Txzulebebi. rasakvirvelia, arsebobs `zRvruli~ SemTxvevebic (magaliTad, platonis (Plato) `respublika~ (Republic), romlebic udavod Seicavs (yovel SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saubaria didi miTebis Sesaxeb) `gamonagonis~ an `mxatvrulobis~ elementebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari nawarmoebebi, uwinaresad, filosofiuri xasiaTisaa. literaturis Sesaxeb amgvari Tvalsazrisi aRweriTia da ara Semfasebluri. Tu ro melime mniSvnelovani nawarmoebis Sesaxeb vityviT, rom igi ritorikuli an filosofiuri xasiaTisaa an politiku ri pamfletis Janrs ganekuTvneba, es sulac ar daakninebs mis Rirsebebs. Mmeore mxriv, aq SesaZloa wamoiWras esTetikuri analizis, stilistikis da kompoziciis problemebi, rac literaturis mier wamoWrili problemis msgavsi an identuria, Tumca am Janrebis safuZvels ar warmoadgens mxatvrulobis umTavresi Tviseba _ gamonagoni. amdenad, ECveni koncefciiT, literatura moicavs yvela tipis mxatvrul nawarmoebebs, maT Soris, yvelaze mdare ro manebs, leqsebs da dramatul qmnilebebs. klasifikaciis xelovneba unda gaimijnos Sefasebisagan.
aq Tavidan unda aviciloT erTi tradiciuli gaugebroba. xSir SemTxvevaSi `mxatvruli literatura~ mxatvrul saxeebs saerTod ar mimarTavs xolme. Ppoeturi ena mTlianad xatovania, dawyebuli umartivesi poeturi xer
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xebiT da damTavrebuli bleikisa (Blake) da ieitsis (Yeats) poeziisTvis niSandoblivi monoliTuri da yovlismomcveli miTologiuri sistemebiT. Tumca, mxatvruli saxeebi prozis da, amdenad, mTlianad literaturis arsebiTi Tviseba ar aris. bevr karg leqsSi erT mxatvrul saxesac ki ver naxavT; ufro metic, arsebobs e. w. `gancxadebis poe ziac~6
amas garda, xatovaneba unda gavmijnoT uSualo, grZnobadi da vizualuri xatqmnisagan. hegelis gavleniT, mecxramete saukunis esTetikosebi, magaliTad, fiSeri (Vischer) da eduard fon hartmani (Edward von Hartmann) amtkicebdnen, rom nebismieri xelovneba `ideis grZnobad gamovlenas~ warmoadgens, xolo meore skola (fidleri (Fiedler), hildebrandi (Hildebrand), rili (Riehl)) miiCnevda, rom ne bismieri xelovneba `wminda mWvretelobaa~.7M miuxeda vad amisa, didi literatura grZnobad saxeebs ar warmoqmnis aRmqmelis cnobierebaSi an Tu warmoqmnis, mxolod Sem TxveviT, drodadro da gaucnobiereblad.8 mxatvruli per sonaJis asaxvisas ki mweralma, SesaZloa, saerTod ar ga mo iyenos vizualuri xatebi. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom kar gad vic nobT dostoevskis an henri jeimsis personaJebis sulier mdgomareobas, maT motivebs, Sefasebebs, damokidebule bebsa da survilebs, gagviWirdeba maTi warmodgena vi zu a lurad.
mwerali umeteswilad gamoyofs sqematur monaxazs an erTaderT fizikur niSans – amgvar teqnikas xSirad iyeneben tolstoi (Tolstoy) da Tomas mani (Thomas Mann). is, rom xSirad ar gvsurs wignSi ilustraciebis xilva, maSinac ki, rodesac isini kargi mxatvrebis, zogjer ki Tavad avtoris mieraa Seq mnili (mag., Tekerei (Thackeray), cxadyofs, rom avtori mxolod sqematur monaxazs gvTavazobs da is bolomde ar unda iqnes Sevsebuli detalebiT.
poeziaSi gamoyenebuli yvela metaforis vizualizacia rom mogvexdina, sul agvebneoda Tavgza. arian mkiTxvelebi, romlebic xSirad mimarTaven vizualizacias da zogierTi literaturuli pasaJi amas TavisTavad iTxovs, magram es fsiqologiuri sakiTxia, romelic poetis mier Seqmnil me
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ta foraTa analizis xerxebSi ar unda avurioT. Ees xerxebi mniSvnelovanwilad im gonebrivi procesebis mowesrigebas isa xaven miznad, romlebic literaturis farglebs gare Tac mimdinareobs. amdenad, metafora Cvens yofiT metyvele baSi, umeteswilad, faruli saxiT monawileobs, Jargonsa da xalxur andazebSi ki _ aSkarad iCens Tavs. metaforuli gadatanis gziT fizikuri urTierTmimarTebebi yvelaze abstraqtuli cnebebis (Semecneba, gansazRvra, gamoricxva, arsi, subieqti/sagani, hipoTeza) meSveobiT gamoixateba. poezia enis am metaforul bunebas ganaaxlebs da xelSesaxebs xdis CvenTvis. amas garda, poezia iyenebs Cveni civilizaciis (misi klasikuri, tevtonuri, kelturi da qristianuli periodebis) simboloebsa da miTebs.
yvela is gansxvaveba literaturasa da araliteraturas Soris, romelic Cven ganvixileT, _ masalis organizacia, eqspresia, komunikaciis saSualebaTa gacnobiereba da gamoyeneba, praqtikuli miznis ararseboba da, rasakvirvelia, gamonagoni, _ semantikuri analizis farglebSi iseTi uZvelesi esTetikuri terminebis gameorebas warmoadgens, rogorebicaa `erTianoba simravleSi~, `ganyenebuli Wvreta~, `esTetikuri distancia~, `CarCo~ da “gamonagoni”, “warmosaxva” da “Semoqmedeba”. TiToeuli maTgani literaturuli nawarmoebis erT romelime aspeqts, misi semantikuri struqturis erT romelime maxasiaTebels asaxavs. Aarc erTi maTgani TavisTavad sakmarisi ar aris. yovel SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom literaturuli nawarmoebi aris ara martivi, aramed rTuli, mravalSreobrivi, maRalorganizebuli obieqti, romelic mravali mniSvnelobiTa da mravali mimarTebiT xasiaTdeba. tradiciuli termini `nawarmoebis organizmi~, garkveulwilad, damabnevelia, radgan is xazs usvams mxolod erT aspeqts, anu `erTianobas simravleSi~, da mimarTavs usargeblo biologiur paralelebs. damabnevelia, agreTve, termini `Sinaarsisa da formis erTianoba~ (miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari formulireba xelovnebis nawarmoebis SigniT arsebul mWidro urTierTkavSirze miuTiTebs), imdenad, ramdenadac metismetad amartivebs
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sakiTxs. is qmnis iluzias, TiTqos nawarmoebis nebismieri elementis analizi, iqneba es Sinaarsi Tu teqnika, erTnairad sasargeblo SeiZleba iyos da, amdenad, gvaTavisuflebs imis aucileblobisagan, rom es nawarmoebi aRviqvaT rogorc mTlianoba. terminebi `Sinaarsi~ da `forma~ imdenad farTo mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, rom SeuZlebelia maTi ubralo Sepirispireba nayofieri aRmoCndes. da marTlac, detaluri ganmartebis Semdegac ki, es terminebi mxolod xelovnebis nawarmoebis martiv diqotomias asaxaven. xelovnebis nimuSis Tanamedrove analizi iseTi rTuli kiTxvebiT unda daiwyos, rogoricaa misi arsebobis modusi da Sinagani mravalSreobrivi sistema.9
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Tavi mesame
literaturis funqcia
*literaturis buneba da funqcia nebismier logiku rad
gamarTul diskursSi urTierTSesabamisi unda iyos. poe ziis funqcia misi bunebidan gamomdinareobs: nebismieri sagani an saganTa klasi yvelaze efeqtianad da gonivrulad swored maSin gamoiyeneba, rodesac gaTvaliswinebulia misi buneba an ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba. MdamatebiT funqcias is mxolod maSin iZens, roca pirvelad funqcias yavli gasdis: Zveli sarTavi jara xSirad ga moiyeneba dekoratiuli daniSnulebiT, oTxkuTxa pianino ki, romelmac bgerebis gamocemis unari dakarga, SeiZleba samuSao magidad iqces. swored aseve, sagnis bunebac misi daniSnulebis Sesabamisia: sagani swored isaa, risTvisac is gankuTvnilia. adamianis mier Seqmnili raime nivTi iqmneba garkveuli funqciis realizebisTvis, agreTve _ damatebiTi funqciebisTvis, rasac TviT masalis SesaZleblobebi da individualuri gemovneba ganapirobebs. nebismier lite raturul nawarmoebSi SeiZleba iyos bevri iseTi ram, rac misi literaturuli funqciisTvis ar aris arsebiTi, Tumca saintereso da sagulisxmoa sxva TvalsazrisiT.
Seicvala Tu ara Tvalsazrisi literaturis bune bisa da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb istoriis ganmavlobaSi? Ees ar gaxlavT martivi SekiTxva. Tuki istorias Tvals mivadevnebT, am kiTxvas dadebiTi pasuxi unda gaeces; SeiZ leba gavixsenoT uZvelesi dro, roca literatura, fi losofia da religia ganuyofeli iyo: antikuri epoqidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT, magaliTad, esqile (Aeschylus) da hesiode (Hesiod). magram platoni ukve saubrobs poetebsa da filosofosebs Soris arsebuli uZvelesi ganxeTqilebis Sesaxeb da CvenTvis dRes ukve gasagebia, risi Tqma surs mas. garda amisa,
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gadaWarbebuli mniSvneloba ar unda miva niWoT, erTi mxriv, mecxramete saukuneSi damkvidrebul popularul doqtrinas, romlis mixedviT, `xelovneba xelovnebisTvisaa~, meore mxriv ki ufro gviandel, poésie pure-is, anu `wminda poeziis~ Tvalsazriss. edgar po “didaqtikur eress” uwodebda im Tvalsazriss, rom poezia Segonebis instruments warmoadgens. es Tvalsazrisi ar unda gavaigivoT tradiciul renesansul doqtrinas Tan, romlis mixedviTac poezia tkbobisa da Semecnebis wya roa, an tkbobis miniWebis gziT codnas awvdis mkiTxvels.
saerTod, Tu gadavxedavT esTetikis an poetikis istorias, iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos literatu ris buneba da funqcia, Tu maT sxva adamianur moqmedebebTan da RirebulebebTan SedarebaSepirispirebis mizniT farTo konceptualuri terminebiT gamovxatavT, arsebiTad ar Secvlila.
esTetikis istoria SeiZleba daviyvanoT dialeqtikur dapirispirebamde, romelSic Tezissa da antiTeziss warmoadgens horaciusis (Horace) dulce (saamuri) da utile (sasargeblo): poezia saamuricaa da sasargebloc. uTuod SevcdebiT, Tuki CavTvliT, rom poezia unda iyos mxolod sasargeblo an mxolod saamuri. iqneb, ufro martivi iyos, dulce etutile erTmaneTs mivusadagoT poeziis funqciis da ara misi bunebis Sesabamisad. Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad, poezia gvaniWebs siamovnebas (romelic ar gansxvavdeba nebismieri sxvagvari siamovnebisgan), iseve mcdaria, rogorc Tvalsazrisi, TiTqos poezia raRacas gvaswavlis (riTac is nebismier saxelmZRvaneloSi arsebul miTiTebebs enaTesaveba).1 mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad, yvelanairi poezia aris an unda iyos propaganda, analogiuria Tval sazrisisa, romlis mixedviT, poezia warmoadgens an unda warmoadgendes mxolod xatovanebas an bgerweras, anu pirobiT figuras, romelsac araferi aqvs saerTo adamianur grZnobebTan. am ori sapirispiro Tezisis niuansebi yvelaze ukeT albaT iseTi TvalsazrisebSi vlindeba, romelTa mixedviTac xelovneba, erTi mxriv `TamaSia~, meore mxriv _ `Sroma~ (mxatvruli Txzvis
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`xeloba~, xelovnebis “nawarmoebi”). Acalcalke ganxilvisas, am TvalsazrisTagan arc erTi araa misaRebi. roca amboben, rom poezia `TamaSi~, erTgvari spontanuri garTobaa, vgrZnobT, rom amiT aknineben xelovanis gulmodginebas, ostatobasa da Canafiqrs, iseve, rogorc Tavad leqsis Rirebulebasa da mniSvnelobas; magram roca gveubnebian, rom poezia `Sroma~ an `xelobaa~, vgrZnobT, rom ugulebelyofen poeziis Tvisebas, sixaruli mianiWos mkiTxvels (anu imas, rasac kantma `umiznoba~ (purposelessness) uwoda). xelovnebis funqciis gansazRvrisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT rogorc misTvis damaxasiaTebeli dulce, ise utile.
dasawyisisTvis, SesaZloa, Tavad horaciusis formulam gagviwios mniSvnelovani samsaxuri. Tu gavixsenebT, rom kritikuli terminebis gamoyenebisas sizustis dacva bolodroindeli tendenciaa, SegviZlia imdenad gan vavrcoT horaciusis terminebi, rom maT moicvan rogorc romauli, ise renesansis periodis poetTa SemoqmedebiTi praqtika. Aar unda vifiqroT, TiTqos xelovnebis rogorc sasargeblo saqmianobis gageba ewinaaRmdegeba im zneobriv princips, romelmac, le bosius (Le Bossu) azriT, homeross `iliada~ (Iliad) daawerina, an romelic hegelma (Hegel) Tavis sayvarel tragediaSi _`antigoneSi~_ aRmoaCina. termini `sasargeblo~ miuTiTebs, rom ar xdeba `drois uqmad flangva~, `dros tareba~, anu aq saubaria iseT rameze, rac seriozul yuradRebas imsaxurebs. termini `saamuri~ ki aRniSnavs `aramosawyens~, `arasavaldebulos~, “imas, rac Tavad warmoadgens sakuTari Tavis gamarTlebas”.
aq Cndeba Semdegi kiTxva: SegviZlia Tu ara, rom am ormagi kriteriumis safuZvelze ganvsazRvroT li teratura, Tu es ufro metad diadi literaturis kriteriumia? Zveli drois esTetikur paeqrobebSi gan sxvaveba didebul, karg da `mdare~ literaturas Soris iSviaTad vlindeba. sakamaTo araa, rom mdare literatura (anu e.w. iaffasiani Jurnalebi) arc `sasargebloa~ da arc `didaqtikuri~. xSirad miiCneven, amgvari literatura mxo lod da mxolod imisaTvis iqmneba, rom `mowyvitos~ mkiTxveli arasasurvel sinamdviles
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an `gaarTos~is. mag ram es sakiTxi ganxilul unda iqnes ara `kargi literaturis~, aramed mdare literaturis mkiTxvelis Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare.M mortimer adleris (Mor-timer Adler) azriT, TviT yvelaze naklebad inteleqtualuri romanis mkiTxvels Semecnebis Canasaxobrivi survili mainc amoZravebs. rac Seexeba `gasarTob literaturas~, kenet berkma (Kenneth Burke) Segvaxsena, rom amgvari gansazRvra SeiZleba sruliad usafuZvlo aRmoCndes. amgvari literaturis meSveobiT mkiTxvelma SeiZleba gaicnobieros sakuTari uaryofiTi damokidebuleba Tavisi garemocvis mimarT. maSinac ki, roca xelovani mxolod da mxolod mouwodebs mkiTxvels, gaataros dRe mdinare misisipis napiras, man SeiZleba biZgi misces amgvar procesebs.2
albaT yvelaze marTebuli iqneboda gveTqva, rom nebis mieri xelovneba `saamuricaa~ da `sa sar geb loc~ imaTTvis, visac misi saTanadod gamoyeneba SeuZlia. is, rasac xelovneba gamoxatavs, aRemateba calkeuli mkiTxvelisa Tu msmenelis fiqrsa da ocnebas; xelovneba xelovanis ostatobis wyalobiT siamovnebas aniWebs recipients imiT, rom misi individualuri fiqrisa da ocnebis msgavs realobas asaxavs, riTac Svebas hgvris mas.
literaturul nawarmoebSi, romelic srulad Seesabameba Tavis funqcias, sasiamovno da sasargeblo ubralod ki ar Tanaarseboben, aramed erTmaneTs erwymian. unda aRiniSnos, rom literaturiT moniWebuli tkboba gansakuTrebul, `maRal tkbobas~ warmoadgens _ misi wya ro maRali tipis qmedebaa, kerZod, Wvreta, romelic ara vi Tar materialur sargebels ar ukavSirdeba.D rac Seexeba literaturis gamoyenebiT aspeqts – seriozulobasa da didaqtikurobas, aqac iseT `saamur~ seriozulobasTan gvaqvs saqme, romelic valdebulebaTagan Tavisufalia da esTetikuri aRqmis seriozulobas efuZneba. xelovnebi sadmi relativisturi midgomis momxres, romelsac rTuli Tanamedrove poezia moswons, yovelTvis SeuZlia esTetikuri Tvalsazrisi arafrad Caagdos da Tavisi pozicia imiT daasabuTos, rom misi arCevani pirovnuli gemovnebis sakiTxia. ganaTlebis
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literaturis Teoria
sferoSi moRvawe adamianma SeiZleba araswori daskvna gaakeTos da CaTvalos, rom romelime didi poema an romani imdenadaa seriozuli, ramdenadac is mkiTxvels raime Rirebul istoriul informacias an zneobriv gakveTils awvdis.
aq unda ganvixiloT kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi: aqvs Tu ara literaturas funqcia, an funqciebi? wignSi `kritikosTa saxelmZRvanelo~ boesi (Boas) ironiulad acxadebs, rom arsebobs nairgvari interesebi da, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva tipis kritika; xolo elioti Tavisi naSromis _ `poeziis daniSnuleba da kritikis daniSnuleba~ _ bolos sevdianad askvnis, rom `poezia mravalgvaria~ da sxvadasxva epoqaSi poeziis sxvadasxva saxeobebi nairgvar miznebs emsaxureboda. magram es mxolod gamonaklisi SemTxvevebia. literaturisadmi seriozuli midgoma gu lisxmobs (yovel SemTxvevaSi tradiciulad mainc) imis aRiarebas, rom mas garkveuli daniSnuleba aqvs. rac Seexeba arnoldis (Ar-nold) Tvalsazriss imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom poezia SeiZleba religiasa da filosofias Caenacvlos, elioti wers: “... arc amqveynad da arc im qveynad araferi arafers ar enacvleba”.3 sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, arc erTi kategoriis Rirebulebas ar gaaCnia WeSmariti ekvivalen ti. Semcvlelebi ar arsebobs. realurad, SesaZloa, li teratura bevr rasme Seenacvlos – magaliTad, kiTxvis dros Cven TiTqos vmogzaurobT da ucxo qveynebs vecno biT, ganvicdiT imas, rac ar gangvicdia, aRviqvamT sxva adamia nis cxovrebas ise, TiTqos es Cveni cxovreba iyos. amas gar da, mTel rig SemTxvevebSi istorikosebisTvis literatura socialur dokuments warmoadgens. magram aqvs Tu ara literaturas sakuTari _ unikaluri _ daniSnuleba, Tu is warmoadgens filosofiis, istoriis, musikisa da mxatvruli xerxebis naerTs, romelic Tanamedrove pirobebSi SeiZle ba daiSalos Semadgenel nawilebad? swored es aris mTavari sakiTxi.
literaturis damcvelebi ityvian, rom literatura yovelTvis aucilebeli iqneba da ar miiCneven mas uZvelesi drois gadmonaSTad. es Tvalsazrisi misaRebia imaTTvisac, vinc arc poetia, arc sityvierebis maswavlebeli. li
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literaturis funqcia
teraturis unikaluri Rirebulebis aRiareba auci lebelia yvela im TeoriisTvis, romelic ikvlevs Rirebulebis arss. msgavsi Teoriebi sul ufro metad iTvaliswineben literaturis am specifikur mxares.
erTerTi Tanamedrove Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, poezia sasargeblo da seriozulia imdenad, ramdenadac is garkveul codnas iZleva. poezia codnis formaa. aristotele raRac amgvars amtkicebda Tavisi im cnobili gamonaTqvamiT, rom poezia ufro filosofiuria, vidre istoria, radga nac istoria `momxdar movlenebs aRwers, poezia ki mogviTxrobs im movlenebze, romlebic SeiZleboda momxdariyo~, anu _ zogadze da SesaZlebelze. Tumca amJamad, rodesac istoria, literaturis msgavsad, warmoadgens Tavisufal discipli nas, romelSic ver naxavT zust definiciebs da romlis meto qeebs axla ukve sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi warmoa dge nen, gamoaSkaravda, rom poezia yuradRebas amaxvilebs iseT detalebze, romlebic tradiciulad sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebisa da filosofiis yuradRebis miRma rCeba xolme. Tu neoklasicist Teoretikosss, magaliTad, doq tor jonsons, jer kidev SeeZlo emsjela imis Sesaxeb, rom poezia `zogadis didebulebas~ warmoadgens, sxvadasxva skolis warmomadgeneli Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi (magaliTad, bergsoni, gilbi (Gilby), rensomi (Ransom) da steisi (Stace), erTxmad aRniSnaven, rom poezia asaxavs kerZoobiTs. magaliTad, steisi amtkicebs, rom Seqspiris `oteloSi~(Othello) asaxulia ara zogadad eWvianoba, aramed otelos eWviano ba, anu iseTi grZnoba, romelic SeiZleboda gasCenoda mxo lod veneciel qalze daqorwinebul mavrs.4
ra warmoadgens literaturis sagans _ zogadi Tu kerZoobiTi? literaturis Teoria da misi damcvelebi, rogorc wesi, an erT Tvalsazriss emxrobian, an meores. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom literatura ufro zogadia, vidre istoria da biografia, magram ufro kerZoobiTi xasiaTisaa, vidre fsiqologia an sociologia. magram literaturul Teoriis cvalebad debulebaTa garda, arsebobs sxva sagulisxmo faqtorebic. literaturul praqtikaSi zogadisa Tu kerZos
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literaturis Teoria
urTierTmimarTeba ama Tu im nawarmoebSi an istoriul periodSi sxvadasxvagvaria. magaliTad, piligrimi da evrimeni (Everyman) SeiZleba ganasaxierebdnen mTel kacobriobas. magram jonsonis `episinis~ (Epicoene) `iumoristi~ morouzi (Morose) metad uCveulo da Taviseburi adamiania. daxasiaTebis principi literaturaSi yovelTvis moiTxovda `tipiuris~ Serwymas `individualurTan~ _ individSi warmoaCenda tips, tipSi ki _ individs. am principis an mis safuZvelze warmoSobili kanonebis ganmartebis mcdelobebi unayofo aRmoCnda. literaturuli tipebis klasifikacia momdinareobs horaciusis doqtrinidan `dekorumis~ Sesaxeb da romauli komediis tipebidan (mag., trabaxa jariskaci, Zunwi kaci, mflangveli da Seyvarebuli vaJiSvili, sando msaxuri). meCvidmete saukunis qaraqterologiur wignebsa da mo li eris komediebSi aseve vawydebiT Cveul tipebs. magram SeiZleba Tu ara tipTa Teoriis farTod gamoyeneba? Aaris Tu ara julietas gadia `romeosa da julietaSi~ (Romeo and Juliet) tipi? da Tu asea, risi tipizacia xdeba am saxeSi? warmoadgens Tu ara hamleti tips? rogorc Cans asea, doqtori timoTi braitis (Dr Timothy Bright) ganmartebiT, dedofali elisabedis droindeli mayureblisaTvis, is melanqoliuri tipia. Mmag ram melanqoliis garda, mas sxva Tvisebebic axasiaTebs. hamletis melanqolia gansakuTrebuli mizezebidan momdinareobs da gansakuTrebul pirobebSi viTardeba. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, xasiaTi, romelic individualuri da, imavdroulad, tipuricaa, araerT tips moicavs Tavis TavSi: hamleti aris mijnuri, an yofili mijnuri, swavluli, dramis xelovnebaSi gaTviTcnobierebuli adamiani da kargi mofarikave. evrimeni sxvadasxvagvar tipebs aerTianebs Tavis TavSi. Ee.w. saxasiaTo tipebi `erTganzomilebian~ tipebad miiCneva, iseve, rogorc Cven “erTganzomilebian” adamianebad miiCnevT imaT, visTanac mxolod erTi garkveuli saxis urTi erToba gvakavSirebs; `moculobiT~ xasiaTebs, romlebic sxva dasxvagvar Tvalsazrisebsa da urTierTobebs moicaven, sxva konteqstSi gviCveneben, mag., sazogadoebrivsa da pirad cxovrebaSi, ucxoeTSi mogzaurobisas.5
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dramasa da romanebs, yvelaferTan erTad, SemecnebiTi Rirebulebac aqvT. sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, `romanistebs meti SeuZliaT aswavlon adamians adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb, vidre fsiqologebs~. horni (Horney) miiCnevs, rom dostoevski, Seqspiri, ibseni da balzaki codnis amouwurav wyaros warmoadgenen. i. m. forsteri (E. M. Forster) (`romanis aspeqtebi~ – “Aspects of the Novel”) saubrobs imaze, rom Cven mxolod iSviaTad Tu SegviZlia CavwvdeT adamianTa Sinagan cxovrebasa da mo tivaciebs.6 amdenad, misi azriT, swored romanis didi dam saxurebaa is, rom misi meoxebiT warmoCndeba personaJe bis introspeqciuli cxovreba. SesaZloa, personaJebis Sinagani cxovrebis aRwera emyareba avtoris fxizel TviTdakvirve bas. SeiZleba imisi Tqmac, rom didi romanebi fsiqologe bis Tvis codnis mniSvnelovan wya ros warmoadgens. garda ami sa, romanebSi moTxrobili cal keuli SemTxvevebi Rire bu li daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva. magram aq un da davubrundeT im faqts, rom fsiqologebi romans mxo lod masSi gamokveTili ganzogadebuli tipuri Rirebulebis gamo kiTxuloben. maga liTad, fsiqologi ganixilavs mama gorios (Pére Goriot) xasiaTs moqmedebis saerTo adgilidan (vokes saxlidan – the Maison Vauquer) da sxva personaJebTan misi damokidebulebebidan gamomdinare.
maqs istmeni (Max Eastman), romelic Tavad poeti (Tumca, arc ise mniSvnelovani) gaxldaT, Tvlida, rom mecnierebis saukuneSi `literaturul cnobierebas~ veRar eqneba WeSmaritebis aRmoCenis pretenzia. `literaturuli cno biereba~, ubralod, araspecialistis diletanturi cnobierebaa, romelic winaremecnieruli epoqis dones Seesatyviseba, Tavis gadarCenas cdilobs da, amdenad, surs Tavisi enobrivi unaris wyalobiT Seqmnas iseTi STabeWdileba, TiTqos friad Rirebul `WeSmaritebebs~ Ra Radebdes. WeSmariteba literaturaSi iseTivea, rogoric WeSmariteba mis farglebs miRma, anu _ sistematuri da sazogadod damowmebuli codna. romanisti jadoqari araa. mas ar SeuZlia myisierad moipovos socialuri mecniere bebis mier dagrove
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literaturis Teoria
buli codna, romlis meSveobiTac romanistis `samyaros~, misi warmosaxviTi sinamdvilis realuroba mowmdeba. magram meore mxriv, istmenis azriT, didi fantaziis mqone mwerali, gansakuTrebiT ki poeti, arasworad Seafasebs sakuTar Tavs, Tuki CaTvlis, rom misi umTavresi daniSnulebaa codnis aRmoCena da gadacema. sinamdvileSi misi funqciaa, dagvexmaros ufro Rrmad aRviqvaT is, rasac vxedavT; warmoidginos is, rac Cven, konceptualurad an praqtikulad, ukve viciT.7
rTulia, mkveTrad gavmijnoT ori Tvalsazrisi poe ziis Sesaxeb, romelTa mixedviT, poezia an ukve cnobilis xe l axal xorcSesxmas warmoadgens, an ̀ mxatvrul wvdomas~. xelova ni imas gvaxsenebs, rasac odesRac vxedavdiT da dRes ve Rar aRviqvamT, an dagvanaxvebs imas, rac, gamudmebiT Cven Tval win iyo, magram ver vamCnevdiT. aq uneburad is SavTeTri naxa tebi gvaxsendeba, romlebzec gamosaxulia wertilebisa da texili xazebisagan agebuli figurebi da saxeebi: miu xeda vad imisa, rom mravaljer gvinaxavs es figurebi da xazebi, Cven ver aRviqvamdiT maT rogorc mTlianobas, rogorc garkve ul formebs. nawarmoebSi `ganzraxvani~ (Inten-tions) uaildi (Wilde) saubrobs imaze, rom uistlerma (Whistler) nislSi aRmoaCina esTetikuri Rirebuleba, prerafaelitebma (Pre-Raphaelites) ki silamaze iseTi tipis qalebSi dainaxes, romlebic iqamde lamazebad ar iTvlebodnen. aq Cndeba kiTxva, ra vlindeba msgavs SemTxvevebSi _ `codna~ Tu `WeSmariteba~. amasTan dakavSirebiT ar arsebobs mkveTrad gamokveTili Tvalsazrisi. SeiZleba aseT SemTxvevaSi vimsjeloT axali `aRqmiTi Rirebulebebis~, axali `esTetikuri Tvisebebis~ aRmoCenis Sesaxeb.
gasagebia, ratomaa Zneli esTetikosebisTvis `WeSmaritebis~, rogorc xelovnebis Tvisebisa da kri teriumis ugulebelyofa:8 nawilobriv, es sapatio terminia, romlis meSveobiTac adamiani Rrma pativiscemas gamoxatavs xelovnebis mimarT, imas, rom xelovneba erTerT umaRles Rirebulebaa. garda amisa, Cven usafuZvlod vSiSobT, rom Tuki xelovneba `araWeSmaritia~, maSin is, rogorc platoni fiqrobda, is `tyuili~ yofila. mxatvruli literatu
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ra aris `gamonagoni~, `cxovrebis mxatvruli, verbalu ri imitaciaa~. gamonagonis sapirispiro cneba ki aris ara `WeSmariteba~, aramed `faqti~, anu `arseboba drosa da sivrceSi~. `faqti~ ufro uCveuloa, vidre albaToba, ra sac literatura asaxavs.9
xelovnebis sxva dargebs Soris literatura, kerZod, pretenzias acxadebs `WeSmaritebaze~ im msoflaRqmis (Weltanschauung) safuZvelze, romelic Tavs iCens nebismier mxatvrulad srulyofil nawarmoebSi. filosofosma an kritikosma SeiZleba zogierTi am SexedulebaTagani uf ro `WeSmaritad~ miiCnios, vidre sxva mosazrebebi (maga liTad, eliots miaCnia, rom dantes Sexedulebebi ufro WeSmaritia, vidre Selis (Shelley) an Tundac Seqspirisa); magram nebismieri filosofiuri Sexeduleba cxovrebis Sesaxeb an garkveul WeSmaritebas unda Seicavdes, an amis pretenzia mainc hqondes. Lliteraturis WeSmariteba, Cve ni gagebiT, warmoadgens WeSmaritebas literaturaSi – es aris filosofia, romelic, miuxedavad imisa, rom sistematuri konceptualuri formiT literaturis farglebs gareT arsebobs, SesaZloa literaturas miesadagebodes an vlindebodes masSi. am TvalsazrisiT, WeSmariteba dantes nawarmoebebSi aris kaTolikuri RvTismetyveleba da sqolastikuri filosofia. poeziis eliotiseuli xedva `WeSmaritebasTan~ mimarTebiT, arsebiTad, emTxveva Cvensas. WeSmariteba sistematuri moazrovneebis sferoa; xelovanebi ki amgvari tipis moazrovneebi ar arian, miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZloa, maT scadon, aseTebad iqcnen im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ver moaxerxeben maTTvis xelsayreli filosofiuri koncefciebis aRmoCenasa da SeTvisebas.10
zogadad rom vTqvaT, mTeli es winaaRmdegoba mniSvnelovanwilad semantikuri xasiaTisaa. mainc ras vgulisxmobT, rodesac vsaubrobT `codnis~, `WeSmaritebis~, `Semecnebis~, ̀ sibrZnis~ Sesaxeb? Tu nebismieri WeSmariteba konceptualuri da damtkicebadia, maSin xelovneba, TviT literaturuli xelovnebac ki, SeuZlebelia WeSmaritebis formebs warmoadgendes. arsebobs kidev erTi garemoeba:
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Tu iseT martiv pozitivistur ganmartebebs daveyrdnobiT, romelTa mixedviT, WeSmariteba aris is, risi Semowmebac yovel Cvengans SeuZlia, maSin xelovnebas ver miviCnevT WeSmaritebis imgvar formad, romel sac eqsperimentuli gziT moipoveben da amowmeben. problemisadmi sapirispiro midgoma gulisxmobs `Semec nebis mravalgvari gzebis~ arsebobas da imis aRiarebas rom WeSmaritebis wvdoma SesaZlebelia ori an mravali xerxiT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, arsebobs codnis ori ZiriTadi tipi, romelTagan TiToeuli niSanTa sakuTar enobriv sistemas iyenebs: sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebani iyeneben `diskursul~ moduss, humanitaruli mecnierebebi ki _ `reprezentaciuls~.11 aris Tu ara codnis orive tipi WeSmariteba? pirveli maTgani aris is, romelsac filosofosebi tradiciulad emyarebodnen, meore ki religiur `miTsa~ da poezias efuZneba. albaT ufro upriani iqneba, Tu meore tips `WeSmarits~ vuwodebT da ara _ `WeSmaritebas~. zedsarTavi miuTiTebs imas, rom wonasworobis centri unda gadavanacvloT: xelovneba arsobrivad mSvenieria da gansazRvrebis mixedviT _ WeSmariti (e. i. ar upirispirdeba WeSmaritebas). nawarmoebSi `ars poetika~ (Ars Poetica), makleiSi (MacLeish) cdilobs, erTmaneTs SeuTavsos literaturuli mSvenierebisa da filosofiis moTxovnebi formuliT, romlis Tanaxmad, leqsi `WeSmaritebis tolfasia da ara WeSmariti~: poezia iseTive seriozuli da mniSvnelovania, rogorc filosofia (mecniereba, codna, sibrZne), da WeSmaritebis tolfasi Tvisebebi aqvs, anu is WeSmaritebis msgavsia.
qalbatoni langeri (Mrs Langer) gamoyofs xelovnebis plastikur saxeobebs da kidev ufro metad, musikas, romelTac literaturaze maRla ayenebs, rodesac acxadebs, rom reprezentaciuli simbolizmi codnis formaa. ro gorc Cans, igi miiCnevs, rom literatura, garkveulwilad, `diskursuli~ da `prezentaciuli~ elementebis nazavs war moadgens. magram, qalbatoni langeris TvalsazrisiT, reprezentaciuli elementi literaturis miTur ele ments an arqetipul saxeebs Seesatyviseba.12
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im or TvalsazrisTan erTad, romelTa mixedviT, xelovneba an WeSmaritebis Semecneba an misi wvdomaa, arsebobs mesame Sexedulebac. am ukanasknelis Tanaxmad, xelovneba, kerZod ki literatura, propagandas warmoad gens. amgvarad, mwerali WeSmaritebas ki ar Seimecnebs, aramed cdilobs, daarwmunos mkiTxveli, rom mis mier gadmocemuli azrebi WeSmaritebas Seesabameba. termini `propaganda~ metismetad zogadia da ganmartebas saWiroebs. yoveldRiur situaciebSi `propagandas~ uwodeben yo velive imas, rac sazogadoebisTvis zianis momtania da rasac saeWvo adamianebi avrceleben. es sityva gulisxmobs angariSianobas, garkveul winaswar ganzraxvas da, Zi riTadad, konkretul, sakmaod SezRudul doqtrinebTan da programebTan dakavSirebiT gamoiyeneba.13 ase rom, Tu am sityvis mniSvnelobas davaviwrovebT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom zogierTi (mdare xarisxis) xelovneba propagandaa, magram didi xelovneba, an kargi xelovneba, an ubralod `xelov neba~ ar SeiZleba propaganda iyos. Tumca, Tu am termins ganvazogadebT da vigulisxmebT, rom esaa `mkiTxvelze gavlenis mosaxdenad gamiznuli gacnobierebuli Tu gau cnobierebeli mcdeloba, romlis Sedegad mkiTxvelma unda gaiziaros garkveuli cxovrebiseuli pozicia~, maSin isic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela xelovani aris an unda iyos propagandisti. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT (Tu mTlianad ugulebelvyofT zemoTqmuls), yvela gulwrfeli xelovani, romelic pasuxismgebelia sakuTari nawarmoebebisTvis, zneobrivad valdebulia, propagandisti iyos.
montgomeri beljionis (Montgomery Belgion) ganmartebiT, mwerali ̀ upasuxismgeblo propagandistia~. ̀ yvela mwerali garkveul
cxovrebiseul Sexedulebas an Teorias iTvisebs... nawarmoebs yovelTvis is
daniSnuleba aqvs, rom mkiTxvelmac irwmunos es Sexeduleba Tu Teoria. ma
gram es darwmuneba yovelTvis farulia, anu avtors mkiTxveli yovelTvis
TandaTanobiT mihyavs raRacis aRiarebamde da es procesi hipnozuri xasi
aTisaa – reprezentaciis xelovneba acdunebs mkiTxvels...~.
elioti, beljionis am azrebis citirebisas, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs `poetebs, romelTac Zali an Znelia propagandisti uwodo~, `upasuxismgeblo pro pagandistebs~,
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da mesame jgufs, romlebic, lukreciusisa (Lucretius) da dantes msgavsad, `Segnebul propagandistebs~ warmoadgenen; eliotis azriT, pasuxismgebloba damo kidebulia rogorc avtoris ganzraxvaze, ise istoriul efeqtze.14 termini `Segnebuli propagandistebi~ bevr Cvengans urTierTSeuTavsebeli sityvebis kombinaciad moeCveneba. seriozuli xelovneba gulisxmobs iseT cxovrebiseul msof lxedvas, romelic SeiZleba filosofiuri cnebebiT an sulac saTave daudos filosofiur sistemebs.15 mxatvrul Tanmimdevrulobasa (romelsac zogjer `mxatvrul logikas~ uwodeben) da filosofiur Tanamimdevrulobas Soris garkveuli Sesabamisoba arsebobs. Segnebuli xelovani erTmaneTSi ar aurevs emociasa da azrs, grZnobierebasa da inteleqtualur Semecnebas, grZnobaTa siwrfeles, da, meore mxriv, gamocdilebisa da azrovnebis Sesatyvisobas. msoflmxedveloba, romelsac amgvari xelovani Tavisi nawarmoebiT gamoxatavs, iseTi martivi araa, rogorc `propagandad~ miCneuli zogierTi popularuli Sexedu leba. meore mxriv, cxovrebis rTulma xedvam ar unda gvibiZgos naCqarevi an gulubryvilo qmedebisaken.
axla isRa dagvrCenia, literaturis funqciis is koncefciebi ganvixiloT, romlebic sityva `kaTarsiss~ ukavSirdeba. es termini, romelic aristotelem Semoitana Tavis `poetikaSi~, xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. kaTarsisis aristoteleseuli gageba jer kidev iwvevs polemikas. magram amjerad gvainteresebs ara am cnebis aristoteleseuli gaazreba, aramed is mniSvnelobebi, romlebiTac aRiWurva kaTarsisis cneba antikuri epoqis Semdgom. zogierTis azriT, literaturis funqcia aris Cveni _ mwerlebis an mkiTxvelebis _ gaTavisufleba emociaTa zemoqmedebisgan. emociebis gamoxatva niSnavs imas, rom gavTavisufldeT am emociebisagan, iseve, rogorc, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, goeTe gaTavisuflda Tavisi Weltschmerzisgan, rodesac `verTeris vnebani~ (The Sorrows of Werther) dawera. amboben, rom tragediis mayurebeli an romanis mkiTxvelic aseve ganicdis am gaTavisuflebasa da Svebas. xdeba misi emociebis zustad gamoxatva da esTetikuri gancdis Sedegad mayurebelsa da mkiTxvels `sulieri simSvide~ eufleba.16
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literaturis funqcia
magram aq unda daisvas kiTxva – literatura emociebisagan gvaTavisuflebs Tu, piriqiT, emociebs iwvevs CvenSi? platonis azriT, tragedia da komedia `kvebavs da asazrdoebs Cvens emo ciebs, Tumca umjobesi iqneboda maTi CaxSoba~.Mmeore mx riv, roca literatura emociebisagan gvaTavisuflebs, gana umiz nod ar xdeba maTi gadmoRvra poetur fantaziebSi? wmida avgus tine aRiarebs, rom axalgazrdobaSi is momakvdinebel codvaSi cxovrobda; miuxedavad amisa, `ar vtirodi amis gamo, Tumca didonas sikvdilis gamo cremlebs vRvridi...~ SeiZleba Tu ara iTqvas, rom zogierTi tipis literatura propagandistulia da zogi _ kaTarsisuli, Tu ufro mniSvnelovania, erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT mkiTxvelTa jgufebi da maTi reaq ciis buneba?17 unda iyos Tu ara yvelanairi literatura kaTarsisuli? am problemebs ufro detalurad ganvixilavT TavebSi `literatura da fsiqologia~ da `literatura da sazogadoeba~; amJamad ki mxolod vasaxelebT maT.
daskvnis saxiT vityviT, rom sakiTxs literaturis funq ciis Sesaxeb xangrZlivi istoria aqvs dasavlur samyaroSi, platonidan moyolebuli dRemde. es ar aris SekiTxva, romelic poets an poeziis damfasebels SeiZleba uneburad daebados; erT xel emersons wamocda: `silamaze sakuTari Tavis gamarTlebas warmoadgens~. am sakiTxs ufro xSirad wamoWrian xolme utilitaristebi da moralistebi an saxelmwifo moxeleebi da filosofosebi, anu adamianebi, romelTaTvisac ufro faseulia araesTetikuri Rirebulebebi. da maT surT icodnen, mainc ra aris poeziis daniSnuleba? Aam problemas arsebiTi socia luri da humanisturi mniSvneloba aqvs. Aaqedan gamomdinare, poe tic da poeziis moyvarulic, rogorc zneobrivi da Segnebuli moqalaqeebi, iZulebuli arian, sazogadoebas kargad dasabuTebuli pasuxi gascen. swored ase iqcevian isini morigi `poetikis~ romelime pasaJSi. isini icaven an xotbas asxamen poezias: esaa literaturuli analogia imisa, rasac TeologiaSi `apologia~ ewodeba.18 dasa xelebuli miznidan gamomdinare da mkiTxvelis tipis Sesabamisad, isini, bunebrivia, upiratesad saubroben literaturis `daniSnulebaze~ da ara am literaturiT `moniWebul tkbobaze~; amdenad, semantikuri TvalsazrisiT, dResdReo biT iolia literaturis “funqciis”
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literaturis Teoria
dayvana mis ga reSe funqciebze, Tumca, romantizmidan moyolebuli, am SekiTxvaze poeti iZleoda sxvagvar pasuxs, romelsac a.s. bredli (A. C. Bradley) uwodebs `poezias poeziisaTvis~;19 Teoretikosebi ki marTebulad aRniSnaven, rom termini `literaturis funqcia~ imdenad farToa, rom aucilebeli aRaraa veZeboT gamarTleba poeziis arsebobisTvis. amdenad, roca am termins viyenebT, igulisxmeba, rom poezias bevri SesaZlo funqcia aqvs. misi mTavari da umniSvnelovanesi funqcia is aris, rom ar uRala tos Tavis bunebas.
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Tavi meoTxe
literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria
*radgan literaturis Seswavlis miznis Sesaxeb ukve
visaubreT, axla ganvixiloT literaturis sistematuri da integrirebuli Seswavlis SesaZlebloba. inglisuri ena Sesatyvis termins ar gvTavazobs saamisod. albaT, yvelaze uke Tesi iqneboda, gamogveyenebina iseTi terminebi, rogorebicaa `literaturaTmcodneoba~ da `filologia~. am terminTagan pirveli sakamaToa mxolod imitom, rom TiTqos gamoricxavs `kritikas~ da xazs usvams Seswavlis akademiur bunebas. es termini, rasakvirvelia, misaRebi gaxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sityvas `mkvlevari~ ise farTod ganvixilavT, rogorc es emersonma gaakeTa. Mmeore terminma _ `filologiam~ _ SesaZloa, ara erTi gaugebroba gamoiw vi os. istoriulad am terminSi moiazreboda ara mxolod yvela saxis literaturuli da enaTmecnieruli studiebi, aramed adamianis gonebis mier Seqmnili nebismieri produqtis Seswavla. miuxedavad imisa, rom es termini yvelaze metad iyo modaSi mecxramete saukunis germaniaSi, is dRes jer kidev gvxvdeba iseTi mimoxilvebis saTaurebSi, rogorebicaa Modern Philology, Philological Quarterly da Studies in Philology. Bbexma (Boeckh), romelmac dawera uaRresad mniSvnelovani naSromi `filologiur mecnierebaTa enciklopedia da meTodologia~ (“Encyclopedie und Methodologie der Philolo-gischen Wissenschaften~) (daiwera 1877 wels, Tumca, nawilobriv, 1809 wels Catarebul leqciebs eyrdnoba),1 filologia ganmarta, rogorc `cnobilis codna~, romelic, amdenad, moicavs enisa da literaturebis, religiisa da socialuri tradiciebis Seswavlas. bexis filologia, faqtobrivad, grinlous `literaturis istoriis~ (Literary History) iden
52
literaturis Teoria
turia, da, rogorc Cans, iTvaliswinebs saWiroebebs klasikuri filologiisa, romlisTvisac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs istoriisa da arqeologiis daxmarebas. bexisTvis literaturaTmcodneoba mxolod erTi dargia filologiisa, romelic gagebulia, rogorc mTliani mecniereba civilizaciis Sesaxeb, kerZod ki civilizaciis im aspeqtis Sesaxeb, romelsac man, germaneli romantikosebis msgavsad, `erovnuli suli~ uwoda. amJamad, nawilobriv am sityvis etimologiidan gamomdinare da TviT am sferos specialistTa mecadineobis Sedegad, filologiad xSi rad moiazreben enaTmecnierebas, gansakuTrebiT ki is toriul gramatikas da enebis ganviTarebis adreuli formebis Seswavlas. ramdenadac am termins mravali da sxvadasxvagvari mniSvnelobebi aqvs, umjobesi iqneba, Tu ar SevudgebiT maT ganxilvas.
arsebobs literaturaTmcodnis muSaobis kidev erTi alternatiuli saxelwodeba `kvleva~. es sityva gansakuTrebiT Seusabamoa, radgan TiTqosda xazs usvams mxolod masalebis winaswari moZiebis mniSvnelobas da umar Tebulod gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs gansxvaveba advilad mosaZiebel da Znelad xelmisawvdom masalebs Soris. magaliTad, roca adamiani britaneTis muzeumSi midis imisaTvis, rom iSviaTi wigni waikiTxos, is `kvlevas~ awar moebs. im SemTxvevaSi ki, roca adamiani sakuTar saxl Si, savarZelSi mokalaTebuli kiTxulobs imave wignis asls, mis gonebaSi sul sxva gonebrivi procesi mimdinareobs. ter mi ni `kvleva~ gulisxmobs mxolod da mxolod garkveul wi nas war operaciebs, romelTa masStabi da buneba gansxvavebulia imis mixedviT, Tu ra saxis problemaa gadasaWreli. mag ram literaturaTmcodneobisaTvis, rodesac ganixileba ise Ti mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa ganmarteba, daxasiaTeba da Sefaseba, is ar aris sakmarisad zusti.
Cveni naSromis farglebSi yvelaze mniSvnelovania, gamovkveToT gansxvaveba literaturis Teorias, kritikasa da istorias Soris. upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos gansxvaveba literaturis orgvar xedvas Soris. pirveli maTga
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literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria
nis mixedviT, literatura aris nawarmoebTa erT droulad arsebuli erToblioba, meore TvalsazrisiT ki literatura, upiratesad, nawarmoebTa qronologiuri mimdevrobaa da, amdenad, istoriuli procesis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens. Aamas garda, aRsaniSnavia, rom, erTi mxriv, SeiZleba visaubroT literaturis principebisa da kriteriumebis, meore mxriv ki calkeuli literaturuli nawarmoebebis Seswavlis Taobaze, kerZod _ imis Sesaxeb, izolirebulad moxdeba maTi Seswavla, Tu qronologiu rad. umjobesi iqneba, Tu arsebuli gansxvavebebis ganxilvisas gaviTvaliswinebT, rom `literaturis Teoria~ literaturis principebis, kategoriebis, kriteriumebis da a. S. Seswavlas warmoadgens. amas garda, xelovnebis calkeuli nawarmoebebis Seswavlas an `literaturis kritika~ (romelic ZiriTadad statikur midgomas warmoadgens) unda vuwodoT, an _ `literaturis istoria~. rasakvirvelia, xSirad, termini `literaturis kritika~ mTlianad literaturis Teorias moicavs, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi saTanado yuradReba ar eTmoba erT mniSvnelovan garemoebas; aristotele Teoretikosi iyo, sentbevi (Sainte-Beuve) ki upiratesad _ kritikosi. kenet berki, mniSvnelovanwilad, literaturuli Teoretikosia, xolo r. p. bleqmuri (R. P. Blackmur) _ literaturis kritikosi. terminma `literaturis Teoria~ Tavisuflad SeiZleba moicvas (rogorc es am wignSia) `literaturis kritikis Teoria~ da `literaturis istoriis Teoria~.
es gansxvavebebi aSkaraa da farTodaa miRebuli. gacilebiT ufro iSviaTad aRiareben, rom ar SeiZleba literaturis kvlevis zemodasaxelebuli meTodebis izolirebulad gamoyeneba _ maTi urTierTkavSiri imdenad mWidroa, rom literaturis Teoria warmoudgenelia kritikisa da istoriis gareSe, kritika _ Teoriisa da istoriis gareSe, xolo istoria _ Teoriisa da kritikis gare Se. aSkaraa, rom literaturis Teoria ar arsebobs konkretuli literaturuli nawarmoebebis Seswavlis ga re Se. kriteriumebi, kategoriebi da sqemebi SeuZlebelia mi Rebul iqnes in vacuo. meore mxriv, SeuZlebelia arsebobdes kri
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literaturis Teoria
tika da istoria garkveuli kiTxvebis, cnebaTa sistemis, mimarTebebisa da ganzogadebebis gareSe. rasakvirvelia, aq gadauWrel dilemas rodi vawydebiT: kiTxvis dros Cven mudam garkveuli principebiT vxelmZRvanelobT da es principebi ganuwyvetliv icvleba da zustdeba axali literaturuli nawarmoebebis gacnobisas.Ees dialeqtikuri procesia: Teoriisa da praqtikis urTierTgamsWvalva.
araerTxel ucdiaT literaturis istoriis gamijvna Teoriisa da kritikisagan. magaliTad, rogorc f. v. beitsoni (F.W. Bateson)2 amtkicebda, literaturis istoria mxolod gviCvenebs, rom `a~ momdinareobs~ `b~sgan, maSin, rodesac kritika amtkicebs, `a~ `b~ze ukeTesiao. pirvel SemTxvevaSi daskvna emyareba iseT faqtebs, romelTa gadamowmebac SesaZlebelia, meoreSi ki _ subieqtur Sexedulebebsa da rwmenas efuZneba. magram amgvari gamijvna marTlzomieri araa. Lliteraturis istoriaSi ubralod ar arsebobs iseTi monacemebi, romelTac SeiZleba absoluturad neitraluri `faqtebi~ vuwodoT. Semfasebluri Tvalsazrisebi masalis SerCevaSic ki monawileobs _ maSin, rodesac erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavebT, ubralod, beletristikasa da, meore mxriv, literaturas, an rodesac ama TuU im avtors vuTmobT gverdebis garkveul raodenobas. saTauris an TariRis ubralo damowmebac ki winaswar gulisxmobs Semfaseblur midgomas, radgan am dros xdeba erTi romelime wignisa Tu movlenis gamorCeva milionobiT sxva wignisa da movlenisagan. davuSvaT, arsebobs SedarebiT neitraluri faqtebi, magaliTad, TariRebi, saTaurebi, biografiuli monacemebi, magram maTi meSveobiT SeiZleba mxolod literaturuli matianis Sedgena. nebismieri ufro rTuli kiTxva, iseTic ki, romelic teqstis kritikas, an wyaroebsa da gavlenebs ukavSirdeba, gamudmebiT moiTxovs garkveul Sefasebas. iseTi gancxadebebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `poupi draidenis gavlenas ganicdis~, pirvelad doneze, rasakvirvelia, gulisxmobs, rom draidensa da poups gamovarCevT maTi epoqis uricxvi versifikatorisgan. Semdgom, aucilebeli xdeba imis garkveva, Tu ra gansakuTrebuli niSnebiT gamoirCeva
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literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria
am avtorebis nawarmoebebi. Aamis dasadgenad aucilebelia, gamudmebiT mimdinareobdes Sedarebisa da SerCevis procesi, rac arsebiTad kritikul saqmianobas warmoadgens. Tu ganvixilavT TanaavtorebisB _ bomontisa da fletCeris sakiTxs, is gadauWreli darCeba, sanam ar gaviTavisebT erT mniSvnelovan princips, romlis Tanaxmad, garkveuli sti listuri Tvisebebi (an xerxebi) ukavSirdeba erTerTs dasaxelebul mweralTagan, sxva Tvisebebi ki _ meores. Tu ase ar moviqceviT, maSin mogvixdeba, ubralod, am Tanaavtorebis piesebSi arsebuli stilistu ri Seusabamobebis miTiTeba maTi mizezis ganmartebis gareSe.
miuxedavad amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom xSir SemTxveva Si, literaturis istoriis literaturis gancalkeveba kritikisagan sxva kriteriumebis safuZvelze xdeba. Aaravin uaryofs, rom literaturis kritikosma da istorikosma unda gamoitanon TavianTi daskvnebi nawarmoebTa Sesaxeb, magram xSirad imasac amtkiceben, rom literaturis istorikoss aqvs istoriis sakuTari standartebi da kriteriumebi. am meTodologiis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom literaturis istoriis rekonstruqcia moiTxovs warsuli periodebis msoflaRqmisa da mimarTebebis gaTavisebas, da, amasTan, Tanamedrove epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli msoflaRqmisa da mimarTebebis ugulebelyofas. es Tvalsazrisi, romelic `istorizmis~ saxeliTaa cnobili, germaniaSi mTeli me19 saukunis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda, Tumca iqac ki gaakritikes igi istoriis iseTma gamoCenilma Teoretikosebma, rogoric iyo Eernst troltSi (Ernst Troeltsch).3 rogorc Cans, ukanasknel xanebSi am Tvalsazriss, romelmac pirdapir TuU arapirdapir, SeaRwia inglissa da SeerTebul StatebSi, bevri Cveni `literaturis istorikosi~ iziarebs. magaliTad, hardin kreigi (Hardin Craig) ambobda, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebis uaxlesi da saukeTeso tendencia aris `araistoriuli azrovnebisagan gaTavisufleba~4. i. i. stoli (E. E. Stall), romelic dedofali elisabedis droindeli Teatris tradiciebsa da misi auditoriis gemovnebas swavlobs, amJamad muSaobs iseT Teoriaze, romlis mixedviTac, literatu
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literaturis Teoria
ris istoriis mTa vari mizania avtoris Canafiqris rekonstruqcia.5 amgvari Teoria, garkveulwilad, safuZvlad udevs im uamrav mcdelobas, romelTa mizani iyo elisabedis droindeli iseTi fsiqologiuri Teoriebis Seswavla, rogoricaa magaliTad, iumoris doqtrina an poetebis mecnieruli an fsevdomecnieruli koncefciebi.6 rozmond tuvi (Rosemond Tuve) cdilobda metafizikuri mxatvruli saxeebis warmoSoba da mniSvneloba aexsna ramistuli logikis safuZvelze, romelic donisa da mis TanamedroveTa mier iyo miRebuli.7
imdenad, ramdenadac amgvari Seswavla SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom gansxvavebul periodebSi sxvadasxva kritikuli Tvalsazrisi da tradicia moqmedebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yoveli epoqa iseT TviTkmar erTianobas warmoadgens, romelic sakuTari tipis poezias qmnis da es poezia sxva romelime epoqis poeziis sazRvrebSi ver Tavsdeba. am Tvalsazriss gansakuTrebuli gulmodginebiT uWerda mxars frederik a. potli (Frederick A. Pottle).8 Tavis wignSi `poeziis ena~ is sakuTar Tvalsazriss `kritikul relativizms~ uwodebs da `aRqmis sferoSi momxdar Rrma cvlilebaze~, poeziis istoriaSi `uwyvetobis sru li darRvevaze~ saubrobs. Mmisi Tvalsazrisi kidev uf ro Rirebuli gaxdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom igi darw mu nebulia eTikuri da religiuri postulatebis uryevobaSi.
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, `literaturis istoriis~ es koncefcia moiTxovs warmosaxvis daZabvas, `empaTias~, warsulTan da gardasuli epoqis gemovnebasTan siRrmiseul naTesaobas. iyo ramdenime warmatebuli cda imisa, rom momxdariyo cxovrebis, sxvadasxvagvari koncefciebis, adamianis mamoZravebeli motivebis Sesaxeb im SexedulebaTa rekonstruqcia, romlebic SemuSavebul iqna civilizaciis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze. Cven bevri ram viciT, ra damokidebuleba hqondaT berZnebs RmerTebis, monebisa da qalebis mimarT; SegviZlia detalurad davaxasiaToT Sua saukuneebis kosmologia; unari Segvwevs, rom aRviqvaT is metad gansxvavebuli xedva an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebu
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literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria
li mxatvruli tradiciebi da wesebi, romlebic bizantiur an Cinur mxatvrobaSi iyo gavrcelebuli. germaniaSi ganxorcielebul iqna uamravi kvleva (maT umravlesobazec Spenglerma (Spengler) moaxdina gavlena). am naSromebSi saubari iyo gotikis an barokos epoqis adamianis Sesaxeb, amasTan, es epoqebi ganixileboda Tanamedroveobisgan mowyvetiT, rogorc gansakuTrebuli, Caketili samyaro.
rac Seexeba sakuTriv literaturul kvlevebs, aq istoriuli rekonstruqciis meTodma xeli Seuwyo aqcen tis gadatanas avtoris Canafiqrze, romlis wvdoma, am meTo dis avtorTa TvalsazrisiT, SesaZlebelia literaturuli kritikisa da literaturuli gemovnebis istoriis Ses wav lis gziT. Cveulebriv, iTvleba, rom Tu amovicnobT avtoris Canafiqrs da gamovarkvevT imasac, ramdenad SeZlo man am ganzraxvis xorcSesxma, amiT kritikis problemac mogvardeba. Aavtoris mizani gasagebia TanamedroveTaTvis da ar arsebobs arc imis aucilebloba da arc Sesa Zlebloba, rom momavalSi kidev erTxel gavakritikoT misi wigni. am meTods Sedegad mohyveba iseTi kritikuli standartis aRiareba, romelsac Tanamedrove mkiTxvelTa mier nawarmoebis aRiareba ewodeba. amdenad, arsebobs ara mxolod erTi an ori, aramed asobiT damoukidebeli, mravalferovani da urTierTgamomricxavi koncefcia literaturis Sesaxeb, romelTagan TiToeuli Taviseburad `marTebulia~. poeziis ideali isea danawevrebuli, rom misgan aRaraferi rCeba, amas ki Sedegad mosdevs zogadi anarqia an yvela Rirebulebis gacamtvereba. literaturis istoriisgan calkeuli da, saboloo angariSiT, gaugebari fragmentebis grovaRa rCeba. ufro zomieri formulirebiT, arsebobs polarulad imdenad gansxvavebuli poeturi idealebi, rom maT Soris saerTo Tvisebebis aRmoCena SeuZlebelia: klasicizmi da romantizmi, poupisa da uor dsuorTis ideali, aSkarad gacxadebuli azris poezia da implikaciis poezia.
savaraudod, umarTebuloa Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, avtoris `Canafiqri~ literaturis istoriis Seswavlis sagans warmoadgens. xelovnebis nawarmoebis mniS
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vneloba avtoris CanafiqriT ar amoiwureba da arc utoldeba mas. nawarmoebi faseulobaTa garkveuli sis temaa da damoukideblad arsebobs. mTlianobaSi, xelov nebis nawarmoebis Sinaarsi ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros mxo lod imiT, Tu ras niSnavs igi misi avtorisa da Tana medroveTaTvis. es, ufro metad, nawarmoebis mniSvnelobis gafarToebis, anu sxvadasxva epoqis mkiTxvelTa mier misi sxvadasxvagvari aRqmis Sedegia. albaT, usargeblo da SeuZlebelic ki iqneboda istoriis rekonstruqciis momxreebis msgavsad imisi Tqma, rom es procesi umniSvne loa da Cven mxolod mis dasawyiss unda mivubrundeT. maSi nac ki, roca warsulis memkvidreobaze vmsjelobT, Cven meoce saukunis adamianebad vrCebiT da SeuZlebelia, sxvagvarad iyos: SeuZlebelia daviviwyoT Cveni sakuTari enis asociaciebi, axleburi Sefasebebi, warsuli saukuneebis gavlena da mniSvneloba. SeuZlebelia, davemsgavsoT ho merosisa da Coseris Tanamedrove mkiTxvelebs an aTenSi dionises, londonSi ki `globusis~ Teatris msaxiobebs an mayureblebs. yovelTvis iqneba mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba warmosaxviTi rekonstruqciis aqtsa da romelime istoriuli epoqis droindel Tvalsazrisis realur ga ziarebas Soris. SeuZlebelia, dionisesi gvwamdes da Tan davcinodeT mas, rogorc amas, SesaZloa, evripides “Bacchae”s mayurebeli akeTebda;9 mxolod zogierT Cvengans SeuZlia uryev WeSmaritebad miiRos dantes jo joxeTis Sreebi da gansawmendelis mTa. Nnamdvilad rom SegvZleboda aRgvedgina is Sinaarsi, romelic `hamlets~ hqonda Seqspiris Tanamedrove mayureblisTvis, Cven mxolod da mxolod gavaRaribebdiT mas, radganac amiT davakninebdiT im aranakleb saintereso da angariSgasawev Sinaarsebs, romlebic “hamletSi” momdevno Taobebma aRmoaCines. amiT ki gamovricxavdiT am nawarmoebis axleburi interpretaciis SesaZleblobas. es ar gaxlavT TviTneburi mowodeba nawarmoebis subieqturi da aramarTebuli wakiTxvisken: `swori~ da `araswori~ wakiTxvis problema, yvelafris miuxedavad, kvlav darCeba da yovel calkeulO SemTxvevaSi axleburad unda gadaiWras. istoriuli periodis mkvlevrisTvis ar
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iqneba sakmarisi, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi mxolod Cveni drois perspeqtividan ganixilebodes – es kritikosis privilegias warmoadgens, radgan am ukanasknelis movaleobaa, gadaafasos warsuli Tanamedrove stilisa Tu mimdinareobis saWiroebebis safuZvelze. misTvis, SesaZloa, sasargeblo aRmoCndes xelovnebis nawarmoebis ganxilva e. w. mesame drois Tvalsawieridan, romelic arc misi da arc mocemuli avtoris realuri dro ar aris. kritikosisTvis aranakleb saintereso iqneba Sesaswavli nawarmoebis Sesaxeb arsebuli interpretaciebisa da kritikis srul istoriis gacnoba, risi meSveobiTac is SeZlebs, srulad Caswvdes mis sazriss.
realurad, rTuli warmosadgenia istoriuli da Tanamedrove Tvalsazrisebis amgvari urTierTgamijvna. Cven Tavi unda avaridoT rogorc yalb relativizms, ise yalb absolutizms. faseulobaTa damkvidrebas Sefasebis istoriuli procesi ganapirobebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, aiolebs Cvens aRqmas. istoriuli relativizmis pasuxi ̀ ucvleli adamianuri bunebisa~ Tu `xelovnebis universalurobis~ Sesabamisi doqtrineruli absolutizmi ar gaxlavT. Aamis nacvlad umjobesia miviRoT iseTi Tvalsazrisi, romelsac miesa dageba termini `perspeqtivizmi~. unda SegveZlos xelovnebis nawarmoebi misive droisa da Semdgomi epoqebis Rirebulebebs mivusadagoT. xelovnebis nawarmoebi, erTi mxriv, `maradiulia~ (e. i. inarCunebs garkveul TviT myofobas), meore mxriv ki _ `istoriuli~(e. i. SesamCnevi ganviTarebis process gadis). relativizmi akninebs li teraturis istorias da mas calkeuli, urTierTSeusabamo fragmentebis nakrebad aqcevs, maSin, rodesac umetes SemTxvevaSi absolutizmi an mxolod amJamindel war maval situacias miesadageba, an damokidebulia (axali hu manistebis, marqsistebis da neoTomistebis standartebis SemTxvevaSi) iseT abstraqtul araliteraturul idealze, romelic literaturis istoriul mravalferovnebas ar iTvaliswinebs. `perspeqtivizmi~ gulisxmobs, rom va RiarebT arsebobas erTiani poeziis da erTiani lite ra turisa, romelic yvela saukuneSi Sedarebas eqvemdebareba, viTardeba, icvleba da uamrav
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SesaZleblobas moicavs. Lliteratura arc erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli calkeuli nawarmoebebis nakrebia, da arc iseTi nawarmoebebis wyeba, romlebic romantizmis an klasicizmis, poupis da uordsvorTis epoqebis droiTi ciklis CarCoSia moq ceuli. literatura, rasakvirvelia, arc igiveobisa da ucvlelobis samyaroa, rac gviandeli klasicizmis ideals warmoadgenda. Aabsolutizmica da relativizmic yalbia, magram dResdReobiT, yovel SemTxvevaSi inglissa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, ufro seriozul safrTxes warmoadgens iseTi relativizmi, romelic RirebulebaTa anarqias efuZneba da kritikis amocanas Tavdayira ayenebs.
literaturis istoriis Sedgenisas, avtorebi yovelTvis iTvaliswineben SerCevis, daxarisxebisa da Sefa sebis principebs. literaturis istorikosebi, romlebic kritikis mniSvnelobas uaryofen, Tavadac gaucnobiereblad iqcevian xolme kritikosebad (Cveulebriv, naklebad angariSgasawev kritikosebad), romlebic mxolod da mxolod tradiciul standartebsa da Sexedulebebs aRiareben. dRes isini, Cveulebriv, dagvianebuli romantikosebi arian, romlebic ugu le belyofen yvela sxva tipis xelovnebas, gansakuTrebiT ki Tanamedrove literaturas. Mmiuxedavad amisa, rogorc marTebulad aRniSna r. g. kolingvudma (R. G. Collingwood), is, `visac hgonia, rom icis, Tu ratom aris Seqspiri poeti, gulis siRrmeSi fiqrobs, rom icis isic, aris Tu ara mis staini (Miss Stein) poeti (da Tu ara, ratom ar aris)~.10
is, rom bolo periodSi Seqmnili literatura aRar warmoadgens seriozuli Seswavlis sagans, swored am `mecnieruli~ damokidebulebis uaryofiTi Sedegia. aka demiuri tipis mkvlevrebi termins `Tanamedrove li teratura~ imdenad farTod ganmartavdnen, rom miltonis Sem deg, faqtobrivad, arc erTi nawarmoebi ar iTvleboda Seswavlis Sesaferis obieqtad. im droidan moyolebuli, li teraturis istoriaSi meTvramete saukune, Cveulebriv, miiCneoda yvelaze myari reputaciis mqone periodad da misi kvleva modadac ki iqca, radganac es saukune TiTqosda uf ro dax
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vewili, stabiluri da ierarqiulad mowesrigebu lia. romantikuli periodi da, mogvianebiT, mecxramete sauku ne aseve TandaTanobiT ipyroben mecnierTa yuradRebas, ris Sedegadac akademiuri orientaciis yvelaze gabedul ma mecnierebma ganacxades Tanamedrove literaturis mec nieruli Seswavlis aucileblobis Sesaxeb da TviTonac mohkides xeli am saqmes.
erTaderTi angariSgasawevi argumenti Tanamedrove avtorTa Semoqmedebis Seswavlis winaaRmdeg aris Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, Cven ar SegviZlia vims jeloT am Semoqmedebis rogorc mTlianobis Sesaxeb, radgan jerjerobiT ar vicnobT maT mier mogvianebiT Seqmnil nawarmoebebs, romelTa meSveobiT SevZlebdiT ufro adreuli qmnilebebis faruli arsis wvdomas. Tumca, uxerxuloba, romelic mxolod Tanamedrove avtorebis nawarmoebTa mimarT SeimCneva, umniSvneloa im upiratesobasTan Seda rebiT, rogoricaa avtoris nawarmoebSi asaxuli moqmedebis adgilisa da drois codna, agreTve _ avtorTan piradi, an mimoweriTi nacnoboba, es ki mxolod Tanamedrove mwerle bis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli. Tuki warsuli periodis bevri meorexarisxovani an Tundac meaTexarisxovani av to ri Seswavlas imsaxurebs, igive unda iTqvas Cveni drois pir velxarisxovan an meorexarisxovan avtorebze. akademi ur mkvlevrebs ar SeuZliaT saTanadod gaiazron Tanamedrove mwerlebis memkvidreoba an gaubedaoba uSliT xolme xels mis gaazrebaSi. isini acxadeben, rom `drois ganaCens~ elodebian da ver acnobiereben, rom es swored sxva kri tikosTa da mkiTxvelTa, maT Soris sxva profesorebis ganaCenia. literaturis istorikosis tradiciuli uyurad Reboba kritikis mimarT gaumarTlebelia erTi ubralo mizezis gamo: xelovnebis nebismieri nawarmoebi arsebobs axlandel droSi; igi uSualod eqvemdebareba dakvirvebas da warmoadgens garkveuli mxatvruli problemebis gada wyvetas miuxedavad imisa, guSin Seiqmna igi Tu aTasi wlis winaT. nawarmoebis analizis, daxasiaTebis an Sefasebis dros gamudmebiT unda vemyarebodeT garkveul kritikul principebs. `literaturis isto
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rikosi kritikosi unda iyos Tundac imisaTvis, rom istorikosi iyos~.11
meore mxriv, literaturis istorias aseve uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs literaturuli kritikisaTvis, Tuki es ukanaskneli gadalaxavs piradi simpaTiisa da antipaTiis subieqtur farglebs. kritikosi, romelic kmayofilia imiT, rom araferi ar icis literaturaSi istoriulad Camoyalibebuli mimarTebebis Sesaxeb, xSirad gaakeTebs mcdar daskvnebs. mas gauWirdeba erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavos Moriginaluri da mimbaZvelobiTi nawarmoebi; imis gamo, rom ar icnobs istoriul garemoebebs, is ver SeZlebs adekvaturad Seafasos calkeuli nawarmoebebi. Kkritikosi, romelic saerTod ar icnobs istorias, an cudad icnobs mas, gamudmebiT akeTebs zedapirul daskvnebs an kmayofildeba `SedevrTa samyaroSi~ sakuTari mogzaurobis aRweriT, cdilobs Tavidan aicilos Soreul warsulSi qeqva; warsulis Seswavlas igi an antikurobiT gatacebul pirs gadaabarebs, an `filologs~.
sainteresoa, aq mimovixiloT Sua saukuneebis literatura, gansakuTrebiT ki Sua saukuneebis inglisuri literatura, romelsac, SesaZloa Coseris gamoklebiT, iSviaTad Tu Seiswavlian romelime esTetikuri an kritikuli Tvalsazrisis safuZvelze. Tanamedrove esTetikuri standartis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia anglosaqsur poeziisa da Sua saukuneebis mdidari lirikis axleburi Sefaseba; meore mxriv, istoriuli perspeqtivis kvleva da genetikuri problemebis sistematuri Seswavla naTels mohfens Tanamedrove literaturas. lite raturis kritikisa da literaturis istoriis tradiciuli gamijvna orive maTganisaTvis saziano aRmoCnda.
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Tavi mexuTe
zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba
*literaturaTmcodneobis farglebSi erTmane Ti sa gan
gavmijneT Teoria, istoria da kritika.A axla ki, dayofis sxva principis safuZvelze, SegviZlia war mo vadginoT SepirispirebiTi, zogadi da erovnuli lite ra turaTmcodneobis sistematuri gansazRvra. ter mini `SedarebiTi~ literaturaTmcodneoba Zalze tlanqia, da, rogorc Cans, swored aman ganapiroba akademiuri mecniere bis naklebi interesi SedarebiTi kvlevebis mimarT. meTiu arnoldma, romelmac amperis (Ampere) “histoire comparative” (SedarebiTi istoria) Targmna, pirvelad gamoiyena es termini inglisur enaze (1848). frangebi upiratesobas aniWebdnen vilemenis (Villemain) mier ufro adre gamoyene bul termins, rodesac igi kiuvies (Cuvi-er) Anatomie comparee-is (SedarebiTi anatomia) (1800) analogiiT, Litterature comparees (`SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis~) Taobaze saubrobda (1829). germanelebi “vergleichende Literaturgeschichte”ze msjelobdnen.1 am zedsarTavTagan verc erTi ver aSuqebs am problemas srulad, radgan Sedareba is meTodia, romelsac yvela mecniereba da kritikuli Teoria iyenebs da romelic adekvaturad ver asaxavs literaturaTmcodneobis Taviseburebebs. sxvadasxva li te raturis, Tundac literaturuli mimdinareobebis, xerxebisa da nawarmoebebis formaluri Sedareba iSviaTad warmoadgens literaturis istoriis centralur sagans. amasTan, iseTi wignebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, f. s. grinis (F. C. Green) `menueti~,2 romelSic Sedarebulia meTvramete saukunis franguli da inglisuri literatu ris damaxasiaTebeli niSanTvisebebi, SesaZloa sasargeblo aRmoCndes, radgan masSi gamovlenilia ara mxolod pa ralelebi da naTesaoba, aramed gansxvavebebic sxvadasxva eris literaturebs Soris.
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realurad, termini `SedarebiTi~ literatura yovelTvis gulisxmobda Seswavlis gansazRvrul sferoebs da problemaTa jgufebs. pirvel yovlisa, is SesaZloa moicavdes zepirsityvieri literaturis Seswavlas, gansakuTrebiT folklorul Temebs da maT migracias, imas, Tu rogor da rodis miiCnies es sfero `maRal~, `mxat vrul~ literaturad. folkloris problemebi mxo lod nawilobriv warmoadgens esTetikur problemebs, vinaidan mecnierebis es mniSvnelovani sfero mxolod nawilobriv aris dainteresebuli esTetikuri faqtebiT; folklorisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, Seiswavlos ro melime `xalxis~ civilizacia, misi tradiciuli samosi da tradiciebi, crurwmenebi da iaraRebi, iseve, rogorc misi xelovneba. Tumca, xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom zepirsityvieri literaturis Seswavla literaturuli mecnierebis ganuyofeli nawilia, vinaidan ar SeiZleba misi gamijvna werilobiTi literaturis Seswavlisagan, radgan yovelTvis arsebobda kavSiri zepirsityvier da werilobiT literaturebs Soris. sulac ar aris saWiro, folkloristi hans naumaniviT (Hans Nau-mann)3 (romelsac miaCnia, rom gviani periodis zepirsityvieri literatu ra xSir SemTxvevaSi “gesunkenes Kulturgut”s warmoadgens) ukiduresobaSi gadavvardeT da vaRiaroT, Tu raoden di dadaa davalebuli werilobiTi maRali literatura ze pirsityvieri literaturisagan. meore mxriv, savaraudoa, rom bevri ZiriTadi literaturuli Janri da Tema folkloruli warmoSobisaa da, amgvarad, eWvs ar iwvevs folkloruli literaturis mzardi sazogadoebrivi ro li. Dda mainc, udavoa, rom folklori bevri ramiT daesesxa sagmirosaraindo romansa da trubadurTa lirikas. es Tvalsazrisi miuRebelia romantikosebisTvis, romelTa azriT, folklori SemoqmedebiTi bunebisaa da xalxuri xe lovnebis fesvebi antikurobaSi unda veZioT. miuxedavad amisa, cnobilia, rom popularuli baladebis, CvenTvis nacnobi zRaprebisa da legendebis warmoSoba xSirad ukavSirdeba ufro gviandel periodsa da sazogadoebis maRal klass. da mainc, zepirsityvieri literaturis SeswavlisT
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zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba
vis unda zrunavdes literaturis yvela is mkvlevari, visac surs Caswvdes literaturuli ganviTare bis procesebs, literaturuli Janrebisa da xerxebis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas. samwuxarod, zepirsityvieri literaturis kvleva dRemde mxolod garkveuli Temebisa da sxvadasxva qveyanaSi maTi gavrcelebis, e.i. Tanamedrove literaturis `nedleulis~ SeswavliT Semoifargleboda.4 amasTan, bolo dros folkloris mkvlevrebi sul ufro xSirad miapyroben yuradRebas sxvadasxva modelis, formisa da xerxis Seswavlas, literaturuli formebis morfologias, mTxroblis an naratoris da zRapris msmen lebis funqciebs, ris wyalobiTac maTi kvleva mWidrod daukavSirda literaturuli kvlevis zogad koncefcias.5 Tumca, zepirsityvieri literaturis Seswavlisas vawyde biT specifikur _ magaliTad, gadacemisa da socialuri garemos6 _ problemebs, magram isini, rasakvirvelia, didad ar gansxvavdeba werilobiT literaturaSi arsebuli problemebisagan; yovelTvis arsebobda naTesaoba ze pirsityviersa da werilobiT literaturebs Soris. Tana medrove evropuli literaturebis mkvlevrebi am sa kiTxebs saTanado yuradRebas ar uTmobdnen, ramac, sabo loo angariSiT, maTve Seuqmna problemebi. meore mxriv, sla vur da skandinaviur qveynebSi, sadac folklori xSir Sem TxvevaSi jer kidev cocxalia, literaturis istorikosebi ufro mWidro kavSirs inarCuneben am kvlevebTan. miuxeda vad amisa, termini `SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba~ mainc damainc zustad ver gadmocems zepirsityvieri li teraturis Seswavlis Sinaarss.
`SedarebiTi~ literaturaturaTmcodneobis meore ga geba mxolod or an met literaturas Soris arsebuli urTierTmimarTebebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba. am gva ri gageba daamkvidra frangi `komparatistebis” popularulma skolam, romelsac aw gardacvlili fernan baldenspergeri (Fernand Baldensperger) xelmZRvanelobda da romelic “Revue de Littérature comparée’’is irgvliv iyo Semokrebili.7 am skolam gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmo iseTi sakiTxebis Seswavlas, rogorebicaa goeTes (Goethe) reputacia da mi
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si nawarmoebebis gavrceleba, gavlena da popularoba safrangeTsa da inglisSi, osianis (Ossian), karlailis (Carlyle) da Sileris (Schiller) popularoba safrangeTSi. skolam SeimuSava meTodologia, romelic scildeba nawarmoebis mimoxilvebis, Targmanebisa da gavlenis Seswavlas, dain teresda ama Tu im avtoris reputaciiTa da koncefciiT romelime mocemul periodSi da yuradReba miaqcia nawar moebis gavrcelebis iseT faqtorebs, rogorebicaa pe rioduli gamocemebi, mTargmnelebis moRvaweoba, salone bi da mogzaurTa Canawerebi; amas garda, gamoikveTa e. w. `aTvisebis faqtoric~, ese igi, gansakuTrebuli ga remo da literaturuli situacia, romelSic ucxoeli avtoris `gadanergva~ xdeba. sabolood, dagrovda da savleTevropuli literaturebis mWidro kavSiris dama dasturebeli bevri sabuTi, ris Sedegadac ganuzomlad me ti gavigeT literaturebis `eqsportis~ Sesaxeb.
unda vaRiaroT, rom `SedarebiTi litera tu raTmcodneobis~ amgvari gagebac winaaRmdegobrivia, da ro gorc Cans, mis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia raime das rulebuli sistemis Seqmna.8 erTi da imave meTodologiiT Seis wavlian `Seqspirs safrangeTSi~, `Seqspirs meTvramete saukunis inglisSi~, pos zegavlenas bodlerze (Baudelaire) da draidenisas (Dryden) _ poupze. rodesac ar xdeba, mT lianad, erovnuli literaturebis Sepirispireba, maSin literaturebs Soris Sedarebebi umeteswilad mxolod iseTi garegani problemebiT Semoifargleba, rogoricaa wyaroebisa da gavlenebis, reputaciisa da popularobis sakiTxebi. amgvari kvlevebi saSualebas ar gvaZlevs, Sevis wavloT da ganvsajoT romelime calkeuli nawarmoebi an misi warmoSobis rTuli sawyisi; amis nacvlad msgavsi naSromebi, ZiriTadad, an romelime Sedevris Targmanze, an mibaZvaze (xSirad meorexarisxovani avtorebis mier) amaxvilebs yuradRebas, an Sedevris winaistorias, misi Temebisa da formebis moZraobasa da gavrcelebas Seiswavlis. amdenad, `SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneo ba Si~ Aaqcenti garegan faqtorebzea gadatanili da misi dakni ne ba bolo aTwleulebSi metyvelebs
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zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba
imaze, rom dRes kvleva veRar dakmayofildeba, ubralod, faqtebis, wyaroebisa da gavlenebis SeswavliT.
Tumca, mesame koncefcia gverds uvlis yvela am kritikas da `SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobas~ aigi vebs mTlianad literaturis, `msoflio literaturis~, `zoga di~ an `universaluri~ literaturis SeswavlasTan,. msgavsi gaigiveba, rasakvirvelia, garkveul sirTuleebs badebs. termini `msoflio literatura~ goeTes Weltliteratur-is Targ mans warmoadgens.9 SesaZloa, es metismetad farTo cnebaa da gulisxmobs imas, rom literaturas unda Seiswavlidnen xuTive kontinentze, axali zelandiidan islandiamde. goeTes, faqtobrivad, aseTi ram arc ufiqria. terminiT ̀ msoflio literatura~ igi im momaval droze mianiSnebda, roca sxvadasxva xalxebis literaturebi erT literaturad iqceoda.E es aris yvela literaturis diadi sinTezis ideali, romelSic yoveli eri sakuTar wvlils Seitanda. magram Tavad goeTe xvdeboda, rom es Zalian Soreuli perspeqti vaa, radgan arc erT ers ar surs uari Tqvas sakuTar TviTmyofobaze. dRes, amgvari gaerTianebis perspeqtiva albaT kidev ufro Soreulia da albaT, seriozulad arc ki movindomebT, rom aRmovfxvraT arsebuli gansxvavebebi erovnul literaturebs So ris. `msoflio literatu ris~ cnebas xSirad mesame mniSvnelobiTac iyeneben. Eam termi niT, SesaZloa, aRniSnaven klasikosebs _ homeross, dantes, servantess, Seqspirsa da goeTes, romelTa reputacia mTel msoflioSi uryevia. amdenad, es termini iqca `Sedevris~ sinonimad da niSandoblivia iseTi procesisTvis, romlis Sedegadac xdeba garkveuli nawarmoebebis gamorCeva gar kveuli kritikuli da pedagogiuri TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, msgavsi seleqcia ver daakmayofilebs im mkvlevaris in teresebs, romelsac ufro farTo suraTis danaxva surs, istoriuli procesebsa da cvlilebebs akvirdeba da, am denad, mxolod Sedevrebis SeswavliT ver Semoifargleba.
SesaZloa, ufro misaReb termins _ `zogadi literaturaTmcodneoba~ _ sxva uaryofiTi mxareebi hqon des. Tavdapirvelad masSi igulisxmeboda poetika an literaturis Teoria da principebi; ukanasknel aT wle ulebSi pol van
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tigemi (Paul van Tieghem)10 cdi lobda is iseTi koncefciisTvis daepirispirebina, ro goricaa `SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba~. mi si ganmartebiT, `zogadi literaturaTmcodneoba~ Seis wavlis im mimdinareobebsa da literaturul modas, romlebic erovnul sazRvrebs scildeba, maSin, rodesac `SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba~ Seiswavlis urTi erTmimarTebebs or an met literaturas Soris. Mmagram rogor unda ganvsazRvroT, magaliTad, osianizmi “zo gadi” literaturaTmcodneobis Seswavlis sagania Tu `SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobisa~? SeuZlebelia, jerovnad gavmijnoT erTmaneTisagan uolter skotis (Walter Scott) gavlena ucxoeTSi da istoriuli romanis saerTaSoriso popularoba. terminebi `SedarebiTi~ da `zo gadi~ literaturaTmcodneoba erTmaneTs gadakveTs. Se saZlebelia, ufro upriani iyos, vilaparakoT, ubra lod, ̀ literaturaTmcodneobis Sesaxeb~, romelic ganixi lavs mTel literaturas.
ra sirTuleebsac unda waawydes universaluri literaturis istoriis koncefcia, literatura unda moviazroT rogorc mTlianoba da literaturis zrdaganviTareba ganvixiloT ise, rom yuradReba ar mivaqcioT enobriv gansxvavebebs. yvelaze mniSvnelovani argumenti `SedarebiTi~ an `zogadi~ literaturaTmcodneobis, an ubralod `literaturis~ sasargeblod aaSkaravebs im mcdar azrs, TiTqos arsebobs TviTkmari erovnuli literatura. yovel SemTxvevaSi, dasavluri literatura erT mTlianobas warmoadgens. sakamaTo araa, rom literatura uwyvetad viTardeboda berZnuli da romaul literaturebidan Sua saukuneebis dasavleTevropuli literaturebisken da, Semdeg, ZiriTadi Tanamedrove literaturebisken. da Tu saTanadod SevafasebT aRmosavluri gavlenis, gan sakuTrebiT ki bibliis, mniSvnelobas, maSin unda aRiniSnos, rom mWidro kav Siri aerTianebs mTlianad evropis, ruseTis, SeerTebuli Statebisa da laTinuri amerikis literaturebs. es ideali literaturis istoriis Semqmnelebma mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi Camoayalibes (maT xelT arsebuli SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis miuxedavad): aseTi moRvaweebi
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zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba
iyvnen Slegeli (Schlegel), bouterveki (Bouterwek), sismondi (Sismondi) da halami (Hallam).11 miuxedavad amisa, nacionalizmis gaZlierebam, rasac specializaciis zrdac daemata, gamoiwvia erovnuli literaturebis sul ufro viwro provinciuli Seswavlis damkvidreba. Tumca, mecxramete saukunis meore naxevris ganmavlobaSi evolucionizmis gavleniT aRorZinda literaturis universaluri istoriis ideali. `SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis~ pirveli praqtikosebi fol kloris mkvlevrebi da eTnografebi iyvnen, romlebic, upiratesad herbert spenseris (Herbert Spencer) gavleniT, Seiswavlidnen literaturis warmomavlobas, imas, Tu rogor moxda misi gamravalferovneba zepirsityvieri literaturuli formebiT da rogor iqca is adreul epikad, dramad da lirikad.12 Tumca, evolucionizmma mci re kvali datova axali literaturebis SeswavlaSi da, rogorc Cans, marcxi ganicada biologiur evoluciasTan literaturis ganviTarebis dakavSirebis mcdelobam, ise ve, rogorc universaluri literaturis istoriis idealma. sabednierod, bolo wlebSi bevri ram migvaniSnebs imas, rom zogadi literaturuli istoriografiis ideali kvlav aRmavlobas ganicdis. ernst robert kurciusi (Ernst Robert Curtius) Tavis wignSi `evropuli literatura da laTinuri Sua saukuneebi~ (1948) gasaocari erudiciiT asaxavs dasavlu ri tradiciisTvis niSandobliv zogad niSanTvisebebs. erix auerbaxis (Erich Auerbach) `mimezisi~ (1946) warmoadgens realizmis istorias homerosidan moyolebuli _ joisam de da calkeuli pasaJebis faqiz stilistur analizs efuZneba;13 orive es naSromi mecnierebis iseT miRwevebs warmoadgens, romlebic gadalaxavs nacionalizmis Car Coebs da damajerebeli argumentebiT asaxavs dasavluri civilizaciis erTianobas, klasikuri antikurobisa da Sua saukuneebis qristianobis memkvidreobis mniSvnelobas.
xelaxla unda daiweros literaturis istoria rogorc sinTezi, literaturis istoria _ zeerovnuli kuTxiT. Aam TvalsazrisiT, literaturaTa SedarebiTi Seswavla mkvlevarTagan udides enobriv kompetencias moiTxovs.
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Aamgvari kvlevisTvis saWiroa perspeqtivis gafarToeba, kuTxuri da provinciuli ganwyobebis daZleva, rac, TavisTavad, rTulad misaRwevi amocanaa. miuxedavad amisa, literatura erT mTlianobas warmoadgens, iseve rogorc xelovneba da kacobrioba da swored amgvari xedviT ikveTeba istoriuli literaturaTmcodneobis momavali.
am uzarmazari sferos farglebSi, rac, faqtobrivad, mTeli literaturis istorias moicavs, rasakvirvelia, unda gaviTvaliswinoT enobrivi qvejgufebic. uwinaresad, arsebobs sami umTavresi evropuli enobrivi ojaxis jgufi – germanuli, romanuli da slavuri literaturebi. romanuli literaturebis urTierTkavSirs mkvlevrebi gansakuTrebiT xSirad Seiswavlidnen, dawyebuli bou tervekiT vidre leonardo olSkimde (Leonardo Olschki),14 romelic Seecada daewera Sua saukuneebis periodis yvela am literaturis istoria. rac Seexeba germanul literaturebs, maTi Seswavla xSir SemTxvevaSi ifargleboda adreuli Sua saukuneebis periodiT, rodesac gansakuTrebuli simZafriT aRiqmeboda maTi (saerTo tevtonuri civilizaciiT ganpirobebuli) naTesaoba.15 miuxedavad poloneli mec nierebis tradiciuli winaaRmdegobisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom slavuri enebis naTesaoba im saerTo saxalxo tradiciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic metrikaSic ki vlindeba, sa erTo slavuri literaturis safuZvels warmoadgens.16
Temebisa da formebis, mxatvruli xerxebisa da Janrebis istoria rom saerTaSoriso istorias warmoad gens, udavoa. marTalia, Cveni Janrebis umravlesoba berZnuli da romauli literaturisagan momdinareobs, magram Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi maT mniSvnelovani modificireba ganicades da daixvewnen. Tumca metrikis istoria calkeul enobriv sistemebTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli, magram is mainc saerTaSoriso fenomens warmoadgens. Uufro metic, Tanamedrove evropis ara erTi mniSvnelovani literaturuli mimdinareoba da stili (renesansi, baroko, neoklasicizmi, romantizmi, realizmi, simbolizmi) mniSvnelovnad scildeba erTi romelime eris sazRvrebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom
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zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba
arsebobs angariSgasawevi erovnuli gansxvavebani am mimdinareobaTa individua lur gamoxatulebebs Soris.17 SeiZleba, gansxvavdebodes maTi geografiuli gavrcelebis masStabic. renesansma, magaliTad, poloneTSi SeaRwia, magram ver gavrcelda ruseTsa da bohemiaSi. Bbarokos stili farTod gavrcelda mTel aRmosavleT evropaSi, maT Soris ukrainaSic, magram ruseTs TiTqmis ar Sexebia. SesaZlebelia, arsebobdes qronologiuri gansxvavebebi: barokos stili aRmosavleT evropis e. w. `samiwaTmoqmedo~ civilizaciebSi meTvramete saukunis bolomde SemorCa, maSin rodesac dasavleTma am periodis ganmavlobaSi ganvlo ganmanaTlebloba da a. S. saerTod ki, enobrivi barierebis mniSvneloba mecxramete saukunis ganmavlobaSi umarTebulod iyo gazviadebuli.
es imiT aixsneba, rom literaturis Tanamedrove sistematuri istoria Caisaxa romantikul (ZiriTadad, enobriv) nacionalizmTan metad mWidro urTierTkavSir Si. amis Sedegebi dResac SeimCneva iseTi praqtikuli tendenciebis gavleniT, rogoricaa (gansakuTrebiT Seer Tebul StatebSi) literaturis Seswavlisa da enis Seswavlis faqtobrivi gaigiveba. amis Sedegad, SeerTebul StatebSi inglisuri, germanuli da franguli literatu ris SemswavlelTa Soris TiTqmis ar aris kontaqti. am jgufebs sxvadasxvagvari Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs da TiToeuli maTgani gansxvavebul meTodologiebs iyenebs. Aam gansxvavebebis arseboba, rasakvirvelia, nawilobriv gardauvalia im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom adamianebis umravlesoba mxolod erT enobriv garemoSi cxovrobs. magram groteskul Sedegebs iZleva literaturuli problemebis ganxilva mxolod erT romelime enaze arsebul teqstebis an dokumentebis safuZvelze. Tumca lingvisturi gansxvavebebi evropul literaturebs Soris Tavs iCens mxatvruli stilis, metris, da TviT Janris zogierT sakiTxis ganxilvisas, magram aSkaraa, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi ideebis (maT Soris, esTetikuri ideebis) istoriis araerTi problemis gadaWrisas amgvari gansxvavebani araarsebiTia; manam, sanam Warb yuradRebas davuTmobT am gansxvavebebs, Cvens literaturis istorieb Si xelovnu
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rad iqneba gaerTianebuli is movlenebi, ro melTa bunebrivad gaerTianeba savsebiT SesaZlebelia, da iZulebulni viqnebiT SemovifargloT ideologiuri xasiaTis zogierTi gamoxmaurebis moxseniebiT, romlebic SemTxveviT iqna aRniSnuli inglisur, germanul an frangul literaturaSi. gadaWarbebuli yuradReba ro melime calkeuli erovnuli enis mimarT gansakuTrebiT sazianoa Sua saukuneebis istoriis Seswavlisas, radgan Sua saukuneebSi laTinuri iyo umTavresi saliteraturo ena da evropa mWidro inteleqtualur aspeqtSi erT mTlianobas warmoadgenda. Sua saukuneebis inglisuri literaturis Sesaxeb dawerili istoria, romelic xSirad gverds uvlis laTinursa da anglonormanul enebze daweril didi raodenobis nawarmoebebs, im periodis inglisSi arsebuli literaturuli da zogadad, kulturuli viTarebis mcdar suraTs qmnis.
SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis es principi, rasakvirvelia, ar gulisxmobs, rom ugulebelyofil unda iqnes erovnuli literaturebis Seswavla. marTlac, aq, upirveles yovlisa, saqme gvaqvs swored `erovnulobis~ sakiTxTan, imasTan, Tu ra wvlili Seitanes calkeulma erebma saerTo literaturul procesSi. imis nacvlad rom momxdariyo misi Teoriuli eqsplikacia, problema bundovani gaxda nacionalisturi ganwyobebiTa da ra sistuli Teoriebis wyalobiT. Tuki SevecdebiT, ga movkveToT inglisuri literaturis zusti wvlili zogad literaturaSi, rac TavisTavad mniSvnelovan sirTules warmoadgens, SeiZleba perspeqtivis Secvla mogvixdes da gansxvavebulad SevafasoT mniSvnelovani mwerlebis wvlilic ki. TiToeuli erovnuli literaturis farglebSi wamoiWreba msgavsi problemebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ramdenadaa warmodgenili regionebi da qalaqebi saerTo literaturis farglebSi. iozef nadlerma (Josef Nadler)18 metad gazviadebuli Teoria wamoayena. is acxadebs, rom una ri Seswevs, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavos TiToeuli germanu li tomisa da regionis niSanTvisebebi, da gamoavlinos am niSanTvisebaTa asaxva literaturaSi.A amgvarma Tval sazrisma xeli ar unda
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zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba
SegviSalos im problemebis gan xilvaSi, romelTac iSviaTad ikvleven faqtebisa da Tanmimdevruli meTodis gamo yenebiT. bevri ram daiwera ima ze, Tu ra roli Seasrula axalma inglisma, Sua dasavleTma da samxreTma amerikuli literaturis istoriaSi, mag ram regionalizmis suliskveTebiT gamsWvaluli amgvari naS romebis umravlesoba, saboloo angariSSi, mxolod da mxolod did imedebis, adgilobrivi siamayisa da cent ralizaciis procesiT gamowveuli siZulvilis nazavia. Nnebismieri obieqturi analizis dros, saWiroa avtorTa rasobrivi warmomavlobisa da sociologiuri sakiTxebi gai mijnos im sakiTxebisagan, romlebic exeba landSaftis realur gavlenas, agreTve _ literaturuli tradiciisa da modis problemebs.
`erovnulobis~ problemebi gansakuTrebiT rTuldeba maSin, rodesac saqme gvaqvs erT enaze Seqmnil sxvadas xva erovnul literaturasTan, rogoricaa, magaliTad, amerikuli da Tanamedrove irlandiuri literaturebi. saWiroa gairkves ratom miekuTvnebian ietsi da joisi irlandiul literaturas, xolo goldsmiti, sterni da Seridani ki ara. Aarsebobs Tu ara belgiuri, Sveicariuli, avstiuli Tavisufali literatura? Aar aris advili imis gansazRvra Tu ratom aRiqmeboda amerikaSi Seqmnili literatura ̀ koloniur inglisurad~ da rodis gaxda is Tavisufali, erovnuli literatura. Aigulisxmeba Tu ara masSi mxolod politikuri damoukidebloba? Aaris es mxolod erovnuli Tema da xom ar dakravs mas `iqauri adgilobrivi elferi~? Tu es gansazRvruli erovnuli li teraturuli stilis aRmasvlaa?
Mmxolod maSin rodesac es problemebi gadaiWreba, Cven SevZlebT SevqmnaT da davweroT erovnuli literaturis istoria, romelic ar iqneba mxolod geografiuli da lingvisturi kategoriebiT Semofargluli, maSin Tu SevZlebT analizs im gzebisa Tu meTodebisa romelTa meSveobiT TiToeuli erovnuli literatura gaiziarebs evropul tradiciebs. Uuniversaluri da erovnuli lite raturebi erTmaneTs gulisxmobs. sayovelTaod gavrcelebeuli evropuli pirobiToba TiToeul qveyanaSi sxva
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dasxva saxiT gvevlineba. Aarsebobs aseve e.w. `gamosxivebis centrebi~ yvela qveyanaSi anu igulisxmeba eqscentriu li da gansakuTrebulad didi figurebi romlebic amkvidre ben erovnul tradiciebs sx va tradiciebidan gamomdinare. Dda imisaTvis rom TiToeulis wvlili ganisazRvros, saWi roa ganisazRvros risi codnaa aucilebeli mTels literaturis istoriaSi.
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nawili meore
mosamzadebeli stadiebi
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Tavi meeqvse
faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTeba
*kvlevis erTerTi upirvelesi amocanaa masalis Seg
roveba, drois uaryofiTi efeqtebis aRmofxvra, avtorobis, avTenturobisa da TariRebis sakiTxis gadaWra. am problemis mogvareba gansakuTrebul ostatobasa da gulmodginebas saWiroebs; amasTan erTad, literaturis Seswavlisas aucilebelia imis gacnobierebac, rom esaa mxolod sawyisi etapi kvlevis saboloo miznisaken mimaval gzaze. xSirad ganuzomlad didia am sawyisi nabijebis mniSvneloba, radgan maT gareSe metad garTuldeboda kri tikuli ana lizi da istoriuli perspeqtivis gaazreba. es gansakuTrebiT exeba iseT naxevrad daviwyebul lite raturul tradicias, rogoricaa anglosaqsuri l iteratura; miuxedavad amisa, ar Rirs sawyisi samuSaoebis mniSvnelobis gazviadeba Tanamedrove literaturis Seswavlisas, romlis mizans warmoadgens nawarmoebTa saz risis interpretacia. Aamgvari kvlevebi, aucilebeli pe dan tizmis gamo, zogjer dacinvas iwvevs, xan ki maT ga nadideben moCvenebiTi an WeSmariti mecnieruli sizustis ga mo. aku ratuloba da gulmodgineba, romelTa meSveobi Tac SeiZleba gadaiWras zogierTi problema, yovelTvis izidav da iseT moazrovneebs, romelTac xiblavT Tanmimdevru li kvle va, masalis saguldagulo damuSaveba da gansakuTre bul mniSvnelobas ar aniWeben imas, Tu sabolood rogori sa xe SeiZleba miiRos am kvlevebma. msgavsi kvlevebis gakriti ke ba SeiZleba mxolod maSin, roca isini gaumarTleblad ikaveben analizis sxva saxeobaTa adgils da iqcevian nebismieri literaturaTmcodnisTvis savaldebulo saqmed. xSirad xdeba literaturuli nawarmoebebis iseTi detalebis redaqtireba da imgvari pasaJebis Sesworeba, romlebic sulac ar imsaxurebs ganxilvas literaturu
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li an Tundac istoriuli TvalsazrisiT. xolo rodesac es detalebi ganxilvas imsaxurebs, mkvlevrebi mxolod minimalur interess iCenen maT mimarT. adamianis sxva moqmedebaTa msgavsad, es kvlevebic zogjer TviTmiznad gadaiqceva xolme.
winaswar etapebs Soris unda ganvasxvavoT ori donis operaciebi, rogoric aris: (1) teqstis Segroveba da momzadeba, agreTve _ (2) qronologiis, avTenturobis, avtorobis, TanamSromlobis, reviziisa da sxva msgavsi sakiTxebi, romelTac xSirad `umaRles kritikad~ miiCneven xolme. unda aRiniSnos, rom es termini, romelic bibliismcodneobis sferodan aris aRebuli, friad arazustia.
aqedan aucileblad ramdenime etapi unda gamovyoT. uwinaresad, xdeba xelnaweri Tu nabeWdi masalebis erTad Tavmoyra. inglisuri literaturis istoriaSi es amocana TiTqmis zedmiwevniT Sesrulda, Tumca Cvens saukuneSi inglisuri misticizmisa da inglisuri poeziis Sesaxeb codnas daemata ramdenime iseTi friad mniSvnelovani wigni, rogoricaa `marjeri kempis wigni~ (The Book of Margery Kempe), meduolis (Medwall) “Fulgens and Lucrece” da kristofer smartis (Christopher Smart) “Rejoice in the Lamb”.1 magram, rasakvirvelia, amas garda aRmoCenil iqna uamravi piradi da iuridiuli dokumenti, romelTac SesaZloa bevri ram gviTxran literaturaze an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, inglise li mwerlebis cxovrebaze. am mxriv gansakuTrebul yuradRe bas imsaxurebs bolo aTwleulebSi lesli hotsonis (Leslie Hotson) mier aRmoCenili dokumentebi marlos Sesa xeb da bosuelis (Boswell) dokumentebis aRdgenis faqti.2 sxva erovnul literaturebSi SesaZloa aRmoCenebis meti albaToba arsebobdes, gansakuTrebiT im qveynebSi, romelTac werilobiTi wya roebis didi tradicia ar aqvT.
zepirsityvieri literaturis sferoSi masalebis Segroveba garkveul problemebs ukavSirdeba. imi saTvis, rom es literatura jerovnad Sefasdes, unda moiZebnos kompetenturi momRerali, an mTxrobeli, maT dasayolieblad saWiroa gansakuTrebuli taqti da simarjve. Ggarda amisa, wakiTxuli
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faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba
da namReri unda Caiweros an gramofonze, an fonetikuri simboloebis gamoyenebiT da a. S. xelnaweri masalebis mopovebis dros iseT wminda praqtikul problemebsac vawydebiT, rogoricaa piradi nacnoboba mwerlis memkvidreebTan, sakuTari socialuri prestiJi, finansuri SezRudvebi da xSirad, erTgvari deteqtiuri unaric.3 amgvari Ziebis dros xSirad specifikuri codnaa saWiro. lesli hotsons, magaliTad, Tavgza rom ar abneoda uamrav saarqivo dokumentze muSaobisas, bevri ramis Seswavla dasWirda dedofali elisabedis droindeli sasamarTlo procedurebis Sesaxeb. ramdenadac literaturaTmcodneebs wyaroebis moZieba xSirad biblioTekebSi uxdebaT, maTTvis metad sasargebloa mniSvnelovani biblioTekebisa da maT katalogebis Sesaxeb informaciis qona.4
katalogebis Sedgenisa da bibliografiuli aRweris teqnikuri detalebi biblioTekarebsa da profesional bibliografebs mivandoT, magram zogjer wminda bib liografiul faqtebs SeiZleba literaturuli mniSvneloba da Rirebuleba hqondes. Ggamocemebis raodenobam da zomam, SesaZloa, naTeli mofinos mwerlis warmatebasa da reputaciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, gamocemebs Soris arsebulma gansxvavebebma ki saSualeba mogvces, davadgi noT avtoris xelaxali Seswavlis etapebi da, amdenad, xelovnebis nawarmoebis warmoSobasa da evoluciasTan dakav Sirebuli problemebi. iseTi ostaturad redaq tirebuli bibliografia, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `ing lisuri literaturis kembrijis bibliografia~ (Cambridge Bibliography of English Litera-ture) kvlevis farTo are als moicavs; iseTi specializebuli bibliografiebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gregis (Greg) `inglisuri dramis bibliografia~ (Bibliography of English Drama), jonsonis (Johnson) `spenseris bibliografia~ (Spencer Bibliog-raphy), makdonaldis (Macdonald) `draidenis bibliografia~ (Dryden Bibliography), grifitis (Griffith) `poupis bibliografia~ (Pope Bibliography),5 SeiZleba saxelmZRvanelod gamodges literaturis istoriis araerT problemaze msjelobisas. Aamgvari bibliografiebis meoxebiT SesaZloa aucilebeli
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gaxdes gamomcemlobebis saqmianobis, wignis gamyidvelebisa da gamomcemelTa istoriebis Seswavla; am ukanasknelT ki sWirdebaT sabeWdi saSualebebisa da akinZvis codna. iseTi sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad, romlebic TariRis, gamocemaTa Tanmimdevrobis da sxva TvalsazrisiT, SesaZloa, mniS vnelovani iyos literaturis istoriisTvis, erTgvari `literaturuli mecnieruloba~ an didi erudiciaa saWiro. amdenad, `aRweriiTi~ tipis bibliografia, romelic wignis Sida struqturas emyareba, unda ganvasxvavoT `aRmricxveli ~bibliografiisagan, romlis mizania Sed genil iqnes wignebis nusxa, sadac mocemuli iqneba martivi identifikaciisaTvis saWiro aRweriiTi monacemebi.6
rogorc ki masalis mogrovebisa da katalogebis Sedgenis pirveladi etapi dasruldeba, iwyeba redaq tirebis procesi. redaqtireba xSirad metad rTul sa muSaos gulisxmobs, romelic moicavs ganmartebasac da istoriul kvlevasac. Aarsebobs gamocemebi, romelTa Se savali da SeniSvnebi ukve mniSvnelovan kritikis Sem cvelia. redaqtirebam umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula literaturaTmcodneobis istoriaSi: bolodroindeli magaliTi rom gavixsenoT, f. n. robinsonis (F. N. Robinson) mier Coseris nawarmoebTa redaqcia mniSvnelovan codnas iZleva am avtoris Sesaxeb. Mmagram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom redaqtirebis mTavari mizani nawarmoebis teqstis dadgenaa, am procesis dros garkveuli problemebi Cndeba, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia `teqstis kritika~, ramdenadac am ukanasknels daxvewili meTodebi da xangrZlivi istoria aqvs, gansakuTrebiT _ klasikur da bibliur kvlevebSi.7
erTmaneTisagan mkacrad unda gavmijnoT klasikuri an Sua saukuneebis xelnawerebis redaqtirebisas wamoWrili problemebi da nabeWdi masala. xelnaweri masalebi, pirvel yovlisa, paleografiis, anu im mec nierebis codnas moiTxovs, romelmac metad frTxili kriteriumebi daadgina xelnawerTa daTariRebasTan dakavSirebiT da abreviaturebis gaSifrvas mniSvnelovani saxelmZRvaneloebi miuZRvna.8 bevri ram gakeTda imisaTvis, rom dadgeniliyo,
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zustad romel periodSi Seiqmna xelnaweri da romel monasterSi. Aaq SeiZleba wamoiWras metad rTuli sakiTxi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu kerZod ra mimarTebebi arsebobs am xelnawerebs Soris. kvlevis Sedegad unda miviRoT xelna werTa warmomavlobis klasifikacia grafikis saxiT.9 bolo aTwleulebSi dom henri quentinma (Dom Henri Quentin) da u. u. gregma10 SeimuSaves detaluri teqnika, romelsac, maTi azriT, mecnieruli sizuste axasiaTebs, Tumca, sxva mecnierebi, magaliTad bedie (Bedier) da Separdi (Shepard)11 amtkiceben, rom klasifikaciebis SemuSavebis absoluturad obieqturi meTodi ar arsebobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni wignis farglebSi msgavsi sakiTxebi ver gadawydeba, ufro meore Tvalsazrisisaken vixrebiT. migvaCnia, rom umetes SemTxvevebSi upriania, moxdes im xelnaweris redaqtireba, romelic yvelaze metad uaxlovdeba avtoris nawarmoebs da aRar vecadoT, rom aRvadginoT hipoTezuri `originali~. redaqtireba, rasakvirvelia, Sejerebis Sedegebs daemyareba da Tavad xelnaweris arCeva xelnawerTa mTeli tradiciis Seswavlis Sedegad moxdeba. Piers Plowmanis Cvenamde moRweuli samo ci xelnawerisa da `kenterberiuli moTxrobebis~ (Canterbury Tales)12 oTxmocdasami xelnaweris arseboba gvafiqrebinebs, rom, samwuxarod, albaT ar arsebobda is avtorizebuli varianti an arqetipi, romelic Tanamedrove nawarmoebis saboloo redaqciis analogi SeiZleboda yofiliyo.
nawarmoebis xelaxla gadaxedva, anu nawarmoebis warmomavlobis an wyaros aRdgena unda ganvasxvavoT teqstis kritikisa da Sesworebisagan, romelic, rasa kvirvelia, am klasifikaciebs gaiTvaliswinebs, magram, imavdroulad, mxedvelobaSi miiRebs im Tvalsazrisebsa da kriteriumebsac, romlebic xelnawerTa tradicias ar ukavSirdeba.13 teqstis Sesworeba SesaZloa `avTen turobis~ kriteriums daeyrdnos, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom romelime calkeuli sityva an pasaJi yvelaze Zveli da saukeTeso (anu avtoritetuli) xelnaweridan aRvadginoT, magram am SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli gaxdeba `sizustis~ iseTi sazomebis gamoyeneba,
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rogoricaa lingvisturi kriteriumebi, istoriuli kriteriumebi da, bolos, aucilebeli fsiqologiuri kriteriumebi. sxva SemTxvevaSi metad gaZneldeboda iseTi `meqanikuri~ Secdomebis aRmofxvra, rogorebicaa araswori wakiTxva, asociaciebi da Tavad gadamwerTa mier gaucnobiereblad Setanili cvlilebebi. Bbolos da bolos, bevri ram unda mivandoT kritikosis varauds, mis gemovnebasa da enobriv intuicias. Tanamedrove redaqtorebi, Cveni azriT, sul ufro eridebian amgvari savaraudo prognozis gakeTebas, magram roca saqme diplomatiur teqsts exeba, imisi Tqmac ki SeiZleba, rom redaqtori axdens TiToeuli Semoklebis, gadamweris mier daSvebuli Secdomisa da Tavdapirveli punqtuaciis srul rekonstruqcias. SesaZloa, zogierTi redaqtoris an enaTmecnierisaTvis amas garkveuli mniS vneloba hqondes, magram literaturis mkvlevrisTvis es mxolod da mxolod arafris momtani dabrkolebaa. Cven viTxovT ara modernizebul, aramed iseT teqstebs, romelTa wakiTxva SesaZlebelia. es saSualebas mogvcems, Tavidan aviridoT usargeblo marCieloba da cvlilebebi, agreT ve, dagvexmareba imaSi, rom minimumamde daviyvanoT teqstis is elementebi, romlebic mxolod gadamwerTa midrekilebe bisa da Cvevebis Sedegia.
Cveulebriv, dabeWdili masalis redaqtirebisas nakleb problemebs vawydebiT, vidre xelnawerTa redaqtirebisas. arsebobs erTi gansxvaveba, romelsac winaT xSirad ver amCnevdnen xolme. klasikur xelnawerTa Soris TiTqmis yovelTvis gvxvdeba sxvadasxva drosa da adgi las Seqmnili dokumentebi, romelTa Seqmnis Semdeg saukuneebia gasuli. amitom SegviZlia Tavisuflad gamoviyenoT am xelnawerTa umravlesoba, romelTagan TiToeuli, SesaZloa, romelime uZveles wyaros emyareba. Tumca, wignebis SemTxvevaSi, Cveulebriv, mxolod erTi an ori gamocema sargeblobs xolme romelime damoukidebeli avtoritetiT. Cveni arCevani ZiriTad gamocemaze unda SeCerdes, romelic an pirveli gamocema iqneba, an avtoris meTvalyureobiT Sedgenili bolo gamocema. zogjer, magaliTad, uitmenis
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(Whitman) `balaxis foTlebis~ SemTxvevaSi (Leaves of Grass), romelic araerTxel iqna gamocemuli da Sesworebuli, an poupis ‘‘Dunciad’’-is kritikuli gamocemisas, romlis sul mcire, ori, erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli versia arsebobs, SesaZloa saWiro gaxdes, orive maTganis an yvela versiis dabeWdva.14 mTlianobaSi, Tanamedrove redaqto rebs xSirad ar surT, gamoscen ekleqtikuri teqstebi, Tumca saWiroa imis gacnobiereba, rom, magaliTad, `hamletis~ TiTqmis yvela gamocema meore kvartosa da folios nazavs warmoadgens. dedofali elisabedis droindeli piesebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mivideT daskvnamde, rom zogjer ar arsebobda is saboloo versia, romlis aRdgenac unda moxdes. igive SeiZleba iTqvas zepirsityvier poeziaze (mag. baladebSi), sadac erTi arqetipis Zieba unayofo Sromaa. baladebis redaqtorebi mxolod gvianRa mixvdnen amas. persi (Percy) da skoti (Scott) Tavisuflad `amaxinjebdnen~ sxvadasxva versiebs (zogjer gadawerdnen kidevac), xolo pirveli mecnieruli gamomcemlebi, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, mazerueli (Motherwell), erT versias irCevdnen, ro gorc sxvebze upiratessa da originalurs. sabolood Caildma (Child) gadawyvita daebeWda yvela versia.15
rac Seexeba dedofali elisabedis droindel piesebs, garkveulwilad unikalur teqstobriv problemebs vawydebiT: xSirad, es piesebi ufro metad aris Secvlili, vid re Tanamedrove wignebis umravlesoba. es xdeboda nawilobriv imis gamo, rom piesebs didi yuradRebis Rirsad ar miiCnevdnen da nawilobriv imitom, rom is xelnawerebi, romelTa mixedviTac es piesebi ibeWdeboda, xSirad avtoris an avtorebis `Savi piris~ metismetad gadamuSavebul variants an zogjer sakarnaxo egzemplars warmoadgenda, romelSic Sesuli iyo aseve Teatrebis mier Setanili SeniSvnebi da Sesworebebi. amas garda, arsebobda cud `kvartoTa~ gansakuTrebuli tipic, romelic, rogorc Cans, ibeWdebo da an mexsierebaSi aRdgenis gziT an msaxiobTa rolebis fragmentebis da, SesaZloa, primitiuli stenografiuli versiis mixedviT. bolo aTwleulebSi didi yuradReba eT moba
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am problemebs da polardisa (Pollard) da gregis aRmoCenebis Semdeg, Seqspiris kvartoebis reklasificireba moxda.16 aseTi wminda `sagamomcemlo~codnis safuZvelze, polardma warmoaCina, rom Seqspiris piesebis zogierTi kvarto, Tumca realurad 1619 wels daibeWda da savaraudod mogvianebiT avtoris krebulSi unda Sesuliyo, ganzrax iq na ufro adreuli periodiT daTariRebuli.
dedofali elisabedis droindeli xelweris Seswavlas, romelic nawilobriv im varaudze iyo dafuZnebuli, rom piesis `ser Tomas moris~ (Sir Thomas More) gadarCenili xelnaweris sami gverdi Tavad Seqspiris xelweriTaa Sesrulebuli,17 mniSvnelovani Sedegebi mohyva teqstis kritikis sferoSi, risi meoxebiTac SesaZlebeli gaxda elisabedis droindeli asoTamwyobis mier daSvebuli SesaZlo Secdomebis daxarisxeba, maSin, rodesac stambaTa saqmianobis Seswavlis Sedegad gamovlinda, Tu ra tipis Secdomebia mosalodneli. magram zogierTi redaq tori teqstis Sesworebis dros jer kidev garkveuli TavisuflebiT sargeblobs, rac cxadyofs, rom dRemde aravis aRmouCenia teqstis kritikis `obieqturi~ meTodi. rasakvirvelia, dover uilsonis (Dover Wilson) mier kembrijis gamocemaSi Setanili bevri Sesworeba iseTsave ucnaur da usafuZvlo varauds warmoadgens, rogorc meTvramete saukunis redaqtorebis marCieloba. Mmiuxedavad amisa, sainteresoa, rom Teobaldis (Theobald) brwyinvale migneba (romlis mixedviT, falstafis sikvdilis misis quiqliseul (Quickly) aRweraSi A ''a table of green fields''s Caenacvla “a babbled of green fields”) emyareba elisabedis droindeli xelwerisa da marTlweris Seswavlas: ‘‘a bab-bled’’ Tavisuflad SeiZleboda moCvenebodaT ‘‘a table’’ad.
damajerebelma argumentebma imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom kvartoebi (ramdenime mdare gamonaklisis garda), savaraudod, an avtoris xelnaweridan iyo dabeWdili, an suflioris komentarebidan, meti avtoritetuloba SesZi na adreul gamocemebs da ramdenadme gaanela is pativiscema, romelsac doqtori jonsonis periodidan moyolebuli, folios (Folio) miakuTvnebdnen. teqstis ingliseli mkvlev
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rebi, romlebic SecdomiT miiCneven sakuTar Tavs `bibliografebad~ (McKerrow, Greg, Pollard, Dover Wilson da sxvebi), cdilobdnen, yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi daedastu rebi naT, romeli xelnaweri SeiZleboda miCneuliyo avtoritetu lad TiToeuli kvartosaTvis. maT is Teoriebi gamoi ye nes, romlebic bibliografiuli kvlevis Sedegad nawilo briv iqna SemuSavebuli imisaTvis, raTa hipoTezebi gamoeTqvaT Seqspiris piesebis warmoSobasTan, gadadamuSavebas Tan, cvlilebebTan da sxva avtorebis mier Setanil wvlil Tan dakavSirebiT. maT mxolod nawilobriv ainteresebT teqstis kritika; douver uilsonis nawarmoebi, SeiZleba iTq vas, marTebulad miekuTvneba `maRal kritikas~.
uilsoni did imedebs amyarebs am meTodze: `SegviZlia zogjer `SevZvreT asoTamwyobis kanSi~ da misi TvaliT davinaxoT, rom Seqspiris saxelosnos kari Riaa.~18 eWvs ar iw vevs is, rom “bibliografebma”, garkveulwilad, naTeli mohfines elisabedis droindeli piesebis kompozicias. maT sajarod ganacxades da, SesaZloa, daamtkices kidec, rom xelaxali Seswavla da cvlilebebis warmoSoba Cveuli ambavi iyo. magram douver uilsonis uamrav hipoTezas TiTqosda fantaziasTan ufro meti aqvs saerTo, vidre realobasTan, radgan am hipoTezebis dasamtkiceblad argumentebi an Zalze mcirea, an saerTod ar arsebobs. amdenad, douver uilsonma moaxdina `qariSxlis~ (The Tempest) warmoSobis rekonstruqcia. is amtkicebs, rom eqspoziciis xangrZlivi scena metyvelebs adreuli versiis arsebobaze, romelSic fabulis wina istoria, “The Winter’s Tale”is msgavsad, Tavisufali stiliT dawerili dramis formiT aris gadmocemuli. magram strofikis mcire Seusabamobebic ki ver amarTlebs egzom ararealistur da fuW fantazias.19
dedofali elisabedis droindeli piesebis SemTxvevaSi teqstis kritika metad warmatebuli iyo, magram, imavdroulad, bundovanic; magram is aseve aucilebelia im wignebisTvis, romlebSic avtoroba ukeTaa dadasturebuli. Ppaskalma (Pascal) da goeTem, jein ostinma (Jane Austen) da Tavad trolopmac (Trollope) ki, didad isargebles Tanamedrove redaqtorebis detalebisadmi erTgulebiT,20 miuxedavad
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imisa, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi es naSromebi mxolod da mxolod imis CamonaTvals warmoadgens, Tu kerZod ra saqmianobas ewevian stambebi da asoTamwyobni.
gamocemis momzadebis dros gasaTvaliswinebelia misi daniSnuleba da SesaZlo mkiTxveli. teqstis mkvlevarTa auditoriisTvis redaqtirebis sxva standarti iqneba saWiro, radgan mkvlevrebi, ZiriTadad, dainteresebuli arian imiT, rom sxvadasxva versiebis umciresi detalebic ki Seadaron.rac Seexeba mkiTxvelTa farTo wreebs, maTTvis ki saWiro iqneba gansxvavebuli standarti imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom zemoxsenebuli sakiTxebiT farTo mkiTxveli naklebadaa dainteresebuli.
redaqtirebisas vawydebiT ufro rTul problemebs, vidre swori teqstis dadgenaa.21Tavs iCens nawarmoeb Ta krebulSi teqstSi Setanisa da teqstidan amoRebis, ganlagebis, anotaciisa Tu sxva sakiTxebi, romlebic Sem Txvevidan SemTxvevamde SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad gan s xva vdebodes. SesaZloa, mkvlevrisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamocema iyos sruli gamocema, romelic mkac rad icavs qronologiur princips, mag ram amgvari idealis miR weva an rTulia, an saerTod SeuZlebeli. qro nologiuri ganlageba SesaZloa an mxolod varauds em yarebodes, an gaauqmos leqsebis mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT ganlageba erTi krebulis farglebSi. literaturis mkiTxvels ar moewoneba didebulisa da trivialuris Sezaveba, Tu erTmaneTis gverdiT davbeWdavT kitsis odas da Tanamedrove werilSi CarTul saxumaro leqss. SesaZloa, CvenTvis misaRebi iyos bodleris `borotebis yvavilebis~ (Fleurs du mal) an konrad ferdinand meieris (Conrad Ferdinand Meyer) `leqsebis~ (Gedichte) mxatvruli ganlageba, magram sxva sakiTxia, Rirs Tu ara SevinarCu noT uordsuorTis (Word-sworth) msatvruli klasifikaciebi. Mmeore mxriv, Tuki davarRvevT uordsuorTis leqsebis avtoriseul ganlagebas da qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT davbeWdavT maT, gagviWirdeba imisi gansazRvra, kerZod romeli versia unda dagvebeWda. SesaZloa, ufro swori iyos arCevanis SeCereba pirvel versiaze, radgan gviani, Sesworebuli versia rom adrindeli
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TariRiT dagvebeWda, uordsuorTis mxatvruli ganviTarebis damaxinjebul su raTs miviRebdiT; miuxedavad amisa, albaT marTebuli ar iqneboda, rom mTlianad uargveyo poetis survili da yu radReba aRar migveqcia gviandeli versiebisTvis, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi pirvelis gaumjobesebul variants warmoadgens. amdenad, ernest de selinkurma (Ernest de Selincourt) gadawyvita, uordsuorTis sruli poemebis gamocemaSi SeenarCunebina tradiciuli Tanamimdevroba. araerTi sruli gamocema (magaliTad, Selis nawarmoebebis krebuli) yuradRebas ar aqcevs arsebul mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas xelovnebis dasrulebul nawarmoebsa da ama Tu im avtoris mier Sesrulebul mcire fragments Soris, romelic xSirad mxolod fragmentadve rCeba. bevri poetis literaturul reputacias SesaZloa Crdilic ki miadges, Tu romelime Tanamedrove gamocemaSi warmodgenili iqneba maTi nawarmoebebis sruli krebuli, sadac dasrulebul nawarmoebebTan erTad yvelaze umniSvnelo, SemTxveviTi leqsebic ki Seva.
komentirebis sakiTxic gamocemis mizans unda daeqvemdebaros:22 Seqspiris yvelaze srul gamocemaSi ko mentari, SesaZloa, mniSvnelovnad aRematebodes teq sts moculobis TvalsazrisiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki ko mentarSi Seva yvela im adamianis mosazreba, visac ki odesme dauweria raime Seqspiris Sesaxeb. Ees mkvlevars sagrZnoblad gauiolebs saqmes, radgan mas aRar mouwevs misTvis saWiro informaciis Zebna uamrav gamoqveynebul masalas Soris. Cveulebriv mkiTxvels bevrad naklebi dasWirdeba: misTvis sakmarisia mxolod is informacia, ro melic mas nawarmoebis aRqmaSi daexmareba. rasakvirvelia, mosazrebebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra aris saWiro, SesaZloa didad gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan: zogierTi gamomcemeli mkiTxvels eubneba, rom dedofali elisabedi protestanti iyo, uxsnis, Tu vin iyo devid gariki (David Garrick) da amiT Tavidan icilebs SesaZlo gaugebrobebs. rTulia, vimsjeloT imis Taobaze, vrceli unda iyos Tu ara komentari, Tuki gamomcemeli bolomde ar gaerkveva, kerZod ra tipis mkiTxvelisTvisaa gaTvlili gamocema da ra mizans emsaxureba is.
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komentari, am sityvis mkacri gagebiT, romelic teqstis ganmartebas warmoadgens (iqneba es lingvisturi, istoriuli Tu a. S. komentari), unda gavmijnoT zogadi komentarisagan, romelmac, SesaZloa, ubralod Tavi mouyaros masalas literaturis an enis istoriisTvis (mag., miuTiTos wyaroebi, paralelebi, sxva mweralTa mibaZvis faqtebi) da aseve im komentarisagan, romelic, SesaZloa, esTetikuri bunebisa iyos, Seicavdes mcire zomis statiebs garkveuli pasaJebis Sesaxeb da amdenad, asrulebdes an Tologiis funqcias. SesaZloa, yovelTvis ioli ar iyos, am sferoebis urTierTgamijvna, Tumca teqstis kritikis, literaturis istoriis (wyaroTSeswavlis sferoSi), enob rivi da istoriuli ganmartebis da esTetikuri komentaris nazavi bevr gamocemaSi saeWvo xasiaTis literaturul kvle vas ufro hgavs, romlis ZiriTadi Rirseba mxolod isaa, rom erT wignSi Tavmoyrilia yvelanairi informacia.
werilebis redaqtirebisas gansakuTrebuli prob lemebis winaSe vdgebiT. unda moxdes Tu ara maTi sruli saxiT redaqtireba maSinac ki, Tu es werilebi mxolod banaluri xasiaTis saqmian mimoweras warmoadgens? iseTi mwerlebis reputacias, rogorebicaa stivensoni (Stevenson), merediti (Meredith), arnoldi da svinborni (Swinbourne), mniSvnelovani araferi Sematebia maTi werilebis gamoqveynebiT, radgan am werilebs literaturuli Rirebuleba arasodes hqonda. Usxva sakiTxia, unda daibeWdos Tu ara pasuxebic, romelTa gareSec, xSir SemTxvevaSi, warmoudgenelia korespondencia. amgvarad, ama Tu im avtoris nawarmoebebSi bevri araerTgvarovani masalaa CarTuli. es praqtikuli sakiTxebia, romelTa gadaWrac gonivrul midgomas, gar kveul Tanamimdevrulobas, gulmodginebas da mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, iRbalsac saWiroebs.
teqstis dadgenis garda, winaswari kvlevis dros, didi mniSvneloba aqvs iseTi sakiTxebis gadaWras, rogoricaa qronologia, avTenturoba, avtoroba da nawarmoebis xelaxali Seswavla. xSir SemTxvevaSi qronologiis dadgena xdeba wignis satitulo furcelze TariRis gamoqveynebiT
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an publikaciis Tanamedrove dasabuTebiT. magram es wyaroebi (magaliTad, dedofali elisabedis droindeli piesebi da Sua saukuneebis xelnawerebi) xSirad xelmisawvdomi ar aris. SesaZloa, elisabedis droindeli piesa daibeWdos misi pirveli Teatraluri warmodgenidan didi xnis gavlis Semdeg; Sua saukuneebis xelnaweri, xSirad warmoadgens asls, romelic nawarmoebis Seqmnidan mniSvnelovani drois gasvlis Semdeg Seiqmna. maSasadame, garegani faqtebi Ca nacvlebul unda iqnes Tavad teqstidan aRebuli iseTi faqtebiT, rogoricaa miniSneba Tanamedrove movlenebze da sxva iseTi wyaroebi, romelTa daTariRebac SesaZlebelia.Ees Sinagani faqtebi, romlebic gareSe movlenaze miuTiTebs, mxolod im amosaval TariRze mianiSnebs, romlis Semdgo mac daiwera wignis es nawili.
aviRoT, magaliTad, Sinagani `mtkicebuleba~, romelic SeiZleba metruli statistikis Seswavlis Sedegad gamoCn des saimisod, rom dadgindes Seqspiris pie se bis Tanamimdevro ba. Aamgvari mtkicebulebiT mxolod far dobiTi qronolo giis dadgena SeiZleba.23 Tumca SeiZ leba davuSvaT, rom Seqspiris piesebSi riTmebis raodenoba mcirdeba ‘‘Love’s Labour Lost’’idan (sadac maTi raodenoba yvelaze metia) ‘‘The Winter’s Tale’’mde (sadac riTmebi saerTod ar aris), magram dabejiTebiT ver vityviT, rom The Win-ter’s Tale maincadamainc `qariSxlis~ (The Tempest) (sadac sul ori riTmaa) Semdeg daiwera. radganac iseTi kriteriumebi, rogorebicaa riTmebis raodenoba, mded robiTi daboloebebi da a. S. yovelTvis erTsa da ima ve Sedegebs ar iZleva, amitom rTulia dadgindes myari da calsaxa mimarTeba qronologiasa da metrul cxrilebs So ris. sxva tipis mtkicebulebisagan gansxvavebiT, es cxri lebi sxvagvarad SeiZleba iyos ganmartebuli. meTvramete saukunis kritikosi jeims hardisi (James Hurdis), 24 magaliTad, miiCnevda, rom Seqspirma ‘‘The Winter’s Tale’’is arasimetriuli leqsidan “the Comedy of Errors”is simetriul leqsze gadainacvla. miuxedavad amisa, yvela am tipis mtkicebulebis (garegani, Sidagaregani da Sida) frTxili kombinaciis Sedegad miviReT
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Seqspiris piesebis metnaklebad argumentirebuli qronologia. statistikuri me Todebi, romelTa saSualebiTac ZiriTadad ikvleven imas, Tu ramdenad xSirad Cndeba teqstSi esa Tu is sityva, luis kempbelma (Lewis Campbell) da, gansakuTrebiT, vinsenti lutoslavskim (Wincenty Lutoslawski) (igi sakuTar meTods `stilometrias~ uwodebs) gamoiyenes platonis dialogebis miaxloebiTi qronologiis dasadgenad.25
Tu dauTariRebeli xelnawerebi unda ganvixiloT, SesaZloa ufro met, mTel rig SemTxvevebSi gadauWrel qronologiur sirTuleebs wavawydeT. SeiZleba avtoris xelweris ganviTarebis Seswavla mogvixdes. zogjer aucilebeli xdeba markebisa da werilebis Seswavlac, agreTve kalendarze dakvirveba imisaTvis, rom dadgindes avtoris moZraobis marSruti, rac nawarmoebTa zusti da TariRebisas mniSvnelovnad dagvexmareba. qronologiuri sakiTxebi xSirad Zalze mniSvnelovania literaturis istorikosisaTvis: sanam es sakiTxebi ar gadaiWreba, is torikosi ver moaxerxebs, daadginos Seqspiris an Coseris mxatvruli ganviTarebis gza. mecxramete saukunis bolos malouni (Malone) da tirviti (Tyrwhitt) pionerebi iyvnen, magram mas Semdeg detalebTan dakavSirebuli dava ar Sewyvetila.
avTenturobisa da atribuciis sakiTxebi SesaZloa ufro mniSvnelovanic ki iyos da maT gadasaWrelad saWiro gaxdes rTuli stilisturi da istoriuli kvlevebis warmoeba.26 Cven zustad gvaqvs dadgenili zogierTi nawarmoebis avtorobis sakiTxi Tanamedrove literaturaSi. Tumca, arsebobs agreTve didi raodenobiT fsevdonimuri da anonimuri literatura, romelTa avtorebis gamxela zogjer mainc xdeba xolme, maSinac ki, Tu es saidumlo sxva araferia, Tu ar mxolod arafrismTqmeli saxeli.
xSirad warmoiWreba avtoris nawarmoebTa avTen turobis sakiTxi meTvramete saukuneSi aRmoCnda, rom di di nawili imisa, rac Coseris nawarmoebebis beWdur gamocemebSi iyo CarTuli (rogoricaa, mag., The Testament of Creseid da The Flower and the Leaf), SeuZlebelia, namdvilad Coseris nawarmoebebi iyos. dResac ki Seqspiris nawarmoebebis avTen
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turobis sakiTxi jer kidev gadauWreli rCeba. rogorc Cans, isari meore ukiduresobisaken gadaixara im droidan moyolebuli, rodesac avgust vilhelm Slegelma (August Wilhelm Schlegel) Tavdajerebulad ganacxada, rom yvela apokrifi namdvilad Seqspiris nawarmoebs warmoadgens.27 bolo dros j. m. robertsoni (J. M. Robertson) TavgamodebiT uWerda mxars `Seqspiris dezintegracias~, anu im Tvalsazriss, romlis Sedegadac Seqspirs lamisaa yvelaze popularuli piesebis avtorobac ki CamoarTves. am Sexedulebis mixedviT, ̀ iulius keisari~(Julius Caesar) da ̀ venecieli vaWaric~ ki (The Merchant of Venice) TiTqosda mxolod marlos, grinis (Greene), pilis (Peele), kidis (Kyd) da am epoqis sxva ramde
nime dramaturgis nawarmoebTa pasaJebis Sekowiwebis Sedegad Seiqmna.28 robertsonis meTodi, Zi riTadad, arsebuli Seusabamobebisa da literaturuli paralelebis aRmoCenas cdilobs. es meTodi metad bun dovani da subieqturia. is mcdar Tvalsazriss efuZneba da mankieri wreSi ketavs mkvlevars: Tanamedrove kvlevebis meoxebiT, Cven viciT, romelia Seqspiris nawarmoebebi (is, rac folioSi da im droindeli saavtoro uflebebis damcveli organizaciis CanawerebSia moxseniebuli); mag ram robertsoni, TviTneburi esTetikuri msjelobis sa fuZvelze, mxolod maRalfardovani stiliT dawerili zogierTi pasaJis avtorobas miawers Seqspirs da amtki cebs, rom Seqspiri mxolod am maRali standartiT werda da, amdenad, mas ar SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT ufro dabali donis nawarmoebebi an iseTi piesebi, romelic enaTesaveba Seqspiris Tanamedrove dramaturgTa nawarmoebebs. Tumca, safuZveli ar gvaqvs, vamtkicoT, TiTqos Seqspirs ar SeeZlo daewera susti an naklebad Rrma nawarmoebi, an sakuTari TanamedroveebisaTvis miebaZa da sxvadasxva stilis aRreva moexdina. meore mxriv, sarwmuno araa Zveli Tvalsazrisic, TiTqos folioSi yoveli sityva Seqspirs ekuTvnis.
am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT rTulia saboloo pa suxis migneba, radgan dedofali elisabedis droindeli drama mniSvnelovanwilad koleqtiuri xelovneba iyo da mWidro TanamSromloba gavrcelebuli praqtika gaxl daT. xSirad
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metad rTuli iyo stilis mixedviT erTi avtoris meorisagan garCeva. SeiZleba Tavad avtorebsac gaZnelebodaT nawarmoebSi sakuTari wvlilis odenobis zus tad gansazRvra.29 Tanaavtorobis Seswavla literatu ris mkvlevrisTvis zogjer Zalze Znelia. bomontisa da fletCeris SemTxvevebSic, rodesac zustad viciT, rom saqme gvaqvs nawarmoebTan, romelic fletCerma bomontis sikvdilis Semdeg dawera, maTi individualuri wvlilis sakiTxi jer kidev azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. saqme kidev ufro garTulebulia The Revenger’s Tragedyis SemTxvevaSi, romelic xan vebsters (Webster) miawerdnen, xan turners (Tourneur), xan midltonsa (Middleton) da xan marstons (Marston). 30
msgavsi sirTuleebi wamoiWreba maSin, roca vcdi lobT davamtkicoT avtorobis sakiTxi iq, sadac gareSe monacemebis uqonlobis pirobebSi gansazRvruli tra diciuli manera da erTferovani stili ganuzomlad arTu lebs nawarmoebTa erTmaneTisagan gamijnvis process. amisi magaliTebi uamravia trubadurebTan an meTvramete saukunis pamfletistebTan (Znelia damtkicdes defos nawarmoebTa avTenturobis sakiTxi)31, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT perioduli gamocemebis anonim avtorebze, Tumca, xSir SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, am mxriv garkveul warmatebeb sac mivaRwioT. gamomcemlobebis Canawerebis an periodu li gamocemebis damuSavebuli aslebis Seswavlam SeiZleba gamoaaSkaravos axali gareSe faqtebi; amas garda, Tu saguldagulod SeviswavliT imas, rogoraa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ama Tu im avtoris statiebi (iseTi avtorebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, goldsmiti, xSirad axdenen sa kuTari Tavis citirebas), SesaZloa friad Rirebuli daskvnebi gavakeToT.32 g. adni uilma (G. Udny Yule), romelic statistikosi gaxldaT, metad rTuli maTematikuri me Todebi gamoiyena iseTi mwerlebis sityvaTa maragis Se saswavlad, rogoricaa YToma kempieli (Thomas a Kempis). mas surda daedgina, rom ramdenime xelnaweri erTi da imave avtoris mier iyo Sesrulebuli.33 stilisturi meTodebis Tanmimdevruli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia iseTi faqtebis moZieba, romlebic,
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miuxedavad garkveuli naklovanebisa, gazrdis identifikaciis albaTobas.
literaturis istoriaSi avTenturobis da gayalbebis sakiTxma mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula da mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba Semdgomi kvlevebis warmoeba.A amdenad, makfersonis (Macpherson) `osianTan~ dakavSirebulma azrTa sxvadasxvaobam xeli Seuwyo Sotlandiuri xalxuri poeziis Seswavlas, CetertonTan (Chatterton) dakavSirebulma azr Ta sxvadasxvaobam gamoiwvia Sua saukuneebis inglisis istoriisa da literaturis ufro siRrmiseuli Seswavla, Seqspiris piesebisa da dokumentebis gayalbebas ki mohyva diskusiebi Seqspirze da elisabedis droindeli Teatris istoriaze.34 Cetertonis, Tomas uartonis (Thomas Warton), Tomas tirvitis da Eedmund malounis nawarmoebTa ganxil vam wina planze wamowia istoriuli da literaturuli argumentebi imis dasamtkiceblad, rom roulis (Rowley) leqsebi mxolod da mxolod Tanamedrove TaRliTobaa. ori Taobis Semdeg u. u. skitma (W. W. Skeat sistematurad Seiswavla Sua periodis inglisuri gramatika da yuradReba gaamaxvila imaze, rom darRveuli iyo elementaruli gramatikuli tradiciebi, rac misi azriT, swored ga yalbebis maniSnebeli unda yofiliyo. edmund malounma mkacrad gaakritika axalgazrda irlandieli avtorebis uxeiro mcdeloba, sxvaTaTvis miebaZaT, Tumca, isinic ki, Cetertonisa da osianis msgavsad, im pirTa (magaliTad, cnobili mecnieris, Calmersis (Chalmers), mniSvnelovani mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen, romlebsac myari reputacia hqondaT Seqspiris kvlevis istoriaSi.
rodesac gaCnda gayalbebis saSiSroeba, mkvlevrebi iZulebuli gaxdnen, daezustebinaT tradiciuli daTariRebisa da ama Tu im avtorisTvis mikuTvnebis argumentebi, ramac nayofieri polemika gamoiwvia: sagulisxmoa, magaliTad, hrosvitas SemTxveva: meaTe saukunis germaneli monazvnis nawarmoebebi, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, meTxuTmete saukunis germanelma humanistma, konrad celtesma (Conrad Celtes) gaayalba, rusul `Слово о полку Игореве~s tradiciulad meTormete saukuniT aTariRebdnen, magram, rogorc
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aR moCnda, nawarmoebi meTvramete saukunis damlevs iqna gayalbebuli.35 CexeTSi ori (savaraudod Sua saukuneebis droindeli) xelnaweris _ “Zelená hora” da “Kralove dvur”_ gayalbebis sakiTxi mwvave politikuri debatebis sakiTxi iyo 1880ian wlebamde; da tomaS masarikma (Thomas Masaryk), romelic mogvianebiT Cexoslovakiis prezidenti gaxda, farTo popularoba nawilobriv im dapirispirebebisa da davis dros moipova, romelic lingvisturi sakiTxebiT da iwyo da imdenad gafarTovda, rom erTmaneTs daupirispi ra mecnieruli sizuste da romantikuli TviTmotyueba.36
zogjer avTenturobisa da avtorobis sakiTxSi CarTulia `mtkicebulebis~ rTuli problemebi, romlebic iseT gansxvavebul sferoebs SeiZleba moicavdes, rogorebicaa paleografia, bibliografia, lingvistika da istoria. zogierT bolodroindel aRmoCenebs Soris aRsaniSnavia bibliofil t. j. uaizis (T. J. Wise) saqme mecxramete saukunis 86 pamfletis gayalbebasTan dakavSirebiT: karterisa da polardis37 mier Catarebuli deteqtiuri kvlevebi iseT aspeqtebs Seexo, rogoricaa wylis niSnebi, melnis xarisxi, calkeuli asoebis moxazuloba SriftebSi da a.S. (Tumca, es sakiTxebi mxolod mcired aris dakavSirebuli pirdapir literaturasTan).
ar unda dagvaviwydes is, rom maSinac ki, rodesac avtoris nawarmoebis TariRis Secvla xdeba, kritikuli ganxilva Tavis aqtualurobas ar kargavs. Cetertonis leq sebs arc araferi akldeba da arc emateba imiT, rom isini meTvramete saukuneSi daiwera. am garemoebas xSirad ar iTvaliswineben aRSfoTebuli literaturaTmcodne ebi, romlebic uaryofiTad ganewyobian xolme nawarmoe bis mimarT, Tuki damtkicdeba, rom misi warmoSobac uf ro gviandel periods ukavSirdeba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom morizis (Morize), rudleris (Rudler) da sandersis (Sanders)38 meToduri saxelmZRvaneloebi praqtikulad mxolod am TavSi ganxilul sakiTxebs exe ba. amas garda, es is meTodebia, romelTac aswavlian ame rikis SeerTe
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buli Statebis kolejebSi. miuxedavad maTi mniSvne lobisa, unda vaRiaroT, rom kvlevis es tipebi mxo lod analizis, interpretaciisa da literaturis mizezobrivi axsnis sawyis etaps warmoadgens. imas, Tu ramdenad ga marTlebuli iqneba amgvari kvlevebi, Sedegebi gviCvenebs.
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*literaturaTmcodneobis yvelaze ufro gavrce
lebuli da warmatebuli meTodebi mTavar yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu sad da rodis xdeba moqmedeba, ra garemoSi da viTarebaSi daiwera nawarmoebi, anu imaze, rasac SeiZleba garegani mizezebi vuwodoT. garegani meTodebi marto warsulis SeswavliT ar Semoifargleba. maT Tanamedrove li teraturis Sesaswavladac iyeneben. ase rom, sworad mo viqceviT, Tu termins `istoriuli” gamoviyenebT literaturis imgvari Seswavlis mimarT, romelic, pirvel yovlisa, ganixilavs literaturis cvlilebas droSi, anu, ZiriTadad, Seiswavlis istoriul ganviTarebas. kvlevis ,,ga reganma“ meTodma SeiZleba miznad daisaxos literaturis interpretacia mxolod misive socialuri konteqstisa da misive warsulis TvalsazrisiT, magram umetes SemTxvevaSi is mimarTavs kauzalur (mizezobriv) ganmartebebs, cdi lobs naTeli mohfinos yvela literaturul sakiTxs, axsnas isini da, sabolood, daiyvanos literatura mis pirvelwyaroebamde (`genetikuri cdomileba~). aravin uaryofs im faqts, rom literaturis Seswavlas exmareba imis codna, Tu ra viTarebaSi Seiqmna esa Tu is mxatvruli teqsti. udavoa, rom literaturis amgvar Seswavlas bevri ramis axsna SeuZlia. da mainc, isic aSkaraa, rom Tu mxatvruli nawarmoebis Seswavlas mxolod kauzaluri kuT xiT mivudgebiT, verasodes SevZlebT nawarmoebis ana lizis, aRwerisa da Sefasebis sakiTxTa gadaWras. mizezi da Sedegi araTanazomieria, maT erTnairi sazomebiT ver ganvixilavT, radgan am garegani mizezebis konkretuli Sedegi _ Cvens SemTxvevaSi xelovnebis nimuSi _ yovel Tvis araprognozirebadia.
istoria, garegani faqtorebi, ra Tqma unda, moqme debs xelovnebis nimuSis Seqmnaze. es sadavo ar aris. magram namdvili Tavsatexi maSin iwyeba, roca nawarmoebis ganmsazRvreli
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damoukidebeli faqtorebis Sefasebas, Sedarebasa da gamoyofas vaxdenT. mkvlevarTa umetesoba cdilobs calke ganixilos SemoqmedTa sulieri moR vaweoba da mxolod mas miaweros gadamwyveti gavlena literaturis nimuSze. amdenad, mkvlevarTa erTi jgufi Tvlis, rom literatura ZiriTadad individualuri Semoqmedis naRvawia da, aqedan gamomdinare, askvnis, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebi unda SeviswavloT avtoris biografiisa da fsiqologiis safuZvelze. meore jgufi literaturuli Semoqmedebis ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs adamianis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi—ekonomikur, so cialur da politikur garemoebebSi _ eZiebs. arian iseTi mkvlevrebic, romlebic cdiloben literaturis mizezobriv axsnas adgili gamouZebnon imgvar koleqtiur moRvaweobaSi, rogoricaa ideaTa, Teologiis an xelovnebis sxva dargTa istoriebi. bolos, CvenTvis sainteresoa kidev er Ti jgufi, romelic literaturis interpretacias ax dens Zeitgeist–s (germ. epoqis suli) enaze, anu Seiswavlis ama Tu im periodisTvis damaxasiaTebel suliskveTebas, mocemu li periodis azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel garkveul inteleqtualur atmosferos, `klimats~, erTgvar erTian Zalas, romliTac literatura didad gamoirCeva xelovne bis sxva dargTa damaxasiaTebeli niSnebisgan.
garegan meTodTa momxreebi metnaklebad gansxv avdebian erTmaneTisagan imiT, Tu ramdenad zedmi wevniT da mkacrad iyeneben literaturis kvlevisas ka u za lur de terministul meTodebs da imiTac, Tu ramdenad dama je reblad gvarwmuneben TavianTi konkretuli meTodis warmatebulobaSi. maTgan yvelaze deterministulad isini arian ganwyobilni, visac sjera, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis axs na da Seswavla socialur mizezTa Seswavlis safuZvelze unda moxdes. amgvari radikalizmi imiT SeiZleba avxsnaT, rom isini TavianTi filosofiuri mrwamsiT Tavs me19 sis pozitivizmisa da mecnierebis mimdevrebad moiazreben; Tumca arc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom Geistesgeschichtes (germ. humanitaruli sferos istoria) idealisti mxardamWerebi, romlebic TavianTi filosofiuri SexedulebebiT axlos
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arian hegelianizmTan Tu romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli azrovnebis sxva formebTan, aseve gvevelinebian ukidures deterministebad da fatalistebadac ki.
im mkvlevarTa Soris, vinc zemoT naxseneb me To debs iyenebs, iseTebic mravlad arian, romelnic uf ro mokrZalebul ganacxads sjerdebian. maT isic daak mayofilebT, mxolod garkveul kavSirs Tu gamonaxaven mxatvrul nawarmoebsa da misi Seqmnis gare viTarebasa Tu wina pirobas Soris. isini imasac daeTanxmebian, rom aseT kvlevas SeuZlia garkveuli sinaTle mohfinos kvle vis sagans, Tumca isic SesaZlebelia, rom am urTi erTdamokidebulebaTa kvlevam ise gaitacos isini, rom nawarmoebTa yvelaze mniSvnelovani da arsebiTi ni Sani SeumCneveli darCeT. es SedarebiT TavSekavebuli mec nierebi ufro gonivrulad iqcevian, radgan mxatvruli teqs tis mizezobrivi interpretaciis roli, cota ar iyos, gaz via debulia literaturaTmcodneobaSi. isic aSkaraa, rom am meTodiT ver gadaiWreba nawarmoebis analizisa da Sefa se bis problemebi. yvela im gansxvavebul meTodTa Soris, romle bic literaturuli kvlevisas mizezTa Seswavlas aniWeben prioritets, albaT, upiratesoba ekuTvnis im meTods, ro melic mxatvrul nawarmoebs ikvlevs imdroindeli yofisa da garemos farTomasStabiani Seswavlis safuZvelze. sxva gvarad, aSkarad SeuZlebelia lite raturuli kvlevis dayvana mxolod erTi, romelime calkeuli mizeziT gamo wveuli Sedegis kvlevaze. Cven mxars ar vizia rebT ger manuli Geistesgeschichtes konkretul koncefciebs, magram vaRiarebT, rom teqstis imgvari interpretacia, romelic gulisxmobs mxatvruli teqstis Seqmnis yvela mizezis kvlevas, daculia kritikisgan, romelsac imsaxurebs danarCeni meTodebi. Semdeg TavebSi SevecadeT agvewondagvewona am gansxvavebul faqtorTa mniSvneloba da aseve mTeli rigi meTodebis Sefaseba; aris Tu ara mizanSewonili maTi gamoyeneba iseTi kvlevisaTvis, romelsac SeiZleba wminda literaturuli an `egocentruli~ ewodos.
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*mxatvruli nawarmoebis Seqmnis upirvelesi mizezi
TviTon misi Semqmneli avtoria. Aaqedan gamomdinare, li te raturuli kvlevis uZvelesi da yvelaze kargad damkvidrebuli meTodi swored mwerlis pirovnebisa da mi si cxovrebis Seswavlazea dafuZnebuli.
biografia CvenTvis im kuTxiTaa saintereso, Tu ramdenad mohfens is naTels mwerlis naRvaws da gag viadvilebs mis gagebas. Mbiografiis gareSe nam dvi lad gagviWirdeboda, kvaldakval mivyolodiT gamor Ceuli, genialuri niWis mqone pirovnebis moraluri, inte leqtualuri da emociuri ganviTarebis gzas.D bolos, biografia SeiZleba iqces damxmare masalad poetisa da poeturi SemoqmedebiTi procesis fsiqologiis Se sas wavlad.
Ees sami Tvalsazrisi kargad unda gavmijnoT erTmaneTisagan. `literaturuli kvlevis~ Cveneul koncefcias mxolod pirveli Tezisi upasuxebs. kerZod is, rom biografia naTels hfens da gviadvilebs mwerlis Semoqmedebis gagebas. meore Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, yuradRebis centrSi TviT mwerlis pirovneba eqceva. xolo mesame Sexedulebas Tu davujerebT, maSin gamodis, rom biografia mecnierebisTvis mxolod damxmare masala yofila, Tanac ufro momavali mecnierebisaTvis, rogo ricaa mxatvruli Semoqmede bis fsiqologia.
biografia uZvelesi literaturuli Janria. qro nologiisa da logikis kuTxiT Tu SevxedavT, igi, upirveles yov lisa, istoriografiis Semadgeneli nawilia. biografiul kvle vaSi aranairi meTodologiuri gansxvaveba ar arse bobs imisa, Tu vin aris kvlevis obieqti _ saxelmwifo moR vawe, generali, arqiteqtori, veqili Tu sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisgan Sors mdgomi adamiani. amis Taobaze sayuradReboa
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kolrijis azri. igi ambobs, rom arafriT gamorCeuli adamianis cxovrebis istoriac ki saintereso gaxdeba mkiTxvelisTvis, Tu is kargad da damajereblad iqneba moTxrobili (ix. s. t. kolrijis werili Tomas pulisadmi; S. T. Coleridge, Letters, London, 1895).1 biografisTvis poeti rigiTi adamiania, romlis moraluri Tu inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis gza, sazogadoebrivi garemocva Tu emociebi SeiZleba Sefasebul iqnes qcevis garkveuli eTikuri sistemis Tu kodeqsis safuZvelze. misi Semoqmedeba Sedge ba nawarmoebebis publikaciebisgan, iseve, rogorc rome lime sazogado moRvawis cxovreba Sedgeba sxvadasxvagvari movlenebisgan. Tu sakiTxs amgvarad davsvamT, biografis sa muSao istorikosisas uTanabrdeba. man unda Seiswavlos da axsnas dokumentebi, werilebi, TviTmxilvelTa monaTxrobi, mogonebebi da avtobiografiuli gancxadebebi; gadawyvi tos, ramdenad sandoa es wyaroebi, ramdenad Seeefereba isini sinamdviles. TviT biografiis weris procesSi avtoris winaSe ukve sxva amocana dgas _ rogor ganalagos movlenebi qronologiurad, romeli maTgani imsaxurebs ufro met yuradRebas an ramdenad gulaxdili Tu TavSekavebuli unda iyos movlenaTa gadmocemisas. es sakiTxebi ar miekuTvneba specifikur literaturul problemebs, magram maT gadawyvetas mieZRvna mravali naSromi, romlebSic ganixileba biografia, rogorc erTerTi literaturuli Janri.2
CvenTvis literaturuli biografiis kvlevis sferoSi ori sakiTxia gadamwyveti: gamarTlebulia Yara biografis moqmedeba, rodesac Tavisi debulebebis dasadastureblad is iyenebs mwerlis nawarmoebebs? gvexmareba Tu ara literaturuli biografiis daskvnebi Tavad nawarmoebis ukeT gagebaSi? rogorc wesi, orive SekiTxvas dadebiTad upasuxeben. swored ase upasuxebs pirvel SekiTxvas TiTqmis yvela biografi, romelTac gansakuTrebiT poetTa cxovreba izidavT. poetebi xom maT zRva masalas sTavazoben TavianTi piradi cxovrebis aRsawerad, rasac ver vityviT SedarebiT ufro gavlenian mraval istoriul pirovnebaze, romelTa Sesaxebac mwiri informacia gvaqvs an, saerTod, aranairi sabuTi ar mogvepoveba. magram gamarTlebulia ki biograf Ta amgvari optimizmi?
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kacobriobis istoriul ganviTarebaSi gamoiyofa ori epoqa da aqedan gamomdinare, problemis gadaWris ori SesaZlo gza. adreuli literaturis Sesaxeb TiTqmis ar gagvaCnia kerZo xasiaTis Canawerebi, romlebiTac bio grafebi isargeblebdnen. Cven xelT aris mxolod sa zogadoebrivi daniSnulebis dokumentacia, dabadebisa da qorwinebis mowmobebi, iuridiuli Canawerebi da msgavsi sabuTebi. da kidev, ra Tqma unda, TviTon nawarmoebebi. magaliTad, Seqspiris kvals Tu gavyvebiT, bevrs verafers aRmovaCenT, Tumca, arsebobs garkveuli informacia misi finansuri mdgomareobis Sesa xeb. amasTan, xelT ar gvaqvs Seqspiris werilebi, dRiurebi Tu mogonebebi, garda saeWvo warmomavlobis ramdenime saxu maro istoriisa. literaturis sasargeblod mxolod ramdenime faqti mo gvepoveba im marTlacda uzarmazari Sromis Sedegad, ro melic Seqspiris cxovrebis SeswavlisTvis gaweula. is, rac viciT, metwilad misi cxovrebis qronologiuri faqtebia da, agreTve, misi socialuri statusi da profesiuli kavSirebis CamonacnobTa wre. aqedan gamomdi nare, SegviZlia or jgufad davyoT isini, visac ki odesme ucdia Seqspiris realisturi biografia daewera, misi eTikuri da emociuri ganviTarebis gza eCvenebina. pirvel jgufSi Sevlen isini, vinc saqmes mecnierulad miudga da, kerolain sperjenis (Caroline Spurgeon) msgavsad, poe tis mxatvruli saxeebi, saxismetyveleba Seiswavla. am Sromis Sedegia movlenebis ubralo, arafrismTqmeli CamonaTvali. meore jgufis mkvlevrebma, romlebic Seqspiris piesebsa da sonetebSi `Caeflnen~, romantikuli biografiebi SeTxzes. am jgufs miekuTvnebian georg brandesi da frenk harisi.3
yvela es mcdeloba emyareba mcdar princips (mas safuZveli Cauyares hezlitma da hegelma, xolo pirvelad _ sakmaod frTxilad _ is daudenma Camoayaliba). marTebuli ar aris, SeTxzuli nawarmoebidan, miT ufro pie sebidan raime safuZvliani da myari ganacxadi gavakeToT avtoris realuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb. Zalze saeWvoa is aRiarebuli Sexedulebac, rom TiTqosda Seqspirma gadaitana depresiis periodi, romlis drosac Seqmna tra gediebi da tragikome
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diebi, xolo garkveul simSvides `qa ri Sxlis~ weris dros miaRwia. kategoriulad ver vit yviT, rom tragediebis Sesaqmnelad mwerals tragikuli ganwyoba esaWiroeba, an rom mxolod cxovrebisagan kma yofili iw yebs komediebis weras. ar arsebobs aranairi da mam tkicebeli sabuTi imisa, rom garkveul periodSi Seq spirs sevda dae ufla4 poets pasuxs ver movTxovT misi personaJebis azrebisaTvis. unda gavmijnoT Seqspirisa da misi per so naJebis, mag. timonisa da makbetis Sexedulebe bi cxov rebaze; aseve, ver vityviT, rom Seqspiri eTanxmeba ia gos an dol terSitis (,,henri meoTxis” personaJi, mTargmne lis SeniSvna) azrebs. an ra safuZveli gvaqvs vivaraudoT, rom prospero avtoris msgavsad msjelobs? mwerlebs ar unda miva weroT maT mier gamogonili gmirebis ideebi, grZnobebi, Sexedulebebi, Rirsebebi Tu mankierebebi. es Tanabrad exe ba rogorc dramisa da romanis personaJebs, aseve _ liriku li leqsis gmirsac, romelic lirikuli `mes~ miRma moiazre ba. kavSirs pirad cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebas Soris ver davarqmevT ubralo mizezSedegobriv urTierTobas.
Tumca, biografiuli meTodis mxardamWerebi mainc Seedavebian am Cvens mtkicebulebebs. ityvian, rom bevri ram Seicvala Seqspiris epoqis Semdeg. uxvad dagrovda biografiuli masala mravali poetis Sesaxeb. poetebma (mag., miltonma, poupma, goeTem, uordsvorTma Tu baironma) igrZnes pasuxismgebloba STamomavlobis winaSe. maT ar akldaT TanamedroveTa yuradReba da TviTonac mravali avtobiografiuli Canaweri datoves. biografiuli midgoma gamartivda, radgan SegviZlia cxovreba da moRvaweoba erTmaneTs SevadaroT da SevupirispiroT. unda iTqvas, rom TviTon poetis mxridanac igrZnoba amgvari midgomis survili da moTxovna. es, gansakuTrebiT, romantikos poetebs exebaT, romlebic ar eridebian sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb weras da gulis siRrmeSic gvaxedeben, an baironis Tqmisa ar iyos, TavianT `sisxlmdinare guls mTels evropas Semoatareben“. es poetebi TavianT Tavze marto kerZo werilebSi, dRiurebsa da avtobiografiebSi ki ar gviamboben, aramed _ yvelaze
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oficialur da formalur gancxadebebSic. uordsuorTis `preludia~ aris poeturi manifestis saxiT moTxrobili avtobiografia. Znelia ar endo da ar daujero amgvar gancxadebebs, romlebic zog jer ara Tu SinaarsiT, toniTac ki ar gansxvavdeba avtor Ta kerZo mimoweridan. Cvenc meti ra dagvrCenia, garda imisa, rom poeziis interepretacia TviTon poetisave TvaliT ganvaxorcieloT. gavixsenoT goeTes cnobili naTqvami, romelSic is sakuTar Semoqmedebas `didi aRsarebis frag mentebad“ aRiqvams.
arsebobs ori saxis _ obieqturi da subieqturi _ poetebi. pirvel jgufs ekuTvnian, mag., kitsi da T. s. elioti, romlebic xazs usvamen poetis `TviTuaryofas~, e.i. mis Riaobas samyarosadmi da sakuTari individualobis ugu lebelyofas. meore tipis poeti, piriqiT, Tavisi pirov nebis gamomzeurebas cdilobs, avtoportretis Seqmna swadia da amgvarad cdilobs gamoxatos sakuTari Tavi da guli gadagviSalos5 literaturis istoriaSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gvxvdeboda mxolod pirveli saxis poetebi. maT nawarmoebebSi TiTqmis miCqmalulia subieqturi azri, miu xedavad imisa, rom esTetikurad maT nawerebs SeiZleba udidesi Rirebuleba hqondeT. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba movi yvanoT italiuri novela, saraindo romanebi, aRorZinebis epoqis sonetebi, elisabedis xanis drama, naturalisturi romanebi, TiTqmis mTeli xalxuri poezia.
magram subieqturi poetis SemTxvevaSic ki gansxvaveba avtobiografiuli bunebis pirad ganacxadsa da igive motivis xelovnebis nimuSSi gamoyenebas Soris ar unda da ar SeiZ leba waiSalos. xelovnebis nimuSi mTlianobas warmoadgens sul sxva doneze, sul sxva kavSirSi realobasTan, vidre memuarebis wigni, dRiuri an werili. mxolod biografiuli meTodebis damaxinjebiT SeiZleba avtoris cxovrebis yvelaze intimuri da xSirad SemTxveviTi dokumentebi gaxdes mTavari Seswavlis sagani, maSin, roca namdvili poe mebi ganxiluli iqneboda dokumentebad da ganlagebuli iqneboda poemebis kritikuli Sefasebisgan gamoyofili an sruliad sapirispiro skaliT. amgvarad, brande „makbet“s miiC
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nevs uinteresod, radgan is yvelaze naklebad ukav Sirdeba Seqspiris pirovnebis Sesaxeb mis warmodgenas; am gvarad, kingsmili ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams arnoldis Sohrab and RustamTan dakavSirebiT.6
maSinac ki, roca xelovnebis nimuSi moicavs aSkara bio grafiul elementebs, isini namuSevarSi iseTi saxiT iqneba Secvlili, rom dakargavs specifikur pirad mniSvnelobas da iqceva ubralod adamianur masalad, namuSevris ganuy rel nawilad. ramon fernandesi amas damajereblad asabuTebs stendalTad kavSirSi. meierma aCvena ramdenad gansxvav deba aSkarad avtobiografiuli „preludia“ vordsvorTis realuri cxovrebisgan im procesis dros, romelsac poema aRwers.7
Sexeduleba, rom xelovneba wminda TviTgamoxatvaa, piradi grZnobebis da gamocdilebis asli, aSkarad mcdaria. Tundac axlo kavSiri iyos xelovnebis nimuSsa da avtoris cxovrebas Soris, es ar unda niSnavdes, rom xelovnebis nimuSi ubralod cxovrebis aslia. biografiul midgomas aviwydeba, rom xelovnebis nimuSi ubralod gamocdilebis gansxeuleba ar aris. is yvelaze boloa namuSevarTa seriaSi; es aris dra ma, romani, poema gansazRvruli literaturuli tradiciebiTa da CveulebebiT. sinamdvileSi bibliografiuli midgoma bundovans xdis literaturuli procesis saTanado gagebas. is arRvevs literaturuli tradiciis wesrigs, raTa Caanacvlos pirovnebis sasicocxlo cikli. bibliografiuli midgoma, aseve, ignorirebas ukeTebs martiv fsiqologiur faqtebs. xelovnebis nimuSi ansxeulebs ufro avtoris „ocnebas“, vidre misi cxovrebis stils, an warmoadgens „niRabs“, „antime“s, romlis ukanac misi namdvili pirovneba imaleba, an im cxovrebis suraTia, romelsac unda gaeqces. amasTan, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom xelovans SeuZlia cxovreba „ganicados“ sxvadasxva saxiT misi xelovnebidan gamomdinare: realuri gamocdilebebi da naxulia maTi literaturisadmi gamosadegobis mxridan.8
unda davaskvnaT, rom bibliografiuli interpretacia da xelovnebis nimuSebis gamoyeneba saWiroebs yuradRe
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biT Seswavlas TiToeulASemTxvevaSi, radgan xelovnebis nimuSi ar warmoadgens biografiul dokuments. Cven eWvis qveS unda davayenoT gledis i. ueldis „trahernis cxovreba“, romelic misi poemis ganacxadebs biografiul simarTled aRiqvams, an bronteebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb mravali wigni, romlebSic pirdapir gadmotanilia nawyvetebi „jein eari“dan an „vileti“dan. arsebobs, aseve, virjinia muris „emili brontes sicocxle da mowadinebuli sikvdili“, romelic Tvlis, rom emilim hitklifis vnebebi ganicada; sxvebi asabuTeben, rom qals ar SeeZlo daewera „qariSxliani uRelte xili“ da rom namdvili avtori Zma, patriki unda yofiliyo.9 am tipis arguments moyva Semdegi mosazrebebi: Seqspiri albaT ita liaSi iyo namyofi, albaT advokati iyo, jariskaci, maswavlebeli, fermeri. am yvelafers elen te rim gamanadgurebeli pasuxi gasca da ganacxada, rom igive kriteriumiT Seqspiri qali unda yofiliyo.
Tumca, unda aRvniSnoT, rom maSinac ki, roca Seswavlis sagani subieqturi poetis Semoqmedebaa, aucileblad unda gavmijnoT erTmaneTisagan avtobiografiuli xasiaTis kerZo ganacxadi da zustad igive motivis gamoyeneba mxatv rul nawarmoebSi. mxatvruli nawarmoebi sul sxva mimarTebaSia realobasTan da sul sxvagvar mxatvrul mTlianobas qmnis, mogonebaTa wignis, dRiurisa Tu werilisagan `miltonuri~ an `kitsianuri~ magram es niSanTvisebebi ganisazRvreba mxolod da mxolod maT nawarmoebebze da ara biografiul faqtebze dayrdnobiT. Cven viciT, ras niSnavs `virgiliusianuri~ an `Seqspiruli~, miuxedavad imisa, rom am ori udidesi poetis Sesaxeb, faqtobrivad, sarwmuno biografiuli cnobebi ar mogvepoveba.
da mainc, miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, poetis cxovrebasa da mis qmnilebaTa Soris mainc arsebobs SemakavSirebeli xazebi, paralelizmebi, faruli msgavsebebi Tu mrude sarkeebi. poetis Semoqmedeba SeiZleba hgavdes erTgvar niRabs, dramatul pirobiTobaze agebul warmodgenas, magram ar unda gamogvrCes, rom Zalian xSirad es swored misi sakuTari gamocdilebisa da saerTod cxovrebis gan zogadebaa. Tu
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amgvarad ganvixilavT movlenebs, ma Sin mwerlis Semoqmedebis Seswavlas garkveuli azri eZ leva. pirvel yovlisa, ra Tqma unda, amas ganmartebiTi Ri rebuleba aqvs: biografiis daxmarebiT SeiZleba uamravi aluzia da sityva gasagebi gaxdes CvenTvis. biografiuli midgoma gviadvilebs literaturis istoriis anu avtoris SesaZleblobebis zrdis, momwifebis da aseve savaraudo dak ninebis Seswavlas. biografia literaturul kvlevas sa Wiro masaliTac uzrunvelyofs, romlis safuZvelze pasu xi gaecema Semdeg sakiTxebs: ras kiTxulobda, ramdenad nakiTxi iyo poeti, ramdenad icnobda Tavisi drois sxva mwerlebsa Tu literatorebs, sad umogzauria, ra adgilebi unaxavs da sad ucxovria. pasuxebi am kiTxvebze SeiZleba Zalze sasargeb lo iyos literaturis istoriisTvis, mag., imis dasadgenad, Tu romel literaturul mimdinareobas SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT esa Tu is mwerali, ram moaxdina zegavlena misi, rogorc Semoqmedis Camoyalibebaze, ra saxis masaliT sargeblobda an ra warmoadgenda misi Semoqmedebis wyaros.
rogorc vnaxeT, zemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebis gadasaWrelad biografiis Seswavlas SeiZleba marTlac mniSvneloba hqondes. da mainc, rac unda didi iyos es mniSvneloba, ar unda mivaweroT mas is roli, romelic kritikul gansjas akisria. kvlevis procesSi, xSirad, uad gilod gamoyenebuli `gulwrfelobis~ kriteriumi Ta vidan bolomde mcdaria, Tu is cdilobs nawarmoebebi ganixilos biografiis utyuarobis niSniT, an sarwmu nod miiCnios yvela arsebuli sabuTi Tu mogoneba avtoris gan cdebisa Tu grZnobebis Sesaxeb. amgvar `gulwrfelobasa~ da nawarmoebis mxatvrul faseulobas Soris aranairi kav Siri ar arsebobs. amis kargi sabuTia mozardebis mier TiT qos erTi amosunTqviT dawerili sasiyvarulo poezia da aseve uRimRamo (Tundac mgznebared gancdili) religiuri poezia, romliTac savsea biblioTekebi. baironis leqsi `gemSvidobebi~s (Fare Thee Well…) Rirsebas arc arafers ma tebs da arc aklebs is, rom masSi asaxulia poetis realuri urTierToba colTan. verc pol elmer mors (Paul Elmer More) daveTanxmebiT, TiTqos `sam
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wuxaro~ iyos is faqti, rom poe tis xelnawers ar etyoba im cremlTa kvali, romlebic (Tu Tomas muris `Canawerebs~ vendobiT) zed unda dascemoda.10 mTavaria, rom arsebobs leqsi. cremlebi _ Tundac marTla daRvrili _ gamqralia. gamqralia poetis gancdebic. maT veRar gavacocxlebT da es arc aris saWiro.
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*rodesac ̀ literaturis fsiqologiaze~ viwyebT saubars,
mxedvelobaSi SeiZleba gvqondes Semdegi: mwer lis, rogorc fsiqologiuri tipisa da individis analizi; SemoqmedebiTi procesis Seswavla; nawarmoebSi warmodgenili fsiqologiuri tipebisa da kanonzomierebis ganxilva, da bolos, literaturis zegavlena mkiTxvelze (mkiTxvelTa fsiqologia). am ukanasknels ganvixilavT naSromis momdevno TavSi `literatura da sazogadoeba~. pirveli sami sakiTxis Sesaxeb ki aqve vimsjelebT. ama T gan literaturaTmcodneobasTan yve laze axlos mesame moiazreba, pirveli ori ki xelovnebis fsiqologiis gan Stoebas warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi roli, rogorc pedagogiuri meTodebisa, SeiZleba litera tu raTmcodneobisaTvis zogjer metad momgebianic iyos, mainc erTxel da samudamod uari unda vTqvaT literaturuli na warmoebebis Sefasebaze maTi warmoSobisa da Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT (vgulisxmobT genetikur cdomilebas _ ‘‘genetic fallacy’’).
genialur mweralTa niWierebis arsi yovelTvis iwvevda interess. jer kidev Zveli berZnebi mas erTgvar `SeSlilobas~ uwodebdnen (iqidan moyolebuli, es Sefaseba meryeobs nevrozsa da fsiqozs Soris). poeti `Sepyrobili~ arsebaa: is sxvebs ar hgavs, igi erTdroulad aRemateba kidec maT da maTze naklebic aris; misi aracnobieri aRiqmeba, rogorc udablesi da, imavdroulad, umaRlesi donis cnobiereba.
meore _ odindeli da myari _ Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, poets `niWi~ raime naklisa Tu xinjis dasafaravad eZleva. mag. `odiseas~ mixedviT, muzam marTalia demodokoss Tva lisCini waarTva, magram, samagierod, `simReris di debuli niWi uboZa~; dabrmavebulma tiresiasmac wi
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naswarmetyvelebis unari SeiZina. magram, nakli da RvTiv boZebuli niWi yovelTvis aseT mimarTebaSi ar aris; sne uleba Tu xinji SeiZleba fsiqologiuri an socialuri bunebisa iyos da ara fizikuri. poupi (Pope) kuziani da ju ja kaci iyo; baironi (Byron) _ koWli; naxevrad ebraeli prusti (Proust) astmuri nevroziT itanjeboda. kitsi Zalze dabali yofila, tomas vulfi (Thomas Wolfe) ki, piriqiT _ metad maRali. am Teoriis nakli misive TvalSisacemi simartivea. anu, `roca uremi gadabrundeba~, maSin Zalian advilia avxsnaT nebismieri warmateba misive gamawonasworebeli motivaciiT, radgan yvela adamians aqvs susti wertili, rac xelovanisTvis, saboloo angariSiT SeiZleba stimulad da biZgad iqces. rasakvirvelia, saeWvoa is farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebac, romlis Tanaxmad, nevrozi da misi erTgvari `kompensacia~ xelovanT ganasxvavebs mec nierTagan da sxva `mWvretelTagan~. gansxvaveba is aris, rom mwerlebi TavianT problemebze xSirad weren da sakuTar sneulebas TavianTi nawerebis Temad aqceven xolme.1
mTavari kiTxva ki Semdegia: Tu mwerals nevrozi tanjavs, es sneuleba misi Semoqmedebis Temad iqceva Tu mxolod misi Semoqmedebis mizezad? Tu is mizezia, maSin mwerali ar unda gamovarCioT sxva mWvretelTagan. axla aseTi kiTxva davsvaT: Tu mwerlis nevrozi namdvilad ganapirobebs nawarmoebTa Temebis SerCevas (amis udavo magaliTia kafka), maSin rogor xdeba, rom misi Semoqmedeba mkiTxvelisaTvis gasagebia? mwerals imaze metis gakeTeba evaleba, vidre, ubralod, uCveu lo ambis Caweraa. is am problemas an arqetipuli modelis kuTxiT unda udgebodes (rogorc amas akeTebs, mag., dostoevski romanSi `Zmebi karamazovebi~) an unda irCevdes Cvens droSi farTod gavrcelebul `nevrozuli pirovnebis~ sqemas.
froidis (Freud) Sexeduleba mweralis Sesaxeb mTlad erTgvarovani ar aris. mravali Tavisi evropeli kolegis, kerZod, iungis (Jung) da rankis (Rank) msgavsad, froidic did kulturas naziarebi adamiani gaxldaT. rogorc es ganaTlebul avstriels Seefereba, isic did pativs scemda klasikur xelovnebasa da germanul klasikur literaturas. froidi
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mraval Rrma azrs Cas wvda ufroGgviandel literaturaSic, rogoricaa: dos toevskis `Zmebi karamazovebi~, Seqspiris `hamleti~, did ros `ramos Zmiswuli~, goeTes nawarmoebebi, ramac SemdgomSi misi sakuTari mignebebis Camoyalibebasa da ganmtkicebas Seuwyo xeli. Tumca, amasTanave, igi mwerals miiCnevda nevroziT Sepyrobil adamianad, romelic sakuTari Semoqmedebis wyalobiT Tavs aRwevda pirovnul ga na d gurebas, magram saSualebasac ar aZlevda Tavis Tavs, srulad gankurnebuliyo.
xelovani, ambobs froidi, aris adamiani, romelic zurgs aqcevs realobas, radgan ver urigdeba imas, rom iZulebulia uari Tqvas Tavisi instinqtebis myisier dakmayofilebaze, Semdeg ki Tavis warmosaxvasa Tu fan taziebSi srul Tavisuflebas aZlevs sakuTar ero ti kul da gabedul survilebs. magram is mainc poulobs gzas am fantaziebis samyarodan realobaSi dasabruneblad; gansakuTrebuli niWis wyalobiT is Tavis fantaziebs sru liad axleburi realobis yalibSi aTavsebs; adamianebi ki Tanaxma arian, maTSi realuri cxovrebis metad Rirebuli da mniSvnelovani asaxva povon. amgvarad, garkveuli gzis gavliT mwerali iqceva imad, razec ocnebobda _ igi xdeba namdvili gmiri, mefe, Semoqmedi, mijnuri. mas aRar sWir deba grZeli, SemovliTi gza, raTa Seqmnas gare, obieq tu ri samyaros Secvlili realuri saxe.
gamodis, rom poeti meocnebea, romlis arseboba sanqcionirebulia sazogadoebis mier. imis nacvlad, rom Tavisi buneba Secvalos, igi Tavis fantaziebs ukvdavyofs da aqveynebs kidec.2
amgvari ganmarteba gulisxmobs, rom xelovans araferi scxia filosofosisa da `wminda wylis mecnierisa~. mWvreteloba pozitivisturad `daiyvaneba~ ubralo dak virvebaze da saganTa saxeldebaze. aq gaTvaliswinebuli araa misi iribad moqmedi efeqti _ `gare, obieqturi samyaros Secvla~, rasac ganaxorcieleben romanebisa da filosofiuri Txzulebebis mkiTxvelebi. amave dros, ar xdeba mxatvruli Semoqmedebis, rogorc obieqturi samyaroSi SromiTi saqmianobis garkveuli saxeobis aRia reba; rodesac meocnebe
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kmayofildeba imiT, rom wers Tavisi ocnebebis Sesaxeb, WeSmariti Semoqmedi miiswrafvis garegnuli TviTgamovlinebisadmi da cdilobs moergos sazogadoebas.
mweralTa umetesobisTvis miuRebelia orTodoqsuli froidizmi da Tumca bevrma maTganma daiwyo fsiqoanalitikuri mkurnaloba, magram ar daasrula mkur nalobis kursi. maTU umetesobas ar surs `gankurneba~ an `sazogadoebasTan morgeba~, radgan SiSoben, rom amis Se degad weras Sewyveten an Segueba mouwevT filisterul Tu burJuaziuli (maTi TqmiT) `normalur~ yofasTan. amasTan dakavSirebiT, odenma (Auden) ganacxada, rom xelovanma imden nevrozs unda gauZlos, ramdensac aitanso. bevri ki daeTanxma hornis, fromis da kardineris (froidizmis revizionisti fsiqologebis) Sexedulebas imis Taobaze, rom froidistuli Sexedulebebi nevrozisa Tu normaluri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, romlebicmarTebuli iyo venisTvis X1XXX saukuneTa mijnaze, unda gadaixedos da Seswordes marqsizmisa da anTropologiur moZRvrebaTa mixedviT.3
Teoria xelovnebis rogorc nevrozis Sesaxeb wa moWris warmosaxvisa da rwmenis urTierTmimarTebis sa kiTxs. SesaZloa, romanistSi unda davinaxoT mxolod romantikuli yrma, romelic `ambebs mogviTxrobs~, anu rogorc moesurveba ise acocxlebs da warmosaxavs sakuTar Tavgadasavals. meore mxriv, SeiZleba is aris haluciiinaciebiT datanjuli adamiani, romelic ver ga nar Cevs realobas sakuTari imedebisa da SiSebis fan tasmagoriuli samyarosgan. zog romanists (maT Soris, dikenss) usaubria imis Sesaxeb, rom cxadad xedavda da usmenda Tavisi gmirebs, romlebic xSirad TviTon war marTavdnen Txrobas iseTi dasasrulisken, romelic avtors arc ki mosvlia azrad. fsiqologebis mier moyvanil verc erT magaliTs halucinaciurs ver vuwodebT; ubralod, zogierT romanists aqvs bavSvebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fotografiuli mexsierebis unari, romelic mozrdilebSi Zalian iSviaTia (is aRqmiTi, sensoruli xasiaTisaa). erih iaenSis (Jaensch) azriT, es unari migvaniSnebs xelovanis gamorCeul Tvisebaze, gaaerTianos percef
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ciuli (aRqmiTi) da koncefciuri (gaazrebiTi). xelovani ara marto inarCunebs, aramed aviTarebs kidec am arqaul niSans: is grZnobs da xedavs kidec Tavis fiqrebs.4
kidev erTi unari, rasac mwerals, ufro konkretulad ki poets miaweren, aris sinesTezi, anu grZnobaTa ori meti orga nos sensoruli aRqmis dakavSireba. es umetesad exeba mxed ve lobiTsa da smeniT SegrZnebebs (mag., `feris xma~_ audition coloree, rodesac sayviris xma aRiqmeba, rogorc alisferi). rogorc fsiqologiuri Tviseba, es aSkarad hgavs wiTeli da mwvane ferebis ganusxvaveblobis unars, rac adrindeli, SedarebiT ganuviTarebeli aRqmis gadmonaSTia. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom ufro xSirad sinesTezia literaturuli xerxia, metaforuli azrovnebis erTgvari forma, romelic cxovrebis mimarT metafizikuresTetikuri damokidebulebas stilizebulad gadmogvcems. istorias Tu gadavxedavT, amgvari damokidebuleba da stili barokos da romantizmis periodebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli da Sesabamisad, ufro racionalistur periodebSi mas metad amreziT uyurebdnen, radgan maSin ufro mniSvnelovani iyo `aSkara, gamokveTil~ formaTa Zieba, vidre `Sesabamisobebis~, analogiebis da saerTo niSnebis gamonaxvis mcdeloba.5
jer kidev Tavis adreul kritikul nawerebSi t. s. elioti (T. S. Eliot) xazgasmiT migvaniSnebda poetis krebsiT saxeze, romelic ajamebs an ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, xeluxleblad inaxavs Tavis kuTvnil adgils kacobriobis istoriaSi, igi ar wyvets Ria kavSirs sakuTar da aseve poeziis sawyisebTan da amave dros axerxebs momavalsac miawvdinos Tvali: `xelovani,~ werda elioti 1918 wels, `Tavis TanamedroveebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro primitiulic aris da aseve ufro civilizebulic...~. 1932 wels is ubrundeba am koncefcias, kerZod, `smeniTi warmosaxvis~ sakiTxs da ara marto mas. is msjelobs poetis vizualur xatTa samyaros da gansakuTrebiT im mxatvrul saxeebis Sesaxeb, romelTac poeti kvlav da kvlav ubrundeba. maT `SeiZleba aqvT kidec simboluri Rirebuleba, magram Cven amas ver mivxvdebiT, radganac Cvens winaSe isini grZnobaTa miuwvdomeli siR
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rmeebidan warmodgebian~. Sejamebisas, elioti mowonebiT imowmebs kaies (Cailliet) da bedes (Bédé) naSromebs, romlebic ikvleven simbolisturi mimdinareobis mimarTebas primitiuli sulis (psyche) mimarT: `civilizebul adamianSi winarelogikuri mentaliteti kidev arsebobs, magram mxolod poetisTvis an poetis meSveobiT xdeba is gasagebi da misawvdomi~.6
Zneli ar aris, am naTqvamSi SevniSnoT karl iungis gavlena da, aseve, iungiseuli Tezisis parafrazac imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom individualuri `aracnobieris~ anu Cveni warsulis _ gansakuTrebiT, yrmobisa da bavSvobis _ miRma arsebobs `koleqtiuri aracnobieri~, Cveni warsulis(Cveni pirvelyofili warsulisac ki) avtonomiuri mexsiereba. iungis sakmaod rTuli fsiqologiuri tipologiis mixedviT, `eqstraverti` da `introverti~ oTx arsebul tips (imis mixedviT gamorCeuls, Tu ra sWarbobs maTSi: azrovneba, grZnoba, intuicia Tu mgrZnobeloba) kidev ufro akonkretebs. swori araa, rom iungi yvela mwerals in tuiciuri introvertis kategoriaSi miakuTvnebs. igi kidev ufro rTulad warmogvidgens suraTs, roca aRniSnavs, rom zogi mwerali Tavisi SemoqmedebiT amJRavnebs imas, Tu romel tips miekuTvneba, zogi ki, piriqiT, SemoqmedebaSi warmoaCens Tavis antitips, anu imas, rac TviTon aklia, rac Tavad ar aris.7
unda vaRiaroT, rom Homo scriptor anu `mwerali adamiani~ ar aris erTgvarovani tipi. Tu romantikosi mwerlis xats SevqmniT kolrijis, Selis, bodleris da pos (Poe) saxeebidan, aqve ar unda daviviwyoT rasini (Racine), miltoni (Milton), goe Te, an jein ostini da entoni trolopi. SeiZleba lirikuli da romantikosi poetebis gamorCevac a dramatuli da epikuri poetebisgan da maTTan axlos mdgomi romanistebisgan. erTerTi germaneli tipologi kreCmeri (Kretschmer) gamohyofs poetebs (leptosomaturebs _ susti, gamxdari agebulebis mqoneT, romlebic midrekilni arian Sizofreniisadmi) romanistebisgan (dabali tanis, Cafskvnili aRnagobis, ma niakalurdepresiuli temperamentis anu cva
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lebadi gunebaganwyobilebiani mqoneT _`cikloidebs~). ueWvelia, rom arsebobs erTgvari tipologiuri wyvili: `Sepyrobili~ e.i. avtomaturad moqmedi, poeti winaswarmetyveli da `xelovani~ _ mwerali, romelic uwinaresad ganswavluli pro fesionalia. aseT klasifikacias nawilobriv istoriu li fesvebi aqvs: `Sepyrobilebs~ uwodeben primitiul poe tebs, Samanebs (SemdgomSi _ romantikosebs, eqspresionistebs, siu realistebs). profesionali`xelovanni~ arian ir lan dieli da islandieli mgosnebi, aRorZinebisa da neo klasicizmis xanis poetebi. Tumca, poetTa es ur TierTsapirispiro tipebi rodi gamoricxaven erTma neTs. didi mwerlebi, magaliTad, miltoni, po, jeimsi, elioti, Seqspiri da dostoevski iTavseben `xelovansac~ da `Sepyrobilsac~. maT axasiaTebT akviatebuli Sexe du leba cxovrebaze da, aseve, sruliad gaazrebuli zrunva imisTvis, Tu rogor unda iqnes es Sexeduleba warmodgenili.8
albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac am polarul dapirispirebaze dawerila, aris apolonisa da dionises nicSeseuli dapirispireba mis `tragediis dabadebaSi~. berZnuli panTeonis es RmerTebi ganasaxiereben xelov nebis sxvadasxva dargebs (qandakebasa da musikas) da, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxvagvar SemoqmedebiT principebs _ ocnebas da eqstazur Trobas. maT Soris TiTqmis iseTive mimarTebaa, rogorc klasikur `xelovansa~ da romantikul ,,Sepyrobils~, `STa gonebuls”, anu poeta vatess Soris (laT. poeti, romelic RmerTebma winaswarmetyvelebis niWiT daajildoves _ mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
frangi fsiqologi ribo (Ribot) davalebuli unda iyos nicSesagan, Tumca TviTon amas mainc ar aRiarebs. es aSkaraa, Tu ganvixilavT mwerlebis miseul dayofas warmosaxvis unaris ori mTavari tipis mixedviT. pirveli maTgani, e.w. `plastikuri~, damaxasiaTebelia Zlieri warmosaxvis mqone SemoqmedisTvis, romlisTvisac weris upirveles stimuls warmoadgens gare samyaroze dakvirveba, misi grZnobadi aRqma. xolo e. w. `uformo~(smeniTi da simboluri) warmosaxva damaxasiaTebelia simbolisti poetis an romantikosi
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mwer lisTvis (tiki, hofmani, po), romelic asaxavs Tavis gamocdilebas da grZnobebs, ritmiTa da xatebiT Seavsebs maT da aerTianebs sakuTari ganwyobilebiT (Stimmung).eWvsgareSea, rom eliotma, dantes `vizualuri warmosaxvisa `da miltonis ,,smeniTi warmosaxvis Sepirispirebisas, gaiTvaliswina ribos Sexedulebebi
Tanamedrove rumineli mkvlevari l. rusu (Rusu) ganasxvavebs xelovanis sam ZiriTad tips: pirveli _ ,, type sym-pathique’’ ,,simpaTiuri tipi” _ moiazreba, rogorc mxiaru li, spontanuri, laRi Tavis SemoqmedebaSi; meore _ ,,type demo-niaque anarchique “ _ demonuri, anarqiuli tipi da mesame _ ,,type demoniaque equilibre’’—demonuri, gawonasworebuli. rusus zogjer Seusabamo magaliTebi mohyavs, Tumca ZiriTadi azri nayofieria: Tezisis da antiTezisis, simpaTiuri da anarqiuli tipebis urTierTqmedebas agvirgvinebs Se moqmedis uzenaesi tipis sinTezi, rodesac demonTan brZola triumfiT mTavrdeba, xolo daZabulobas wonasworoba enacvleba. rusus am tipis magaliTad goeTe mohyavs. Tumca es Tviseba ar unda davukargoT sxva did mwerlebsac _ dantes, Seqspirs, balzaks, dikenss, tolstoisa da dostoevskis.9
`SemoqmedebiTi procesSi~ unda igulisxmebodes literaturuli nawarmoebis Seqmnis mTeli procesi, daw yebuli aracnobieri impulsebiT da damTavrebuli uka naskneli SesworebebiT, romlebic zogi mwerlisTvis mu Saobis yvelaze SemoqmedebiTi nawilia.
aucilebelia, gavavloT gamyofi xazi poetis mentalur wyobasa da leqsis agebulebas Soris, STabeWdilebasa da gamoxatvas Soris. kroCem (Croce) ver moipova verc mweralTa da verc kritikosTa mxardaWera, rodesac orive maTgani esTetikur intuiciamde daiyvana; k. s. luisi (Clive Staples Lewis) ki, piriqiT, damajereblad amtkicebs TiTqmis sruliad sapirispiros. magram ,,gancdilis~, `gadatanilis” (Erlebnis) da ,,mogonilis” (Dichtung) Sepirispirebis nebismieri mcdeloba (dilTais (Dilthey) modelis msgavsad), damakmayofilebel Sedegs ar iZleva. mxatvari xedavs ise, rogorc es mxatvars Seefereba; naxati misi xedvis TvalsaCino Sedegia.
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poeti qmnis leqsebs, romelTa Sinaarsic mis mier aRqmuli gaazrebuli cxovrebaa. nebismier xelovans yvelanairi STabeWdilebis formas sakuTari xelovneba karnaxobs; is misTvis ucxo, gaurkveveeli gancdebis madevari ar aris.10
`STagoneba~ _ tradiciulad ase vuwodebT SemoqmedebiTi procesis aracnobier stimuls. antikuri droidan ve is dakavSirebulia muzebTan, zevsisa da mexsierebis qalRmerTs qaliSvilebTan _ muzebTan, xolo qristianul samyaroSi _ suliwmidasTan. rogorc saxeli gviCvenebs, STagonebuli mdgomareoba Samanis, winaswarmetyvelisa Tu poetisa gansxvavdeba misi Cveulebrivi mdgomareobisgan. primitiul sazogadoebaSi Samans SeeZlo sakuTari sur viliT Tavi transSi Caegdo an kidev piriqiT, Ta visda uneburad qceuliyo `Sepyrobilad~ romelime mem kvidreobiT gadmosuli Tu totemuri spirituli Zalis mier. Tanamedrove epoqaSi, STagonebis mTavari niSnebia uca bedoba, moulodneloba (rogorc erTi mdgomareobi dan meoreSi gadasvla) da avtoris saxis miCqmalva: igrZnoba, rom nawarmoebi dawerilia STagonebiT da sul erTia vis mier.11
SeiZleba Tu ara, rom STagoneba xelovnurad gamoviwvioT, movixmoT? ver uarvyofT, rom STagonebis `moxmobaSi~ didi mniSvneloba aqvs mweralTa weris Cvevebs, ase ve _ stimulatorebs da ritualebs. alkoholi, opiumi da sxva saSualebebi aduneben gonebis cnobier nawils, am metad kritikul cenzors da swored maSin iwyebs aracnobieri Tavisuf lad moqmedebas. kolrijma da de quinsim (De Qiuncey) kidev ufro STambeWdavi da pretenziuli ganacxadi gaakeTes _ TiTqos, opiumis wyalobiT, literaturuli SemoqmedebisTvis STabeWdilebebisa da gancdebis mTeli axali samyaro iSleba. magram Tanamedrove samedicino gamokvlevebi gvarwmunebs, rom uCveulo, araordinaruli fragmentebi aseT poetTa SemoqmedebaSi gamowveulia maTi nevroziT datanjuli sulieri mdgomareobiT da ara ama Tu im wamlis moqmedebis Sedegad. elizabeT Snaideri de quin sis Sesaxeb werda, rom ,,misi ,opiumis zmanebani’, ramac Zalze di di gavlena moaxdina Semdgom mwerlobaze, sinamdvileSi cotaTi Tu gansxvavdeba
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1803 wlis misive dRiuris Canawerebisgan, sanam is opiumis miRebas daiwyebda, Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom weris stili ufro CaxlarTuli, RvlarWnili xdeba...~ 12
ZvelTaganve garkveuli meTodebi arsebobda STa gonebis misaRwevad. primitiul sazogadoebaSi winas warmetyveluri niWiT dajildoebul poetebs aswavlidnen, Tu rogor unda mieyvanaT Tavi transis mdgomareobamde. aRmosavleTis sulieri disciplinis kanonebis mixedviT, religiur poetebs urCeven, rom locvisaTvis erTi da igive dro da adgili gamonaxon, da aseve SearCion specialuri `SeZaxilebi~ Tu mantra (sanskr. sityvebi an marcvlebi, romelTac iyeneben koncentraciisaTvis religiuri ritualis Sesrulebisas). ufro gviandeli xanis mwerlebi ki swavloben an hgoniaT, rom swavloben ritualebs SemoqmedebiTi ganwyobis misaRwevad. mag., Sileri dampal vaSlebs awyobda Tavis samuSao magidaze, balzaki ki beris mosasxamSi gaxveuli werda. etyoba, bevri mwerali `horizontalur mdgomareobaSi~ ufro kargad azrovnebs da sawolSic ki wers, maT Soris erTmaneTisagan iseTi gansxvavebulnic ki, ro gorebic arian prusti da mark tveni. zog mwerals siCume da ganmartoeba sWirdeba; zogsac ojaxur garemoSi an kafeSi nacnobebs Soris urCevnia wera. aris ucnauri SemTxvevebic: zogi mwerali dRisiT iZinebs da RamiT muSaobs. albaT es erTguleba Ramisadmi _ roca dgeba Jami fiqrisa, ocnebisa da qvecnobierisa _ romantikosi poetebis mier danatovari mTavari tradiciaa; Tumca, arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom arsebobda kidev erTi sapirispiro romantikuli tradicia _ uordsuorTiseuli, romelic Sehxaris da Tayvans scems adreul dilas, bavSvobis simbolos. zogi avtori gvarwmunebs, rom wera mxolod weliwadis garkveul dros SeuZlia. mag., miltoni amtkicebda, rom misi poeturi ZarRvi mxolod zamTris buniobidan zafxulis buniobamde Cqefda sixaruliT. dri jonsoni yvela aseT Teorias amreziT uyurebda da sjeroda, rom adamians nebismier dros SeeZlo wera, Tu sakuTar Tavs amas jiutad mosTxovda. Tavad mas, rogorc aRiarebda, materialuri gaWirveba aiZulebda weras. Tumca, SeiZleba
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vivaraudoT, rom zemoT CamoTvlil axirebul ritualebs aqvs raRac saerTo, rac _ Tu CvevaSi gadaizarda da asociaciurma kav Sirmac imoqmeda _ xelis Semwyobi aRmoCndeba xelovanTa uwyveti SemoqmedebiTi nayofierebisaTvis.13
axla vikiTxoT: aqvs Tu ara naazrevis furcelze gadatanis maneras raime TvalsaCino gavlena mwerlis literaturul stilze? aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba imas, pirveli (Savi) piri kalmiT iwereba Tu pirdapir sabeWd manqanaze ibeWdeba? hemingueis azriT, mwerals sabeWd manqanis beWdvisas ̀ qaRaldze gadaaqvs ukve sabolood gamzadebuli fraza~. aqedan gamomdinare, teqstis ga da keTeba rTuldeba, arada, es weris procesis metad mniSvnelovani nawilia. sxvebi varaudoben, rom sabeWdi manqanis wyalobiT, mweralTa stili Zalze sityvamravali, an Tu gnebavT, Jurnalisturic ki gaxda. am sakiTxis Taoba ze ara nairi empiriuli gamokvleva ar Catarebula. rac Seexeba karnaxiT weras, mraval mwerals gamouyenebia es meTodi. ukve gonebaSi SeTxzuli `dakarguli samoTxe~ miltonma Tavis mdivans ukarnaxa Casawerad. Tumca, gacilebiT sainteresoa skotis, goeTes da henri jeimsis (James) gviandeli Semoqmedeba. nawarmoebis struqtura winaswar ganisazRvreboda, xolo sityvieri masala karnaxisas Seir Ceoda xolme. jeimsis SemTxvevaSi, mainc SesaZlebeli Cans, rom mizezobrivi kavSiri vipovoT karnaxsa da mis e.w. `gviandel maneras~ (‘‘later manner’’) Soris, romelic, Tavisi sakmaod rTuli mWevrmetyvelebiT, zepiri, sasaubro enis STabeWdilebasac ki tovebs.14
literaturis TeoriaSi arc ise bevri zogadi daskvna mogvepoveba SemoqmedebiTi procesis Sesaxeb. CvenTvis cnobilia ramdenime avtoris gamonaTqvamebi, magram es Seda rebiT gviandeli avtorebia, romlebic bevr dros uTmobdnen TavianT xelovnebaze fiqrsa da analizs (vgulisxmobT goeTes da Silers, flobers (Flaubert), jeimss, eliotsa da valeris (Valéry). garda amisa, arsebobs fsiqologTa Zalze zogadi daskvnebi originalobis, gamomgoneblobis, warmosaxvis Sesaxeb, mecnieruli, filosofiuri da esTetikuri Semoqmedebis `gaerTmniSvnelianebis~ mcdelbebi.
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SemoqmedebiTi procesis nebismieri Tanamedrove gamokvleva mTavar yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu ra wvlili Seaqvs am procesSi aracnobiersa da cnobiers. advi lia literaturuli periodebis urTierdapirispirebac: roman tikuli da eqspresionistuli periodebis _ (rom lebic ganadideben aracnobiers) gamijvna klasi ku ri da realisturi periodebisagan (rodesac mTa vari aqcenti keTdeba gonivrul moqmedebaze, saqmis gul dasmiT gadasinjvaze, urTierTgagebis damyarebaze). am dapirispirebis gamwvavebac Zalian advilad SeiZleba: klasicizmisa da romantizmis Teoriebi ufro metad gan sxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, vidre maTi saukeTeso war momadgenlebis qmnilebebi.
avtorebi, romelnic did dros uTmoben TavianTi xelovnebis gansjas, bunebrivia, ufro didi mondomebiT ganixilaven weris procesis gacnobierebul da teqnikur momentebs, vidre `garedan~ Tavsmoxveul, SeZenil gamocdilebas, rac maTTvis masalas, sarkesa Tu prizmas warmoadgens. Zneli ar aris imis gageba, Tu ratom msje lobs xelovani (romelsac sinamdvileSi sakuTari lite raturuli mowodebisa swams) sakuTari Semoqmedebis upirovnobis Sesaxeb; TiTqosda, redaqtoris davalebam an nayofierma esTetikurma problemam ganapiroba nawar moe bis Temis SerCeva. am sakiTxze dawerili yvelaze cnobili naSromi _ pos `kompoziciis filosofia~ (‘‘Philosophy of Composition’’) _ cdilobs ganmartos, romeli meTo dologiuri strategiis Sedegad an romeli pirveladi esTetikuri aqsiomidan gamomdinare daiwera misi `yorani~. rodesac misi `saSinelebaTa novelebi~ araoriginalur nawarmoebebad gamoacxades, Seuracxyofilma pom upasuxa, rom am saSinelebebis wyaro germanuli Tqmulebebi ki ara, adamianis suli iyo; Tumca, imis aRiareba, rom saSinelebebi missave sulSi budobda, man ver SeZlo. po acxadebda, literaturuli inJineri var, romelic sxvaTa sulebis manipulirebaSi aris daostatebulio. posTan Semzaravi srul yofilebiT aris mocemuli ufskruli aracnobiersa da cnobierebas Soris. aracnobieridan modis bodvis, wamebisa da sikvdilis motivebi, xolo cno
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biereba mxatvrulad avi Tarebs da gadmogvcems am Temebs.15 Cvens mizans rom warmoadgendes testebis Sedgena li
teraturuli talantis gamosavlenad, isini ori saxisa iqneboda: 1. Tanamedrove poetebisTvis _ sityvebi da maTi kombinaciebi, xati da metafora, semantikuri da fonetikuri kav Sirebi (e.i. riTma, asonansi, aliteracia); 2. mwerlebisTvis (romanistebisa da dramaturgebisTvis) ZiriTadi amocana iqneboda personaJebis saxeTa Seqmna da siuJetis ageba.
literatoris specialobas warmoadgens asociaciuri (`sazrianoba~) da disociaciuri (`gansja~) azrovneba, aseve _ rekombinacia (axali mTlianobis Seqmna im elementebisgan, romlebic gamocdilebaSi calcalkea mocemuli). sit yvebi mwerlisTvis gamoxatvis saSualebaa. igi SeiZleba bavSvobidanve agrovebdes sityvebs ise, rogorc misi Ta natolebi _ Tojinebs, markebs an patara Sinaur cxovelebs. poetisaTvis sityva, upirvelesad, `niSani~ ki ar aris, ara med _ `simbolo~, romelic TavisTavadac Rirebulia, garda imisa, rom SeuZlia raime cneba warmoadginos. sityva SeiZleba iyos `obieqti~ an `sagani~, romelic JReradobis anda garegnuli niSnis mixedviTaa SemoqmedisTvis Zvirfasi. zogi mwerali sityvebs iyenebs rogorc niSnebs (skoti), kuperi (Cooper), draizeri (Dreiser); aseT SemTxvevaSi isini SeiZleba sxva enaze iolad iTargmnon, an dagvamaxsovrdnen, rogorc miTuri struqturebi. poetebi ki sityvebs umete sad `simbolurad~ iyeneben.16
tradiciuli gamoTqma `ideaTa asociacia~ sizustiT ar gamoirCeva. sityvaTa asociaciuri kavSiri (rac zogierT poetTan SeiniSneba) gulisxmobs im saganTa asociacias, romlebsac Cveni gonebis `ideebi~ miemarTeba. amgvari asocia ciebis mTavari kategoriebia droisa da sivrcis uwyvetoba da, aseve, msgavsebebi an gansxvavebebi. romanisti albaT pirveli rigis kate goriebiT azrovnebs, poeti ki _ meore rigis kategoriebiT (msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis kategoriebi Sei Zleba metaforas gavuTanabroT). isic ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom kontrasti Zalian ar unda gavaRrmavoT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme Tanamedrove literaturas exeba.
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jon l. louisi Tavis naSromSi `gza qsanadusaken~. brwyinvale deteqtivisaTvis Sesaferisi gamWriaxobiT aRa dgens im asociaciaTa jaWvs, romelTac uaRresad nakiTxi, farTo ganaT lebis mqone kolriji erTi literaturuli aluziidan meorisaken mihyavda. rac Seexeba Teorias, aq avto ri male kmayofildeba: TiToorola wminda wylis stilistu ri terminiT aRwers SemoqmedebiT process; gvesaubreba `urTierTSeWidebuli atomebis~, anu (jeimsis frazas rom davesesxoT) im xatebisa da ideebis Sesaxeb, romlebic droe biT iZirebian `aracnobieri azrovnebis Rrma WaSi~, raTa iqidan, mkvlevarTa sayvareli gamoTqmisa ar iyos, `cvlilebebis zRva Si amovlebulni~ isev amovidnen zedapirze. rodesac kolri jis igavmiuwvdomel nakiTxobas kvlav vubrundebiT, Sedegad zogjer `xeze inkrustacias~ an `mozaikas~ viRebT, zogjer ki _ `saswauls~. louisi formalurad mainc aRiarebs, rom `SemoqmedebiTi energia Tavisi siZlieris zenitSi cnobieric aris da aracnobieric... igi cnobier doneze akontrolebs mozRvavebuli xatebis nakads, romelTac wyalsacavSi (aracnobieris `WaSi~) ara cnobieri metamorfoza ganicades.~
magram avtori ar uTmobs sakmaris yuradRebas imis gansazRvras, Tu ra aris SemoqmedebiTi procesis realuri miznobrioba da konstruqciuloba.17
roca saqme gvaqvs prozaikosTan, upirvelesad gvainteresebs, rogor gamoZerwa man personaJebi da ra istoriebi `gamoigona~. romantikuli periodidan moyo lebuli, es orive aspeqti metismetad martivad iyo gagebuli: es unda yofiliyo an `originaluri~ naazrevi, an realuri adamianebis asaxva (es Sexeduleba ufro adrindel literaturazec vrceldeba), an kidev _ plagiati. da mainc, dikensis msgavs uaRresad `originalur~ avtorTanac ki vnaxavT, rom personaJTa tipebi da Txrobis teqnika ZiriTadad tradiciulia da momdinareobs profesiuli, aRiarebuli literaturuli masalidan.18
personaJTa Seqmnis procesSi avtori metnaklebi dozebiT asaxavs tradiciul literaturul tipebsac, realur pirovnebebsac da sakuTar Tavsac. Tu realist mweralze
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vityviT, rom igi ZiriTadad adamianTa qcevas akvirdeba an `maT adgilas warmoidgens Tavs, raTa gaugos da TanaugrZnos maT~, romantikosi mwerali yvelafers sakuTar TavSi `gamoatarebs~. mainc, Zneli saTqmelia, rom ubralo dakvirvebis Sedegad SeiZleba damajerebeli, cxovrebiseuli saxe Seiqmnas. erTi fsiqologis TqmiT, goeTes personaJebi: fausti, mefistofeli, verTeri da vil helm maisteri `avtoris bunebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis proecirebas, gadatanas axdenen nawarmoebebSi~. romanis tis sakuTari bunebis potenciuri mravalsaxeobidan _ aq igulisxmeba yvelaze uaryofiTi Tvisebebic _ ibadebian misi momavali personaJebi. `erTi adamianis ganwyoba meoris xasiaTia~. dostoevskis sulieri Tvisebebi aisaxa oTxive Zmis (`Zmeb karamazovebSi)~ xasiaTSi. arc is iqneba swori, Tu vivaraudebT, rom mamakaci romanisti raimeTi SezRudulia qali personaJebis Seqmnisas. `qalbatoni bovari me var~, acxadebs floberi. avtoris mxolod is Tvisebebi ,,gacocxldeba~ mis gmirebSi, romlebic potenciurad si coc xlisunarianni arian.19
ra saxis urTierToba arsebobs am `gacocxlebul~ personaJebsa da mwerlis namdvil bunebas Soris? rac ufro mravalricxovani da erTmaneTisagan gamorCeulia personaJebi, TiTqos ufro naklebad gansazRvruli unda iyos Tavad avtoris `pirovneba~. Seqspiris pirovneba uCinardeba mis piesebSi. verc maTi da verc anekdotebis saSualebiT ver warmovidgenT poetis ise mkveTrad daxatul, damaxasiaTebel suraTs, rogoric Seqmna ben jonsonma. rodesac poetis xasiaTze msjelobda, kitsma erTxel dawera, poets sakuTari buneba ar gaaCniao: ,,mas aqvs yvelaferi da araferi... iagos saxis SeqmnaSic imdenive siamovneba miiRo, ramdenic imojenisa (Seqspiris piesis ,,cimbelinis~ (Cymbeline) personaJi)... poeti yvelaze arapoeturi arsebaa imaTgan, vinc odesme arsebula, radgan mas sakuTari `me~ ar gaaCnia — is, sxvaTa sxeulebSi mokalaTebuli, maradJam sxvebze mogviTxrobs~.20
Cven mier ganxiluli yvela Teoria mwerlis fsiqologias ganekuTvneba. fsiqologebs SeuZliaT Ta vianTi mud
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mivad maZiebeli cnobismoyvareoba avtoris Semoq medebiTi procesis SeswavliT daikmayofilon. am uflebas maT veravin waarTmevs. maT SeuZliaT moaxdinon poetebis klasifikacia fsiqologiuri tipebis mixedviT; SeuZliaT aRweron maTi sulieri aSlilobani da maTi qvecnobieri gonebac ki gamoikvlion. fsiqologisTvis sakvlev masalas SeiZleba araliteraturuli, ara mxatvruli wyaroebi warmoadgendes anda SeiZleba man TviT nawarmoebebiT isargeblos. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia maTi obieqturi interprtacia dokumentur masalasTan Sejerebis gziT.
sxva sakiTxia, SeiZleba Tu ara fsiqologiis ga moyeneba mxatvruli nawarmoebebis gasaanalizeblad da Sesafaseblad? eWvsgareSea, rom fsiqologias SeuZlia naTeli mohfinos SemoqmedebiT process. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, yuradReba iqna gamaxvilebuli kompoziciis sxva dasxva meTodze, imaze, Tu ra SemoqmedebiTi Cvevebi axa siaTebT mwerlebs, rogor amuSaveben da saboloo saxes aZleven TavianTi nawerebs. SevexeT nawarmoebebis Seqmnis etapebsac, kerZod, ganvixileT pirveli stadia, pirveli monaxazebi, dawunebuli masala. da mainc, imis Tqma, rom am informaciis did nawils _ gansakuTrebiT, mraval anekdots mweralTa Cvevebis Sesaxeb _ mniSvneloba aqvs li teraturuli kritikisaTvis, namdvilad gadaWarbebu li iqneba. literaturisaTvis SeiZleba ufro sasargeblo gamodges nawarmoebebis Sesworebuli, gadamuSavebuli variantebis yuradRebiT Seswavla, radgan maTi daxmarebiT SevamCnevT literaturuli kritikisaTvis gamosadeg raime zads, Seusabamobebs, sxva mimarTulebiT Sebrunebas da zogadad, siujetis damaxinjebas mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi. prustis romanebis ciklis kompoziciis analizisas, foiera naTels hfens bolo romanebs da Cvenc saSualeba gveZleva teqstSi ramdenime Sre ganvasxvavoT. nawarmoebis ramdeni me variantis SeswavliT, SesaZlebloba gvaqvs, mwerlis saxelosnoSi SevixedoT.21
da mainc, Tu kidev ufro meti yuradRebiT Seviswav liT nawarmoebTa Zvel Tu axal variantebs, uaryofil versiebsa
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Tu fragmentebs, im daskvnamde mivalT, rom sa boloo angariSiT, maT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar aqvT dasrulebuli nawarmoebis gasagebad da mis Sesafaseblad Tu gasaanalizeblad. isini SeiZleba mxolod SesaZlo alternatiul versiebad ganvixiloT; anu maT SeiZleba saboloo variantis Camoyalibebis procesi dagvanaxvon. Tumca imave mizans SeiZleba Cveni warmosaxviTac mivaRwioT, warmo vidginoT SesaZlo variantebi, rac SeiZleba Tavad avtorsac mosvloda gonebaSi. kitsis leqsis _oda bulbuls (“Ode to a Nightingale”) _ gagebasa da aRqmas iqneb waadges imis codna , rom kitsi `zRvebisTvis~ sxva epiTetebsac fiqrobda, mag. Semdegs: `umowyalo~, an `gemebisgan dacarielebuli~. magram SemTxveviT SemorCenili es ori varianti arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba im zedsarTavebisgan, rogoric aris, vTqvaT: ,,saSiSi, ukacrieli, udaburi, sastiki~ da kidev mravali sxva, rac SeiZleba kritikosma Tavad moifiqros. es sityvebi nawarmoebSi ar Sevidnen, samudamod mis gareT darCnen (poeti xmarobs zedsarTavs ̀ faTerakebiani~, ‘‘Perilous seas’’). magram aseTi msjeloba ar gamogvadgeba ama Tu im nawarmoebis Sesafaseblad.22
Tavad `fsiqologiis~ Tema kvlav aqtualuria nawarmoebisTvis. piesebi iqneba, Tu romanebi, maTi per sonaJebi imiT arian saintereso, fsiqologiurad ram denad damajereblad gamoiyurebian. am kuTxiT xdeba siuJetisa da Sinaarsis Sefasebac. zogjer isec xdeba, rom romelime fsiqologiuri Teoria, romelsac cnobierad Tu gaucnobiereblad mihyveba avtori, TiTqosda ergeba personaJsa Tu situacias. lili kempbeli (Lily Campbell) hamlets miiCnevda `melanqoliiT Sepyrobili sangviniki adamianis~ tipad, romelic im drois fsiqologiuri Teoriebidan gamomdinare, kargad iyo cnobili elisabedis xanis mayureblisTvis. aseve, oskar kempbeli cdilobs dagvarwmunos, rom Jaki piesidan `rogorc geneboT~(As You Like It) `arabunebrivi melanqoliiT itanjeba, rac flegmis mozRvavebas gamouwvevia~. imisi damtkicebac SeiZleba, rom uolter Sendi (lorens
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sternis romanis `jentlmen tristram Sendis cxovreba da Sexedulebani~ (The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentle-man) personaJi, mTargmnelis SeniSvna) daavadebulia lokis mier aRwerili lingvisturi asociaciurobiT. stendalis personaJs Julien sorels destiu de trasis (Destutt de Tracy) fsiqologiuri Teoriis mixedviT xsnian. isic aSkaraa, rom romanSi aRwerili gansxvavebuli sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi Tavad sten dalisave wignis _ `siyvarulis Sesaxeb~ (De l’amour) qargazea gamoWrili. rodion raskolnikovis motivacia da gancdebi isea gaanalizebuli, rom kargad Cans avtoris ganswavluloba klinikur fsiqologiaSi. prusts, ueW velia, SemuSavebuli aqvs mTeli fsiqologiuri Teoria mexsierebis Sesaxeb, romelic mniSvnelovania nawarmoebis organizaciisTvisac ki. froidiseul fsiqoanalizs sruliad Segnebulad mimarTaven romanistebi, magaliTad, konrad aikeni Tu uoldo frenki.23
SeiZleba vikiTxoT: warmatebiT axerxebs Tu ara romanisti fsiqologiis gamoyenebas sakuTari gmirebisa da maTi urTierTobebis asaRwerad? fsiqologiuri Teoriebis Se saxeb ubralo ganacxadebi aq ar CaiTvleba. isini Seasruleben mxolod `masalis~ rols, rogorc nebismieri sxva saxis informacia, romelsac literaturaSi vxvdebiT, iqneba es faqtebi istoriis, astronomiisa Tu navigaciis Sesaxeb. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, nawarmoebis Tanamedrove Qfsiqologiuri Teoriebis damowmeba SeiZleba saeWvoc iyos da sasurvelia, isini minimumamde Semcirdes. ar aris gamarTlebuli Hhamletis an Jakis morgeba elisabedis droindeli romelime fsiqologiuri CarCosTvis, radgan maSindeli moZRvrebani winaaRmdegobrivi, damabneveli da gaurkveveli iyo. xolo orive personaJi imaze bevrad metia, vidre ubralod fsiqologiuri tipebi. marTalia raskolnikovi da soreli garkveul fsiqologiur Teoriebs ergebian kidec, magram amas Zalian arasrulyofili da wyvetili xasiaTi aqvs. sorelis saqcieli zogjer metad melodramatulia. raskolnikovis Tavdapirvel danaSauls sakmarisi motivacia aklia. ar
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unda dagvaviwydes, rom es wignebi fsiqologiuri dakvirvebebi an Teoriebis eqspozicia ki ar aris, aramed _ dramatuli an melodramatuli nawarmoebebi, sadac efeqturi siuJeti ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre realisturi fsiqologiuri motivacia. Tu Sevis wavliT `cnobierebis nakadis~ literaturas, maleve aRmo vaCenT, rom maTSi gadmocemuli araa subieqtis gonebaSi mimdinare `realuri~ procesebi, cnobierebis nakadi ki uf ro dramatul xerxia, romlis saSualebiT mkiTxveli xvdeba, konkretulad ras warmoadgens benji, gonebasusti per sonaJi folkneris romanidan ̀ xmauri da mZvinvareba~ (The Sound and the Fury) an q-ni blumi (jeims joisis romanis `ulise~ (Ulysses) personaJi; mTargmnelis SeniSvna). Tumca, am xerxs ver vuwodebT `mecnieruls~ an Tundac `realisturs~.24
davuSvaT, mwerali warmatebiT Zerwavs `fsiqo logiurad damajerebel~ personaJebs. am SemTxve vaSic ki sa e Wvoa, aqvs Tu ara am `damajereblobas~ mxatvruli Rire buleba. WeSmaritad didi xelovnebis mravali nimuSi verasdros ver Tavsdeba fsiqologiis Tanamedrove Tu gviandel standartebSi. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia daujerebeli situaciebisa da fantastikuri motivebis gan viTareba. fsiqologiuri damajereblobis moTxovna (iseve, rogorc socialuri realizmis moTxovna) naturalisturi standartia, romelic sayovelTaod misaRebi ver iqneba. rasakvirvelia, zog SemTxvevaSi fsiqologiuri intuicia aZlierebs nawarmoebis mxatvrul Rirebulebas. am dros igi ganamtkicebs nawarmoebis iseT mniSvnelovan mxatvrul Tvisebebs, rogoricaa sirTule da Tanamimdevruloba. mag ram aseT Rrma wvdomas SeiZleba fsiqologiis Teoriuli codnis gareSec mivaRwioT. fsiqologia, rogorc cnobieri da siste muri mecniereba gonebisa da misi muSaobis Sesaxeb, xelovnebisaTvis aucilebeli ar aris da TavisTavad mxatvruli Rire bulebac ar gaaCnia.25
zogierT xelovans, romlebic gaazrebul (da ara qvecnobier) Semoqmedebas eweva, fsiqologiam SeiZleba rea lobis
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SegrZneba ufro gaumZafros, dakvirvebis unari gau maxvilos da SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis gamouenebis axali sfe roebi aRmoaCeninos. Tumca, fsiqologia, TavisTavad, mxo lod mosamzadebeli etapia SemoqmedebiT procesSi. rac Seexeba mxatvrul nawarmoebSi mis rols, fsiqologiuri si marTle mxolod maSin CaiTvleba mxatvrul Rirebulebad, Tu is aZ lie rebs Tanamimdevrulobasa da sirTules, anu, sxva sit yve biT rom vTqvaT, Tu is Tavadac xelovnebas warmoadgens.
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*literatura socialuri movlenaa, romelSic gamo
saxvis saSualebaa ena _ aseve socialuri fenomeni. TavianTi bunebiT socialuria agreTve iseTi tradiciuli literaturuli aRniSvnebi, rogoricaa simbolika da leqsis sazomi. isini iseT pirobiTobasa da normebs ganekuTvnebian, romlebic mxolod sazogadoebaSi SeiZ leboda warmo So biliyo. ufro metic, literatura `asa xavs, warmogvidgens~`cxovrebas~; `cxovreba~ ki farTo masStabiT aRebuli socialuri realobaa, miuxedavad imisa, rom buneba da ada mianis Sinagani anu subieqturi samyaroc literaturuli `imitaciis~ obieqtebia. poe ti Tavadac sazogadoebis wevria da konkretuli so cialuri statusi aqvs: sazogadoebisgan aRiarebasa da jildos iRebs; misi Semoqmedeba, Tundac warmosaxviTi, mainc sazogadoebisTvisaa gamiznuli. literatura xom yovelTvis axlo kavSirSia garkveul so ci alur fenebTan; primitiul sazogadoebaSi ki SeiZleba verc gavmijnoT poezia ritualisgan, magiisgan, Sromisagan Tu Ta ma Sisgan. literaturas socialuri funqciac akisria, anu `sargebloba~ moaqvs, romelic mTlianad individualuri ver iqneba. ase rom, SekiTxvebis didi umravlesoba, ro melsac svams literaturaTmcodneoba, saboloo anga riSiT Tu sanaxevrod, mainc socialuri xasiaTisaa. isini exeba tradiciasa da pirobiTobas, normebsa da Janrebs, simboloebsa da miTebs. SeiZleba daveTanxmoT tomarss, rom lis azriT, esTetikuri movlenebi ar aris dafuZnebuli so cialur movlenebze, maTi Semadgeneli nawilic ki ar aris: isini socialuri movlenebis erT saxeobas warmoadgenen da sxva danarCenTanac Zalian axlo, Zireuli kavSiri aqvT.1
Cveulebriv, sakiTxs `literatura da sazogadoeba~ ufro mcire masStabiT da garedan Seiswavlian. ZiriTadad
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ainteresebT, Tu ra saxis kavSiria literaturasa da mocemul socialur situacias _ ekonomikur, socialur da politikur sistemebs _ Soris. aseve cdiloben aRweron da gansazRvron sazogadoebis gavlena literaturaze da ase ve aRweron da ganixilon literaturis statusi sazoga doe baSi. literaturisadmi amgvar socialur midgomas gan sa kuT re biT emxrobian isini, vinc Tavs garkveuli socialuri filosofiis mimdevrad Tvlis. marqsisti kritikosebi ara mxolod Seiswavlian literaturasa da sazogadoebas Soris urTierTobas, aramed aqvT sakuTari mkveTrad gamo xatuli da gansazRvruli koncefcia imis Taobaze, Tu rogori unda iyos es urTierToba Cvens axlandel da aseve momavlis ̀ uklaso~ sazogadoebaSic. maTi Semfasebluri, ,,miukerZoebeli~ kritika emyareba ara literaturul, aramed politikur da zneobriv kriteriumebs. isini gvamcnoben ara marto imas, Tu rogori iyo da aris avtoris naweris socialu ri kavSirebi da Sefaruli miniSnebebi, aramed imasac, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo an unda iyos is amJamad. 2 isini marto literaturas da sazogadoebas ki ar Seiswavlian, aramed momavlis winaswarmetyvelebasac cdiloben, monitorings da propagandasac ewevian, da uWirT kidec am ori funqciis gamijvna.
rodesac literaturasa da sazogadoebas Soris urTierTobas ganixilaven, saubars Cveulebriv de bonaldis (De Bonald) naTqvamiT iwyeben: literatura sazogadoebis ga moxatulebaao. ki magram, ras niSnavs es aqsioma? is, rom literatura nebismier mocemul droSi sarkesaviT `uSe cdomod~ aireklavs imdroindel viTarebas, mcdari debulebaa. metad banaluri, dromoWmuli da gaurkvevelic iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom literatura asaxavs socialuri realobis zog aspeqts.3 kidev ufro damabnevelia imis Tqma, rom literatura sarkesaviT asaxavs da gadmogvcems cxov rebas. mwerali, ra Tqma unda, gverds ver auvlis sakuTari gamocdilebisa da aseve cxovrebaze mTeli Tavisi Sexedulebis gadmocemas; magram namdvilad araswori iqneba, Tu vityviT imas, rom igi cxovrebas mTlianad gamoxatavs, an imas, rom srulad da amomwuravad gadmogvcems erTi konkretuli periodis cxovrebas. Tu vityviT, rom av
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torma Tavisi drois cxovreba srulad unda gadmosces, rom is Tavisi epoqisa da sazogadoebis `warmomadgeneli~ unda iyos, es naTqvami Sefasebis konkretul kriteriumad unda miviRoT. Tanac, terminebs `srulad~ da `warmomadgeneli~ safuZvliani axsna sWirdeba: socialur kritikas Tu gadavxedavT, Zalze xSirad am terminebis miRma igulisxmeba, rom avtors unda esmodes konkretuli socialuri garemoebebi da grZnobdes maT (mag., proletaria tis mZime xvedri). garda amisa, avtors unda hqondes kritiko sis Sesaferisi konkretuli Sexedulebani da ideologia.
hegelisa Tu tenis moZRvrebaTa mixedviT, istoriuli Tu socialuri sidiade utoldeba mxatvrul sidiades. Ta visi xelovnebis wyalobiT, xelovans Cvenamde moaqvs WeS mariteba da ra Tqma unda, is aseve gvaziarebs istoriul da socialur WeSmaritebas. xelovnebis qmnilebebi warmoadgens ,,dokumentebs, radgan maT aqvs maradiuli Rirebuleba~.4 harmoniis arseboba geniossa da epoqas Soris gar kve ul pos tulatsac warmoadgens. `warmomadgenloba~, `socialu ri WeSmariteba~ ki aris Sedegic da mizezic mxatvruli faseulobisa. saSualo donis, arafriT gamorCeuli xelov ne bis nimuSebi, romlebic Tanamedrove sociologebs iqneb ukeTes sabuTebadac ki miaCniaT, tenis azriT, ar aris bevris momcemi da gamomxatveli, da, amdenad, warmomadgenlo bi Tic. literatura namdvilad ar aris socialuri procesis asaxva, igi mTeli istoriis arsis asaxva, mTeli istoriis Semoklebuli da Sejamebuli saxiT gadmocemaa.
jerjerobiT ki, sjobs, cota xniT gadavdoT SefasebiTi kritikis problemebze saubari, sanam gavarkvevdeT literaturasa da sazogadoebas Soris sinamdvileSi ra damokidebuleba arsebobs. am TvalsaCino (normatiulisgan gansxvavebiT) mimarTebebis klasifikacia sakmaod iolia.
pirvel yovlisa, unda SeviswavloT mwerlis sociologia, aseve literaturis arsi da instituti. Semdeg, literaturuli produqciis ekonomikuri safuZvlis sakiTxi mTlianad, agreTve mwerlis socialuri warmoSoba da statusi, misi socialuri ideologia, romelic SeiZle ba
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aisaxos samwerlo moRvaweobis garda, sxva saqmianobasa Tu ganacxadebSi. amas mohyveba socialuri Sinaarsis problema, kerZod, ras warmoadgens Tavad literaturuli teqstebis faruli azri da maTi socialuri mizani. gar da amisa, Sesaswavlia iseTi sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa mkiT xveli sazogadoeba da literaturis realuri socia luri zegavlena. imas, Tu ramdenad aris literatura da mo kidebuli arsebul socialur viTarebaze, socialur cvlilebebsa da movlenebze, ganvixilavT ZiriTadi sakiT xis samive aspeqtis analizisas. es aspeqtebia: mwerlis so cio logia, Tavad nawarmoebTa socialuri konteqsti da li teraturis gavlena sazogadoebaze. bolos, ganvixi lavT kulturuli integraciis problemas da, saxeldobr, imas, Tu rogor aris integrirebuli Cveni sakuTari kultura.
yoveli mwerali sazogadoebis wevria. ase rom, igi unda SeviswavloT, rogorc socialuri piri. mTavari wyaro kvlevisaTvis misi biografiaa, magram aseve Za lian dagvexmareba, mTeli im garemos, sazogadoebis Ses wavla, romelmac igi warmoSva da sadac cxovrobda. am gziT SesaZlebeli iqneba sakmarisi masalis Sekreba av tor Ta socialuri warmoSobis, ojaxisa da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. aseve SegviZlia davadginoT, ramde ni mweralia aristokratiuli, burJuaziuli Tu proletaru li ojaxidan. amerikuli literaturis magaliTiT SegviZ lia vaCvenoT, rom amerikuli literatura, ZiriTadad, Seqmna ganaTlebuli da, aseve, saqmosanTa fenebidan gamosulma Taobam.5 statistikasac Tu moviSveliebT, vnaxavT, rom Ta namedrove evropaSi literaturiT ZiriTadad dakavebul ni iyvnen saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi, radgan aristokra tia mTlianad didebisa da garTobis ZiebaSi iyo, xolo ufro dabali fenis ojaxis Svilebs ganaTlebis miRebis naklebi SesaZlebloba hqondaT. amgvari ganzogadeba inglisisaTvis mTlianad ar gamogvadgeba, radgan bevri gamonaklisis gaTvaliswineba mogviwevs. ufro adreul inglisur lite raturaSi iSviaTad gvxvdebian glexis an muSis ojaxidan gamosuli mwerlebi. bernsisa (Burns) da karlailis (Carlyle) SemTxvevebi gamonaklisia da demokratiuli Sotlandiuri
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saskolo sistemiT aixsneba. aristokratiis roli inglisur literaturaSi uCveulod didi iyo. nawilobriv es mowmobs imas, rom sxva qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT (sadac saerTod ar iyo tradicia imisa, rom mSoblebis qonebaze ufleba mxolod ufros vaJiSvils hqonoda), inglisis aristokratia naklebad iyo mowyvetili ganaTlebul fenebs. rac Seexeba ruseTs, ramdenime gamonaklisis garda, yvela Tanamedrove rusi mwerali vidre gonCarovamde da Cexovamde, aristokratTa fenas ekuTvnodnen. sabuTebis mixedviT, dostoevskic keTilSobilTa klass miekuTvneboda, Tumca mamamisma, mos kovelma eqimma, romelic RatakTaTvis daarsebul saa vad myofoSi muSaobda, miwa da ymebi mxolod gvianRa SeiZina.
aseTi informaciis Sekreba advilia, magram Znelia Semdgom maTi axsna. ganapirobebs Tu ara socialuri warmo mavloba socialur ideologiasa da romelime moZRvrebisadmi loialurobas? Selis, karlailisa da tolstois cxovrebas Tu gadavxedavT, xelSi SegvrCeba aSkara magaliTebi imisa, Tu rogor ̀ uRalates~ maT saku Tar klass. sxva qveynebSi, ruseTisgan gansxvavebiT, ko mu nisti mwer lebis umetesoba warmoSobiT proletarebi ar arian. sabWoTa da sxva marqsistma kritikosebma metad mniSvne lovani gamokvlevebi Caatares, raTa daezustebinaT rus mweralTa socialuri warmomavloba da is, Tu romeli so cialuri fenis mimarT iCenen isini loialurobasa da erT gulebas. ase rom, p. n. sakulini bolodroindeli rusu li literaturis kvlevas iwyebs imiT, rom ganasxvavebs lite raturas klasebisa da sazogadoebrivi fenebis mixedviT, iqneba es glexTa, wvrili burJuaziis, demokratiuli inte ligenciis, deklasirebuli inteligenciis, burJuaziis, aristokratiisa Tu revoluciuri proletariatis lite ratura.6 ufro adrindeli literaturis Seswav lisas, rusi mecnierebi cdiloben, Zalian mkveTrad gamokveTon sxvaoba rusuli aristokratiis mraval jgufsa da dajgufebas Soris, romlebsac memkvidreobiT miRebuli qonebis wyalobiTa Tu adrindeli kavSirebiT, SeiZleba miva kuT vnoT puSkini da gogoli, turgenevi Tu tolstoi.7 Tum ca, imis mtkicebac Znelia, TiTqos puSkini
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gaRatakebuli memamuleebis interesTa damcveli iyo, xolo gogoli _ uk raineli wvrili miwaTmflobelebisa; amgvar daskvnas Za la ekargeba maTi nawerebis zogadi ideologiis da im didi gav le nis gaTvaliswinebiTac, riTac isini gascdnen TavianTi jgufis, klasisa Tu drois sazRvrebs.8
mwerlis socialuri statusis, socialuri loia lurobisa da ideologiis Seswavlisas, mwerlis so cia luri fesvebis sakiTxs mcire yuradReba eTmoba. xom cno bilia, rom mwerlebs xSirad umsaxuriaT sxva klasTa interesebis gamosaxatavad da dasacavad. sakaro poetebis umetesoba ufro dabali fenis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, vidre maTi feodali patronebi, visi ideologiac da gemovnebac poetebma SeiTvises da miiRes.
mwerlis Sexedulebebi, ideologia da is, Tu romeli socialuri moZRvrebis mimdevrad Tvlis Tavs, SeiZleba SevityoT ara marto misi nawerebiT, aramed xSir SemTxvevaSi biografiuli cnobebidanac. mweralic xom erTi rigiTi moqalaqea, romelic gamoTqvams Tavis Sexedulebebs politikur Tu socialur sakiTxebze da monawileobas iRebs mimdinare movlenebSi.
konkretuli mwerlebis politikuri Tu socialuri Sexedulebebis Sesaswavlad bevri Sromaa gaweuli; bolo dros ki gansakuTrebiT didi yuradRebiT Seiswavlian am Sexedulebebis ekonomikur aspeqtebsac. magaliTad, l. s. naiTsi (Knights) amtkicebs, rom ben jonsonis ekonomikuri Sexedulebani Zirfesvianad Sua saukuneebis droindeli iyo, gviCvenebs, Tu rogori satiriT umaspinZldeba igi zogierTi Tavisi Tanamedrove dramaturgis msgavsad mevaxSeebis, monopolistebis, gadamyidvelebisa da `mewarmeebis~ axalaRzevebul klass.9 bevri mxatvruli na war moebi, mag. Seqspiris `istoriuli qronikebi~ da svif tis `guliveris mogzauro-ba~ (Gulliver’s Travels) ga da sinjuli iqna imdroindeli politikuri viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT.10 mweralTa oficialuri gancxadebebi, gadawyvetilebebi da moRvaweoba arasodes ar unda avurioT maTi nawerebis realur socialur mniSvnelobaSi. balzaki TvalsaCino magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor
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SeiZleba moxdes amgvari gamijvna; Tumca misi garegnuli simpaTiebi Zveli politikuri wesrigis, aristokratiisa da eklesiis mxares iyo, mis SemoqmedebiT instinqtsa da warmosaxvas ufro metad momxveWeli tipi, gadamyidveli, burJuaziis axali Zli eri adamiani ainteresebda. ase rom, SeiZleba arsebob des mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba Teoriasa da praqtikas, rwme nis aRiarebasa da SemoqmedebiT unars Soris.
Tu sistemurad ganvixilavT socialuri warmoSobis, romelime moZRvrebisadmi erTgulebisa Tu ideologiis sa kiTxebs, es yvelaferi migviyvans mwerlis, rogorc konkretul drosa da sivrceSi arsebuli tipis so ciologiamde. mwerlebi SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT imisda mi xedviT, Tu ramdenad arian socialur procesSi integ rirebulni. popularul literaturaSi es gansxvaveba umniSvneloa, mag ram SeiZleba `socialuri distanciis~ ukidures zRvars miaRwios bohemis warmomadgenlebTan, roca saqme gvaqvs e.w poète maudit –Tan (frang. `dawyevlili poeti~) da Tavisufal SemoqmedebiT geniasTan. mTlianobaSi, Tanamedrove da savleTSi mweralTa Soris klasobrivi gansxvaveba Sem cirda. gaCnda `inteligencia~ _ profesionalTa Seda re biT damoukidebeli Sualeduri klasi. literaturis so cio logiam unda gansazRvros am klasis zusti socialu ri sta tusi, Tu ramdenad aris igi damokidebuli mmarTvel klasze, saidan modis misi mxardaWeris zusti ekonomikuri saTave, da, aseve, mwerlis prestiJi TiToeul sazogadoe ba Si.
am istoriis zogadi konturebi ukve kargad aris gamo kveTili. xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi SesaZlebelia momRerlis an saxalxo mTqmelis rolis Seswavla, romlis bedic mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia msmenelis keTilganwyobaze; sul erTia, es antikuri samyaros aedosi iqneba, skopi uZveles tevtonur xanaSi, Tu profesionali mez Rapre ruseTsa da aRmosavleTSi. tragikosebi da pindares msgavs mexotbeebi Tu himnebis mTxzvelebi Zveli saberZneTis qalaqsaxelmwifoebSi qurumebs utoldebodnen. Tu evri pides SevadarebT esqiles, gamovlindeba am profesiis
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TandaTanobiTi sekularizacia. romis imperiis sakaro poetebi _ virgiliusi (Virgil), horaciusi Tu ovidiusi (Ovid) _ damokidebulni iyvnen avgustusisa da mecenatis keTilganwyobasa da xelgaSlilobaze.
sxva suraTia Sua saukuneebSi. beri Tavis sakanSia, trubaduri da minezingeri _ mefis karsa Tu Bbaronis cixekoSkSi, moxetiale swavlulebi ki sxvadasxva gzebze mimofantulan. imdroindeli mwerali an saeklesio piria, an swavluli, an momRerali _ saxalxo gamrTobi, menestreli. Tundac moyvarulebi, magram mainc poetebi, ukve mefeTa Sorisac gvxvdebian. mag., CexeTis mefe vaclav meore an Sotlandiis mefe jeims pirveli. germanul `ostatis simReraSi~ (Meister-sang) xelosnebi gaerTianebuli arian poetur gildiebad. es arian biurgerebi, romlebic ise misdeven poezias, rogorc xelobas. aRorZinebis epoqaSi gamoCnda mweralTa SedarebiT damoukidebeli jgufi _ humanistebi, romlebic moxetiale cxovrebas eweodnen, zogjer sxva qveynebSic, da TavianT samsaxurs sxvadasxva patrons sTavazobdnen. petrarka (Pe-trarch) aris pirveli Tanamedrove poeti laureati (poeta lau-reatus), romelic TiTqmis Sepyrobilia Tavisi poeturi misiis sidiadiT, aretino (Aretino) ki prototipia im literaturuli Jur nalistisa, romelic SantaJiT cxovrobs; misi ufro eSi ni aT, vidre afaseben da pativs miageben.
ufro mogvianebiT mwerlebis patronaJi iTaves uk ve Tavad gamomcemlebma, romelnic icnobdnen mkiT xvelTa gemovnebas. Tumca, unda aristokratiuli mfar velobis sistema yvela sferos ar moicavda. eklesia da sul male Teatric literaturis gansazRvrul JanrTa mxardamWerebad mogvevlina. inglisSi patronaJis sistemis aSkara daRmavloba me18 sis dasawyisSi SeimCneva. gar kve uli drois ganmavlobaSi literaturas Semoecalnen Zve li keTilismyofelebi. ekonomiurad mas cudi dRe daudga, radgan jer kidev ar Seswevda unari, mTlianad mkiTx velTa xarjze earseba. dr. samuel jonsonis adreuli cxovreba grab stritze (Grub Street, cnobili quCa london Si, sadac ZiriTadad Raribi mwerlebi
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cxovrobdnen. aqe dan gamomdinare, am saxels mdare nawarmoebis aRsaniSnavadac xmaroben. es quCa amJamad miltonis saxels atarebs. mTargmnelis SeniSvna) da mis mier lord Cesterfildis gamowveva am cvlilebebs simbolurad gamoxatavs. Tumca Ra, erTi TaobiT adre poupma moaxerxa didi qonebis dagroveba _ keTilSobili didgvarovnebi da ganaTlebuli adamianebi fuls ar iSurebda homerosis miseuli Targmanis SesaZenad.
namdvili finansuri warmateba mwerlebma mxolod me19 saukuneSi igemes. skotma da baironma uzarmazari gavlena moaxdines mkiTxveli sazogadoebis gemovnebasa da Sexedulebebze. volteris da goeTes damsaxureba iyo, rom kontinentze uCveulod gaizarda mwerlis prestiJi da misi damoukideblobis xarisxi. mkiTxvelTa ricxvma ima ta, daarsda iseTi mniSvnelovani perioduli mimomxilve li gamocemebi, rogorebicaa `edinburgi~ (Edinburgh) da `quorTerli~ (Quarterly), ris Sedegadac literaturam TiT qmis sruli damoukidebloba moipova. Tumca, prosper de baranti (Prosper de Barante) 1822 wels werda, aseTi viTa re ba ukve me18 saukuneSi arsebobdao.11
rogorc eSli Tordnaiki (Ashley Thordnike) amtkicebda, me19 sSi gamosuli beWdviTi produqciis yvelaze Tval saCino niSania ara vulgaruloba da uferuleba, aramed _ specializacia. beWduri produqcia amieridan aRar aris gamiznuli erTgvarovani mkiTxveli sazogadoebisaTvis. is ukve izidavs sxvadasxva tipis mkiTxvelebs da, Sesabamisad, interesis mraval sferos, sakiTxsa da mizans akmayofilebs.12
analogiur Tvalsazriss aviTarebs q. d. livisi Tavis gamokvlevaSi `mwerloba da mkiTxveli sazogadoeba~:13 me18 sis glexs, romelmac kiTxva iswavla, ukve imis wakiTxva SeeZlo, rasac Tavadaznauroba da ganaTlebuli sazoga doeba kiTxulobda; meore mxriv, me19 sis mkiTxvel sazo gadoebas ukve damsaxurebulad uwode bden ara `mkiTxvel sazogadoebas~ aramed `mkiTxvel sazo ga do ebebs~. Cvens droSi sagamomcemlo anotaciebSi da Jur na lebis ydebze gamudmebiT vkiTxulobT: `910 wlis bavSve bisaTvis~, `ufrosklaseli
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vaJebisaTvis~, `martoxela ada mia ne bi sTvis~; gamodis dargobrivi Jurnalebi, calkeul fir maTa sakuTari perioduli gamocemebi, sakvirao skolis yo vel kvireulebi, vesternebi, saTavgadasavlo romanebi. ase rom, specializacia mimdinareobs yvela doneze; es exeba gamomcemlobebsac, Jurnalistebsac da mwerlebsac.
amrigad, literaturis ekonomikuri bazisisa da mwe rlis socialuri statusis Seswavla ganuyofelia mkiT xveli sazogadoebis Seswavlisgan. swored maT mimarTavs mwerali Tavisi nawerebiT da maTzea damokidebuli misi finansuri warmateba (ix. Alfred A. Harbage, Shakespeare’s Audience, New York 1941).14 aristokrati mfarvelic ki mkiTxveli sazogadoebis nawilia da, xSirad, metismetad momTxovnic. mwerlisagan igi ara marto misadmi qedmodrekas moiTxovs, aramed konformizmsac misi klasis pirobiTobebis mi marT. kidev ufro adrindel sazogadoebaSi, xalxuri poeziis epoqaSi, avtori mTlianad damokidebuli iyo mkiT xvelisgan: misi Semoqmedeba ver damkvidrdeboda, ver gavrceldeboda, Tu is auditoriisTvis Tavidanve maamebluri ar iqneba. aseTive sagrZnobia auditoriis roli TeatrSi. ramdenime gamokvlevac ki Catarda imis dasadgenad, Tu ramdenad imoqmeda Seqspiris SemoqmedebiTi periodebisa da sti lis cvlilebebma mayurebelTa Soris cvlilebaze; mayurebelic ar iyo erTgvarovani: `globusSi~, Ria cis qveS, TiTqmis yvela fenis warmomadgeneli dadioda, xo lo `bleqfraiers~is daxurul darbazs ufro maRali wreebis warmomadgenlebi stumrobdnen. rac ufro izrde ba mkiTxvelTa raodenoba, rac ufro araerTgvarovani xdeba igi, avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris urTierTobis gamokvleva Zneldeba. amave dros izrdeba maT Sua mavalTa ricxvi. SesaZlebelia imis gaanalizeba, Tu ra socialuri datvirTva da roli hqondaT literaturul salons, kafes, klubs, akademiasa Tu universitets. ase ve SesaZlebelia, Tvali mivadevnoT kritikuli gamo cemebisa da Jurnalebis, gamomcemlobebis istorias. kri tikosi xdeba angariSgasawevi Suamavali; literaturis moyvarulebi, bibliofilebi Tu koleqcionerebi SeiZleba literaturis
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garkveuli Janrebis mfarvelebadac mo viazroT. mkiTxvelTa kidev erT gansakuTrebul fenas qmnis TviT literatorTa sazogadoebebic, romelTa wev rebic isev momavali Tu xelmocaruli mwerlebi arian. veblenis (Veblen) TqmiT, amerikaSi mandilosnebi asruleben gansakuTrebiT aqtiur rols literaturuli gemovnebis gansazRvradamkvidrebaSi.
da mainc, jer kidev moqmedebs literaturis gavrce lebis Zveli meTodebi. metnaklebad yvela Tanamedrove mTavroba mxars uWers da mfarvelobs literaturas. mfarvelobaSi, rasakvirvelia kontroli da zedamxedvelo ba igulisxmeba.15 namdvilad gagviWirdeboda bolo aT wleulebis totalitaruli saxel mwifos gaazrebuli ga v lenis gadaWarbebiT Sefaseba. amas uaryofiTi Sede gic hqonda da dadebiTic. cudi is iyo, rom mwerals devnidnen, aiZulebdnen araferi ewera, uwvavdnen wignebs, cenzura gasaqans ar aZlevda. kargi is iyo, rom sabWoTa `socialistur realizms~, agreTve _ e.w. ,,sisxlis da miwis” regionalizms mxardaWera hqonda. saxelmwifom ver SeZlo misi ideologiuri moTxovnebis Sesabamisi literaturis Seqmna, romelic didi xelovnebad darCeboda, magram is mainc axerxebs literaturis marTvas, rodesac mwerlebi sakuTari nebiT Tu iZulebiT emorCilebian oficialur direqtivebs. ase rom, sabWoTa ruseTSi, Teoriulad mainc, literatura kvlav iqca sazogadoebriv xelovnebad, xolo xe lovani kvlav sazogadoebaSi iqna integrirebuli.
wignis warmatebis amsaxveli diagrama, maCvenebeli imisa, Tu ramdenad sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda wigni, an xom ar SeiZina man `meore sococxle~ gamoqveynebidan garkveuli periodis gavlis Semdeg, socialuri movlenaa iseve, rogorc mwerlis mier moxveWili saxeli da dideba. nawilobriv, is rasakvirvelia ekuTvnis literaturis `istoriasac~, radgan saxeli da dideba izomeba imiT, Tu ra arsebiT gavlenas axdens erTi mwerali meoreze, aseve _ imiT, Tu ramdenad Seswevs Zala konkretul mwerals, literaturuli tradicia Secvalos da mas Tavisi kvali daaCnios. mwerlis saxeli, misi reputacia nawilobriv kritikosTa gamoxmaurebis Sedegia: dRemde ise xdeboda, rom mas ZiriTadad ad
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gendnen ama Tu im periodis e. w. `sa Sualo mkiTxvelis~ metnaklebad oficialuri gancxa de bebis safuZvelze. aqedan gamomdinare, maSin, roca `gemov ne baTa karuselis~sakiTxi `socialuria~, mas SeiZleba ga mo vunaxoT ufro TvalsaCino sociologiuri safuZveli: saguldagulo muSaobis Sedegad SeiZleba gamovikvlioT, Tu ra realuri Sesabamisoba arsebobs, erTi mxriv, nawarmoeb sa da, meore mxriv, mkiTxvels Soris, romelzec damokidebu lia wignis warmateba. gamokvlevaSi dagvexmareba gayi dul calTa raodenoba, aseve _ gamocemaTa ricxvi.
ramdeni fenac arsebobs TiToeul sazogadoebaSi, imdenive fenad SeiZleba daiyos am sazogadoebis gemovne bac. maRali klasi, miuxedavad Tavisi aRmatebulebisa, zogjer dabali klasis xelovnebiTac interesdeba. amis nimuSia interesi folklorisa da primitiuli xelovnebis mimarT. politikuri da socialuri winsvla yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs esTetikur winsvlasac: burJuaziam manamde igdo xelSi literaturuli asparezi, sanam politikaSi warmatebas miaRwevda. sazogadoebis fenebad dayofas SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos an sulac ugulebelyos gemovne bis sakiTxze kamaTma, roca saqme gvaqvs gansxvavebuli asa kis an sqesis jgufTan, an garkveul jgufebTan Tu asociaciebTan. modac angariSgasawevi faqtoria Tana medrove literaturaSi, radgan mudmivad cvalebad, kon kurentunarian sazogadoebaSi Zalian swrafad xdeba maRa li sazogadoebis normebis mibaZva da amitom maT mudmivad `axali sisxli~ sWirdebaT. cxadia, rom Cvens droSi ge movnebis amgvari swrafi cvlilebebi bolo aTwleulebis swrafi socialuri cvlilebebis da aseve, zogadad, xelovansa da sazogadoebas Soris aramyari urTierTobis anarekli unda iyos.
sociologiur Seswavlas moiTxovs Tanamedrove mwerlis sazogadoebisagan izolaciis problema. rus so cialist giorgi plexanovs swamda, rom doqtrina `xelovneba xelovnebisaTvis~ yalibdeba maSin, roca mwer lebi grZnoben `gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobas Tavis miznebsa da im sazogadoebis miznebs Soris, romelsac isini ekuTvnian. mwerlebi
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am dros metad mtrulad arian ganwyobilni sazogadoebis mimarT da misi Secvlis imedi ara aqvT~.16
levin l. Sukingma (Levin L. Schücking) Tavis `literaturuli gemovnebis sociologiaSi~ gamokveTa ram denime amgvari problema; sxva gamokvlevebSi mas Zalian dawvrilebiT aqvs Seswavlili ojaxisa da qalis, rogorc mkiTxveli sazogadoebis roli me18 sSi.17
Tumca bevri masala iqna moZiebuli da Segrovebuli, magram kargad dasabuTebuli daskvnebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu zustad ra damokidebuleba arsebobs literaturis Seq mnasa da mis ekonomikur safuZvlebs Soris, an raSi vlindeba sazogadoebis zegavlena mweralze, mainc iSviaTad gv xvdeba. cxadia, es araa pirdapiri damokidebuleba da arc mfarvelisa Tu mkiTxveli sazogadoebis mier dadge nili direqtivebisadmi pasiuri morCileba. mwerlebma SeiZleba moaxerxon da Seqmnan TavianTi gansakuTrebuli mkiTxvelTa wre, es icoda kolrijmac: yovelma axalma mwe ralma unda Camoayalibos gemovneba, romelsac igi Tavad daakmayofilebs.
ara marto sazogadoeba axdens gavlenas mweralze, aramed sapirispiro procesic SeiniSneba; xelovneba ub ra lod ki ar asaxavs cxovrebas, aramed ayalibebs, for mas aZlevs mas. adamianebma SeiZleba sakuTari cxovreba warmarTon nawarmoebTa gmirebis msgavsad _ sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavlebi iqneba es Tu borotmoqmedebebi. TviT mkvlelobac ki CaudeniaT wignSi aRwerilis msgav sad. ni muSad SegviZlia movixmoT diumas romanebi muSketerebze an goeTes `axalgazrda verTeris vnebani~. mag ram nuTu SesaZlebelia zustad ganvsazRvroT wignis gavlena mkiT xvelze? SevZlebT ki odesme satiris gavlenis dadgenas? marTlac SeZlo adisonma (Addison) Tavisi sazogadoebis qcevis Secvla? an moaxdina Tu ara dikensma raime gav lena mevaleTa cixeebis, vaJTa skolebisa Tu RatakTa Tav Sesafrebis reformebze?18 marTla iyo hariet biCer stou (Harriet Beecher Stowe) is `patara qali, romelmac didi omi wamoiwyo~? Secvala Tu ara romanma `qarwaRebulni~ (Gone with the Wind) CrdiloeTis Statebis mkiTxvelis damokidebuleba qn stous omis mimarT? ro
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gori zemoqmedeba moaxdines hemingueim da folknerma TavianT mkiTxvelze? ramdenad didi iyo literaturis gavlena Tanamedrove nacionaliz mis aRzevebaze? ueWvelia, rom TavianTi romanebiT uol ter skotma SotlandiaSi, henrik senkeviCma (Henryk Sienkiewicz) poloneTSi, alois irasekma (Al-ois Jirásek) CexoslovakiaSi didi wvlili Seitanes erovnuli siamayis grZnobis gaZ lierebasa da istoriuli movlenebis saerTo mexsierebis ganviTarebaSi.
savaraudoa, rom axalgazrda mkiTxvelze litera tura gacilebiT ufro uSualo da Zlier zemoqmedebas ax dens, vidre _ xandazmulze. udavoa isic, rom gamouc deli mkiTxveli literaturas SedarebiT gulubryvilod aRiqvams; wignebi maTTvis ufro cxovrebis aRweraaa, vidre misi interpretacia. garda amisa, naklebad nakiTxi adamianebi wignebs gacilebiT ufro seriozulad aRiqva men, vidre kargad nakiTxi, profesionali mkiTxvelebi. Seg viZlia am varaudebs gavcdeT da gza gavagrZeloT? SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom dasaxmareblad mivmarToT kiTxvarebs an sxva saxis sociologiur gamokiTxvebs? da maSinac ki ver miviRebT zust, obieqtur suraTs, radganac aseTi gamokvlevebi emyareba gamokiTxulTa mexsierebasa da analitikuri azrovnebis unars, xolo gamokiTxulTa pasuxebis Seswavlisas da Sefasebisas gamoricxuli ar aris Secdomis daSveba. magram Cveni SekiTxva, Tu ramdenad axdens literatura zegavlenas mkiTxvelze, empiriulia, romelsac pasuxi mxolod eqsperimentis Semdeg gaecema; Cven ki, radganac literaturas da sazogadoebas yve laze farTo gagebiT aRviqvamT, unda daveyrdnoT ara marto specialistisa Tu profesionalis, aramed mTeli kacobriobis gamocdilebas. aseTi sakiTxebis Seswavla ki Cven jer TiTqmis arc dagviwyia.19
literaturisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis dasa dgenad yvelaze miRebuli meTodi aris is, rom literaturul nawarmoebebs miviCnevT sazogadoebriv dokumentebad, rogorc socialuri realobis damadas tu rebul su raTebs; ueWvelia, rom literaturidan SegviZlia mi vi RoT gar kveuli warmodgena socialuri si nam dvilis Sesa
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xeb ama Tu im periodSi. uZvelesi droidan swored am miz niT iye nebd nen mkvlevrebi literaturul teqs tebs. to mas uortonma, romelic samarTlianad iTvleba inglisu ri poeziis pir vel namdvil istorikosad, daamtkica, rom lite raturas aqvs `ama Tu im epoqis erTguli mematianea, romelic xatovnad, cocxlad warmogvidgens adamianTa manerebs, maT qcevas.~20 misTvis da siZveleebiT dainteresebuli mom devno TaobebisTvis, literatura, upirveles yovlisa, warmoadgenda kostiumebisa da tradiciebis sacavs, ci vilizaciis istoriis, gansakuTrebiT, raindobis epoqisa da misi dasasrulis erTgvar JamTaaRmwerels. rac Seexeba Tanamedrove mkiTxvels, bevri maTgani ucxo qveynebis mosaxleobas swored mxatvruli nawarmoebebis meSveobiT ecnoba, sinkler liuisis (Sinclair Lewis) romani iqneba es, golzuorTis, balzakisa Tu turgenevis Txzulebebi.
rogorc socialuri dokumenti, literatura sasargeblo unda gavxadoT socialuri istoriis TvalsazrisiTac. Coseri (Chaucer) da lenglendi (Langland) me14 sis orgvar suraTs gvTavazoben. adreul wlebSi miiCneoda, rom `kenterberiuli moTxrobebis~ (Canterbury Tales) prologi imdroindeli socialuri tipebis srulyofil galereas gvTavazobda. Seqspiri Tavisi `uinZoreli mxiaruli qalebiT~ (Merry Wives of Windsor), ben jonsoni (Ben Jonson) ramdenime piesiTa da tomas deloni (Thomas Deloney) warmodgenas gviqmnian elisabedis xanis sazogadoebriobis saSualo fenaze. adisoni, fildingi (Fielding) da smoleti (Smollett) me18 sis axal burJuazias aRweren; jein ostini umetesad me19 sis soflis Tavadaznaurobis da samRvdeloebis cxovrebiT interesdeba; xolo trolopi, Tekerei (Thackeray) da dikensi _ viqtorianuli xaniT. XIX_XX saukuneebis mijnaze golzuorTi (Galsworthy) gvacnobs inglisis saSualo fenis maRal sazogadoebas, xolo uelsi (Wells)—imave sazogadoebis dabal fenas; beneti (Bennett) ki provinciis patara qalaqebze mogviTxrobs.
msgavsi suraTebi SeiZleba moviZioT amerikuli cxovrebis Sesaxebac, dawyebuli hariet biCer stous (Harriet Beech-er Stowe) da houelsis (Howells) romanebiT, vidre farelamde
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(Farrell) da steinbekamde (Steinbeck). restavraciis Semdgomi parizi da safrangeTi samudamod Semogvinaxa balzakis `ada-mianuri komediis~ asobiT personaJma. prustma ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, amomwuravad warmogvidgina dakninebis gza ze damdgari franguli aristokratiis socialuri fe nebi. turgenevisa da tolstois romanebSi aRwerilia me19 sis rusi memamuleebis cxovreba. Cexovis moTxrobebisa da piesebis wyalobiT maSindel vaWarTa da inteleqtualTa fenebs vecnobiT, Soloxovi ki koleqtiur meurneobaSi Sesul glexebze gviambobs.
magaliTebi SeiZleba usasrulod moviyvanoT. SesaZlebelia Tavi movuyaroT da vaCvenoT sxvadasxva `samyaro~, isic, Tu ra adgili ukavia iq siyvarulsa da qorwinebas, bizness, ama Tu im xelobasa Tu profesias, sasuliero wodebis dadebiT Tu uaryofiT aRweras; Sesa Z lebelia, calke jgufad gamovyoT da SeviswavloT jein ostinis is gmirebi, romlebic sazRvao samsaxurSi im yofebian, aseve prustis ar-rivistes (`fr. `axalbedebi~, mTargmnelis SeniSvna), gaTxovili qalebi houelsis roma nebSi. amgvari saxis dayofebiT SeiZleba Semdegi monog rafiebi SegvrCes xelSi: `memamulesa da moijares Soris urTierToba me19 sis amerikul prozaSi~, `mezRvauris sa xe inglisur prozasa da dramaSi~, `irlandielamerikel Ta saxeebi me20 sis mwerlobaSi~.
magram amgvar gamokvlevebs ara aqvT didi mniSvneloba, radgan maT Tu davujerebT, literatura, ubralod, cxovrebis sarkea, cxovrebis asli da, amdenad, ra Tqma unda, socialuri dokumentia. aseT gamokvlevebs mxolod maSin aqvT fasi, Tu viciT Sesaswavli mwerlis mxatvruli meTodi da SegviZlia ara zogadad, aramed konkretulad ganvacxadoT, ramdenad Seesabameba wignSi aRwerili suraTi socialur realobas. aqvs Tu ara ganzraxuli mwerals realisturi suraTis Seqmna? mimarTavs Tu ara is xandaxan satiras, karikaturas an romantikul idealizacias? konbramsteti (Kohn-Bramstedt) Tavis kargad gaazrebul mo nografiaSi `aristokratia da saSualo klasebi ger maniaSi~ samarTlianad gvafrTxilebs: `mxolod imas, vi sac sazogadoe
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bis struqtura ara wignebidan, aramed sxva wyaroebidan Seuswavlia, SeuZlia daadginos, aris Tu ara gadmocemuli nawarmoebSi konkretuli tipebi an maTi saqcieli... unda gavarkvioT, sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba avtoris warmosaxva, rea listuri dakvirvebani an subi eqturi fiqrebi da survilebi nawarmoebSi.~ 21
igive mkvlevari emyareba maqs veberis koncefcias idealuri `socialuri tipebis~ Sesaxeb, rodesac Seiswavlis iseT socialur gamovlinebebs, rogoricaa klasobrivi siZulvili, axlad aRzevebuli pirovnebis qceva, snobizmi, ebraelTa mimarT damokidebuleba. igi amtkicebs, rom msgavsi gamovlinebebi imdenad obieqturi faqtebi da qcevis wesebi ki ar aris, ramdenadac _ araerTgvarovani poziciebi da Sexedulebebi da isini yvelaze TvalsaCinod swored prozaSia warmodgenili. literaturuli masa la Zalian gamoadgeba imaT, visac gadawyvetili aqvs soci a luri Sexedulebebisa da miswrafebebis Seswavla, ra Tqma unda, Tu maT teqstis swori interpretacia SeuZliaT. ufro adreuli periodebis Sesaswavlad, faqtobrivad, sxva gza arc aqvT: romelime epoqis damaxasiaTebeli sa Wiro informaciis mosapoveblad maT mouwevT mxatvruli nawarmoebebis gamoyeneba an naxevrad mxatvrulisa mainc.
mxatvruli nawarmoebebis gmirebi _ aramzadebi da TavgadasavalTa maZiebelni, qalebic da mamakacebic, sain tereso miniSnebebs gvTavazoben amgvar socialur urTierTmimarTebebze.22 msgavs gamokvlevebs yovelTvis mivyavarT eTikuri da religiuri ideebis istoriisken. CvenTvis cnobilia, rogori damokidebuleba iyo moRala tis mimarT Sua saukuneebSi, aseve _ mevaxSeobis mimarTac, ramac aRorZinebis epoqamdec gastana da mogvca Seilokis saxe (Seqspiris `venecieli vaWris~ personaJi, mTargmnelis SeniSvna), mogvianebiT ki molieris `Zunwi~ (L’ Avare). gvainteresebs sxva sakiTxebic: ZiriTadad, ra iTvleba aramzada personaJis `momakvdinebel codvad~ Semdegi saukuneebSi? ra TvalsazrisiT xdeba misi aramzadobis Se faseba, individualuri Tu sazogadoebrivi moralis gaTvaliswinebiT?
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am mxriv klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens restavraciis periodis inglisuri komedia. romel avtors davujeroT? lems (Lamb), romelic Tvlida, rom es iyo ubralod colqmruli Ralatisa da fiqciuri qorwinebebis zRapruli qveyana, sadac meuRleebi mudmivad Ralatoben erTmaneTs, Tu rogorc makolei (Macaulay) gvarwmunebs, es gaxldaT sura Ti imisa, Tu rogori dacemuli, fuqsavati da daundobeli iyo imdroindeli aristokratia?23 iqneb gvmarTebs orive Tvalsazrisi uarv yoT da is veZioT, Tu konkretulad romelma socialurma jguf ma Seqmna es xelovneba da romeli sazogadoebisaTvis iyo is gamiznuli? aseve saWiroa davadginoT, naturalistur xelovnebasTan gvaqvs saqme Tu stilizebulTan. mxedvelobidan arc satira da iro nia, avtoironia da fantazia unda gamogvrCes. rogorc saer Tod literatura, ise es piesebic ar aris ubralod imdroinde li dokumentebi; Cvens winaSea piesebi TavianTi tradiciu li personaJebiT, tradiciuli situaciebiT, gaTamaSebuli qorwinebebiTa da saqorwino garigebebis pirobebiT. e. e. stoli amgvarad ajamebs Tavis msjelobas am sakiTxebze: `aSkaraa, rom es ar aris `realuri sazogadoeba~, da arc `feSenebeluri cxovrebis~ obieqturi asaxva; aSkaraa, rom inglisic _ Tundac stiuartebis mefobis droindeli _ ar aris moqmedebis adgili, es ar aris revoluciamdeli an didi ajanyebiswina da arc Semdgomi periodi.~ 24
misasalmebelia, rom stoli Tavis nawerebSi xazs usvams pirobiTobasa da tradicias, magram es mTlianad mainc ver wyvets literaturisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis sakiTxs. TviT yvelaze Znelad misaxvedr alegorias, yvelaze ararealur pastorals Tu yvelaze aRmaSfoTebel farssac ki _ Tu mas Sesaferisad SeviswavliT _ SeuZlia garkveuli informacia mogvawodos imdroindel sazogadoebaze.
literatura sazogadoebis gareSe ver iarsebebs; is saerTo kulturis nawilia da adamianur garemoSi iqmneba. tenis (Taine) cnobilma triadam _ rasa, garemo da dro (momenti) _ imis aucilebloba Seqmna, rom literaturuli garemo yvela kuTxiT Segveswavla. rasa, rogorc aseTi,
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ucnobi ucvleli integralia, romelsac teni metad Tavisuflad iyenebs. xSirad is SeiZleba inglisur `erov nul xa siaTs~ an frangul `suls~ gulisxmobdes. dro SeiZleba garemos cnebasTan erTianobaSi ganvixiloT. gansxvavebu li dro ubralod gansxvavebul fons, garemocvas niSna vs. Tumca, namdvili analizis aucilebloba maSin iCens Tavs, Tu termin `garemo~s danawevrebas gadavwyvetT. ma Sin mogvixdeba imis aRiareba, rom literaturuli nawarmoe bis upirvelesi foni misi lingvisturi da literaturu li tradiciaa, xolo am tradicias, Tavis mxriv, saerTo kulturuli `klimati~ moicavs. rac Seexeba konkretul ekonomikur, politikur da socialur viTarebas, lite raturas SeiZleba masTan mxolod gacilebiT naklebi kav Siri hqondes. rasakvirvelia, unda gaviTvaliswinoT urTierTdamokidebuleba adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sferos Soris. bolos, SegviZlia davadginoT garkveuli kavSiri warmoebis pirobebsa da literaturas Soris, rad ganac ekonomikur sistemas TavisTavad aqvs Zalauflebis sistema da man erTgvarad unda gaakontrolos ojaxuri cxovrebis formebic. ojaxi ki Tavis mxriv mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ganaTlebis sferoSi; umetes SemTxvevaSi ojaxSi iRebs mozardi pirvelad informacias siyvarulisa da seqsualuri sferos Sesaxeb, imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor icvleboda an viTardeboda adamianuri grZnobebi istoriis ganmavlobaSi. amgvarad, SesaZlebeli xdeba, aRmovaCinoT kavSiri, erTi mxriv, lirikuli poeziasa da, meore mxriv, siyvarulis tradiciul gagebas, religiur crurwmenebsa da bunebis aRqmas Soris. magram es mimarTebebi SeiZleba damabneveli da arapirdapiri aRmoCndes.
miuxedavad amisa, Znelia daveTanxmoT azrs, TiTqos adamianis romelime konkretuli saqmianoba yvela sxva danarCenis pirvelmizezi iyos: magaliTad, teni, adamianis Semoqmedebas klimaturi, biologiuri da socialuri faqtorebis erTobliobiT xsnis; hegelis da misi mimde vrebis azriT, `suli~ erTaderTi mamoZravebeli Zalaa istoriaSi; verc marqsistebs daveTanxmebiT, romlebic yvelafers warmoebis wesebis sazomiT sazRvraven. mravali saukunis
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manZilze, dawyebuli adreuli Sua saukuneebidan vid re kapitalizmis ganviTarebamde, aranairi radikaluri teqnologiuri cvlileba ar momxdara, im dros, rodesac kulturulma cxovrebam da, kerZod, literaturam metad Rrma cvlilebebi ganicada. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom epoqis teqnologiur Zvrebs yovelTvis arc literatura ireklavs, miT umetes _ maSinve. industriulma revoluciam inglisur romanSi mxolod me19 sis 40ian wlebSi SeaR wia elisabed gaskelis (Elizabeth Gaskell), kingslisa (Kingsley) da Sarlota brontes (Charlotte Bronte) romanebis saSualebiT, Tumca man didi xniT adre daaCnia aSkara kvali ekonomistTa da sociologTa naazrevs.
unda vaRiaroT, rom socialuri situacia gana pi ro bebs garkveuli esTetikuri faseulobebis realiza ciis Sesa Zleblobas, magram ara Tavad faseulobebis arsebobas. zogadad, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT mo cemul sazogadoebaSi xelovnebis romel formebs SeuZ liaT arseboba da romels ara, magram namdvilad ver viwinaswarmetyvelebT, realurad gaCndeba Tu ara xe lovnebis es formebi konkretul sazogadoebaSi. mravali marqsisti da ara mxolod marqsisti, cdilobs, bevrad uf ro zereled da naCqarevad gadavides ekonomikidan lite raturaze. magaliTad, jon meinard keinsma (Keynes) – romlisTvisac literatura namdvilad araa ucxo xili _ Seqspiris arseboba miawera im faqts, rom:
`Cven zustad iseTi materialuri mdgomareoba gvqonda im dros, rom Tavisuflad SegveZlo Seqspiri gvyoloda. didi poetebi ibadebodnen sicocxlisunarian, mxiarul, ekonomikuri SeWirvebisagan Tavisufal atmosferoSi, rac esmoda mmarTvel klassac~.25
Tumca, sxvagan didi poetebi ar dabadebulan. gavixsenoT, mag., 20iani wlebis samrewvelo bumi aSSSi, da arc Seqspiris optimizmiT savse xatia mainc maincdamainc damajerebeli. miuxedavad amisa, mainc ver daveTanxmebiT am mosazrebis sawinaaRmdego versias, romelsac erTerTi rusi marqsisti gvTavazobs: `Seqspiris tragikuli Sexeduleba samyaroze gamomdinareobda iqidan, rom igi Tavad
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gaxldaT dramatuli simbolo feodaluri aris tokratiisa, romelsac elisabedis xanaSi adrindeli gaba to nebuli mdgomareoba ukve dakarguli hqonda.~26
bundovani kategoriebi _ optimizmi da pesimizmin _ da maTTan dakavSirebuli urTierTgamomricxavi mosazrebebi konkretulad bevrs verafers gvauwyebs Seqspiris piesebis jer socialur Sinaarsze, didi dramaturgis politikur Sexedulebebze (romlebic aSkarad vlindeba mis istoriul piesebSi) da misi, rogorc mwerlis statusze.
amasTan, msgavsi citatebi Zirs sulac ar urRvevs literaturisadmi Seswavlisadmi ekonomikur midgomas. Tavad marqssac, miuxedavad imisa, rom drodadro metad ucnauri msjeloba sCveoda, zogadad Zalze kargad esmoda, rom literaturasa da sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli damokidebuleba arapirdapiri xasiaTisaa. `politikuri ekonomiis kritikis~ (The Critique of Political Economy) SesavalSi is aRiarebs: `xelovnebis ganviTarebis umaRlesi safexu re bi zogierT periodSi aranair kavSirSi ar aris sazogadoe bis zogad ganviTarebasTan, materialur bazisTan da sazogadoebis Sinagan struqturasTan. amas adasturebs ber Z nebis magaliTic, Tu maT Tanamedrove erebs an Tun dac Seqspirs SevadarebT.~27
marqss, aseve, kargad esmoda, rom Sromis Tanamedrove ganawilebas mivyavarT sam faqtors (anu `momentebs~, Tu Cvenc, mis msgavsad, hegelis terminologias moviSve liebT) Soris arsebul garkveul winaaRmdegobamde. ese nia: `sawarmoo Zalebi~, `socialuri urTierTobebi~ da `cnobiereba~. is moeloda (da mis molodins aSkarad uto piuri elferi dahkravs), rom momavlis uklaso sazo gadoebaSi Sromis amgvari ganawileba kvlav gaqreboda da rom xelovani kvlav integrirebuli gaxdeboda sazo gado ebaSi. marqsi fiqrobda, rom yvelas SeeZlo yofi liyo brwyinvale, TviTmyofadi mxatvari. `komunistur sa zogadoebaSi ubralod mxatvrebi ki ar iqnebian, aramed, ume tesad, iseTi adamianebi, romelTac sxva unarebis garda, xatvis unaric eqnebaT~.28
`vulgaruli marqsistebis~ azriT, burJuad CaiTvleba
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is mwerali, romelmac gaaJRera reaqciuli an progresuli ideebi eklesiisa Tu saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. sakvirveli dapirispireba SeimCneva am aRiarebul determinizmsa (romlis Tanaxmad, `yofiereba~ gansazRvravs `cnobierebas~ da, maSasadame, `burJuas ubralod ar ZaluZs ar iyos burJua~) da Cveulebriv eTikur msjelobas Soris (ro melic burJuas misi ideebis gamo amxels da kicxavs). ru seTSi Semdegi tendencia SeiniSneboda _ burJuaziuli warmoSobis mwerlebs, romlebic proletariatis rigebSi erTiandebodnen, mudmivad eWvis TvaliT da undoblad uyurebdnen, ar sjerodaT maTi gulwrfelobis da maT ne bismier SemoqmedebiT Tu sazogadoebriv marcxs maTsave klasobriv warmoSobas ukavSirebdnen. da mainc, Tu marqsistebs davujerebT da virwmunebT, rom progress feo dalizmidan burJuaziuli kapitalizmis gavliT pir dapir `proletariatis diqtaturisken~ mivyavarT, ma Sin nebismieri marqsistis logikuri da Tanamimdevruli saqcieli unda yofiliyo xotbis Sesxma am gzis progresu li etapebisTvis. ase rom, wesiT, man qeba ar unda daiSuros im BburJuasTvis, romelic kapitalizmis adreul periodSi feodalizmis naSTebs ebrZoda. Tumca, xSirad isec xdeba, rom marqsistebi mwerlebs XX sis Tvalsawieridan akritike ben an kidev (smirnovisa da gribis msgavsad, romlebic `vulga ruli sociologiis~ mimarT Zalze kritikulad arian ganwyobilni) indoben burJuaziul mwerals, radgan masac kacobriobis nawilad aRiareben. amgvarad, smirnovi midis im daskvnamde, rom Seqspiri yofila ̀ burJuaziis humanisti ideo logi, am klasis ideebisa da programis gamomxatveli im dros, roca kacobriobam humanizmis saxeliT pirvelad Seitana eWvi feodalur wyobaSi.~29 magram xelovnebis humanizmis, misi universalurobis koncefcia eqvemdebareba marqsizmis centralur doqtrinas, romelic Tavisi arsiT relativisturi xasiaTisaa.
marqsistuli kritika saukeTesod avlens sakuTar arss, roca is aaSkaravebs nawarmoebSi Cadebul, xSirad Sefarul miniSnebebs. am kuTxiT Tu mivudgebiT, davinaxavT, rom es gaxlavT teqstis interpretaciis teqnika, romelic
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analogiuria im meTodisa, romelic eyrdnoba froidis, nicSesa Tu paretos (Pareto) mignebebs, an Selermanhaimis (Scheler-Mannheim) `codnis sociologias~. yvela zemoT naxsenebi inteleqtuali undoblad ekideba inteleqts, mkafiod Camoyalibebul doqtrinas, arsebiT azrs. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba maT Soris is aris, rom nicSe da froidi fsiqologiuri meTodebiT sargebloben, xolo paretoseuli `narCenebisa~ da `warmonaqmnebis~, agreTve _ Selerman haimis `ideologiis~ analizis teqnika sociologiuri xasiaTisaa.
`codnis sociologia~, Tu davimowmebT maqs Seleris, maqs veberisa da karl manhaimis nawerebs, detalurad iq na SemuSavebuli da Tavis konkurentebTan SedarebiT garkveuli upiratesoba aqvs.30 is mkiTxvelis yuradRe bas amaxvilebs ara marto konkretuli ideologiuri Tvalsazrisis winapirobebsa da miniSnebebze, aramed xazs usvams Tavad mkvlevris farul varaudebsa da miker Zoebul msjelobas, imdenad, rom misi TviTkritika da TviTkontroli TiTqmis arajansaR iers iZens. garda amisa, `codnis sociologiaSi~, marqsizmTan da fsiqoanalizTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT naklebad gvxvdeba tendencia imisa, rom cvlilebaTa ganmapirobeblad erTi romelime faqtori miviCnioT. maqs veberis gamokvlevis udavo xarvezi is aris, rom igi am rols reli giur faqtors miawers, magram misi naSromi religiis sociologiaSi mainc metad Rirebulia, radgan avtori cdilobs asaxos ideo logiuri faqtorebis gavlena ekonomikur qce vasa da sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebze; arada, manamde mTeli yuradReba mimarTuli iyo iqiTken, rom SeeswavlaT, ra gavlenas axdenda ekonomika ideologiaze.31 metad drouli da misasalmebeli iqneboda msgavsi gamokvlevis Catareba imis dasadgenad, Tu rogoria literaturis gav lena socialur cvlilebebze, Tumca iqac analogiur sirTuleebs wavawydebodiT. literaturuli faqtoris gamo yofa iseTive rTuli saqmea, rogorc religiurisa, da Zalze Znelia pasuxis gacema SekiTxvaze: aris Tu ara es gavlena gamowveuli TviTon am konkretuli faqtoriT, Tu am procesSi sxva Zalebic arian CarTuli da Tavad es faqtori mxolod `arxis~ anu SemakavSireblis rols asrulebs?32
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`codnis sociologias~ Zalze azaralebs misi ga dametebuli istorizmi; im Tezisis miuxedavad, rom `obieqturobas~ SeiZleba sinTezirebis gziT mivaRwioT da, amdenad, movaxdinoT konfliqturi Sexedulebebis neitralizaciac, mainc saqme gvaqvs ukiduresad skeptikur daskvnebTan. `codnis sociologia~ aseve zaraldeba literaturasTan mimarTebiT, radganac ver axerxebs `Sinaarsis~ dakavSirebas `formasTan~. marqsizmis msgavsad, ro melic saWiroze met yuradRebas uTmobs iracionalur axsnaganmartebebs, `codnis sociologiac~ ver gvTavazobs racionalur safuZvels esTetikisaTvis da aqedan gamomdinare, verc kritikisa da SefasebisaTvis. cxadia, es Seexeba literaturis Seswavlis yvela garegan meTods. Tu literaturul nawarmoebs kauzaluri (mizezobrivi) kuTxiT SeviswavliT, jerovnad ver movaxdenT teqstis analizs, aRwerasa da Sefasebas.
Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom sakiTxi `literatura da sazogadoeba~ SeiZleba sxvagvaradac ganvixiloT, maT So ris _ simboluri, mravalmniSvnelovani terminebis meSveo biT. mag.: Tanmimdevruloba, harmonia, simwyobre, Sesabami so ba, struqturuli identuroba, stilisturi analogia an sxva romelime termini, riTac gvinda aRvniSnoT kul tu ri sa da adamianis sxvadasxva moRvaweobas Soris damokidebule bis integracia. sorokinma (Sorokin) gaaanaliza Sesa Zlo variantebi da mivida im daskvnamde, rom integraciis xarisxi sxvadasxvagvaria sazogadoebrivi cxovre bis istoriaSi.33
marqsizmis moZRvrebaSi ver vipoviT pasuxs kiTxvaze, Tu ramdenad aris damokidebuli literatura sazogadoebisgan. ase rom, mravali umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxis Seswavla jer dawyebulic ar aris. xandaxan SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom Janrebi socialuradaa ganpirobebuli, mag., rodesac saubaria romanis burJuaziuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, an kidev _ Janrebis formebisa da maTi ur TierTdamokidebulebis Taobaze. amis nimuSia e. b. bergamis (Burgum) arcTu damajerebeli Sexeduleba, TiTqos tragikomedia`im gavlenis Sedegia, romelic saSualo klasis
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seriozulobam moaxdina aristokratiis fuqsavatobaze.~ (ix. Edwin Berry Burgum, ‘Literary Form: Social Forces and Innova-tions’, The Novel and the World’s Dilemma, New York 1947).34 arsebobs ki konkretuli socialuri winapirobebi iseTi farTo literaturuli stilisa, rogoric romantizmia? Tumca igi burJuaziasTan asocirdeboda, magram Tavidanve antiburJuaziuli iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi, germaniaSi mainc.35
aSkaraa, rom literaturuli ideologiebi da Temebi garkveuli saxiT damokidebulia socialur garemoebebze, magram ver vityviT, rom jerovnad iyos dadgenili literaturul nawarmoebTa formebisa da stilis, Janrebi sa da realur literaturul normaTa socialuri sawyisebi.
amgvari kvlevis mcdelobis yvelaze konkretuli Sedegi literaturis socialuri sawyisebis Seswavlam mogv ca. nimuSad SeiZleba moviyvanoT biuheris (Bücher) calmxri vi Teoria, romlis Tanaxmad, poezia warmoiSva Sromis simRerebidan, aseve, anTropologebis mravali gamokvleva adreuli xelovnebis magiuri rolis Sesaxeb; jorj tomso nis (George Thomson) metad akademiuri mcdeloba, gamoenaxa konkretuli kavSiri, erTi mxriv, berZnul tragediasa da, meore mxriv, kultsa da ritualebsa da demokratiul socialur revolucias Soris esqiles epoqaSi; sakmaod gulubryviloa qristofer koduelis (Christopher Caudwell) mcdeloba, poeziis sawyisebi daeZebna pirvelyofili Temis emociebsa da burJuaziis indnvidualuri Tavisuflebis `iluziaSi~.36
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu udavod damtkicdeba literaturuli normebis ganpirobebuloba socialuri faqtorebiT, SevZlebT davsvaT kiTxva: SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom socialuri damokidebulebebi iqces xelovnebis nawarmoebis `Semadgenel nawilad~ da keTilismyofeli roli Seasrulos misi mxatvruli faseulobis ganmtkicebaSic? SeiZleba Semogvedavon da imis mtkiceba daiwyon, rom, marTalia, `socialuri WeSmariteba~, rogorc aseTi, ar warmoadgens mxatvrul Rirebulebas, magram mainc ganamtkicebs iseT mxatvrul Rirebulebebs, rogorebicaa sirTule da simwyobre. magram es namdvilad ar aris saWiro. arsebobs marTlac dide
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buli literatura, romelsac aqvs umniSvnelo socialuri datvirTva an saerTod araviTari socialuri datvirTva ara aqvs. socialuri literatura literaturis mxolod erTerTi nairsaxeobaa da arc literaturis TeoriaSi ukavia gadamwyveti adgili, Tu, ra Tqma unda, ar gaviziarebT im Tvalsazriss, rom literatura, upirveles yovlisa cxovrebis, kerZod ki, socialuri cxovrebis `imitaciaa~ (rogorc aris kidec sinamdvileSi). magram literaturiT xom verc sociologias CavanacvlebT da verc politikas. mas sakuTari daniSnuleba da mizani aqvs.
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literatura da ideebi
*literaturisa da ideebis urTierTmimarTebas Sei
Zleba ramdenime mkveTrad gansxvavebuli axsna moe Ze bnos. xSirad literaturas miiCneven filosofiis erTerT formad, anu formaSi `SefuTul~ ideebad da misi analizis mizania `mowinave ideebis~ gamovlena. lite raturaTmcodneebic swored amgvarad ganazogade ben da ajameben nawarmoebebs. es meTodi absurdul ukidu re sobamde miiyvana mkvlevarTa gacilebiT adreulma sko lam. amis kargi magaliTia Seqspiris germaneli mkvlevari ul rici (Ulrici), romelmac `venecieli vaWris~ (The Merchant of Venice) centraluri idea Semdeg gamonaTqvamamde daiyvana: summum jus summa injuria1 (laT. upirobod aRsrulebuli samarTali (zogjer) udidesi usamarTlobis tolfasia, mTargmnelis SeniSvna);
miuxedavad imisa, rom umetesoba Cveni Tanamedrove mkvlevarebisa sifrTxiliT ekideba amgvar metismet inteleqtualizacias, mainc SemorCa tradicia, romlis mixedviTac literaturuli nawarmoebi filosofiur traqtatad unda miviCnioT.
amis sapirispiro Sexeduleba literaturas aTavisuflebs yovelgvari filosofiuri datvirTvisagan. Tavis moxsenebaSi `filosofia da poezia~, jorj boasi pirdapir acxadebs:
`poeziaSi gamoxatuli ideebi, Cveulebisamebr, moZ velebulia da arcTu iSviaTad _ mcdaric. 16 wels gadacilebuli arc erTi adamiani ar daxarjavs dros mxolod imis gasagebad, Tu ra azria masSi Cadebuli.~2
Tu davujerebT t. s. eliots, `Seqspiri da dante didi moazrovneebi rodi gaxldnen.~3 SeiZleba daveTanx moT boessac, romlis azriT, TiTqmis mTeli poeziis inteleq
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tualuri Sinaarsi (boesi ki ZiriTadad lirikul poezias gulisxmobs), rogorc wesi, Zalze gazviadebulia. Tu gavaanalizebT bevr cnobil leqss, romlebsac swo red TavianTi Rrma filosofiuri azrisTvis aqeben, xSirad xelSi SegvrCeba adamianis cxovrebis warmavlobaze an bedisweris Temaze Seqmnili Cveulebrivi, arafriT gamorCeuli nawarmoebebi. Tu yuradRebiT wavikiTxavT viqtorianuli epoqis lamis misnad Seracxuli poetis, brauningis gamonaTqvamebs, xSir SemTxvevaSi vnaxavT, rom isini sxva araferia, Tu ara moarul WeSmaritebaTa gamartivebuli versiebi.4 maSinac ki, Tu mogvwons iseTi zogadi debuleba, rogoricaa kitsis `silamazea WeSmariteba, WeSmariteba ki _ silamaze~ (fragmenti kit sis leqsidan `oda berZnul urnas~, Ode to a Grecian Urn, mTargmnelis SeniSvna), mainc mogviwevs bevri fiqri imaze, Tu rogor unda gavigoT es urTierTSeqcevadi debulebebi, sanam ar gaviazrebT maT, rogorc leqsis Semajame bel frazas xelovnebis maradiulobisa, bunebis silamazisa da adamianuri gancdebisa da warmavlobis Sesaxeb. rodesac mxat vruli nawarmoebi dagvyavs ubralo dogmatur ganacxadamde, an izolirebulad ganvixilavT nawarmoebis nawyvetebs, amiT ispoba nawarmoebis unikalurobas, irRveva misi struqtura da SefasebisTvis gamoiyeneba sruliad Seusabamo kriteriumebi.
ueWvelia, rom literatura erTgvar sabuTs war moadgens ideebisa da filosofiis istoriaSi, radgan literaturuli istoria inteleqtualuri istoriis paralelurad mimdinareobs da ireklavs kidec mas. poetis mier gakeTebuli pirdapiri ganacxadebebi Tu miniSnebebi xSirad imis maCvenebelia, rom is iziarebda, kargad icnobda, an zogadi warmodgena hqonda ama Tu im konkretuli filosofiuri skolis Sexedulebebze.
bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi amerikeli swavlulebis mTelma jgufma am sakiTxebis Seswavlas Tavdauzogavi Sroma Sealia. TavianT meTods maT uwodes ̀ ideaTa istoria~, cota ar iyos damabneveli termini iseTi konkretuli da gansazRvruli meTodisaTvis, romelic ganaviTara a. o. lavjoim (A. O. Lovejoy) da xelic Seuwyo mis gavrcele
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bas.5 man brwyinvaled warmoaCina am meTodis efeqtianoba Tavis wignSi `yofierebis diadi jaWvi~ (The Great Chain of Being). lavjoi Seiswavlis bunebis gradaciis ideas platonidan Selingamde (Schelling) da ganixilavs mas azrovnebis yvela sistemaSi, rogoricaa filosofia yvelaze zusti gagebiT, samecniero swavleba, Teologia da Tavad literatura. es meTodi filosofiis istoriisgan ori aspeqtiT gansxvavdeba. lavjoi filosofiis isto ri is Seswavlisas didi moazrovneebiT ifargleba da sakuTar `ideaTa istoriaSi~ aerTianebs ufro mcire masStabis moazrovneT, maT Soris _ poetebsac, romlebic, misi SexedulebiT, moazrovneTa klasidan warmosdgebian. la vjoi kidev ufro xazgasmiT aRniSnavs gansxvavebas, rodesac acxadebs, rom filosofiis istoria did sis temebs Seiswavlis, ideaTa istoria ki calkeul ideebs, anu igi anawevrebs filosofiur sistemebs da Seiswavlis individualur motivebs.
lavjois mier SemoTavazebuli sazRvrebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom sruliad Sesaferisi safuZvelia iseTi kerZo gamokvlevisaTvis, rogoricaa `yofierebis diadi jaWvi~, ganzogadebuli saxiT damajereblad ar gamoiyureba. filo so fiur cnebaTa istoria samarTlianad ekuTvnis fi losofiis istorias da didi xnis winaT hegelic da vindelbandic mas ase moiazrebdnen. ra Tqma unda, calmxri vi iqneboda erTeuli ideebis Seswavla da sistemebis gamoricxva. es igivea, rom literaturis Seswavlisas mxo lod versifikaciis, diqciisa Tu saxismetyvelebis istoriiT SemovifargloT, uari vTqvaT mxatvruli na warmoebebis mTlianobaSi Seswavlaze da ar vcnoT maTi mTlianoba. `ideaTa istoria~ azrovnebis zogadi istoriis Seswavlis mxolod erTi konkretuli meTodia, romelic literaturas iyenebs mxo lod rogorc sabuTsa da ganmartebas. es Tvalsazrisi naTlad Cans, rodesac lavjoi seriozul, Rrmaazrovan lite raturaSi gaSlil ideaTa umravlesobas moixseniebs, rogorc `filosofiur ideebs ganzavebul mdgomareobaSi~.6
miuxedavad amisa, `ideaTa istorias~ mainc keTilmosurned unda moekidon literaturis mkvlevarni, da ara
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marto imitom, rom filosofiis istoriis ukeT gaazreba literaturas mxolod da mxolod gamoadgeba. lavjois meTodi mimarTulia azrovnebis istoriis mkvlevarTa umravlesobis Warbi inteleqtualizaciis winaaRmdeg. igi aRiarebs im faqts, rom azrovneba an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, azrovnebis sistemebs Soris gakeTebuli arCevani xSirad ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva SexedulebebiT da varaudebiT, metnaklebad gaucnobierebeli mentaluri CvevebiTa Tu qceviT. es meTodi aseve eTanxmeba im azrs, rom, rodesac adamianebi raime ideis mimdevarni xdebian, amaSi did rols asrulebs maTi midrekileba metafizikuri paTosis sxvadasxva formebis mimarT da isic, rom ideebi, xSirad, gansakuTrebuli datvirTvis mqone sityvebi, xelSeuxebe li frazebia, romlebic semantikurad aris Seswavlili. leo Spicerma (Leo Spitzer), romelmac lavjois ̀ ideaTa istorias~ mravali nakli gamounaxa, Tavad SemogvTavaza saucxooo magaliTebi imisa, Tu rogor unda SevuxamoT erTmaneTs inteleqtualuri da semantikuri istoria iseTi sityvebis kvlevisas, rogorebicaa ‘‘milieu’’(garemo), ‘‘ambience’’(garemocva) da ‘‘Stimmung’’ (germ. ganwyoba, at mosfero), enis istoriaSi maTi yvela asociaciisa da cvli lebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT.7 bolos, lavjois sqemas aqvs erTi metad mimzidveli Tviseba. igi aSkarad ar eTanxmeba im mosazrebas, rom literaturuli da istoriuli kvlevebi daiyos erovnebisa da enebis mixedviT.
poeturi teqstis interpretaciisaTvis filosofiisa da zogadad, azrovnebis istoriis codna namdvilad ar aris zedmeti. amas rom Tavi davaneboT, literaturis istorias mudmivad uxdeba azrovnebis istoriis problemebis ganxilva, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme gvaqvs iseT mwerlebTan, rogoric aris paskali, emersoni, nicSe. marTlac, kritikis istoria, ubralod, erTerTi nawilia esTetikuri azrovnebis istoriisa, yovel SemTxvevaSi Tu mas calke, ganyenebulad ganvixilavT da ara mis Tanamedrove mxatvrul nimuSebTan erTad.
eWvi aravis Seepareba imaSi, rom Tavisuflad SegviZlia vaCvenoT, Tu rogor aisaxa inglisur literaturaSi fi losofia. elisabedis xanis poezia gamsWvalulia aRor
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Zinebis droindeli platonizmis ideebiT: spenserma (Spe n ser) dawera oTxi himni, romlebSic aRwerilia aRmasvla materiidan RvTiur silamazemde neoplatonizmis moZRvrebis gaTvaliswinebiT. xolo Tavis `feriaTa dedofalSi“ (Fa erie Queene) poeti cvalebadobasa da bunebas Soris ka maTs maradiuli, ucvleli wesrigis sasargeblod wyve ts. marlosTan imdroindeli italiuri aTeizmisa da skepticizmis gamoZaxils vxvdebiT. renesansuli pla tonizmis mraval niSans SeqspirTanac ki wavawydebiT. mag., `troilusSi“ (Troilus), ulises cnobil sityvaSi, sadac mon tenis azrebis eqoc ismis da stoikosTa gacveTili frazebic. donis (Donne) poeziaSi Cans, rom mas Seswavlili hqonda wminda mamaTa da sqolastikosTa nawerebi, da rom masze gavlena moaxdina axalma mecnierebam. miltonma Tavad Seqmna metad damoukidebeli sakuTari Teologia da kosmogonia, romelic, erTi interpretaciis mixed viT, Tavis TavSi aerTianebs materialistur da platonistur elementebs da, amasTan erTad, kavSiri aqvs rogorc aRmosavlur azrovnebasTan, ise maSindel seqtebTan, mag., mortalistebTan.
draidenma dagvitova filosofiuri poezia, romelic imdroindel Teologiur da politikur winaaRmdegobebs gadmogvcems da gvidasturebs, rom avtori icnobda fideizms, Tanamedrove mecnierebas, skepticizmsa da deizms. rac Seexeba tomsons (Thomson), man aRwera sistema, romelSic gaerTianebulia niutonianizmi da Saftsberis (Shaftesbury) ideebi. poupis `ese adamianze~ savsea eqoebiT mravali filosofiuri Teoriidan; rac Seexeba greis, man laTinuri hegzametrebiT warmogvidgina lokis Teoriebi. lorens sternic lokis mxurvale Tayvanismcemeli gaxldaT da misi ideebi asociaciebisa da xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb, uxvad gamoiyena (xSirad komikuri efeqtisaTvis) `tristram SendiSi~.
did romantikos poetebs Tu gadavxedavT, kolriji (Coleridge) Tavad gaxldaT sakmao gaqanebis da reputaciis mqone naswavli filosofosi. man dawvrilebiT Seiswavla kanti da Selingi da gadmogvca maTi Sexedulebebi, Tumca
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ver vityviT, rom yovelTvis kritikulad. kolrijis poezia, cota ar iyos, daazarala misma mudmivma CaZirvam filosofiaSi, magram, swored misi wyalobiT SeaRwia inglisur poeziaSi mravalma germanulma, ufro zogadad ki neoplatonurma filosofiurma ideam. zogi maTgani manamdec arsebobda inglisuri poeziis tradiciaSi, magram kolrijma ufro aqtualuri gaxada. kantis kvali atyvia uordsuorTis poezias. isic Tqmula, rom igi Zalian kargad icnobda hartlis (Hartley) fsiqologiur Teoriebs. Tavdapirvelad Selim me18 sis frangi filosofosebisa da, aseve, maTi ingliseli mowafis, godvinis didi gavlena ganicada; Tumca, mogvianebiT igi ufro metad spinozas, berklisa da platonis mimdevari gaxda.
viqtorianuli xanis winaaRmdegoba mecnierebasa da religias Soris kargad aisaxa tenisonisa (Tennyson) da brauningis (Browning) poeziaSi. suinberni (Swinburne) da hardi (Hardy) asaxaven TavianTi drois pesimistur aTeizms. hofkinsi (Hopkins) ki gviCvenebs, Tu ra gavlena moaxdina masze dans skotusis (Duns Scotus) ideebma. jorj eliotma (George Eliot) Targmna foierbaxi (Feuerbach) da Strausi (Strauss), Sou (Shaw) ki kargad icnobda semuel batlerisa (Samuel Butler) da nicSes naSromebs. Tanamedrove poetebis umetesobas wakiTxuli aqvT froidis Sromebi an masze dawerili wignebi da gamokvlevebi. joisi (Joyce) kargad iyo ganswavluli ara marto froidisa da iungis moZRvrebebSi, aramed aseve kargad icnobda vikos (Vico), jordano brunosa (Giordano Bruno) da, ra Tqma unda, Toma aqvinelis (Thomas Aquinas) naazrevs; ieitsi Rrmad gaitaca Teosofiam, misticizmma da berklimac ki.
sxva qveynebis literaturasac Tu mimovixilavT, amgvar magaliTebs kidev ufro uxvad vnaxavT. arsebobs dantes Teologiis uricxvi interpretacia. safrangeTSi e. Jilsonma (Gilson) Tavisi ganswavluloba Sua saukuneebis filosofiaSi gamoiyena rablesa (Rabelais) da paskalis (Pascal) teqstebis gasarCevad.8 pol azarma (Paul Hazard) didi profesionalizmiT dawera `evropuli azrovnebis krizisi~ me17 s.is bolosken (Crise de la conscience europeenne), sadac is aR
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wers ganmanaTleblobis ideebis gavrcelebas da ufro gviandel naSromSi _ am ideaTa damkvidrebas mTels evropaSi.9
germaniaSi arsebobs uamravi gamokvleva, romlebic Seiswavlian Silers, rogorc kantis ideebis mimdevars, goeTes kavSirs plotinTan da spinozasTan, klaistisas _ kantTan, hebelisas _ hegelTan da msgavs sakiTxebs. germaniaSi, filosofosebsa da poetebs, xSirad, marTlac uaRresad mWidro TanamSromloba akavSirebdaT, gansakuTrebiT _ romantizmis periodSi, rodesac fixte, Selingi da hegeli poetebTan cxovrobdnen da maSin, roca holderlinisTana wminda wylis poetic ki Tavs erTgvarad movaled Tvlida, rom sistematurad efiqra gnoseologiisa da metafizikis sakiTxebze. Tu ruseTs gadavxedavT, unda aRvniSnoT, rom dostoevskis da tolstois Zalze xSirad ise moixsenieben, rogorc mxolod filosofosebsa da religiur moazrovneebs; puSkinTanac ki eZeben raRac, cota ar iyos, Znelad mosaxelTebel sibrZnes.10 simbolisturi moZraobis periodSi, ruseTSi asparezze `metafizikuri kritikosebis~ mTeli skola gamoCnda, romlebic literaturas TavianTi sakuTari filosofiuri mrwamsis mixedviT aanalizebdnen. isini yvelani _ rozanovi, mereJkovski, Sestovi, berdiaevi da viaCeslav ivanovi _ werdnen dostoevskize da dostoevskis Sesaxeb.11 zogjer mas iyenebdnen rogorc ubralod teqsts, ra Ta eqadagaT sakuTari doqtrinebi. xdeboda, rosdesac mwe rals raRac filosofiur sistemis CarCoebSi aqcevdnen da mxolod Zalian iSviaTad axsendebodaT, rom masSi tragikosi romanisti daenaxaT.
amgvari Sromebis bolos, an umjobesia Tavidanve, unda davsvaT ramdenime kiTxva, romlebsac, rogorc wesi, yovelTvis gasagebad ar upasuxeben. ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom filosofosTa naazrevis ubralo gamoZaxilma poetis SemoqmedebaSi gansazRvros avtoris msoflmxedveloba, gansakuTrebiT ki iseTi dramatuli avtorisa, rogoric Seqspiria? iyvnen ki poetebi da saerTod mwerlebi aSkarad gamoxatuli da sistematuri mimdevrebi ama Tu im filosofiuri moZRvrebisa? gana dRes gamarTlebulia imis mtkiceba, rom gasul saukuneebSi mwerals unda hqonoda sakuTari
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filosofia, amis moTxovnilebac ki unda egrZno an iseTi xalxis garemocvaSi unda ecxovra, romelnic ubiZgebdnen da mo ukidebeli azrovnebis sistemis Seqmnisaken, an gnebavT, dainteresebuli iqnebodnen amiT? gana xSirad metismetad gadaWarbebulad ar warmogvidgenen literaturis istorikosebi mweralTa (es Tanamedrove avtorebsac exebaT) filosofiuri mrwamsis erTianobas, sicxadesa Tu masStabs?
maSinac ki, Tu saubaria ganviTarebuli TviT cnobierebis mqone mwerlebze, zogjer ki _ filoso fosebze, rom lebsac mWvretelobisadmi midreki leba axasiaTebT da TviTonac qmnian `filosofiur~ poezias, mainc mogviwevs Semdegi kiTxvebis dasma: aris Tu ara poezia miT ukeTesi, rac ufro filosofiuria igi? SegviZlia Tu ara poezia SevafasoT im filosofiis mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic masSia gadmocemuli an imis mixedviT, Tu ramde nad kar gad da Rrmad aris gagebuli im filosofiuri moZRvre bis arsi, romelsac is poeturad gamoxatavs? an iqneb im kuTxiT unda SevafasoT poezia, Tu ramdenad axali, originaluri saxiT gvawvdis tradiciul, ukve arsebul naazrevs? cnobilia, rom t. s. elioti dantes Seqspirze maRla ayenebda, radgan dantes filosofia uf ro jansaRad da logikurad miaCnda. germaneli filo sofosi herman glokneri (Her-mann Glockner) amtkicebs, rom poezia da filosofia arasodes ise daSorebuli ar yofila erTmaneTisagan, rogorc dantes SemoqmedebaSi, radganac misi azriT, dantem ukve arsebuli, dasrulebuli filosofiuri sistema Caibara da axali ara miumata ra.12 ideaTa namdvili urTierTgaziareba filosofiasa da poezias Soris moxda moazrovne poetTa xa naSi. aseTebi iyvnen _ empedokle (Empedocles) sokratemdel saberZneTSi, aRorZinebis epoqaSi fiCino (Ficino) da jordano bruno, romlebic poeziasac qmnidnen da filosofiasac, anu poetur filosofias da filosofiur poezias. mogvianebiT iyo goeTe germaniaSi, romelic poetic gaxldaT da TviTmyofi filosofosic.
sakiTxavi isaa, SevafasebT ki amgvari filosofiuri standartebiT literaturul nawarmoebebs? imis gamo xom
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ar unda daviwunoT poupis `ese adamianze~, rom poetma mravali gansxvavebuli wyaro gamoiyena da, mTlianobaSi, teqs tis erTianoba darRveulia? Selim Tavisi cxovrebis erT etapze zurgi aqcia godvinis Camouyalibebel materializms da platonis idealizms miapyro Tvali. es TavisTavad progresuli nabiji Selis kargi poetobis maCvenebelia Tu cudis? ramdenad aqvs amas kavSiri Selis poeziasTan? Tanamedrove mkiTxvelTa TaobaSi arsebobs Sexeduleba, rom Selis poezia bundovani, monotonuri da mosawyenia. SesaZlebelia Tu ara, uarvyoT es azri, Tu davamtkicebT, rom Selis filosofias Tavis droze garkveuli Rirebuleba hqonda da esa Tu is adgili mis nawarmoebebSi bundovani da uazro ki araa, aramed imdroindel mecnierul Tu fsevdomecnierul ideebze migvaniSnebs.13 yvela es kri teriumi ueWvelad dafuZnebulia inteleqtualistur gaugebrobaze, radganac filosofiisa da xelovnebis funqciebi arasworad aris gagebuli. isic arasworad aris gagebuli, Tu rogor SeaRwevs sinamdvileSi ideebi literaturaSi.
literaturis filosofiuri kuTxiT Seswavlas, rogorc aRvniSneT, gadametebuli inteleqtualizmi axasiaTebs. am faqtis mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba gamovlinda zogierT meTodSi, romlebic sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki germaniaSi SeimuSaves. rudolf ungerma (Unger) _ dilTais ideebis daxmarebiT _ mtkiced dauWira mxari im meTods, romelsac didi xnis istoria ki hqonda, magram sistematurad ar gamoiyeneboda.14 is samarTlianad acxadebs, rom literatura ar aris leqsTwyobiTa da mxatvruli saxeebiT gadmocemuli fi losofiuri ideebi, aramed gamoxatavs cxovrebisadmi zogad damokidebulebas; poetebi Cveulebisamebr pasuxs uZebnian, iqneb arasistemuradac, im SekiTxvebs, romlebic Sinaar siT SeiZleba filosofiuric iyos, magram maTi poeturi reaqcia amgvari SekiTxvebze sxvadasxvagvaria droisa da viTarebis cvalebadobis mixedviT. ungeri am `sakiTxebis~, cota ar iyos, TviTnebur klasifikacias gvTavazobs, ese nia: bedisweris sakiTxi, romlis miRmac igi Tavisuflebisa da garduvalobis, sulisa
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da bunebis urTierTobas gulisxmobs; religiuri `sakiTxi~, romelic moicavs qristes saxis interpretacias, aseve damoki debulebas codvisa da xsnis, gadarCenis mimarT; bunebis sakiTxi, romelic ara marto bunebisadmi damokidebulebaa, aramed moicavs miTosisa da magiis sakiTxebs. problemaTa sxva jgufs ungeri adamianis problemebs uwodebs: ra aris adamiani? rogoria misi damokidebuleba sikvdilis mimarT? rogor esmis siyvaruli? bolo jgufSi ki Sedis sazogadoebis, ojaxisa da saxelmwifos problemebi. ungeris mixedviT, mweralTa Sexedulebebi unda Seswavlil iqnes am sakiTxebTan kavSirSi. iseTi SemTxvevebic iyo, rom gamovida wignebi, romlebic cdiloben am problemaTa istoriis Seswavlas maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT midgomodnen. valter remma (Walther Rehm) dawera mozrdili wigni, romelic germanul poeziaSi sikvdilis problemas ikvlevs. paul klukhonma (Paul Kluckhohn) ki gamoikvlia, Tu rogor aisaxa siyvarulis Tema me18 s.isa da romantizmis epoqaSi.15
msgavsi Sromebi sxva enebzec Seiqmna. mario pracis (Ma-rio Praz) `romantikul agonias~ (Romantic Agony) SeiZleba vuwodoT gamokvleva seqsisa da sikvdilis Temaze, rogorc amas misi italiuri saxelwodebac migvaniSnebs: ̀ sxeuli, sikvdili da eSmaki romantikul literaturaSi~16 k. s. luisis `siyvarulis alegoria~ (Alegory of Love), garda imisa, rom alegoriis Janris istorias warmoadgens, aseve bevrs mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor Seicvala da icvleba Ddamokidebulebebi siyvarulisa da qorwinebis mimarT. Teodor spensers (Theodore Spencer) ekuTvnis wigni `sikvdilis Tema elisabedis xanis tragediaSi“ (Death and Elizabethan Tragedy), romelic Sesaval nawilSi erTmaneTs upirispirebs sikvdilisadmi damokidebulebas Sua saukuneebsa da aRorZinebis epoqaSi.17 moviyvanT erT magaliTs: Sua saukuneebSi adamians yvelaze metad uecari sikvdilisa eSinoda, radgan es xels SeuSlida erTgvar momzadebasa da codvaTa monaniebaSi. monteni ki fiqrobs, rom uecari sikvdili yvelaze advilia. mas ukve aRar sjera im qristianuli Sexedulebisa, romlis mixedviT, sicocxle sikvdilisaTvis mzadebaa. h. n. fearCaildma gamoikvlia re
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ligiuri Temebi me1819 ss. inglisur poeziaSi da mwerlebi daajgufa maTi religiuri gancdebis sicxovelis mixedviT18 safrangeTSi gamocemuli abat bremonis (Abbé Bremond) didi moculobis `franguli reli giuri grZnobis istoria me17 saukuneSi~ (History of French Religious Sentiment in the Seventeenth Century) metwilad mxatvrul literaturas emyareba; monglonma (Monglond) da trarma (Trahard) dagvitoves mSvenieri gamokvlevebi, romlebic exeba sentimentalizms, romantizmis epoqamdel damokidebulebas bunebis mimarT da, aseve, frangi revolucionerebis mier gamomJRavnebul uCveulo mgrZnobiarobas.19
ungeris siaSi CamoTvlili zogi problema wminda filosofiuri, ideologiuri xasiaTisaa da Tu sidnis (Sid-ney) citatas moviSveliebT, poeti maT mimarT mxolod da mxolod `ubralod, popularuli filosofosis~ rols asrulebda. danarCeni problemebi ufro mgrZnobiarobisa da grZnobis istorias ganekuTvnebian, vidre azrovnebis istoriisas. xandaxan isec xdeba, rom sazRvari ide o logiursa da emociur problemas Soris Znelad gasavlebia. adamianis damokidebulebas bunebis mimarT Za lian Rrma kvals aCnevs kosmologiuri da religiuri mo sazrebebi, magram masze, aseve, uSualo zegavlenas axdens esTetikuri Sexedulebebi, literaturuli pirobiTobebi da, SesaZloa, iseTi fiziologiuri momentic, rogoricaa misi mxedvelobis unaris cvlileba, mag., mxedvelobis daqveiTeba.20 imas, Tu rogor SevigrZnobT peizaJs, garkveulwilad gansazRvraven ara marto mogzaurebi, mxatvrebi da baRis dizainerebi, aramed iseTi poetebi da mwerlebi, rogorebic arian miltoni, tomsoni, Satobriani (Chateaubriand) da reskini (Ruskin).
grZnobis istoriis kvleva garkveul siZneleebs ukavSirdeba: grZnoba warmavalia, mouxelTebeli da imavdroulad mudmivi, ucvleli. ra Tqma unda, germanelma mkvlevarebma gazviadebuli formiT warmogvidgines is cvlilebani, romlebic adamianTa Sexedulebebma ganicada da sqematuradac warmogvidgines maTi ganviTarebis stadiebi, romelTa mowesrigebuloba, cota ar iyos, eWvs iwvevs. da mainc, sada
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vo aRar unda iyos is faqti, rom grZnobebi icvleba; yovel SemTxvevaSi, Seicvala maTi gamoxatvis xerxebi da formebi. balzaki xumrobanarevi kiloTi aRniS navs, Tu rogor gansxvavdeba siyvarulis mimarT bni iulos (Hulot) me18 saukunisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fuqsavaturi damokidebuleba qni marnefis damokidebulebisagan, romelic restavraciis periodis tipur sust qals _ `mowyalebis das~ warmoadgens.21
literaturis istoriisTvis uCveulo ar aris cremlis niaRvrebi, raSic erTmaneTs tols ar udebdnen XVIII sis mkiTxvelica da mweralic. gelertma (Gellert), inteleqtualurma da maRali socialuri mdgomareobis mqone germanelma poetma, imdeni itira grandisonisa da klementinas ganSorebis scenis kiTxvisas (igulisxmeba samuel riCard-sonis (Samuel Richardson) romani `ser Carlz grandisonis istoria~ – The History of Sir Charles Grandison; mTargmnelis SeniSvna), sanam Tavisi cxvirsaxoci, wigni, magida da TviT iatakic ki cremliT ar daasvela. am faqtiT is Tavsac ki iwonebda erTerT werilSi;22 dri jonsonic ki, romelic maincdamainc ar iyo cnobili Tavisi gulCvilo biT, Tavs uf lebas aZlevda, gacilebiT ufro daurideblad efrqvia cremlebica da emociebic, gansxvavebiT Cveni Tanamedroveebisgan, yovel SemTxvevaSi, imaTgan vinc in teleqtualTa Soris moiazreba.23
ungeris Tvalsazriss, romelic ar gamoirCeva maRali inteleqtualuri doniT, upiratesoba aqvs konkretuli mwe rlis kvlevis drosac, radganac is cdilobs arcTu ise gasagebad da naTlad Camoyalibebuli Sexedulebebisa da ideebis gansazRvras. amdenad, imis saSiSroebac naklebia, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis Semadgeneli nawilebi izolirebulad ganvixiloT da ubralo prozauli ganacxadis Tu formulis mniSvneloba vakmaroT.
am Sexedulebebis Seswavlam zogierTi germaneli filosofosi miiyvana im daskvnamde, rom SesaZlebeli iyo maTi dayvana ramdenime saxis msoflmxedvelobamde (Weltanschau-ung). es termini farTod gamoiyeneba da moicavs rogorc filosofiur ideebs, ise damokidebulebebs, romlebic emo
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ciur sferos ganekuTvneba. yvelaze metad cnobilia mcdeloba dilTaisa, romelic Tavis naSromebSi, rogorc literaturis istorikosi, yovelTvis xazs usvamda gansxvavebas ideasa da gancdas (Erlebnis) Soris. az rovnebis istoriaSi avtori sam ZiriTad tips gamohyofs:24 pirvelia pozitivizmi, romlis warmoSobac dakav Si rebulia demokrites da lukreciusis saxelebTan da aerTianebs hobss, frang enciklopedistebs, Tanamedrove materialistebsa da pozitivistebs; Semdeg _ obieqturi idealizmi, romelic, dilTais azriT, moicavs heraklites, spinozas, laibnics, Selingsa da hegels, da, bolos dualisturi idealizmi anu `Tavisuflebis idea lizmi“, romelsac miekuTvnebian platoni, qristiani Teologebi, kanti da fixte. pirveli jgufis moazrovneni sulier samyaros fizikuri samyaroTi xsnian; meoreni realobas aRiqvamen rogorc Sinagani realobis gamoxatulebas da Tvlian, rom ar arsebobs konfliqti yofierebasa da sargeblianobas Soris; mesameni ki amtkiceben, rom suli bunebisgan damoukideblad arsebobso. Semdeg dilTai konkretul avtorebs azrovnebis am sam tipTan akavSirebs. mag., balzaki da stendali pirvel jgufSi Sehyavs, goeTe _ meoreSi, Sileri _ mesameSi. es klasifikacia ar emyareba, ubralod, mweralTa mier gakeTebul ganacxadebs, anu imas, Tu romeli filosofiuri moZRvrebaa maTTvis yvelaze metad misaRebi. igulisxmeba, rom is SeiZleba iyo TviT yvelaze arainteleqtualuri xelovnebis analizis Sedegi. xsenebuli sami ZiriTadi tipi, aseve, asocirdeba zogad fsiqologiur midrekilebebTan: magaliTad, realizmSi Warbobs inteleqti, obieqtur realizmSi _ grZnoba, xolo dualisturi idealizmis mTavari niSania neba, nebisyofa.
herman noli (Herman Nohl) Seecada eCvenebina msgavsi kavSiri mxatvrobasa da musikasTan mimarTebaSic.25 rem branti da rubensi man miakuTvna obieqtur idealistebs, panTeistebs; velaskesi da halsi _ realistebs; miqe lanjelo ki _ subieqtur idealistad miiCnia. rac See xeba musikosebs, berliozi moazrovneTa pirvel tips mie kuTvneba, Suberti _ meores, beThoveni _ mesames. mxat vrobasTan da musikasTan dakavSire
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buli es argumenti Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan igulisxmeba, rom am tipebis arseboba SesaZlebelia literaturaSic, Tundac mas mkveTrad ga mo xatuli inteleqtualuri Sinaarsi arc gaaCndes. ungerma imis damtkicebac scada, rom gansxvavebebi azrovnebis am sam tips Soris eCvenebina mcire moculobis nawarmoebebSic ki. mag., morikes (Mörike), s. f. maieris, lilienkronis leqsebSi;26 man da nolma imis Cvenebac scades, rom avtoris msoflmxedvelo ba (Weltanschauung) SeiZleba aR movaCinoT nawarmoebis stil Sic an romanis iseT scenebSic, romelTac ara nairi pirdapiri inteleqtualuri datvirTva ar gaaC niaT. aq ukve es Teoria gadadis umniSvnelovanes mxatvrul stilTa TeoriaSi. val celi (Walzel) Seecada es ukanaskneli Teoria daekavSirebina volflinis `xelovnebis isto riis principebTan~ da aseve msgavs tipologiebTan.27
aseTi varaudebi did interess iwvevs. germaniaSi Cven mier ganxiluli Teoriis mravali variacia Seiqmna. isini literaturis istoriis Sesaswavladac gamoiyeneba. mag. valcelma me19 sis germanul da saerTod evropul literaturaSi SeamCnia Zalian mkafio evolucia, romelic azrovnebis meore tipidan (goeTesa da romantikosTa obieqturi idealizmi) pirvel tipis (realizmi) gavliT _ romelic Tavis mxriv impresionizmis saSualebiT TandaTanobiT acnobierebs samyaros fenomenalurobas _ gadaizrdeba mesame tipSi, romelic warmodgenilia eqspresionizmiT gamoxatuli subieqturi, dualisturi idealizmiT. valcelis sqema ubralod imas ki ar acxadebs, rom aseT cvlileba marTlac xdeboda, aramed imasac, rom es cvlileba ramdenadme erTi meorisgan gamomdinarea da logikuri. ganviTarebis garkveul etapze panTeizmi gadadis naturalizmSi, naturalizmi ki, Tavis mxriv, impresionizmSi, xolo impresionizmis subieqtiuroba sabolood erwymeba axal idealizms. es sqema dialeqturia da saboloo angariSiT _ hegelianuri.
fxizel Tvals am sqemebis mowesrigebuloba da sizuste eWvis safuZvels gauCens. aradamajereblad moe
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Cveneba mesame tipis xelSeuxebloba Tu gamorCeuloba. ungeri TviTonac obieqturi realizmis or tips ganasxvavebs: harmoniuls, romlis warmomadgenladac goeTes miiCnevs da dialeqtikurs _ boemes (Boehme), Selingisa da hegelis saxiT; kritikas imsaxurebs `pozitivizmic“, romlebic, TiTqosda, mraval (umetes SemTxvevaSi Zalian gansxvavebul) Sexedulebas moicavs. Tumca, am klasifikaciis detalebis dawunebaze ufro mniSvnelovnad gveCveneba imis garkveva, Tu ra igulisxmeba mTeli am msjelobis miRma.
amgvar tipologiis Sedegia mTeli literaturis Zalze miaxloebiTi daxarisxeba sam (an ara umetes xuTeqvs) dajgufebad. Tu am gzas gavyvebiT, poetTa gamokveTili individualoba minimumamde iqneba Semcirebuli an sulac uaryofili. literaturis kuTxiT Tu mivudgebiT, bevrs verafers mivaRwevT, Tu iseT gansxvavebul poetebs, ro gorebic bleiki, uordsuorTi da Seli arian, erT jgufSi movaqcevT da `obieqtur idealistebs~ vuwodebT. arc isaa mizanSewonili, Tu poeziis istorias msoflmxedvelobis (Weltanschauung) sami an meti tipis modifikaciiT Semov farglavT. da, bolos, amgvari damokidebuleba gulisxmobs radikalur da gadaWarbebul relativizms. amiT iseTi STabeWdileba unda Seiqmnas, rom am samive tips Tanaswori Rirebuleba aqvT da poets isRa darCenia, amoirCios erTi maTgani, romelic yvelaze metad Seefereba mis temperaments an raime Rrmad iracionalur, winaswar mocemul damokidebulebas samyaros mimarT. igulisxmeba, rom arsebobs tipebis mxolod gansazRvruli raodenoba da yoveli poeti erTi romelime maTga nis gamomxatvelia. ra Tqma unda, mTeli es Teoria damyarebulia istoriis zogad filosofiaze, romlis mixedviTac filosofiasa da xelovnebas Soris arsebobs Zalze mWidro da aucilebeli urTierTdamokidebuleba ara mxolod individualur doneze, aramed aseve garkveul periodSi da zogadad, istoriaSi. msgavs msjelobas humanitaruli sferos istoriis (Geistesgeschichte) hipoTezebis ganxilvisken miv ya varT.
Geistesgeschichte SeiZleba Tavisuflad gamoviyenoT, rogorc alternatiuli termini inteleqtualuri is to riis,
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ideaTa istoriis aRsaniSnavad, ise, rogorc es lav jois esmoda; mas is upiratesobac aqvs, rom germanul ena ze, inglisurTan SedarebiT, naklebad inteleqtualurad JRers. Geist _ (`suli~) bevris momcveli terminia, romelic moicavs grZnobis istoriis problemebs. Geists arcTu sasurveli asociaciebi aqvs `obieqturi sulis“ cnebasTan. Tumca, germaniaSi Geistesge-schichte, rogorc wesi, kidev ufro specifikur mniSvnelobas iZens, romlis mixedviTac yovel periods Tavisi ̀ epoqis suli, suliskveTeba“ aqvs da misi mizania, aRadginos epoqis suli am ukanasknelis sxvadasxvagvari obieqtivaciebis safuZvelze, dawyebuli religiiT da damTavrebuli im droindeli samosiT. Cven veZiebT simrTeles, mTlianobas calkeuli sagnebis miRma da yvela faqtis axsnas epoqis suliT, suliskveTebiT vcdilobT.28
zemoxsenebuli termini gulisxmobs adamianis saqmianobis yvela (kulturuli an, saerTod, nebismieri) sfe ros metad mWidro urTierTSeTanxmebulobas, anu xelovnebisa da mecnierebis ganviTarebis srul pa ra lelizms. es meTodi kvlav gvabrunebs Slegelebis mier SemoTavazebul varaudebTan. mis yvelaze saukeTeso da, aseve, yvelaze ucnaur mimdevrad ki Spengleri gvevlineba. Tumca am meTods akademiuri mimdevrebic hyavs literaturis istorikosebis saxiT, romlebic am meTods aqtiurad iyenebdnen literaturuli kvlevebis dros. mas iyeneben iseTi sakmaod zomieri dialeqtikose bi, rogoric aris korfi (Korff), (romelmac Seiswavla 17501830 wlebis germanuli literaturis istoria da aCvena literaturis dialeqtikuri gadasvla racionalurobidan iracionalurobamde, Semdeg ki sinTezamde, hegelianuri gagebiT), agreTve cisarJi (Cysarz), doiCbaini (Deutschbein), Stefanski (Stefansky) da maisneri (Meissner) TavianT fantas tikur, sityvaTa TamaSze agebul, fsevdomistikur nawerebSi.29 es meTodi mniSvnelovanwilad warmoadgens analogiis meTods, rogoric aris negatiuri analogia, ramdenadac, rogorc wesi, is xazs usvams gansxvavebebs romelime konkretul epoqaSi da ugulebelyofs msgavsebebs, da aseve pozitiuri analogia, ramdenadac, aqac, rogorc wesi,
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is xazs usvams konkretuli periodSi momxdari movlenebis Tu Seqmnili nawarmoebebis msgavsebas da iviwyebs sxvaobebs. romantizmisa da barokos periodebi gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli niadagi aRmoCnda ideaTa gamomgoneblobaSi savarjiSod.
amis mSvenier magaliTs warmoadgens maisneris naSromi `inglisuri barokos periodis literaturis humanitaruli safuZvlebi~ (Die geisteswissenschaftlichen Grundlagen des englischen Literaturbarocks“) (1934), romelic erTmaneTisadmi sruliad dapirispirebul tendenciebs Soris konfliqts epoqis sulad naTlavs da Seupovrad, daucxromlad ganixilavs am formulas adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sferoSi _ teqnologia iqneba es Tu gamokvlevebi, mogzauroba Tu religia. mTeli masala Zalian mowesrigebulad da saguldagulod aris daxarisxebuli Semdeg kategoriebad: eqspansia da koncentracia, makrokosmosi da mikrokosmosi, codva da xsna, rwmena da goneba, absolutizmi da demokratia, `ateqtonika~ da `teqtonika~. amgvari universaluri analogiebis warmodgenis Semdeg, maisneri gamoaqvs sazeimo daskvna, rom baroko, nebismieri formiT gamovlinebisas, konfliqtis, winaaRmdegobisa da daZabulobis maCvenebeli iyo. Tavisi kolegebis msgavsad, maisneri arasodes svams arsebiT kiTxvas: gana ar SeiZleba, rom dapirispirebaTa igive sqema TiTqmis nebismieri sxva epoqidanac miviRoT? avtori arc imas kiTxulobs, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom dapirispirebaTa sruliad sxva sqema gamovZebnoT XVII ssTvis, Tundac imave citatebis safuZvelze, romlebic moy vanilia mis mier wakiTxuli uamravi wignidan.
zustad igivenairad, korfis sqeltanian wignebs yvela da yvelaferi dahyavT `racionalizmis~ Tezisamde, `ira cionalizmis~ antiTezamde da `romantizmSi~ maT sin Tezamde. korfTan racionalizmi xSirad iZens `klasicizmis~ formalur mniSvnelobasac, xolo iracionalizmi _ `qariSxlisa da Setevis~ gaurkvevel formas, germanul romantizms ki sinTezis roli ekisreba. germanul enaze daiwera bevri wigni, romlebic am da pi rispirebas ikvleven.
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mag. kasireris bevrad ufro saRi `Ta visufleba da forma~ (Freiheit und Form), cisarJis bundovani naSromi `gamocdileba da idea~ (Erfahrung und Idee).30 zog germanel mweralTan es ideuri tipebi an mWidro kavSirSia erT maneTTan an ubralod gadaizrdebian rasobriv tipebad: germaneli (yovel SemTxvevaSi, WeSmariti tevtoni) grZno bis karnaxiT moqmedebs, xolo laTinuri rasis warmomadgeneli gonebis TvaliT Wvrets; tipebi SeiZleba, ZiriTadad, fsiqologiuri niSniT gansxvavdebodnen, iseve, rogorc arsebobs tradiciuli kontrastuli tipebi: demonuri da racionaluri. da, bolos, iTvleba, rom ideologiur tipebs stilisturi cnebebis datvirTva eZlevaT; isini erwymian klasicizmsa da romantizms, barokosa da gotikas, ramac saTave daudo uzarmazar literaturas, sadac eTnologia, fsi qologia, ideo logia da xelovnebis istoria erTmaneTSi isea gadaxlarTuli, rom adamians Tavgza aebneva.
Sexeduleba drois, rasis, xelovnebis nawarmoebis sruli integraciis Sesaxeb metad saeWvoa. Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, xelovnebis formebi paralelurad viTardeba, mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSia misaRebi. kidev ufro saeWvoa paralelizmi filosofiasa da poezias Soris. magaliTisTvis mxolod inglisuri romantikuli poeziac ki gveyofa, romelmac ayvavebas im dros miaRwia, roca inglisur da Sotlandiur filosofiaSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekava e. w. `jansaRi azris~ filosofias (common-sense philosophy) da utilitarizms. maSinac ki, roca filosofias TiTqosda erTi SexedviT axlo kavSiri aqvs literaturasTan, maTi realuri integracia gacilebiT naklebad sarwmunoa, vidre amas germanuli humanitaruli sferos istoria (Geistesgeschichte) varaudobs. romantizms germanul literaturaSi umetesad Seiswavlian im fi losofiis fonze, romelic ganaviTares da Camoayalibes profesionalma filosofosebma _ fixtem da Selingma, aseve, mwerlebma _ Slegelma, novalisma da sxvebma, romelTac germanul literaturaSi centralur adgils namdvilad ver mivuCenT: maTma nawarmoebebma didi kvali ver datoves
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da verc mxatvruli RirsebebiT gamoirCevian. germanuli romantizmis udides poetebsa da dramaturgebs, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mxolod da mxolod umniSvnelo urTierToba hqondaT imdroindel filosofiasTan (mag. e. T. a. hofmani da ai xendorfi (Eichendorff), romelic tradiciuli kaTolike gaxldaT), an aviTarebdnen iseT filosofiur Tvalsazriss, romelic gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli, sadavo iyo romantizmis filosofosebisTvis. gavixsenoT Tundac Janpol rixteri (Jean Paul Richter), romelic gamudmebiT Tavs esxmoda fixtes, an klaisti, romelic kantis ideebis zegavlenas ganicdida. TviT germanuli romantizmis periodSic ki filosofiisa da literaturis mtkice kavSirs mxolod maSin davasabuTebT, Tu gamovikvlevT fixtes aRiarebuli mowafeebis, novalisisa da fridrih Slegelis fragmentebs da Teoriul naSromebs. maT mosazrebebs ki, romelTac isini iSviaTad aqveynebdnen, konkretul literaturul nawarmoebebTan Zalian cota ram hqondaT saerTo.
Sexedulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom filosofiasa da literaturas Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs, xSirad SecdomaSi SevyavarT. am kavSiris damadasturebeli ar gumentebi gazviadebulia, radgan isini emyareba li teraturis ideologiis, sxvadasxva mrwamsisa da Tval sazrisis Seswavlas da, aseve, iseT programebsac, rom lebic, rogorc Cans, sazrdooben arsebuli, mza esTetikuri formulirebebiT da realur mxatvrul praqtikasTan mxolod mciredi Sexeba aqvT. Tumca, aseTi skepticizmi fi losofiasa da literaturas Soris arsebul mWidro in tegraciis mimarT, rasakvirvelia, ar gamoricxavs maT So ris garkveul urTierTobas. isic SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom zogierT epoqaSi paralelurad viTardeboda filosofiu ri da literaturuli mimdinareobebi, rasac, albaT, metwi lad xels uwyobda Tavad epoqaTa socialuri foni, sxvada sxva movlena, romlebic literaturaSic da filosofiaSic garkveul kvals tovebdnen. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic ki, bolomde ar unda daveyrdnoT zemoT aRniSnul saerTo, socialur fons. filosofiis esa Tu is mimdinareoba xSirad warmoiSoboda da viTardeboda
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sazogadoebis im garkveul klasSi, romelic SeiZleba Zalian gansxvavebuli yofiliyo poeziis SemqmnelTagan, ara marto sazogadoebrivi kavSirebiT, aramed socialuri warmomavlobiTac. lite raturasTan SedarebiT, filosofia Tavisi arsiT kidev ufro metad aris dakavSirebuli eklesiasTan da akademi ur swavlebasTan. iseve, rogorc adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sxva sferos, masac aqvs sakuTari istoria, sa kuTari dialeqtika: mis qvejgufebsa da mimdinareobebs, Cveni azriT, ara aqvT imdeni saerTo literaturul mimdinareobebTan, rogorc amas humanitaruli sferos istoriis (Geistesgeschichte) mravali mkvlevari miiCnevs.
literaturuli cvlilebebis axsna `epoqis sulis~ meSveobiT namdvilad yovelgvar safuZvels moklebulad gveCveneba maSin, roca es suli gadaiqceva raRac miTur integralad da absolutad. arada, yvelaze didi funqcia, rac mas akisria, aris is, rom migvaniSnebs rTul da miCqma lul problemaze. germanuli Geistesgeschichte aqamde, Cveulebriv, mxolod imas axerxebda, rom erTi rigis (xelovnebis an filosofiis) kriteriumebs avrcelebda mTeli kulturuli Semoqmedebis sferoze. Semdeg epoqasac da calkeul literaturul nawarmoebsac axasiaTebda iseTi gaurkveve li da sapirispiro cnebebis saSualebiT, rogorebicaa: klasicizmi da romantizmi, racionalizmi da iracionalizmi. `epoqis sulis“ ideas xSirad damRupveli Sedegi moutania dasavluri civilizaciis uwyvetobis ideisTvis: miiCneoda, rom yoveli epoqa imdenad Taviseburi da izolirebulia, xolo maT mier asaxuli cvlilebebi imdenad radikaluria, rom Geisteswissenschaftler sabolood sruldeboda ara marto srul istoriuli relativizmiT (yvela epoqa Taviseburad kargia), aramed individualobisa da originalobis mcdari koncefciiTac, romelic ugulebelyofs adamianuri bunebis, civilizaciisa Tu xelovnebis fundamentur, yvela droi saTvis damaxasiaTebel, maradiul Rirebulebebs. Spengleris azriT, arsebobs Caketili kulturuli cikle bi, romelTa warmoSoba TiTqos fataluri movlenaa. esaa Tavis TavSi Caketili, magram mainc auxsnelad paraleluri perio
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debi. gamodis, rom antikuroba ar grZeldeba Sua saukuneebSi, xolo dasavluri civilizaciis uwyvetoba mTlianad uaryofilia an miviwyebuli.
am fantastikurma mosazrebebma, ra Tqma unda, ar unda miCqmalos kacobriobis zogadi istoriis problema, yovel SemTxvevaSi, dasavluri civilizaciis problema mainc. Cven sruliad darwmunebuli varT, rom gamosavali, rasac tradiciuli Geistesgeschichte gvTavazobs, naCqarevi da moumwifebelia; is metismetad did mniSvnelobas ani Webs kontrastebsa da analogiebs; stilTa da azrovnebis for maTa cvalebadobas kritikis gareSe tovebs da mtkiced sw ams adamianis yvela saxis moRvaweobis sruli integraciisa.
literaturis mkvlevarma Tavi unda daanebos iseT masStabur problemebze fiqrs, rogoricaa istoriis filosofia da civilizaciis umTavresi integrali da yuradReba unda miaqcios im sakiTxs, romelic araTu araa gadawyvetili, aramed jer wesierad arc ki ganxilula. es gaxlavT Semdegi: mainc rogor xdeba ideebis SeRweva literaturaSi? raTqma unda, es ar exeba ideebs romelTac teqstSi mxolod, ase vTqvaT, `saSeni masalis~ informaciis fun qcia akisria. Cven mxolod is SemTxvevebi gvainteresebs, roca es ideebi bunebrivad, Zaldautaneblad iqceva teqstis qsovilis nawilad, anu sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, isini ubralod ideebi ki aRar arian Cveulebrivi gagebiT, aramed simbolod, miTadac ki gadaiqcevian. arsebobs didaqtikuri poeziis sakmaod didi nawili, romelSic ideebi, ubralod, gadmocemulia da versifikaciis, metaforis an alegoriis saSualebiT aris gaformebuli. arsebobs ideaTa romanebic, mag. JorJ sandis da jorj eliotis, sadac msjeloben socialur, moralur Tu filosofiur `problemebze“. integracia ufro maRal safexurs aRwevs iseT romanSi, rogoricaa melvilis `mobi diki“ (Moby Dick), romlis mTeli Sinaarssac miTuri datvirTva aqvs. an aviRoT robert brijesis (Bridges) `silamazis anderZi~ (Testament of Beauty), romlis ideac gadmocemulia erTi filosofiuri metaforiT. da, ra Tqma unda, arsebobs dostoevskic, romlis romanebSic ideaTa drama TamaSdeba konkretul personaJTa da movlenaTa
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enaze, maTi saSualebiT. romanSi `Zmebi karamazovebi~ oTxive Zma simbolurad ganasaxierebs ideologiur kamaTs, romelic imavdroulad pirovnuli dramac aris. kamaTis ideologiuri daskvna mTavari gmi rebis piradi ubedurebis ganuyofeli nawilia.
sakiTxavi is aris, CaiTvleba Tu ara xelovnebis diad nimuSebad es filosofiuri romanebi da poemebi _ vTqvaT, dostoevskis `Zmebi karamazovebi“ Tu goeTes `fausti“ _ mxolod TavianTi filosofiuri Sinaarsis gamo? xom ar sjobs, SevTanxmdeT imaze, rom `filosofiur simarTles“, rogorc aseTs, ar gaaCnia mxatvruli Rirebuleba, zustad iseve, rogorc vecadeT dagvemtkicebina, rom arc fsiqologiur da arc socialur simarTles ara aqvs aranairi mxatvruli Rirebuleba? filosofia, ideologiuri Sinaarsi, Tu is gadmocemulia Sesaferis konteqstiT, ufro mkveTrad war moaCens nawarmoebis mxatvrul Rirebulebas, radganac igi aZlierebs ramdenime mniSvnelovan mxatvrul Tvisebas: sir Tules da simwyobres. Teoriuli codna xelovans exmareba, ufro met siRrmeebsa da masStabebs SeeWidos. magram es sulac araa aucilebeli. xelovans xels SeuSlis zomagadasuli ideologia, Tu igi bunebrivad ar gaiSleba nawarmoebis qsovilSi, Tu is misi erTiani nawili ar gaxdeba. kroCe amtkicebs, rom `RvTaebriv komediaSi“ poeziis strofebs enacvleba ga riTmuli Teologiisa da fsevdomecnierebis strofebi.31 aSkaraa, rom `faustis“ meore nawili Zalze daazarala zedmetma inteleqtualizmma da igi mudmivad daufaravi alegoriis zRvarze imyofeba; dostoevskisTan ki xSirad igrZnoba SeuTanxmebloba mwerlis mxatvrul ostatobasa da azris simZimes Soris. zosime, romelic dostoevskis azrebs gadmogvcems, ivan karamazovTan SedarebiT naklebad damajerebeli saxea. imave winaaRmdegobas, oRond ufro dabali registriT, gamoxatavs Tomas manis `jadosnuri mTa“: pirveli Tavebi, sadac gacocxlebulia sanatoriumis samyaro, mxatvruli ostatobiT bevrad aRemateba momdevno Tavebs, romlebic sxva araferia, Tu ara vrceli filosofiuri msjeloba. literaturis istorias iseTi iSviaTi SemTxvevebic axsovs, rodesac ideebi gansakuTrebul datvirTvas iZenen, rodesac moq
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medi pirebi da TviT moqmedebac ubralod ki ar warmoadgenen ideebs, aramed Tavad xdebian xorcSesxmuli ideebi; rodesac xdeba filosofiisa da xelovnebis garkveuli integracia. xati iqceva idead da idea iqceva xatad. magram gana es imas niSnavs, rom am dros xelovneba Tavis mwvervals aRwevs, rogorc miiCnevs mravali filosofiurad ganwyobili kritikosi? albaT, marTalia kroCes Tvalsazrisi `faustis“ meore nawilis Sesaxeb: `rodesac poezia imgvarad aRmatebuli xdeba, rom Tavis Tavsac ki aRemateba, is kargavs Tavis raobas da albaT arasrulfasovnadac unda miviCnioT, radgan, rac mas aklia, es swored poeziaa“.32 yovel SemTxvevaSi, is mainc udavod unda vaRiaroT, rom filosofiuri poezia, rac unda integrirebuli iyos, is mainc poeziis mxolod erTerT saxeobas warmoadgens da arc li teraturaSi ukavia mTavari adgili, Tu, ra Tqma unda, im azrs ar viziarebT, rom poezia Tavisi arsiT mistikuri, gamocxadebis msgavsi unda iyos. filosofiis Canacvleba poeziiT ar moxdeba; poezias Tavisi daniSnuleba da mizani aqvs. ideaTa poezia ki poeziis erTerTi saxeobaa da fasdeba ara imiT, Tu ra ideebisgan Sedgeba, aramed teqstSi maTi integraciis xarisxisa da mxatvruli ostatobis siZlieris mixedviT.
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literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi
*literaturisa da xelovnebis sxva dargebis ur
TierTmimarTeba (natifi xelovneba, musika) metad mravalferovani da rTulia. poetebs TavianTi STagonebis wyaro zogjer mxatvrobaSi, qandakebasa da musikaSi upoviaT. adamianebisa da bunebis sxva cocxal SvilTa garda, poeziis Temad SeiZleba xelovnebis nimuSebic iqces. literaturis Teorias aranair problemas ar uqmnis is faqti, rom poetebs xSirad aRuweriaT qandakebebi, mxatvruli tiloebi, musikaluri nawarmoebebi. zogi kritikosi varaudobs, rom spenserma isargebla zogierT gobelenze gamosaxuli Tu moZrav scenebze warmodgenili istoriis amsaxveli cocxali suraTebiT da isini Tavis leqsebSi gamoiyena. klod lorenisa (Claude Lorrain) da salvatore rosas (Salvatore Rosa) ferwerulma tiloebma gavlena moaxdines me18 sis landSaftur poeziaze; kitsma klod lorenis erTerTi suraTi gamoiyena Tavisi leqsisTvis ̀ oda berZnul urnas“.1 stiven a. larabi ganixilavs aluziebs berZnul skulpturaze da amave rigis motivebs inglisur poeziaSi.2 alber tibodem (Thibau-det) daasabuTa, rom malarmes `favnis SuadRis“ Seqmna STaagona londonis erovnul galereaSi nanaxma buSes (Boucher) tilom.3 mravalma poetma, gansakuTrebiT, me18 sis iseTma poetebma, rogorebic arian hiugo, gotie, parnaselebi da tiki, Seqmnes leqsebi ama Tu im mxatvruli tilos Sesaxeb. poetebs, ra Tqma unda, TavianTi Teoriebi aqvT ferweris Taobaze da sayvareli mxatvrebic hyavT. saWiroa am sakiTxis Seswavla imis dasasabuTeblad, rom zemoxsenebuli Teoriebi garkveulwilad, ukavSirdeba poetebis Sexedulebebs literaturis Sesaxeb da maT literaturul gemovnebas. es
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namdvilad didi, TiTqmis Seuswavleli sferoa, romelTa kvleva mxolod bolo aTwleulebSi daiwyo.4
Tavis mxriv, rasakvirvelia, literaturac SeiZ leba iqces naxatis an musikaluri nawarmoebis Temad, gansakuTrebiT vokaluri da programuli musikisa. li teratura, yvelaze metad ki lirikuli poezia da drama Zalze mWidrod TanamSromlobdnen musikasTan. sul ufro matulobs im gamokvlevaTa ricxvi, romlebic yuradRebas amaxvileben Sua saukuneebis himnebisa da elisabedis xanis lirikuli poeziis axlo kavSirze musikasTan _ TiTqosda isini musikisTvis aris dawerili.5 xelovnebis istoriis sferoSi gamoCnda mTeli rigi swavlulebisa (ervin panofski, fric saqsli da sxvebi), romlebic Seiswavlian xelovnebis nimuSTa koncefciur da simbolur mniSvnelobas (`ikonologias“) da, amasTan erTad, xSirad ikvleven maT kavSirs literaturasTan, imas, Tu ra iqca maTi avtorebis STagonebis wyarod.6
wyaroebisa da urTierTzegavlenis, TanamSromlobisa da STagonebis sakiTxebTan erTad, wamoiWreba gacilebiT ufro rTuli problema. kerZod, literaturis istorias axsovs iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca literaturulma nawarmoebma scada mieRwia ferweruli an musikaluri efeqtisaTvis da qceuliyo sityvebSi gacocxlebul naxatad an musikad. iseTi SemTxvevebic gvaxsovs, roca poeziam scada qandakebis gancda aReZra mkiTxvelSi. kritikosisgan ar unda gagvikvirdes, Tu is mkacrad dagmobs JanrTa aseT aRrevas. asec moiqca lesingi Tavis `laokoonSi“ (Laokoön) da irving bebiti (Irving Babbitt) `axal laokoonSi“ (The New Laokoön), magram vervin uaryofs, rom xelovnebis dargebi erTmaneTs dasesxebian maTTvis damaxasiaTebel efeqtebs da Sedegic warmatebuli yofila. rasakvirvelia, aravin apirebs imis mtkicebas, rom SesaZlebelia metamorfoza pirdapiri gagebiT: poeziis gadaqceva qandakebad, musikad an ferwerul tilod. rodesac termins `skulpturuli“ viyenebT poeziis mimarT, Tundac es landoris (Landor), goties (Gautier) an heredias (Heredia) poezia iyos, es mxolod da mxolod arazusti metaforaa, romelic gulisxmobs, rom konkretuli poeturi nawarmoebi garkveulwilad
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berZnuli qandakebis msgavs SegrZnebas gvitovebs, iqneba es TeTri marmarilosTan Tu TabaSirTan dakavSirebuli sigrilis SegrZneba, an garindebis, siCumis gancda, sicxade, mkveTri konturebi. Tumca, unda vaRiaroT, rom sigrilis gancda poeziaSi sruliad gansxvavdeba im gancdisagan, rasac marmarilo aRZravs CvenSi. es exeba TeTri feris warmosaxviT gancdasac; garindebis SegrZneba poeziaSi sruliad gansxvavdeba qandakebiseuli garindebisagan. rodesac uiliam kolinzis nawarmoebs `oda saRamosadmi“ (Ode to Evening) uwodeben `skulpturul leqss“, amiT imisi Tqma rodi undaT, rom mas raime kavSiri aqvs qandakebasTan.7 erTaderTi, risi gaanalizebac obieqturad SeiZleba, es aris neli, sazeimo metri da poeturi ena, romelic imdenad uCveuloa, rom iZulebuli vxdebiT mTeli yuradReba calkeul sityvebs mivapyroT da es kidev ufro anelebs kiTxvis temps.
magram imaze mainc ver davxuWavT Tvals, Tu rogori warmatebiT sargeblobs horaciusis formula ut pictura poe-sis (laT. sityvasityviT `rac mxatvrobaa, isaa poe ziac~; rogorc mxatvrul tilos sWirdeba yoveli kuT xidan Seswavla, ise sWirdeba poetur nawarmoebsac. _ mTargmnelis SeniSvna).8 albaT, kiTxvis procesSi mkiT xvelis gonebaSi namdvilad ar xdeba scenebisa Tu suraTebis warmodgena im intensiurobiT, rogorc amas am tkiceben. magram xom arsebobdnen poetebica da epoqebic, romlebic mkiTxvels gonebis Tvals uxeldnen da TavianT poezias mxatvruli tilosaviT uSlidnen. SeiZleba, lesingi samarTlianad akritikebda ariostos imis gamo rom es ukanaskneli CamoTvlida qalis silamazis atributebs, rac mkiTx velis gonebaSi ver warmoqmnida wakiTxulis STambeW dav vizualur xats (Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom ariostos striqonebi poeturobis kuTxiTac moikoWlebs). miuxedavad amisa, me18 sis xatovani weris ideiT SepyrobilT, ase, erTi xelis mosmiT, ver uarvyofT. Tanamedrove literaturaSi, Satobrianidan moyolebuli vidre prustamde, mravlad vnaxavT iseT scenas, romelTa efeqti ferweruli tilos efeqts utoldeba da mkiTxvels Zalauneburad im droindeli mxatvrobis nimuSebi
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war moudgeba Tvalwin. warmovidginoT iseTi mkiTxveli, romelic saerTod ver erkveva mxatvrobaSi. aseTi mkiTxvelis SemTxvevaSi ukve saeWvoa, SeZlebs Tu ara poeti, rom Tavisi poeziiT ferwerul efeqts miaRwios. da mainc, unda vaRia roT, rom kulturis istoriis ganmavlobaSi mwerlebma marTlac moaxerxes is, rom maT nawarmoebTa kiTxvisas mkiTxvelis gonebaSi cocxldeba erTgvari ferweruli simbolo, mimaniSnebeli me18 sis landSafturi ferwerisa Tu im impresionistuli mxatvrobis efeqtisa, romliTac cnobilia jeims uistleri, Tu misi msgavsi sxva mxatvrebi.
Seswevs Tu ara poezias imis unari, rom moaxdinos Cvenze iseTive zemoqmedeba, rogorsac axdens musika? es ufro saeWvod gveCveneba, Tumca farTodaa gavrcelebuli mosazreba, rom poezias es ZaluZs. Tu guldasmiT gavaa nalizebT imas, Tu ras vgulisxmobT leqsis `musi ka lu robaSi~, aRmoCndeba, rom mas araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs musikis `melodiasTan~; `musikaluroba~ gulisxmobs fo netikuri erTeulebis ganlagebas, Tavis aridebas Tan xmovanTa dajgufebisaTvis an, ubralod, garkveuli rit muli efeqtis arsebobas. iseTi romantikosi poetebi, rogoricaa tiki, mogvianebiT ki verleni, musikaluri efeq tis Seqmnis mizniT ugulebelyofdnen leqsis azrobriv simwyobresa da logikur konstruqciebs, da yuradRebas denotaciaze metad konotaciaze amaxvilebdnen. Tumca unda vTqvaT, rom aramkafio konturebi, azris bundova neba da alogikuroba, pirdapiri gagebiT, sulac ar gaxlavT `musikaluri~ xelovnebis niSanTviseba. musikis struq turis literaturuli imitaciebi, magaliTad, laitmotivi, sonata an simfonia ufro konkretul suraTs warmogvidgens. magram ratom ar SeiZleba, musikis gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebad aRiarebul ganmeorebad motivebSi, an ganwyobaTa kontrastulobasa Tu harmoniaSi amovicnoT iseTi nacnobi literaturuli stilisturi xerxebi, rogorebicaa ganmeorebadoba, kontrasti da sxv., romlebic damaxasiaTebelia xelovnebis yvela dargisTvis.9 im SedarebiT iSviaTi SemTxvevebis ganxilvisas, rodesac poezia marTlac mogvagonebs garkveul musikalur
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bgerebs, mag., verlenis ̀ qviTini grZeli violinoTa~ (‘Les san-glots longs des violons‘ ) an pos `zarebi“ (‘Bells’), unda vaRiaroT, rom musikaluri instrumentis tembris Tu zarebis metad ganzogadebuli xmebis efeqti miRweulia sxva arafris, Tu ara bgeraTmibaZvis xarjze.
leqsebi iwereboda, ra Tqma unda, musikaluri nawarmoebebisTvisac. nimuSad SeiZleba moviyvanoT elisabedis xanis simRerebi da yvela saopero libreto. istorias axsovs iseTi iSviaTi SemTxvevebic, roca poetica da kompozitoric erTi da igive pirovneba yofila; Tumca, gagviWirdeba imis damtkiceba, rom musikisa da leqsis Seqmna odesme sinqronul process warmoadgenda. zogjer vagneric ki Tavis `dramebs~ mravali wliT ufro adre qmnida, vidre maT sasurvel musikas moargebda; isic cnobilia, rom mravali leqsi ukve mza melodiisTvis dauweriaT. da mainc, urTierTdamokidebuleba musikasa da marTlac didebul poezias Soris sakmaod umniSvnelo Cans, Tu Tvals gadavavlebT im mcirericxovan warmatebul SemTxvevebsac, rodesac kargi musika da aseve kargi teqsti erTmaneTs harmoniulad esadageba. kompoziciurad da ideurad srulyofili, kargad Sekruli leqsebi advilad ar emorCilebian musikis enas, im dros, roca arafriT gamorCeul Tu uxeiro poeziaze (mag. haines Tu vilhelm miuleris mravali adreuli leqsi) Subertisa Tu Sumanis umSvenieresi simRerebi Seiqmna. Tu saqme marTlac maRalmxatvrul poeziasTan gvaqvs, musikis enaze mis Targmnas xSirad ziani moaqvs misTvis. radganac, am dros xSiria poeturi nawilis damaxinjeba an sulac miCq malva, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca musika TavisTavad marTlac Rirebulia. amisTvis bevri magaliTis moyvana arc aris saWiro. gavixsenoT Tundac verdis musikiT gadmocemuli Seqspiris `otelo~. Cvens Tvalsazriss adasturebs aseve musika, romelic daiwera goeTes mravali leqsisTvis da fsalmunisTvis. mtkiceba aRar sWirdeba imas, rom musika da poezia urTierTmoqmedeben, magram poeziis saukeTeso nimuSebi musikisadmi didi midrekilebiT ar gamoirCeva, zustad iseve, rogorc yvelaze didebul musikas namdvilad ar sWirdeba sityvebi.
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rodesac msjeloben natif xelovnebasa da literaturas Soris arsebuli paralelebis Sesaxeb, xSirad gavigonebT aseT frazas: mavani suraTi da mavani leqsi erTsa da imave ganwyobas iwvevs; mag., mxiarulad da uzrunve lad vgrZnob Tavs, rodesac mocartis menuets vusmen, vatos peizaJs vumzer an anakreonul leqss vkiTxulobo. Cveni mizani ki zusti analizia, romelsac amgvari saxis paralelizmebi didad ver waadgeba: musikaluri nawarmoebiT mogvrili sixaruli gansxvavdeba, zogadad, sixarulisgan da mas verc raime konkretuli mizeziT aRZrul sixaruls SevadarebT, Tumca, es mainc musikiT gamowveuli emociaa da misi aRqma konkretuli musikis SinaarsTan aris dakavSirebuli. musikiT gamowveul da cxovrebiseul emociebs mxolod saerToBbuneba akavSirebT. Tu Cven mainc vecdebiT da SeZlebisdagvarad ganvsazRvravT am emociebs, mainc sruliad daSorebulni aRmovCndebiT im konkretuli sagnisgan, romelmac es SegrZneba gamoiwvia. paralelebi xelovnebis or romelime dargs Soris, sanam isini emyareba mxolod mkiTxvelisa Tu mayureblis individualur reaqciebis, agreTve _ xelovnebis am ori dargis msgavsi aRqmis aRweras, arasdros daeqvemdebareba Semowmebasa da dazustebas da, amdenad, am ori dargis Cveneuli gagebac Tanazomierad ar ganviTardeba.
xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebis mimarT kidev erTi saerTo midgoma gulisxmobs xelovanTa Canafiqrisa da maTi Teoriebis Seswavlas. cxadia, SeiZleba davamtkicoT, rom xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs miRma arsebul Teoriebsa da formulebs, aseve _ klasicizmisa Tu romantizmis mimdinareobebs, garkveuli msgavseba akavSirebs. sxvadasxva dargis xelovanTa gancxadebebSic mravali ram SeiZleba msgavsad da identurad mogveCvenos. TumcaRa, `klasicizmi~ musikaSi literaturuli `klasicizmisagan~ gansxvavebiT sul sxva rames unda niSnavdes ubralo mizezis gamo: Tu ar CavTvliT mcirericxovan fragmentebs, namdvilad araferi viciT antikuri musikis Sesaxeb, romelic iseve daudebda saTaves musikis ganviTarebas, rogorc Camoayaliba da ga
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naviTara literatura antikuri xanis nimuSebma da mxatvrulma normebma. igive SeiZleba iTqvas mxatvrobis Sesaxeb. pompeisa da herkulanumis freskebis aRmoCenamde saxviT xelovnebaze did gavlenas rodi axdenda klasikuri mxatvroba, miuxedavad imisa, rom masTan mimarTebaSi xSirad axsenebdnen klasikur Teoriebsa da berZen mxatvrebs, magaliTad, apeless, aseve _ uZveles ferwerul tradiciebs, romelTac antikuri xanidan Cvenamde Sua saukuneebis gavliT unda moeRwia. Tumca, qandakebisa da arqiteqturisTvis klasikuri modelebi da gacilebiT ufro Rirebuli iyo, vidre xelovnebis sxva romelime dargisTvis (literaturis CaTvliT). gamodis, rom Teoriebi da gaazrebuli Canafiqrebi sxvadasxvagvaria xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSi da, saboloo angariSSi. Zalian cotas, an saerTod arafers gvauwyebs xelovanis Semoqmedebis realuri Sedegebis, anu misi qmnilebisa da am qmnilebis konkretuli Sinaarsisa da formis Sesaxeb.
avtoris Canafiqris codna didad ver gvexmareba konkretuli teqstis ganmartebaSi. amaSi is mcirericxovani SemTxvevebi dagvarwmunebs, rodesac mxa t va ric da poetic erTi da igive pirovnebaa. mag., Tu Se va darebT uiliam bleikis poezias missave mxatvrobas an imaves movimoqmedebT dante gabriel rose tis (Rossetti) mimarT, davinaxavT, rom maTi mxatvroba da poe zia buneba Zalze gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, xSirad ki urTi erTsapirispiro xasiaTisaa, Tanac ara marto teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT. bleiki xatavs groteskul patara cxovels da esaa ilustracia misi cnobili leqsisTvis: `vefxvo, uRranSi daZrwi euli,/ nislad gexveva Rame grZneuli,/ dauokebel Zalad qceuli/ vin gamoZerwa Seni sxeuli?~ (leqsis Targmani ekuTvnis maia jijeiSvils –mTargmnelis SeniSvna). Tekereim TviTon daasuraTa sakuTari `amaoebis bazari~ (Vanity Fair), magram miseul Tavmomwoned, sulelurad momRimari beki Sarpis karikaturul saxes saerTo araferi aqvs romanis rTul personaJTan. miqelanjelos `soneteb sa“ da mis qandakebebsa Tu naxatebs Soris mcireodeni msgav seba SeiniSneba
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struqturisa da xarisxis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca, misi yvela qmnilebaSi igrZnoba neoplatonuri ideebis zegavlena da erTgvari fsiqologiuri msgavseba.10 es imis maCvenebelia, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebis ̀ mediumi~ (Seuferebeli, cudad SerCeuli termini, ro melic dazustebas saWi roebs), mxolod xelovanis mier gadasalaxavi teqni kuri dabrkoleba rodia, igi tra diciebis Sedegad winaswar Camoyalibebuli faqtoricaa da Tavisi mZlavri ganmsazRvreli bunebiT individualu ri xelovanis damokidebulebasa da gamoxatvis saSualebebs ayalibebs da for mas ucvlis. xelovani azrovnebs kon kretuli masalidan gamomdinare da ar mimarTavs zogad ideebs. konkretul mediums ki Tavisi sakuTari istoria aqvs da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Zalian gansxvavdeba sxva mediumis istoriisgan.
ufro nayofieri Sedegis misaRebad sasargebloa xelovnebis dargebis Sedareba (xelovanTa Canafiqrebisa da Teoriebis Sedarebis nacvlad) maTi saerTo socialuri da kulturuli fonis safuZvelze. rasakvirvelia, SeiZleba aRvweroT xelovnebisa da literaturis masazrdoebeli niadagi: drois, adgilisa da socialuri viTarebis saerTo foni da amiT mivaniSnoT im mTel rig saerTo gavlenebze, romlebic maT ganicades. xelovnebis dargebs Soris mravali paralelis gavleba mxolod imitom SeiZleba, rom mkvlevrebi ar iTvaliswineben sruliad gansxvavebul socialur fons, romelmac gansazRvra xelovnebis konkretuli nawarmoebis xasiaTi an misi Semoqmedis amocana. socialuri klasebi, romlebic xelovnebis garkveuli tipis Semqmnelebad moiazrebian an Tavad aqvT masze moTxovnileba, SesaZlebelia sruliad gansxvavdebodnen erT romelime mocemul drosa da sivrceSi. gotikuri taZrebis ageba da, meore mxriv, franguli eposis Seqmna ganapiroba sxvadasxvagvarma socialurma moTxovnilebebma; qandakebisa da romanis Semfaseblebi (da maTi myidvelebi), rogorc wesi, sazogadoebis urTierTgansxvavebul wreebs ganekuTvnebian. Sexeduleba, TiTqos garkveul drosa da sivrceSi xelovnebis dargebs saerTo socialuri foni aqvT, iseTive
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mcdaria, rogorc meore aRiarebuli Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad, inteleqtualuri garemo, foni xelovnebis yvela dargisTvis aucileblad identuri da qmediTia. metad saxifaToa mxatvrobis interpretacia imdroindeli filosofiis kuTxiT. Carlz de tolneis.11 magaliTic sakmarisia: man panTeisturi monizmis gamovlinebad miiCnia ufrosi breigelis Semoqmedeba, romelic nikolaus kuzanelisa (Cusanus) da paracelsis (Paracelsus) moRvaweobas gauTanabra, da spinozasa da goeTes moRvaweobis wanamZRvrad aRiara. kidev ufro saxifaToa xelovnebis dargebis `axsna~ `epoqis suliskveTebis~ meSveobiT, rasac germanuli Geistesgeschichtes skola mimarTavs. es tendencia Cven zemoT gavakritikeT.12
WeSmariti paralelizmebi, romlebic momdinareobs identuri an msgavsi socialuri Tu inteleqtualuri fonidan, TiTqmis arasodes ar yofila konkretuli ter minologiiT gaanalizebuli. Cvens xelT ar aris gamokvlevebi, romlebic konkretulad gviCveneben, mag., imas, Tu rogor xdeba, rom mocemul drosa da viTarebaSi xelovnebis yvela dargi afarToebs an piriqiT amcirebs TavianT sferoebs, roca saqme `bunebis~ movlenebs exeba; rogor ukavSirdeba xelovnebis normebi konkretuli socialuri klasebis moTxovnebs da, aqedan gamomdinare, ramdenad eqvemdebarebian es normebi erTgvarovan cvlilebebs; rogor icvleba esTetikuri Rirebulebebi socialuri revoluciebis zegavleniT. yvelaferi es gaxlavT karga mozrdili auTvisebeli sivrce, romlis Seswavla TiTqmis arc dawyebula, magram damajerebel Sedegebs mogvcems xelovnebis dargTa SedarebiTi kvlevisas. rasakvirvelia, am meTodiT SegviZlia gamovavlinoT mxolod erTgvarovani zegavlena, romelsac ganicdis xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargi da ara am dargebis aucilebeli siaxlove.
aSkaraa, rom xelovnebis dargTa Sedarebis erTerTi mTavari meTodi efuZneba xelovnebis konkretuli nimuSebis da maTi struqturuli urTierTmimarTebebis analizs. xelovnebis WeSmariti istoria (rom araferi vTqvaT xelovnebis dargTa SedarebiT istoriaze) verasodes Seiqm
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neba, Tu mTel Cvens yuradRebas ar mivapyrobT Tavad nawarmoebTa analizs da ukana planze ar gadavwevT gamokvlevebs, romlebic Seiswavlian mkiTxvelisa Tu mayureblis, an avtorisa Tu xelovanis fsiqologias. aseve unda moveqceT im gamokvlevebs, romlebic literaturis da xelovnebis nawarmoebTa kulturul da socialur garemos Seiswavlian; ase unda moviqceT im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu gveCveneba, rom TavianTi kuTxidan maT SeuZliaT naTeli mohfinon Cveni kvlevis sagans. samwuxarod, dRemde TiTqmis ar gagvaCnda Sesaferisi saSualebani xelovnebis dargTa amgvari SedarebisTvis. aq ki erTi metad rTuli SekiTxva ibadeba: ra SeiZleba miviCnioT xelovnebis dargTa saerTo da Sesadarebel safuZvlebad? ras unda emyarebodes xe lovnebis dargTa Soris saerTos, msgavsebis povna? am kiTxvaze pasuxs ver gagvcems kroCes, an romelime sxva msgavsi Teoria, romelic yvela esTetikuri problemis gadaWras intuiciis unars akisrebs da, CvenTvis auxsneli mizniT, mas gamomxatvelobasTan aigivebs. kroCe amtkicebs, gamoxatvis formebi ar arsebobso, `xelovnebis dargTa esTetikuri klasifikaciis nebismier mcdelobas absurdulad~ miiCnevs da, aqedan gamomdinare, uwinares yovlisa, ar cnobs aranair gansxvavebas xelovnebis Janrebsa Tu tipebs Soris.13 Cvens problemas maincdamainc verc jon diui (Dewey) exmareba Tavisi naSromiT ̀ xelovneba, rogorc gamocdileba“ (1934). is amtkicebs, rom xelovnebis dargebs udavod aqvT saerTo safuZveli, radganac aris iseTi `zogadi garemoebani, romelTa gareSec gamocdileba ver iarsebebda~.14 ueWvelia, rom aris raRac saerTo, rac axasiaTebs nebismieri mxatvruli Semoqmedebis aqts, adamianis yvelanairi moRvaweobasa da gamocdilebas, magram es daskvna xelovnebis dargebis Sesadareblad ar gamogvadgeba. Teodor meier grini (Meyer Greene) ufro konkretulad ayalibebs Tavis Sexedulebas da acxadebs, rom xelovnebis dargebis Sedarebis safuZvlad kompleqsuroba, integracia da ritmi unda iqces da, rogorc jon diui manamde, meier grinic mWermetyvelurad amtkicebs, rom plastikuri xelovnebis dasaxasiaTeb lad metad marTebulia termin `ritmis gamoyeneba~.15 TumcaRa,
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SeuZleblad migvaCnia im absoluturi sxvaobis daZ leva, romelic arsebobs, erTi mxriv, musikaluri nawarmoebis ritmsa da meo re mxriv, kolonadis ritms Soris;ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi qmnilebis struqtura ar gansazRvravs am qmnilebis nawilTa wyobasa da maTi urTierTmonacvleobis temps. kompleqsuroba da integracia ubralod sxva terminebia `mravalferovnebisa~da `erTianobis~ aRsaniSnad da amdenad, maT farTo masStabiT ver gamoviyenebT. xelovnebis dargTa konkretuli urTierTSesabamisi elementebis dadgenis mcdelobebi (am dargTa struqturidan gamom dinare),iSviaTi gamonaklisebis garda, arasaimedo Sedegebs iZleva. harvardis universitetis maTematikosma jorj devid birkhofma (Birkhoff) Tavis naSromSi `esTetikuri sazomi” (The Esthetic Measure)16 warmatebiT gamonaxa xelovnebis martivi formebisaTvis da musikisaTvis saer To maTemati ku ri safuZveli. xsenebul naSromSi man, agreTve, gamoikvlia leqsis `musikaluroba~, romelic aseve gansazRvrulia maTematikuri gantolebebisa da koeficientebis sa Su a lebiT. magram keTilxmovanebis problema poeziaSi ver gadawydeba, Tu mas azrisgan izolirebulad ganvixilavT. is faqtic, rom birkhofi edgar alan pos leqsebs maRal Sefasebas aZlevs, am Sexedulebis dasturia. Tu birkhofis maxvilgonivrul cdebs daafaseben, maSin mosalodnelia, rom kidev ufro gafarTovdeba naprali poeziis principulad `literaturul~ Tvisebebsa da xelovnebis sxva dargebs Soris, romlebsac literaturasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro metad miesadageba `esTetikuri sazomi~.
didi xania, rac warmodgenam xelovnebis dargebis paralelizmis Sesaxeb ganapiroba xelovnebaTmcodneobis mier SemuSavebuli stilTa koncefciebis meSveobiT literaturis kvlevis tendencia. me18 sSi bolo ar uCanda uTvalav Sedarebas spenseris `feriaTa dedofalsa~ da gotikuri stilis taZris didebul qaosurobas Soris.17 Spengleri Tavis `dasavleTis mzis CasvenebaSi“ analogiebs eZebs kulturis yvela sferoSi da saubrobs TiTqosda `xiluli kameruli musikis~ Sesaxeb, romelsac is Seig rZnobs `me18
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s. RvlarWnil avejSi, sarkeebian oTaxebSi, pas toralebsa da faifuris figurebSi~. igi, agreTve, migva niSnebs `madrigalis ticianisebur bunebaze~, ,`franc hal sis naxatebis cocxal da van deikis zomier, dinj tempze”.18 xelovnebis dargTa amgvari interpretaciis Sedegad germaniaSi uamravi gamokvleva daiwera gotikuri xanis adamianze da barokos epoqis atmosferoze. aman ki iqamde migviyvana, rom terminebs `rokokos“ da `bidermaiers~ uk ve literaturaSic mouZebnes adgili. xelovnebis dar gebis mkveTrad gamokveTilma mimdinareobebma, rogo ricaa gotika, renesansi, baroko, rokoko, romantizmi, bidermaieri, realizmi, impresionizmi, eqspresionizmi, gulgrili arc literaturis istorikosebi datova, da literaturis periodizaciis dros maT es cnebebi TavianT dargSic Semoitanes. es mimdinareobebi or mTavar jgufad nawildeba da gamoxatavs maradiul, fundamentur kontrasts klasikursa da romantikuls Soris; goti ka, baroko, romantizmi, eqspresionizmi erT mxares aRmoCndnen, renesansi, neoklasicizmi, realizmi _ meore mxares. rokoko da bidermaieri SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc maTi wi namorbedi mimdinareobebis _ Sesabamisad, barokos da romantizmis _ gviani, dekadenturi, gadatvirTuli variaciebi. xSirad aseTi paralelizmebi, cota ar iyos, arasaxarbielod da naZaladevad gamoiyureba da bevr uazro gamonaTqvamsac vawydebiT im (TviT yvelaze pativsacem) swavlulTa na werebSic, romlebic, rogorc Cans, metad gatacebuli unda iyvnen am meTodiT.19
literaturisaTvis xelovnebis istoriis katego riebis morgeba yvelaze konkretulad scada oskar valcelma, romelmac saamisod volflinis (Wölfflin) kriteriumebi gamoiyena. velflinma Tavis `xelovnebis istoriis principebSi~ (Principles of Art History)20 renesansul da barokos xelovnebebs Soris zRvari wminda struqturul safuZvelze gaavlo. man Seqmna dapirispirebaTa sqema, romelsac moargebda mocemuli periodis nebismieri saxis ferwerul qmnilebas, qandakebas Tu arqiteqturul nimuSs. is amtkicebda, rom renesansuli xelovneba aris `xazovani~, xolo baro
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kosi _ ̀ xatovani~. termini ̀ xazovani~ imis maCvenebelia, rom figuraTa da saganTa formebi mkveTrad aris gamokveTili, xolo `xatovani~ gulisxmobs, rom sinaTle da feri, rac saganTa konturebs simkveTres ukargavs, Tavad aris kompoziciis safuZveli. renesansuli mxatvroba da qandakeba iyenebs `daxurul~ formas, figuraTa simetriul, gawonasworebul ganlagebas, baroko ki upiratesobas aniWebs `Ria~ formas, aseve _ asimetriul kompozicias, romelic aqcents naxatis kuTxeze ufro akeTebs, vidre mis centralur nawilze da SeiZleba mayureblis yuradReba CarCos miRmac ki gadaitanos. renesansuli naxatebi `brtyelia~, an yovel SemTxvevaSi, Sesrulebulia sxvadasxva sibrtyeze, romlebic TiTqosda ukan ixeven, ikargebian. barokos periodis suraTebi ki `Rrmaa~ da iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos Cvens mzeras Soreuli da gaurkveveli fonisaken warmarTaven. renesansuli naxatebi `mravalplaniania~, im gagebiT, rom ramdenime aSkarad gamokveTili nawilisagan Sedgeba; barokos stili ki ufro `erTiania~, integrirebuli da Sekruli. renesansuli xelovnebis nimuSebi `gasagebia~ barokos nimuSebTan Seda rebiT, romlebic `gaugebari~, bundovani, aramkafioa.
velflinma Tavisi daskvnebi xelovnebis konkretul nimuSTa uCveulod faqizi analizis safuZvelze gamoitana da migviTiTa, Tu ramdenad gardauvali iyo winsvla renesansidan barokosken. rasakvirvelia, maTi Tanamimdevrobis Secvla SeuZlebelia. velflini ar gvTavazobs am procesis mizezob riv axsnas, igi mxolod varaudobs, rom `xedvis stili~ unda Secvliliyo, rasac namdvilad ver CavTvliT wminda wylis fiziologiur mov lenad. es Sexeduleba, romelic aqcents `xedvis stilis~ Secvlaze akeTebs, anu xazs usvams wminda struqturul, kompoziciur cvlilebebs, momdinareobs fidlerisa da hildebrandis Teoriebidan, saTaves ki iRebs cimermanidan (Zimmermann), romelic herbertis (Herbert) mim devari esTetikosi gaxldaT.21 Tumca, velflini (gansakuTrebiT ki gviandel gancxadebebSi) Tavad aRiarebda am meTodis naklovanebebs da namdvilad ar miaCnda, rom
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misma formaTa istoriam xelovnebis istoriis yvela problema amowura.22 igi adrec ar uaryofda `personalur~ da `lokalur~ stilTa arsebobas da esmoda, rom miseuli tipebi SeiZleboda yvelgan Segvxvedroda da ara marto me16 da me17 saukuneebSi, TumcaRa _ ufro naklebad gamokveTili formiT.
1916 wels valcelma, axlad wakiTxuli ,,xelovnebis istoriis principebis“ zegavleniT, scada velfliniseuli kategoriebi literaturisTvisac moergo.23 Seqspiris piesebis Seswavlis Sedegad man daaskvna, rom Seqspiri barokos periods ekuTvnis. radganac misi piesebi ar aris agebuli im simetriuli wyobiT, romelic, vel flinis azriT, renesansis suraTebs axasiaTebs. yvela danarCeni damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba Seqspiris piesebisa: meorexarisxovan personaJTa raodenoba, maTi asimetriuli dajgufeba, aqcentis ganawileba piesis sxvadasxva aqtze maCvenebelia imisa, rom avtoris teqnika barokos teqnikas enaTesaveba, xolo korneli da rasini, romlebic TavianT tragediebs erTi centraluri figuris garSemo agebdnen da aqcentsac aqtebs Soris tradiciuli aristoteleseuli modelis mixedviT anawilebdnen, renesansul tips ganasaxiereben. jer erT patara wignSi da Semdeg ukve mraval gviandel nawerSic24 valceli ganmartavda da asabuTebda imas, Tu ratom moargo velflinis kriteriumebi literaturas. Tavdapirvelad am mtkicebebs sakmaod mokrZalebuli xasiaTi hqonda, Semdeg ki ufro da ufro Seuferebeli da pretenziuli toni mieca.
velflinis zogierTi kategoria SeiZleba sakmaod advilad da cxadad CamovayaliboT literaturis enaze. aSkaraa, rom arsebobs garkveuli winaaRmdegoba, erTi mxriv, iseT xelovnebas Soris, romelic Tavisi arsis gamosaxatavad mkveTr konturebsa da gamokveTil nawilebs amjobinebs da meore mxriv, iseT xelovnebas Soris, romelic upiratesobas kompoziciis ufro Tavisufal formasa da gaurkvevel konturebs aniWebs. franc Strixi (Strich) Seecada germanul klasicizmsa da romantizms Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba aRewera im velfliniseuli kategoriebis gamoyenebiT, romlebic SemuSavebuli iyo renesansisa da
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barokos periodebisTvis. am kategoriaTa Tavisufali interpretaciis Sedegad Strixma axleburad gaaSuqa Zveli dapirispireba klasicizmis xanis srulyofil leqssa da dausrulebel, fragmentul Tu gaugebar romantikul poezias Soris.25 magram xelT SegvrCa dapirispirebaTa erTaderTi modeli literaturis mTeli istoriisTvis. velflinis kategoriebi Tundac wminda literaturul enaze rom CamovayaliboT, isini mainc mxolod imaSi dagvexmarebian, rom SevZlebT mxatvruli nawarmoebebi ori kategoriis mixedviT davajgufoT, da Tu amasac detalurad ganvixilavT, mivalT isev Zvel dayofamde mkacrsa da Tavisufal stilebs, klasikursa da romantikul, plastikursa da ferwerul xelovnebas Soris, anu im dualizmamde, romelsac Slegelebic, Selingic da kolri jic icnobdnen da romlis SecnobaSic maT ideologiu ri da literaturuli paeqroba daexmara. velfliniseul dapirispirebaTa modeli saSualebas iZleva, erT jgufSi gaerTiandes mTeli klasikuri da fsevdoklasiku ri xelovneba, meore jgufSi ki _ iseTi Zalze gansxvavebuli mimdinareobebi, rogorebicaa: gotika, baroko da ro mantizmi. am Teorias Tu mivyvebiT, daiCrdileba udavo da uaRresad mniSvnelovani uwyveti kavSiri renesanssa da barokos Soris. xolo rodesac Strixi iyenebs mas germanul literaturis mimarT, warmoiqmneba xelovnuri kontrasti Silerisa da goeTes ganviTarebis fsevdoklasikur perio dsa da me19 s. dasawyisis romantikul mimdinareobas Soris, xolo `qariSxlisa da Setevis~ moZraoba saerTod auxsneli da gaugebari rCeba. sinamdvileSi me18 da me19 saukuneTa mijnaze germanuli literaturas aqvs gamorCeulad erTiani saxe da SeuZlebelia misi dayvana SeuTavsebel antiTezamde. amdenad, velflinis Teoria SeiZleba dagvexmaros mxatvrul nawarmoebTa klasifikaciaSi da Camoayalibos, an ufro sworad, daadasturos dualisturi ganviTarebis sqemis ukve arsebuli, Zveli aqciareaqcia, tradiciaamboxi an aiwonadaiwona buneba, magram, rodesac mas upirispirdeba literaturis kompleqsuri ganviTarebis realoba, igi veRar axerxebs gaumklavdes literaturis WeSmariti gan viTarebis mTel mravalferovnebas.
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literaturisaTvis velflinis koncefciebis morge bis Sedegad gadauWreli rCeba kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sruliad problema. veranairad ver avxsniT im ueWvel faqts, Tu ratom viTardeboda xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargi erTsa da imave droiT monakveTSi sxvadasxva tempiT. xandaxan ise Cans, TiTqos literatura CamorCeba xelovnebis sxva dargebs. mag., gana arsebobda inglisuri literatura im periodSi, rodesac didebuli inglisuri taZrebi Sendeboda? zogjer musika CamorCeboda literaturas da xelovnebis sxva dargebs. mag., 1800 wlamde `romantikul~ musikaze saTqmeli araferia, Tumca romantikuli poeziis didi nawili Seqmnili iyo am TariRamdec. Znelia im faqtis axsna, Tu rogor moxda, rom `ferweruli~ poezia, sul mcire, samoc wels iTvlida, sanam ferweruloba (xatovaneba) arqiteqturis sferos26 daipyrobda. an riTi avxsnaT burkhardtis.27 mier naxsenebi SemTxveva, rom lorenco magnifikos (Lorenzo il Magnifico, lo renco brwyinvale, igive lorenco de mediCi, florenciis respublikis mmarTveli renesansis dros; mTargmnelis SeniSvna) leqsi `nenCa~ (Nencia), sadac mwyemsTa cxovrebis sce naa asaxuli, oTxmociode wliT uswrebda jakopo basa nos (Jacopo Bassano) da misi skolis pirvel Janrul suraTebs. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es magaliTebi arasworad iqna SerCeuli da SeiZleba maTze uaris Tqma mogviwios, mainc Cndeba kiTxva, romelzec pasuxs ver gavcemT am gadametebulad martivi TeoriiT, iseve, rogorc ver vupasuxebT kiTxvas, ratomaa, rom musika poezias yovelTvis mTeli erTi TaobiT CamorCeba.28 aSkaraa, rom unda davadginoT urTierTmimarTeba socialur faqtorebTan, es faqtorebi ki gansxvavebuli iqneba yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi.
bolos, aSkaraa garkveuli erebisa Tu periodebis gansakuTrebuli warmatebuloba xelovnebis erT, Tu gnebavT, or dargSi, im dros, roca danarCen dargebSi an sruliad araviTari miRweva ar SeiniSneboda, an fons ubralod mibaZviT da arsebulis odnav Secvlis gziT gadiodnen. amisi TvalsaCino magaliTia dedofal elisabedis droindeli literaturis ayvaveba, roca ganviTarebiT mas namdvilad
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ver Seedrebodnen natifi xelovnebis sxva dargebi. arc imis varaudi SeiZleba, TiTqos mTelma `erovnulma sulma~ rogorRac xelovnebis mxolod erT dargSi moiyara Tavi. an kidev, rogorc emil legua (Emile Legouis) ityoda Tavis `ing-lisuri literaturis istoriaSi~: `spenseri rom italiaSi dabadebuliyo, an ticiani iqneboda an veroneze, xolo Tu niderlandSi gaCndeboda, namdvilad rembrandtis an rubensis didebas miaRwevda“.29 inglisuri literaturis SemTxvevaSi advilia imis gancxadeba, rom puritanizmis gamo moxda natifi xelovnebis ugulebelyofa, magram am gziT bolomde ver avxsniT, Tu erTi da imave drois monakveTSi rogor da ratom arsebobda uaRresad nayofieri saero literaturis gverdiT TiTqmis sruliad uRimRamo mxatvroba. Tumca, am yvelafers Tu gavyeviT, Cvens ZiriTad saTqmels ga davuxvevT da mogviwevs konkretul istoriul viTarebaTa gaTvaliswineba.
xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs, sul erTia, plastiku ri (anu gamomsaxvelobiTi, vizualuri _ mxatvroba, qandakeba, kino) xelovneba iqneba es, literatura Tu mu sika, ganviTarebis sakuTari gza aqvs, individualuri tempiTa da individualuri Sinagani struqturiT. maT Soris arsebuli mudmivi kavSiri ueWveli faqtia, magram is ar unda aRviqvaT, rogorc zegavlena, romelic mxolod erTi mxridan momdinareobs da ganapirobebs xelovnebis sxva dargebis ganviTarebas; Cven gvmarTebs maTi ganxilva, rogorc dialeqtikuri urTierTobis rTuli sistemisa, romlis moqmedebac ormxrivia: xelovnebis erTi dargidan meoreze, da piriqiT _ meoridan pirvelze. ar saqme ar daiyvaneba `epoqis sulze~, romelic ganapirobebs da msWvalavs xelovnebis TiToeul dargs. adamianis mTeli Semoq medebiTi moRvaweoba unda moviazroT, rogorc erTiani sistema, romelic sxvadasxva safexurisgan Sedgeba da TviTganviTarebadia. TiToeul safexurs Tavisi sakuTari normaTa krebuli aqvs da sruliadac ar aris saWiro, rom isini momijnave safexuris msgavsi iyos. yvelaze farTo gagebiT, xelovnebis _ (aseve _ literaturis da musikis) istorikosis amocanaa, SeimuSavos aRweriTi termi
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nebis Sesabamisi sistema xelovnebis TiToeuli dargisTvis, romelic gaiTvaliswinebs xelovnebis am dargis konkretul niSanTvisebebs. amdenad, dRes poezias esaWiroeba axali poe tika, analizis iseTi saSualeba, romelsac ver movipovebT poeziaSi natifi xelovnebis terminebis ubralo gadmotanis gziT. SemTxvevaSi literaturuli periodebis sazRvrebis dadgenas SevZlebT mxolod maSin, rodesac maT ar ganvixilavT rogorc metafizikur raobebs, romleb zec `epoqis suli~ mbrZaneblobs, rodesac SevimuSavebT terminebis vargisian da qmediT sistemas literaturuli nawarmoebebis gasaanalizeblad. Tu literaturis gan viTarebis gzas amgvari sqemis mixedviT davadgenT, Sem deg ukve SevZlebT aseTi kiTxvis dasmas: literaturis evolucia raime niSniT xom ar waagavs xelovnebis sxva dargebis aseTive sqemiT dadgenil evolucias? aSkaraa, rom pasuxi erTmniSvnelovani `ki~ an `ara~ ver iqneba. pasuxis gacemisas davinaxavT, rom saqme gveqneba metad rTul suraTTan; xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis ganviTarebis gzebis Sedarebisas aRmovaCenT bevr damTxvevas da bevr gadaxvevas; savaraudoa isic, rom evoluciis paraleluri xazebis raodenoba Zalze umniSvnelo iqneba.
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literaturis siRrmiseuli Seswavla
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*literaturaTmcodnis muSaobis sawyis etapad da, amas
Tanave, gamarTlebul nabijad unda miviCnioT Tavad literaturuli produqciis interpretacia da analizi. sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT, TviT am nawarmoebebiT aris gamarTlebuli Cveni interesi avtoris cxovrebisadmi – vgulisxmobT mwerlis sazogadoebriv garemocvas da mTlianad literaturul process. magram aRsaniSnavia Semdegi momenti: literaturis istoria imden adgils uTmobs mxatvruli nawarmoebebis Seqmnis pirobebis Seswavlas, rom TviT nawarmoebTa analizis mcdelobebi ver Seedreba uzarmazar Zalisxmevas, romelic moxmarda nawarmoebTa Seqmnis Tanmxlebi viTarebis garkvevas. didxans ar dagvWirdeba im mizezTa Zebna, romlebmac ganapirobes ganmsazRvrel pirobebisadmi aseTi gadametebuli yuradReba – gacilebiT meti, vidre gamoiCines TviT nawarmoebTa Seswavlisadmi. Tanamedrove literaturis istoria Caisaxa mWidro kavSirSi romantizmis mimdinareobasTan, romelsac SeeZlo daepirispirebina neoklasicizmis kritikuli sistemisaTvis mxolod is relativisturi argumenti, rom sxvadasxva epoqa sxvadasxvagvar standartebs moiTxovs. Sedegad, aqcentma literaturidan gadainacvla istoriul fonze. amis meSveobiT cdilobdnen gaemarTlebinaT Zveli literaturisadmi iseTi midgoma, romlis mizans warmoadgenda am ukanasknelSi axali faseulobebis aRmoCena. amitomac XIX saukuneSi lamis lozungad ga moacxades kauzalurobis principis gamoyeneba, rac ganapiroba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa meTodebisadmi mibaZvis tendenciam. amasTan erTad, Zveli yaidis poetikis rRvevam, rac daemTxva mkiTxvelis individualur ge movnebaze interesis gadanacvlebas, ganamtkica rwmena, rom vinaidan xelovneba iracionaluria Tavisi arsiT, amitom misi ganmarteba `SefasebiT~ unda Semoifarglos. Tavis sainauguracio leqciaSi ser sidni lim Camoayaliba akade
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miuri mimarTulebis literaturaTmcodneTa umrav lesobis Tvalsazrisi: `literaturis istoriaSi vcdilobT gamovavlinoT garegani _ politikuri, so cialuri da ekonomikuri _ pirobebi, romlebSic iqmneboda literatura.~1 imis gamo, rom poetikis prob lemebi daumuSavebeli iyo, mkvlevrebi saocrad usu surni aRmoCndnen mxatvruli nawarmoebis winaSe, ro melic unda gaeanalizebinaT da SeefasebinaT.
bolo wlebSi aSkarad gamoikveTa Zalze saRi reaqcia, romelic cxadyofs, rom literaturis kvleva, upirveles yovlisa, ufro metad unda iyos koncentrirebuli uSualod mxatvrul nawarmoebebze. rac Seexeba klasikuri ritorikis meTodebs, aseve _ poetikas an metrikas, saWiroa maTi gadaxedva da gadamowmeba Tanamedrove koncefciebis Sesabamisad. da aki xdeba kidec ase: inergeba axali meTode bi, romlebic efuZneba Tanamedrove literaturis formaTa ufro farTo speqtris Sefasebas. safrangeTSi mxatvru li nawarmoebis kvlevas axali stimuli misca teqstis eqsplikaciis meTodma,2 germaniaSi – oskar valcelis mier damkvidrebulma formalisturma analizma, romelic emya reba saxviT xelovnebasTan paralelebs;3 gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos rusi formalistebis, agreTve _ maTi Cexi da poloneli mimdevrebis4 brwyinvale gamokvlevebi. Cven ki mxolod axla veuflebiT literaturuli nawarmoebis saTanado gagebisa da Sesatyvisi analizis meTodebs. inglisSi a. riCardsis zogierTma mimdevarma sagangebo yuradReba dauTmo poeturi teqstis analizs;5 aseve, kri tikosTa jgufi SeerTebul StatebSi ikvlevs TviT mxat vrul qmnilebebs.6 amave mimarTulebas exmianeba dramis ramdenime gamokvleva,7 romlebSic aqcenti gadatanilia xelovnebasa da cxovrebas Soris arsebul sxvaobaze da xazgasmulia dramatuli da empiriuli realobis aRrevis dauSvebloba. Sesabamisad, romanis problemebisadmi miZRvnil mraval naSromSi8 gaanalizebulia ara marto romanisa da masSi aRwerili sazogadoebrivi pirobebis urTierTmimarTebebi, aramed _ gamoyenebuli mxatvruli xerxebic: Tvalsazrisebi, Txrobis warmarTvis meTodebi.
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rusi formalistebi Zalze energiulad ewinaaRmdegebodnen `Sinaarsisa da formis~ ZvelisZvel diqotomias, romelic anawevrebs xelovnebis nimuSs: erT naxevars Seadgens nedli Sinaarsi, xolo meore naxevars _ mxo lod da mxolod garegnuli forma.9 cxadia, xelovnebis nimuSis esTetikuri efeqti ar ganisazRvreba imiT, rasac, Cveulebriv, `Sinaarss~ uwodeben. saerTod, xelovnebis ni muSTa umetesoba sasacilo an uazro Cans martooden maTSi gadmocemuli ambis Txrobisas (rac SeiZleba gamarTlebul iqnas mxolod da mxolod pedagogiuri miznebiT);10 magram gadaulaxav siZneleebs warmoqmnis warmodgena formis, rogorc esTetikurad aqtiuri elementis, xolo meore mxriv, Sinaarsis, rogorc esTetikurad indiferentuli elementis Sesaxeb. erTi SexedviT, maTi urTierTgamijvna Zalze advilia. Tu Sinaarsis cnebaSi vgulisxmobT romeli me literaturul nawarmoebSi warmoCenil ideebs an emociebs, maSin forma unda gulisxmobdes yvela im lingvistur elements, romliTac gamoixateba Sinaarsi. magram, Tu ufro kargad davakvirdebiT am sxvaobas, vnaxavT, rom Sinaarsi moicavs formis zogierT elements: ase, magaliTad, romanSi aRwerili movlenebi warmoadgens am romanis Sinaarss, xolo am movlenebis `siuJeturi~ wyoba Seadgens formas. TavisTavad, es movlenebi ar xasiaTdeba aranairi mxatvruli TvisebebiT. amitom germanelebma danerges termini `Sinagani forma~ (romlis saTaveebi plotinTan da SeftsberisTan unda veZioT), magram es cneba ufro arTulebs viTarebas, radgan Sinagan da garegan formas Soris arsebuli gamyofi xazi kvlav sruliad gaurkveveli da bundovani rCeba. Tu tradiciuli gansazRvrebiT SemovifarglebiT, problemas ver gadavWriT da iZulebulni viqnebiT vaRiaroT, rom TviT enac, romelic, rogorc wesi, formis elementebs ganekuTvneba, klasifikacias saWiroebs: sityvebi, Ta visTavad, esTetikurad indiferentulia, xolo xerxi, romlis meSveobiTac calkeuli sityvebi warmoqmnian bge riT da esTetikur jgufebs, esTetikuri Rirebulebisaa. albaT, umjobesi iqneba, `masalad~ movixsenioT esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT indiferentuli
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elementebi, xolo im xerxs, romliTac isini iZenen esTetikur Rirebulebas, `struqtura” davarqvaT. cxadia, Cven ar vcdilobT, axali saxeli SevarqvaT ZvelTaganve cnobil Sinaarsisa da formis wyvils, aramed miznad visaxavT Zveli gamyofi xazebis rRvevas. `masala~ moicavs elementebs, romlebsac adre Sinaarss an formas miakuTvnebdnen. rac Seexeba `struqturas~, es cneba moicavs rogorc Sinaarss, ise formasac, Tu maTi organizacia esTetikur miznebs iTvaliswinebs. aqedan gamomdinare, xelovnebis produqtad unda miviCnioT niSanTa sistema anda niSanTa struqtura, ro melic emsaxureba specifikur esTetikur mizans.
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literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi
*sanam SevudgebodeT xelovnebis nimuSis sxvadasxva
aspeqtis analizs, ganvixiloT uaRresad rTuli episte mologiuri sakiTxi, romelic exeba literaturuli xelov nebis nimuSis (SemdegSi sjobs, Tu mas ufro mokle saxels – `leqss~ vuwodebT) `arsebobis wess~, anu mis `ontologiur ares~.1 ras warmoadgens `WeSmariti” leqsi, sad unda veZioT da rogor myofobs is? am kiTxvebze sworad gacemuli pasuxi ramdenime kritikul problemas gadawyvets da gzas gauxsnis literaturuli nawarmoebis saTanado analizs.
ramdenime tradiciuli pasuxi gaeca kiTxvas, Tu ras warmoadgens leqsi an sad unda viguloT igi (da, saerTod _ literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi); amitom, sanam am kiTxvas gavcemT pasuxs, jer ukve arsebuli pasuxebi unda gavakritikoT. erTerTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli da Zveli pasuxi ukavSirdeba im Tvalsazriss, rom leqsi warmoadgens `artefaqts~, anu iseTive sagans, rogoric aris qandakeba an ferwe ruli tilo. am logikiT, xelovnebis nimuSi gaigivebulia TeTr qaRaldze an gragnilze Savi melniT gamosaxul klaknileb Tan da xazebTan, anda, Tu vigulisxmebT babilonis kulturis droindel poemas _ Tixis firfitebze amokveTil RarebTan. cxadia, aseTi pasuxi ver dagvakmayofilebs. jer erTi, imitom, rom arsebobs uzarmazari odenobis zepirsityvieri `literatura~. arsebobs leqsebi da ambebi, romlebic dRemde ar dadasturebula werilobiT, magram, amis miuxedavad, kvlavac arsebobs. aqedan gamomdinare, Savi melniT gamosaxuli klaknili xazebi mxolod da mxolod leqsis Caweris meTodia da ara TviT leqsi. xelnaweri an Tundac dabeWdili wignis yvela egzemplari rom gavanad guroT, mainc
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ver movspobT leqss, romelic SeiZleba Semonaxul iqnas zepirsityvierebaSi anda iseTi adamianis mexsierebaSi, rogoric iyo makolei _ am ukanasknels Tavi mohqonda imiT, rom zepirad axsovda `dakarguli samoTxe~ da `savali gza piligrimisa~. meore mxriv, Tu davxevT tilos, gavanadgurebT qandakebas an raime nagebobas, amiT Cven mas mT lia nad movspobT, Tumca SeiZleba Semonaxul iqnes aRwera an daxasiaTeba, romlis mixedviT SevZlebT mis aRdgenas. mag ram, yvela SemTxvevaSi, Cven SevqmniT xelovnebis gansxvavebul nimuSs (raoden msgavsic unda iyos is originalisa), maSin, rodesac erTi wignis an misi yvela egzemplaris mospoba saerTod verafers avnebs xelovnebis nawarmoebs.
is, rom leqsis Canaweri qaRaldze ar aris `WeSmari ti~ mxatvruli nawarmoebi, SeiZleba sxva argumentiTac davasabuToT. nabeWdi gverdi Seicavs uamrav iseT elements, romlebsac araferi aqvT saerTo leqsTan, iqneba es Sriftis zoma an tipi (gamarTuli, damreci), gverdis zoma Tu kidev mravali sxva faqtori. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmad, poema artefaqts warmoadgens, maSin isic unda vaRiaroT, rom wignis yoveli egzemplari anda gansxvavebulad dabeWdili gamocema warmoadgens xelovnebis calkeul, sagangebo nawarmoebs. aRar iqneba aranairi aprioruli safuZveli imisa, rom sxvadasxva gamocemis egzemplarebi vaRiaroT erTi da imave wignis egzemplarebad. garda amisa, Cven, mkiTxvelebs, ar migvaC nia, rom yoveli gamocema warmoadgens poemis swor da marTe bul gamocemas. TviT is faqti, rom SegviZlia Cavaswo roT tipografiuli Secdomebi (Tumca teqsts pirvelad vecnobiT) an, zogjer, aRvadginoT kidec teqstis WeSmariti mniSvneloba, adasturebs, rom nabeWd striqonebs ar miviC nevT WeSmarit poemad. amrigad, davasabuTeT, rom leqsi (anda nebismieri sxva literaturuli nawarmoebi) SeiZleba arsebobdes misi dabeWdili versiisgan damoukideblad, da rom dabeWdili teqsti Seicavs mraval iseT elements, romelTac, Cveni azriT, ar Seicavda WeSmariti leqsi.
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da mainc, aseTi negatiuri daskvnis miuxedavad, Tvali ar unda davxuWoT imaze, rom udidesi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs weris da beWdvis gamogonebas, anu poeziis Caweris Cveneul meTodebs. eWvsgareSea, rom literaturis didi nawili daikarga, radgan gaqra misi Canawerebi da ar gaamarTla zepirsityvieri tradiciis Teoriulad SesaZlebelma saSualebam, romelic dairRva an Sewyda. damwerlobam, da gansakuTrebiT beWdvam, ganapiroba lite raturuli tradiciis uwyvetoba da didi wvlili Sei tana xelovnebis nawarmoebis erTianobisa da mTlianobis SenarCunebaSi. garda amisa, grafikuli elementi iqca zogierTi literaturuli nawarmoebis nawilad, yovel SemTxvevaSi, poeziis istoriis garkveul etapebze.
rogorc aCvena ernest fenolozam, Cinur poeziaSi suraTovani ideograma qmnis poemis sruli mniSvnelobis nawils. magram dasavlur tradiciaSic arsebobs grafikuli leqsebi: gavixsenoT `berZnuli anTologia~, agreTve – jorj herbertis `sakurTxeveli~ an `eklesiis iataki~, agreTve _ ingliseli metafizikosi poetebis sxva leqsebi, ro melTa paralelebad kontinentze SeiZleba davasaxeloT espanuri gongorizmi, italiuri marinizmi, germanuli barokos poezia da sxva. amasve SeiZleba davamatoT Ta namedrove poezia amerikaSi (e.e. kamingsi), germaniaSi (arno holci), safrangeTSi (malarme, apolineri) da sxvagan, sadac mimarTavdnen iseT grafikul xerxebs, rogorebicaa striqonebis sxvadasxvagvari ganlageba, an Tundac gverdis mxolod qveda nawilis gamoyeneba, sxvadasxva feris Srif ti da a.S.2 jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi sternma Tavis `tristram SendiSi” gamoiyena carieli gverdebi da marmarisebri SemonaWeri. yvela aseTi xerxi warmoadgens am konkretuli nawarmoebebis arsebiT nawils. marTalia, poezia iSviaTad mimarTavs amgvar xerxebs, magram maT uyuradRebod mainc ver davtovebT da arc unda davtovoT.
amas garda, Sriftis roli poeziaSi namdvilad ar Semoifargleba im SedarebiT iSviaTi SemTxvevebiT, rodesac avtori Segnebulad iyenebs zemoaRweril xerxebs; nawarmoe
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bTa organul elementebs miekuTvneba leqsebis taepTa daboloebebis gaformeba, strofebad dajgufeba, prozauli teqstebis abzacebi, omonimuri riTma, anda sityvaTa TamaSi da kalamburi, romlis gageba SeiZleba mxolod marTl weris gaTvaliswinebiT, da kidev bevri sxva msgavsi xerxi. yovelive es literaturuli xelovnebis arsebiT faqtorad unda miviCnioT. mxolod zepirsityvierebaze agebuli Teoria gamoricxavs nebismier miniSnebas amgvar xerxebze, magram maSin maTi ugulebel yofa dauSvebelia samwerlo xelovnebis bevri nimuSis analizisas. amgvari nawarmoebebis arseboba amtkicebs, rom dResdReobiT poeziis praqtikaSi Srifti iqca Zalze mniSvnelovan elementad, radgan poezia iqmneba ara mxolod yurisTvis, aramed _ TvalisTvisac. miuxedavad imisa, rom grafikuli xerxebis gamoyeneba ar aris aucilebeli, isini gacilebiT ufro xSirad gvxvdeba literaturaSi, vidre musikaSi, sadac dabeWdili partitura iseTive rols asrulebs, rasac _ nabeWdi gverdi poeziaSi. musikaSi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba grafikuli xerxebi, Tumca verc imas vityviT, rom isini saerTod ar gvxvdeba. XVI saukunis italiuri madrigalebis partiturebSi naxavT bevr ucnaur optikur xerxs (ferebi da sxv.). `wminda~ da `srulqmnil~ kompozitoris, hendelis sagundo nawarmoebSi sadac gundi mReris wiTeli zRvis adidebaze, rodesac `wyali kedlisebr wamoimarTa~. partituris dabeWdil gverdze gamosaxuli notebi qmnian mtkice rigs, sadac Tanabari distanciiTaa Camwkrivebuli wertilebi falangas an kedels mogvagoneben.3
Cven daviwyeT im TeoriiT, romelsac axla, albaT, bevri seriozuli mimdevari rodi hyavs. meore pasuxi Cvens kiT xvaze gulisxmobs, rom literaturuli nawarmoebi aris deklamatoris an mkiTxvelis mier warmoTqmul bgeraTa Tanmimdevroba. esaa farTod gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisi, romelic gansakuTrebiT popularulia deklamatorTa Soris. magram verc es pasuxi iqneba damakmayofilebeli, radgan nebismieri xmamaRla warmoTqmuli leqsi warmoadgens am nawarmoebis Sesrulebas da ara TviT am poemas. es igivea, rac musikosis mier musikaluri nawarmoebis Sesruleba. arse
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bobs didZali werilobiTi literatura, romelic SeiZleba arasodes gaJRerdes. ver daveTanxmebiT bihevioristTa absurdul Teorias, romlis mixedviTac, uxmod wakiTxvas mudam Tan sdevs saxmo simebis moZraoba. sinamdvileSi gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac adamians kiTxva axalSeswavlili aqvs an kiTxulobs ucxoenovan teqsts, an sulac ganzrax cdilobs, rom bgera CurCuliT warmosTqvas, kiTxvis procesi ZiriTadad `globaluria~, anu dabeWdil sityvebs erTianad, mTlianobaSi aRviqvamT ise, rom ar vcdilobT, davanawevroT isini fonemebad da Cumad mainc warmovTqvaT. rodesac swrafad vkiTxulobT, imisi droc ki ara gvrCeba, rom saxmo simebiT gavaxmianoT bgerebi. garda amisa, Tu da vuSvebT, rom leqsi arsebobs mxolo misi xmamaRla kiT xvis dros, cota ar iyos, ucnaur daskvnamde mivalT – TiTqos im momentSi, rodesac poema `ar gaismis~, is arc arsebobs da yoveli wakiTxvis dros axlidan iqmneba.
magram yvelaze ufro sagulisxmoa isaa, rom leqsis yoveli wakiTxva ufro metia, vidre TviT leqsi: yoveli Sesruleba Seicavs im elementebs, romlebic ar ganekuTvnebian leqss da, ase vTqvaT, asaxaven iseT in dividualur Taviseburebebs, rogorebicaa gamoTqma, tonaloba, tempi da maxvilebis ganawileba, anu is ele mentebi, romelTac gansazRvravs an deklamatoris pirov neba, anda leqsis miseuli interpretaciis simptomebi da saSualebebi. metic: leqsis wakiTxvas masSi Seaqvs ara mxolod individualuri elementebi, aramed yovelTvis ganapirobebs teqstis komponentTa SerCevas: amaSi Sedis xmis toni, tempi, maxvilebis ganawileba da intensiuroba; yovelive es SeiZleba iyos mcdari an marTebuli, magram maSinac ki, rodesac sworia, esaa leqsis wakiTxvis mxolod erTi versia. unda vaRiaroT, rom arsebobs leqsis wakiTxvis ramdenime SesaZlebloba, romlebic SeiZleba mcdarad miviCnioT, Tu gvgonia, rom isini arRvevs da amaxinjebs leqsis WeSmarit mniSvnelobas, anda miviCnioT, rom isini swo ri da misaRebia, magram idealuri mainc araa.
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leqsis xmamaRla wakiTxva ar warmoadgens TviT leqss, radgan Cven Sinaganad SeiZleba gagviCndes masSi Sesworebebis Setanis survili. maSinac ki, rodesac vismenT iseT deklamacias, romelsac saukeTesod miviCnevT, mainc ver gamovricxavT, rom SeiZleba sxva vinme – Tundac igive deklamatori, oRond sxva dros – mogvawvdis sruliad gansxvavebul interpretacias, romelic aseve kargad gamoaCens poemis sxva elementebs. kvlav gamogvadgeba analogia musikis SesrulebasTan: simfonia, Tundac mas toskanini asrulebdes, mainc ar aris TviT simfonia, rad gan individualur Semsrulebels aucileblad Seaqvs nawarmoebSi sagangebo niuansebi; aq vgulisxmobT temps, rubatos [rubato – tempis monacvleoba musikalur frazaSi, rac Cveulebriv _ kontrasts qmnis akompanementis myar ritmTan – mTargmn.], tembrs, da a.S., rac SeiZleba Sei cvalos momdevno Sesrulebisas, Tumca, ver vityviT, rom igive nawarmoebi meored Sesrulda. amrigad, Cven vaCveneT, rom leqsi SeiZleba arsebobdes misi Sesrulebisgan da moukideblad, gaxmovanebisas ki iZens bevr iseT elements, romlebic, Cveni azriT, ar aris CarTuli poemaSi.
da mainc, zogierT literaturul nawarmoebSi (es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis lirikul poeziaze) SeiZleba poe ziis xmovani aspeqti qmnides saerTo struqturis mniSvnelovan faqtors. misken yuradRebis mizidva SeiZleba iseTi saSualebebiT, rogorebicaa metri, xmovanTa an TanxmovanTa Tanamimdevrobis wesi, aliteracia, asonansi, riTma da sxv. es faqti ganmartavs, an ufro sworad, gvexmareba avxsnaT mizezi, Tu ratom ar Seesatyviseba originals li rikuli poeziis Targmanis umetesi nawili, anu ratom ver gadadis bgerwera sxva lingvistur sistemaSi, Tumc ki daxelovnebuli mTargmneli mainc moaxerxebs, SeinarCunos am bgerweris saerTo efeqti Tavis mSobliur enaSi. asea Tu ise, arsebobs didZali literatura, romlisTvisac bgeriTi mxare naklebmniSvnelovania. amas adasturebs bevri iseTi nawarmoebis istoriuli mniSvneloba, romelTac veraferi daaklo uxeiro Targmanma. bgera SeiZleba warmoadgendes mniSvnelovan faqtors poemis struqturaSi, magram imis Tqma, rom leqsi warmoadgens bgeraTa rigs, iseve arasworia, rogorc Sriftisadmi gadamwyveti rolis miniWeba.
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CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Zalze gavrcelebulia mesame pasuxi, romlis mixedviT, leqsi warmoadgens mkiTxvelis gamocdilebas. amtkiceben, rom leqsi calke, mkiTxvelis saazrovno procesebisgan damoukideblad, arc arsebobs. amgvarad, leqsi SeiZleba gavaigivoT im mentalur mdgomareobasTan an procesTan, romelsac ganvicdiT poeturi nawarmoebis kiTxvisas an mosmenisas. Tumca, rogorc Cans, amgvari `fsiqologiuri~ axsna mainc ar aris damakmayofilebeli. rasakvirvelia, sworia, rom leqsis wvdoma xdeba mxolod piradi gancdiT, magram mas ver gavaigivebT am procesTan. leqsis kiTxvisas yoveli Cvenganis individualuri gamocdileba Seicavs raRac Taviseburs, pirovnuls, raSic aisaxeba Cveni gan wyobileba poeziis aRqmisas da individualuri mzadyof na misi kiTxvisTvis. mkiTxvelis ganaTleba, misi pirovnu li Taviseburebani, iseve, rogorc saerTo kulturuli klimati, yoveli mkiTxvelis religiuri, filosofiuri, an profesiuli Sexedulebebi da Cvevebi raRac axals Sematebs leqss yoveli wakiTxvisas. erTma da imave mkiTxvelma SeiZleba sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxvanairad waikiTxos erTi da igive teqsti, ris mizezsac SeiZleba warmoadgendes mkiTxvelis sulieri ganviTarebis donis zrda an, piriqiT misi daRliloba, mSfoTvareba anda yuradRebis gafantva. amrigad, yovel gamocdilebas raRac Seaqvs leqsSi an raRacisgan ganZarcvavs mas, radgan esaa individualuri gamocdileba. gamocdileba ver CaiTvleba poemis tolfas movlenad: gamocdili mkiTxvelic ki aRmoaCens leqsebSi axal detalebs, romlebic ar SeumCnevia wina wakiTxvisas, amitom, ra Tqma unda, naklebad gaTviTcnobierebuli an mTlad uwignuri mkiTxveli teqsts zedapirulad an arasworad waikiTxavs.
absurdul daskvnamde mivyavarT im Tvalsazriss, TiTqos mkiTxvelis sulieri gamocdileba ukve TavisTavad aris leqsi. gamodis, rom Tu leqsi ar aris gancdili, igi arc arsebobs, xolo yovel gancdasTan erTad Tavidan iqmneba. am logikiT, Cven gveqneboda ara erTi `RvTaebrivi komedia~, aramed imdeni, ramdeni mkiTxvelic hyavda mas aqamde da SemdgomSic eyoleba.
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ase mivalT srul skepticizmamde, anarqiamde da iZulebulni viqnebiT, daveTanxmoT mavne maqsimas – de gustibus non est dispu-tandum (gemovnebaze ar davoben). Tu seriozulad movekidebiT am Tvalsazriss, maSin ver avxsniT, ratom unda miviCnioT, rom erTi mkiTxvelis gamocdileba ukeTesia, vidre vinme sxva mkiTxvelisa da ratom aris SesaZlebeli, rom SevasworoT sxva mkiTxvelis interpretacia. aseTi ram moaswavebs, rom namdvilad SeuZlebeli iqneba literaturis yovelgvari swavleba teqstis gagebisa da aRqmis gaRrmavebis mizniT. a. riCardsis Txzulebebi, gansakuTrebiT ki misi wigni `praqtikuli kritikis Sesaxeb~ imaze metyvelebs, Tu ramdeni ram SeiZleba gakeTdes mkiTxvelTa individualuri Taviseburebebis analizis meSveobiT, da ras SeuZlia miaRwios kargma maswavlebelma nawarmoebTa mcdari gagebis koreqciisas. sainteresoa, rom riCardsi, romelic mudam akritikebs Tavisi mowafeebis _ mkiTxvelebis _ gamocdilebas, ixreba im ukiduresi fsiqologiuri Teoriisken, romelic mTlianad upirispirdeba mis brwyinvale kritikul praqtikas. im azrma, rom poezia, savaraudod, awesrigebs Cvens JestiT iseve, rogorc sonatiT.4 amrigad, savaraudo Cvens cnobierebaSi mimdinare reaqciebi uSualod ar ukavSirdeba leqss, romelic mas iwvevs.
rogori saintereso da pedagogiuri miznebisaTvis gamosadegic unda iyos mkiTxvelis fsiqologia, misi sfero mainc literaturaTmcodneobis, anu konkretuli xelovnebis nawarmoebis analizis miRma Zevs da ver gamodgeba xelovnebis nawarmoebis struqturisa Tu Ri rebulebis gansazRvrisTvis. fsiqologiuri Teoriebi gan martaven ara literaturas, aramed _ mis zemoqmedebas ada mianze. ukidures SemTxvevebSi isini gvTavazoben poe zi is Ri rebulebis iseT kriteriums, rogoric warmodgenilia a.e. hausmenis leqciaSi `poeziis arsi da buneba~ (1933). hausmeni faruli ironiiT gvakvalianebs, karg poezias amovicnobT JrJoliT, romelsac ganvicdiT misi mosmenisaso. amasve qadagebdnen XVIII saukunis Teoriebi, romelTa mixed viT, tragediis Rirebuleba ganizomeba mayureblis mier daRvrili cremlis raodenobiT, Tanamedrove kinoSi ki komediis warmateba
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xSirad ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu ramden jer gaicina mayurebelma. amrigad, yovel fsiqologiur Teo rias Sedegad mosdevs anarqia, skepticizmi da Ri rebulebaTa sruli aRreva, radgan is ar ukavSirdeba arc poemis struqturas da arc mis xarisxs.
i.a. riCardsma mxolod odnav gaaumjobesa fsiqologiuri Teoria, rodesac poema gansazRvra rogorc `Rirseuli mkiTxvelis gamocdileba~.5 aSkaraa, rom mTelma problemam gadainacvla Rirseuli mkiTxvelis kate goriaze da am zedsarTavis mniSvnelobaze. magram kidec rom warmovidginoT daxvewili kulturiT aRWurvili da saukeTesod momzadebuli idealuri mkiTxveli, aseTi gan sazRvra mainc ar iqneba damakamyofilebeli, radgan mis mimarT SeiZleba gamoiTqvas igive kritikuli SeniSvnebi, rac _ fsiqologiuri meTodis mimarT. saqme isaa, rom leqsis arsi aq daiyvaneba garkveuli momentiT ganpirobebul gancdamde, romelsac ucvlelad ver gaimeorebs nebismieri mkiTxveli, ragind Rirseulic ar unda iyos is. is yovelTvis ufro naklebia, vidre poemis sruli mniSvneloba nebismier mocemul momentSi da yovel wakiTxvaSi aucileblad Seaqvs piraduli elementebi.
meoTxe pasuxis meSveobiT cdiloben zemoxsenebuli siZneleebis gadalaxvas. amboben, rom poema aris TviT avtoris gamocdileba. SevniSnavT, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi leqsi wyvets arsebobas misi dawerisTanave. rodesac avtori gadaikiTxavs Tavis qmnilebas, es ukve aRaraa poema. cxadia, rom avtori gadaiqceva Tavis nawarmoebis Cveulebriv mkiTxvelad, romelic SeiZleba Secdes da sworad ver axsnas Tavisive naweri, iseve, rogorc es SeiZleba daemarTos nebismier sxva mkiTxvels. mravladaa cnobili aseTi aSkara gaugebrobis magaliTebi, rodesac Tavad avtors uWirs sakuTari qmnilebis ganmarteba. magaliTad, Zveli anekdotis mixedviT, brauningma ganacxada, rom TviTonac ar esmoda sakuTari leqsebi. albaT yvelas emarTeba ase: an sworad ver aRviqvamT adre dawerils, an is srulad ar gvesmis. aqedan gamomdinare, Cveni varaudiT, `avtoris gamocdileba~
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SeiZleba gavigoT mxolod rogorc misi gamocdileba nawarmoebis weris dros. Semdgom, `avtoris gamocdilebaSi~ SeiZleba ori gansxvavebuli ram vigulisxmoT: erTi iqneba Segnebuli gamocdileba, Canafiqri, romlis xorcSesxmac surda avtors, xolo meore – mTlianad misi gacnobierebuli Tu gaucnobierebeli gamocdilebaSemoqmedebiTi muSaobis dros. farTodaa gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba (Tumca amas YyovelTvis ar acxadeben), TiTqos poema SeiZleba ganvmar toT avtoris Canafiqridan gamomdinare.6 ase amarTleben nawarmoebis istoriuli komentirebis aucileblobas da nawarmoebis izolirebulad, amave avtoris sxva nawarmoebTagan damoukideblad kvlevis saWiroebas. mag ram saqme isaa, rom nawarmoebTa didi umravlesobis SemTxvevaSi Canafiqris aRdgena SeuZlebelia, radgan Cvens xelT araa araferi, dasrulebuli teqstis garda. ma Sinac ki, rodesac arsebobs avtoris Tanamedrove epoqiT daTariRebuli sabuTebi, aseTma sabuTebma mainc ar unda Se bo Wo s Tanamedrove mkvlevari. avtoris `Canafiqri~ mu dam aris nawarmoebis sazrisis `racionalizacia~ da komenta ri, romelic yovelTvis unda gaviTvaliswinoT da, amave dros, kritikulad gavaana lizoT dasrulebuli mxatvruli nawarmoebidan gamomdi nare. saqme isaa, rom avtoris `Ca nafiqri~ SeiZleba gacilebiT ufro farTo iyos, vidre amas gvafiqrebinebs xelovnebis dasrulebuli qmnileba an SeiZleba, ubralod, asaxavdes mis gegmas. rom SegvZleboda gasaubreba SeqspirTan `hamletis~ dawerasTan dakavSire biT, Cven ver dagvakmayofilebda Canafiqris avtoriseuli axsna. da marTebuli iqneboda am piesaSi Cadebuli im sazrisis Zieba (da ara misi gamogoneba), romelic, SesaZloa, Seqspirs gacnobierebuli arc hqonda.
rodesac xelovani cdilobs gamoxatos Tavisi survilebi, is SeiZleba misi Tanamedrove literaturuli situaciisa da esTetikuri cnebebis mniSvnelovan gavlenas ganicdides; magram saqme isaa, rom TviT es esTetikuri cnebebi, SesaZloa, ar Seesatyvisebodes mis WeSmariti SemoqmedebiTi miRwevebs. barokos xana aSkarad epasuxeba am sakiTxs, radgan es axali SemoqmedebiTi manera srulad ar gamo xatula arc
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xelovanTa gancxadebebSi, arc _ kritikosTa SeniSvnebSi. iseTi moqandake, rogoric iyo bernini, parizis akademiaSi leqciebis kiTxvisas acxadebda, rom misi praqtika savsebiT Seesatyviseba antikur nimu Sebs, xolo daniel adam pepvelmanma, romelmac aago cvingeri drezdenSi _ rokokos stilis nimuSi arqiteqturaSi _ mTeli broSura miuZRvna imis damtkicebas, rom misi qmnile ba mTlianad akmayofilebs vitruviusis yvelaze mkacr principebs.7 poetimetafizikosebi iSviaTad mimarTavdnen esTetikur terminebs (magaliTad, `zustad gaTvlil striqonebze~ saubrisas), magram aseTi terminologiis gamoyenebisas praqtikulad verc ki gamoxatavdnen maTi Semoqmedebis arsebiT siaxles; Sua saukuneebSi Semoqmedebs xSirad euflebodaT wminda religiuri anda didaqtikuri `ganwyobebi~, romlebsac arc ki `dascaldaT~, gamoxatuli yofiliyvnen maTi praqtikis SemoqmedebiTs principebSi. sxvaoba Segnebul gegmaganwyobasa da uSualo Sesrule bas Soris Cveulebrivi ram aris mwerlobis istoriaSi. zolas marTlac swamda eqsperimentuli romanis mec nieruli Teoriisa, Tavad ki, sinamdvileSi, Seqmna Zalze melodramatuli da simboluri romanebi. gogols Tavi socialur reformistad, ruseTis `aRmwergeografad~ miaCnda, maSin, rodesac misi romanebi da moTxrobebi savsea warmosaxuli fantastikuri da groteskuli arsebebiT. SeuZlebelia SemovizRudoT avtoris Canafiqris kvleviT, vinaidan es, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, aris nawarmoebis komentari, xSirad ki aseTi komentari saimedo sulac araa. SeiZleba arc ki gvqondes raime sawinaaRmdego amgvari `Canafiqris~ Seswavlis mimarT, Tuki `CanafiqrSi~ vigulisxmebT nawarmoebis erTerT komponents, romlis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia mTlianad nawarmoebis sazrisis wvdoma.8 magram aq termini `Canafiqri~ gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobisaa da, SesaZloa, arcTu zustic.
aseve miuRebelia is alternatiuli varaudi, romlis Tanaxmad, WeSmariti leqsi unda veZioT avtoris gacnobierebul da gaucnobierebel gamocdilebaSi nawarmoe
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bze muSaobis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi. es daskvnac warmoqmnis siZneleebs, vinaidan mas gadahyavs problema savsebiT miuwvdomeli, wminda hipoTezuri xis kategoriaSi, romlis gansazRvra an Tundac Seswavla SeuZlebelia. sakiTxis gadawyveta agreTve ar aris da makmayofilebeli, radgan Semoqmedeba aseT SemTxvevaSi damokidebulia subieqturi gamocdilebisgan, romelic, TavisTavad, warsulis kuTvnilebaa. gamocdileba, ro melic hqonda avtors Semoqmedebis procesSi, warsulSi gadainacvlebs nawarmoebis dasrulebisTanave. es war modgena swori rom iyos, maSin verasodes SevZlebdiT uSualo kontaqtis damyarebas TviT xelovnebis qmni lebasTan da mogviwevda Tavis damSvideba im varaudiT, rom Cveni gancda poemis wakiTxvisas identuria imisa, rac didi xnis winaT Tavad avtorma ganicada. wignSi `miltoni~ e.m. tiliardi SeniSnavs, rom `dakarguli samoTxe~ asaxavs avtoris mdgomareobas am poemis Seqmnis momentSi; k.s. luisTan xangrZlivi da uTavbolo davis dros man mainc ar aRiara, rom `dakarguli samoTxe~, upirveles yovlisa exeba satanas, adams da evas, agreTve asobiT da aTasobiT sxvadasxva ideas, azrsa da cnebas, da ara miltonis sulier gancdebs poemis Seqmnis periodSi.9 is, rom odesRac poemis Sinaarsi ganisazRvreboda miltonis gonebaSi mimdinare cnobieri da gaucnobierebeli procesebiT, savsebiT sworia, magram am procesebis wvdoma CvenTvis SeuZlebelia, miT umetes, rom SemoqmedebiT momentebSi mis gonebaSi xdeboda gadamuSave ba auracxeli gamocdilebisa, romelTa kvals poemaSi ver mivagnebT. es idea migviyvans umizno varaudebamde imis Taobaze xelovanis SemoqmedebiTi mdgomareobis xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb – Semoqmedebis momentSi mwerlis emociaTa Taobaze, rac SeiZleba gulisxmobdes im momentSi gancdil kbilis tkivilsac.10 saerTod, fsiqologiuri midgoma, romlis amosavali punqtia mkiTxvelisa Tu msmenlis, mTxroblisa Tu avtoris sulieri mdgomareoba, warmoqmnis gacilebiT ufro met problemas, vidre im sakiTxTa raodenoba, romelTa gadawyveta mas ZaluZs.
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aSkarad ukeTesi iqneba, Tu xelovnebis nimuSs ganvsazRvravT socialuri da koleqtiuri gamocdilebis konteqstiT. arsebobs sakiTxis gadawyvetis ori Sesa Zlebloba, Tumca, arc erTi maTgani ar gamogvadgeba saimisod, rom problema damakmayofileblad gadaiWras. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xelovnebis nimuSi warmoadgens poemis warsulisa da SesaZlebel gamocdilebaTa jams. ase Ti axsna auracxeli piradi usargeblo gamocdilebis, uxeiro, yalbi wakiTxvisa da damaxinjebis tolfasi iqneba. mokled rom vTqvaT, mxatvruli nawarmoebi aris mkiTxvelis sulieri mdgomareoba, gamravlebuli usasrulobaze. meo re pasuxis Tanaxmad, WeSmariti leqsi aris poemis yvela mkiTxvelis gamocdileba.11 magram faqtia, rom aseT pasu xs dahyavs mxatvruli nawarmoebi saerTo mniSvnelamde. es ki iqneba yvelaze dabali, yvelaze umniSvnelo, zedapiruli da trivialuri saerTo mniSvneli, romelic xelmisawvdomia nebismieri gamocdilebisTvis. garda imisa, rom am saerTo mniSvnelis gamoyofa Znelia, amgvari midgoma Zalze aRaribebs xelovnebis nimuSis sazriss.
individualuri Tu socialuri fsiqologiis meTodebiT ver vipoviT pasuxs Cvens kiTxvaze. amitom unda davaskvnaT, rom poema pirovnul gamocdilebas an aseT gamocdilebaTa jams ki ar warmoadgens, aramed _ gamocdilebaTa potenciur wyaros. gansazRvreba, ro melic emyareba sulier mdgomareobaTa analizs, dama kmayofilebeli araa, radgan is ver ganmartavs WeSmariti poeziis normatiul xasiaTs da im martiv faqts, rom misi aRqmis gamocdileba SeiZleba iyo marTebuli an mcdari. nebismieri pirovnuli gancdis SemTxvevaSi WeSmariti poeziis Sesatyvisad SeiZleba CaiTvalos am gancdis mxo lod garkveuli nawili. amrigad, WeSmariti poezia unda gaviazroT, rogorc im normaTa struqtura, romlebic mxolod nawilobriv realizdeba mis mravalricxovan mkiTxvelTa gamocdilebaSi. yoveli calke aRebuli gamocdileba (kiTxva, deklamacia da a. S.) aris mxolod metnaklebad warmatebuli mcdeloba, Caswvdes normaTa Tu kriteriumTa am erTobliobas da gamoxatos is.
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aq naxsenebi termini `norma~, rasakvirvelia, ar unda avurioT eTikur Tu politikur, anda _ klasicistur Tu romantikuli xelovnebis normebSi. sityva `norma~ aq gulisxmobs implicitur normebs, romlebic unda ga mo iyos xelovnebis nimuSis aRqmis yoveli individualuri gamocdilebidan da romelTa erTobliobac qmnis xelovne bis WeSmarit nimuSs. Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT xelovnebis nimuSebs, maSin gamovlindeba rogorc msgavseba am normaTa Soris, ise _ maTi sxvaobac, da, msgavsebidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebeli iqneba xelovnebis nawarmoebTa klasifikacia nor maTa im tipis Sesabamisad, romlebic maTSia xorcSesxmu li. am gziT SeiZlebaGJanrebis Teoriis da, saboloo angariSSi, literatu ris Teoriebis SemuSaveba. kritikosebi uaryofen msgavs SesaZleblobas da, arcTu usafuZvlod, aRniSnaven, rom xelovnebis yoveli nawarmoebi unikaluri bunebisaa; magram aseT SemTxvevaSi Sexeduleba individualurobis Sesaxeb imdenad dominanturia, rom nawarmoebi mTlianad swydeba tradicias da, Sedegad, iqceva miuwvdomel da gaugebar fenomenad. Tuki davuSvebT, rom unda daviwyoT xelovnebis calkeuli nawarmoebis analiziT, maSinac ki ver uarvyofT masSi garkveuli msgavsebis, saerTo elementebis an faqtorebis arsebobas, romlebic aaxloebs mocemul nawarmoebs sxva qmnilebebTan. magram es saSualebas mogvcems, calkeuli nawarmoebis analizidan gadavideTxelovnebis im tipis daxasiaTebaze, romelic xorcSesxmulia berZnul tragediaSi, Semdeg _ zogadad, tragediaze, literaturaze, da, bolos, im yovlismomcvel struqturaze, romelic saerToaxelovnebis yvela dargisaTvis.
magram esaa Soreuli perspeqtivis amocana. CvenTvis ki aucilebelia gavarkvioT am normebis arsi da maT gamovlinebaTa xasiaTi. nawarmoebTa detaluri analizi gvarwmunebs, rom arsebobs ara ubralod normaTa erTgvari sistema, aramed _ ramdenime qvedanayofic am sistemaSi, ise, rom TiToeul qvedanayofs aqvs misdami daqvemdebarebul elementTa jgufi. polonelma filosofosma roman ingardenma, literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSis virtuozuli
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da maRalprofesionaluri analizisas, am mizniT gamoiyena huserlis `fenomenologiis~ meTodi.12 saWiro araa misi msjelobis detalurad gadmocema imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom ingardeniseuli midgoma gamarTlebulia da gamosadegi: pirvel yovlisa, gamoiyofa bgeriTi Sre, romelic, cxadia, ar unda gavaigivoT TavisTavad sityvaTa JReradobasTan, raSic zemoT. mxolod bgeraTa bazaze vlindeba meore Sre _ azrobrivi erTeulebi. yovel calkeul sityvas aqvs sakuTari sazrisi da konteqstSi, sxva sityvebTan erTad, warmoqmnis azrobriv erTeulebs, sintagmebs da winadadebebs. am gva ri sintaqsuri struqturebis safuZvelze Cndeba mesame Sre _ reprezentatiuli plani, romelic moicavs mwerlis `samyaros”, moqmed pirebs, fonsa da garemos. amas ingardeni amatebs kidev or sxva Sres, romelTa gamoyofa, SesaZloa, saWiro araa. mwerlis `samyaro~ mas danaxuli aqvs gansakuTrebuli TvalsazrisiT, romelic yovelTvis rodi gamoixateba uSu alod, magram aucileblad SeigrZnoba. magaliTad, raime movlena (vTqvaT, karis mijaxuneba) SeiZleba literaturaSi aRwerili iyos, rogorc mavani piris mier `danaxuli~ anda `gagonili~. personaJi SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos misi `Sinagani~ an `garegnuli~ damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT. da, bolos, ingardeni axsenebs `metafizikuri Tvisebebis~ (amaRlebuli, tragikuli, Tavzardamcemi, wminda) Sres romelic aucilebeli araa da zogierT nawarmoebSi SeiZleba arc Segvxvdes. es ori ukanaskneli Sre SeiZleba SeviyvanoT ̀ samyaros~ kategoriaSi, anu warmodgenil saganTa arealSi. magram, isini, amave dros, gvikarnaxeben, rom arsebobs literaturul analizSi Zalze realuri problemebi. `Tvalsazrisis~ cnebam, yovel SemTxvevaSi, romanTan dakavSirebiT, didi yuradReba miipyro jer ki dev henri jeimsis moRvaweobis droidan, im periodidan, rodesac labokma warmoadgina literaturis Sesaxeb jeimsis Sexedulebebisa da misi mxatvruli praqtikis sis tematizebuli eqspozicia. xsenebuli `metafizikuri Tvi sebebis~ Sre saSualebas aZlevs ingardens, daubrundes `filosofiuri mniSvnelobis~ sakiTxebs xelovnebis na warmoebSi, ise, rom Tavi aaridos metad sarisko da xSir inteleqtualur Secdomebs.
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kargi iqneba, Tuki am azrs davasabuTebT paraleliT, romelsac lingvistika gvawvdis. ferdinand de sosiuric da praRis lingvisturi wris warmomadgenlebic mkafiod asxvavebdnen erTmaneTisgan langues da paroles,13 e.i. enis sistemasa da individualuri metyvelebis aqts; analogiuri gansxvaveba arsebobs Tavad leqssa da misi aRqmis indi vidualur gamocdilebas Soris. enis sistema (anu langue) warmoadgens pirobiTobebisa da normebis krebuls, romel Ta urTierTmimarTebebsa da moqmedebas Cven vxedavT da aRvwerT am sistemis erTianobisa da simwyobris daurRvevlad, Tumca calkeul mosaubreTa metyvelebaSi gvxvdeba Zalze specifikuri, uxeiro da arasruli gamoTqmebi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am mxriv mainc, literaturuli xelovnebis sagani zustad imave mdgimareobaSia, rogorSic _ enobrivi sistema. Cven, rogorc individebi, verasodes SevZlebT am sistemis srulad gamoxatvas, iseve, rogorc verasodes SevZlebT Cvenive enis mTlianad da srulad gamoyenebas. faqtobrivad, zustad igive situacia warmogvidgeba Semecnebis yovel calkeul aqtSi. Cven verasodes ver SevimecnebT sagans misi yvela TvisebiT da, amis miu xedavad, mainc ver uarvyofT saganTa identurobas, Tun dac maT aRviqvamdeT sxvadasxvagvari kuTxiT. Cven mudam vwvdebiT sagnis `aucilebel struqturas~, rac Se mecnebis aqts aqcevs im normaTa aRiarebad, sinamdvilem Tavs rom mogvaxvia, da ara _ saeWvo mosazrebis an kidev subieqturi Tvisebis gamovlinebad. Sesabamisad, mxatvruli nawarmoebis struqturas aqvs Tviseba, romelic SeiZleba ase gamoixatos: `gasaTvaliswinebeli movaleoba~. me mas yo velTvis arasrulad warmovidgen, magram, am warmodge nis SefardebiTi arasisrulis miuxedavad, mainc rCeba erTgvari `aucilebeli struqtura~, iseve, rogorc Semecnebis nebismier sxva saganSi Tu obieqtSi.14
Tanamedrove lingvistebi ganixilaven potenciur bgerebs rogorc fonemebs; maT SeuZliaT agreTve gaanalizon morfemebi da sintagmebi. magaliTad, winadadeba SeiZleba aRvweroT ara ubralod rogorc ad hoc gamoTqma, aramed rogorc sintaqsuri wyoba da modeli. Tanamedro
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ve funqciurma lingvistikam warmatebebs miaRwia mxolod fonemaTa kvlevis mimarTulebiT; magram raoden rTulic unda iyos problemebi, maTi gadawyveta mainc SesaZlebelia. amasTan, esaa ara sruliad axali problemebi, aramed _ axleburi formiT Camoyalibebuli is morfologiu ri da sintaqsuri sakiTxebi, romlebic ganixileboda jer kidev gramatikis Zvel saxelmZRvaneloebSi. lite ra turuli nawarmoebis analizis dros vawydebiT ana logiur (azrobrivi erTeulebisa da maTi specifikuri organizaciis) problemebs, romelTac ganapirobebs esTe tikuri daniSnuleba da amocanebi. poeturi semantikis, stilis da saxeobriobis problemebi axleburad, ufro zusti formiT daismis. azrobrivi erTeulebi, winadadebebi da winadadebaTa struqturebi ukavSirdebian sagnebs da qmnian warmosaxviT realobebs, magaliTad, peizaJs, interiers, personaJebs, movlenebs da ideebs. SesaZlebelia am realobebis gaanalizeba ise, rom ar moxdes maTi aRreva empiriul realobasTan, da im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom lingvistur struqturebSi isini ganuyofelni arian. romanis gmiri iqmneba mxolod azrobrivi erTeulebis safuZvelze da `iSleba~ personaJis mier warmoTqmul, an mis Sesaxeb naTqvam winadadebebad. biologiur individTan SedarebiT, romelsac aqvs mkafiod gamoxatuli warsuli, personaJis struqtura ganusazRvrelia.15 nawarmoebis dayofas erTimeoris qveS ganlagebul Sreebad is upi ratesoba aqvs, rom mas SeuZlia Seenacvlos tradiciul da mcdar dayofas Sinaarsad da formad. Sinaarsi mWidro kon taqtSia lingvistur qveSresTan, romelic mas Seicavs da romelzec aris damokidebuli.
magram aseTi warmodgena literaturul nawarmoebze rogorc Sreebad dalagebul normaTa sistemaze mainc ver ganmartavs TviT am sistemis arsebobis wessa da formas. marTebuli gadawyvetilebis mosaZebnad SeiZleboda gan gvexila nominalizmisa da realizmis, mentalizmisa da biheviorizmis polemika – erTi sityviT, epistemologiis ZiriTadi problemebi. amasTan, Cveni miznebisaTvis sakmarisia, Tavi avaridoT or ukiduresobas _ ukidures platonizms da ukidures nominalizms. saWiro ar aris am normebis miCneva
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obieqtur realobad, misi `materiali zeba~ da, Sesabamisad, Camoyalibeba erTgvari arqetipuli cnebisa, romelic gveguleba arsTa zedrouli samyaros miR ma. literaturuli nawarmoebis ontologiuri arsi gansxvavdeba samkuTxedis an ricxvis cnebisgan, an iseTi Tvisebisgan, rogoricaa Tundac `siwiTle~. amgvar `ucvlel arsTagan~ gansxvavebiT, literaturuli nawarmoebi Seq mnilia, pirvel yovlisa, drois garkveul momentSi, xolo meore mxriv, is eqvemdebareba cvlilebas, rac SeiZleba dasruldes misi sruli ganadgurebiT. am TvalsazrisiT, SeimCneva garkveuli msgavseba enis sistemasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom am ukanasknelis Seqmnis an gaqrobis zusti momentis amocnoba gacilebiT ufro Znelia, vidre maSin, rodesac saqme exeba literaturul nawarmoebs (romelic, rogorc wesi, individualuri Semoqmedebis nayofia). amave dros, isic unda vaRiaroT, rom ukiduresi nominalizmi, romelic uaryofs `enis sistemis~ cnebas (da aqedan ga momdinare, mxatvrul nawarmoebsac, rogorc Cven is war mogvidgenia) anda miiCnevs mas mxolod gamosadeg fiq ciad da `mecnieruli aRweris~ erTerT xerxad, aseT SemTxvevaSi uars ambobs am problemis gadawyvetaze. yvelaferi, rac ar Seesatyviseba empiriuli realobis Zalze SezRudul cnebas, biheviorizmis viwro warmodgenebiT ganisazRvreba, rogorc `mistikuri~anda `metafizikuri~. da mainc, Tuki `fonemas~ fiqciad SevracxavT, xolo enis sistemas – ubralod, `sametyvelo aqtis mecnierul aRwerad~, es niSnavs WeSmaritebis problemis ugulebelyofas.16 Cven vaRiarebT rogorc normebs, ise _ gadaxrebs am normebisagan, da ar vigonebT raRac aRweriT da pirobiT kategoriebs. am TvalsazrisiT, bihevioristTa xedva mTlianad efuZneba abstrahirebis cudad gagebul Teorias. imisda miuxedavad, SevadgenT ricxvebsa da normebs Tu ara, isini rCebian normebad da ricxvebad. rasakvirvelia, me kidec vTvli da kidec vkiTxulob, magram ricxvis gamovlena anda normis aRiareba sulac ar aris igive, rac _ Tavad ricxvi Tu norma. `b~ bgeris warmoTqma ar aris ̀ b~ fonema. Cven vavlenT realobaSi normaTa struqturas, magram ar vigonebT verbalur
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konstruqcias. argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, am normebs Cven vwvdebiT mxolod da mxolod Semecnebis individualuri aqtis meSveobiT da ver `gadavabijebT~ am aqtis sazRvrebs – mxolod erTi SexedviTaa STambeWdavi. es aris swored is argumenti, romelic mimarTuli iyo Semecnebis kantiseuli kritikis winaaRmdeg, magram is SeiZleba ugulebelyofil iqnas TviT kantis argumentebiT.
cxadia, normebis dadgenisas Cven TviTonac SeiZleba SevcdeT da raime ver gavigoT, magram es ar niSnavs, rom kritikoss ganmkiTxavis zeadamianuri roli ekisreba, raTa, ase vTqvaT, `garedan” gaakritikos Cveni Semecneba, da arc imas, rom is gansakuTrebuli intuiciis meoxebiT srulad Seimecnebs normaTa mTel sistemas. ufro marTebuli iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom Cveni codnis nawils Cvenve vakritikebT im ufro maRali standartis mixedviT, romelsac mivaRwieT sxva sferoSi. Tavi ar unda CaviyenoT im kacis mdgomareoba Si, vinc Tavisi mxedvelobis Sesamowmeblad cdilobs sakuTar TvalebSi Caixedos; Cven vgavarT iseT kacs, vinc erTmaneTs adarebs sagnebs, romlebsac cxadad xedavs, da imaT, romlebsac bundovnad xedavs. am urTierTSejerebis safuZvelze igi erTgvarad ganazogadebs nanaxs, yofs sagnebs or jgufad da sxvaobas xsnis xedvis erTgvari TeoriiT, romelic iTvaliswinebs manZils, dros da a. S.
analogiurad, Cven advilad gavarCevT poemis swor Tu mcdar wakiTxvas, nawarmoebSi xorcSesxmuli norme bis marTebul Tu araswor Semecnebas; amisTvis saWiroa SevadaroT da SeviswavloT sxvadasxvagvari mcdari an arasruli `realizaciebi~ an interpretaciebi. am normebis uSualo moqmedeba, urTierTmimarTebebi da kombinaciebi SegviZlia iseve SeviswavloT, rogorc es xdeba fonemis Ses wavlis dros. literaturuli nawarmoebi ar warmoadgens empiriul faqts da nebismieri piris an individTa jgufis sulier mdgomareobas; is arc idealuri da ucvleli sagania, samkuTxedis msgavsad. mxatvruli nawarmoebi Se iZ leba iqces gamocdilebis obieqtad; unda vaRiaroT, rom Tumca nawarmoebis wvdoma SeiZleba martooden in di vidualuri gamocdilebis
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meSveobiT, magram mas mainc ver gavaigivebT raime gamocdilebasTan. is gansxvavdeba idealuri obieqtisagan (magaliTad, ricxvisgan) swored misi struqturis empiriuli (fizikuri, an potenciurad fizikuri) aspeqtis _ bgeriTi sistemis _ wyalobiT, maSin, rodesac SesaZlebelia samkuTxedis an ricxvis uSualo, in tui ciuri wvdoma. idealuri obieqtisgan mxatvrul nawar mo ebs ganasxvavebs kidev erTi mniSvnelovani momenti: mas aqvs raRac, rasac SeiZleba `sicocxle~ vuwodoT. nawarmoebi iqmneba drois garkveul momentSi, ganicdis cvlilebebs Ta visi istoriuli arsebobis ganmavlobaSi da Semdeg SeiZleba gaqres. mxatvruli nawarmoebi `zedroulia~ mxolod im gagebiT, rom mas aqvs ucvleli (misi Seqmnis momentidan) struqtura; magram nawarmoebi `istoriulad cvalebadic~ aris. is `gaivlis~ erTgvar ganviTarebis process, romlis axsnac SeiZleba da aRwerac. es ganviTareba sxva araferia, Tu nawarmoebis konkretizaciaTa rigi istoriis manZilze; garkveulwilad, SesaZlebelia am konkretizaciaTa aRdgena im axsnaganmartebebis meoxebiT, romlebSic aRwerilia kritikosTa da mkiTxvelTa mier nawarmoebis aRqma da Sefaseba, agreTve _ nawarmoebis zegavlena sxva mxatvrul qmnilebebze. ufro adreuli konkretizaciebis codna (es exeba wakiTxvasac, kritikasac da mcdar interpretacia sac), gavlenas iqoniebs nawarmoebis Cveneul aRqmaze: ufro adreuli wakiTxvebis meSveobiT SeiZleba gacilebiT Rrmad CavwvdeT nawarmoebis arss, Tumca, isini xSirad iwveven mZafr protests amave qmnilebis Zveli Sefasebebis winaaRmdeg. yovelive es metyvelebs kritikis istoriis mniSvnelobaze da gvaiZulebs CavfiqrdeT im rTul sakiTxebze, romlebic exeba individualobis zRvarsa da bunebas. rogor xdeba, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebi ganicdis evolucias da mainc Seulaxavad inarCunebs Tavis arsebiT struqturas? xelovnebis nimuSis istoriuli `sicocxlis~ Sesaxeb SeiZ leba vimsjeloT imave gagebiT, romliTac gvixdeba saubari cxovelze an adamianze, romelic pirovnulad igive darCa cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebis miuxedavad. `iliada~ jerac arsebobs, anu mas kvlav gaaCnia
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zemoqmedebis unari, maSin, rodesac iseTi istoriuli movlena, rogoric iyo brZola vaterloosTan, aSkarad warsulis kuTvnilebaa, imis miuxedavad, rom kvlavac SeiZleba aRvadginoT am brZolis mimdinareoba da davaxasiaToT misi Sedegebi. da mainc, ra gagebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ̀ iliada~, romelsac homerosis Tanamedrove berZnebi kiTxulobdnen, identuria `iliadasi~, romelsac Cven dRes vkiTxulobT? davuSvaT, teqstma Cvenamde ucvleli saxiT moaRwia; misi Cveneuli aRqma mainc gansxvavdeba homerosis Tanamedrove berZenTa mier an poemis aRqmisgan. Cven ar SegviZlia SevajeroT originalis ena Zveli saberZneTis yofiT, salaparako enasTan, da amis gamo verc im gadaxrebs SevigrZnobT, razec damokidebulia homerosis poetika. Cven ver gavigebT bevr bundovan sityvier miniSnebasac, romelic yovelTvis Seadgens nawarmoebis mxatvruli mniSvnelobis arsebiT nawils. cxadia, mainc saWiroa damatebiTi mcdeloba, raTa warmosaxvis (romelic yovlisSemZle sulac araa) meSveobiT warmovidginoT Ta vi antikur xanaSi, rodesac berZnebs swamdaT TavianTi RmerTebisa da hqondaT zneobrivi Rirebulebebis sakuTari skala da ganzomileba. da mainc, SeuZlebelia imis uaryofa, rom `iliadam~ mniSvnelovanwilad ucvlelad SeinarCuna `struqturis~ ZiriTadi elementebi mTeli am saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. amave dros, es `struqtura~ dinamikuria: igi icvleba istoriis procesSi, radgan axleburad aRiqmeba mis mkiTxvelTa, kritikosTa da xelovanTa axali Taobebis mier.17 amrigad, normaTa sistema izrdeba, icvleba da, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, misi srulad wvdoma da gaazre ba yovelTvis SeuZlebeli iqneba. magram struqturis di namikuroba ar amarTlebs problemis subieqtivistur da relativistur ganmartebebs. cxadia, rom yvela es gansxvavebuli xedva da Tvalsazrisi Tanabrad swori da marTebuli rodia. yovelTvis SeiZleba davadginoT, ro meli Tvalsazrisi swvdeba sakiTxs ufro Rrmad. TviT interpretaciis adekvaturobis moTxovna gulisxmobs ganmartebaTa garkveul ierarqias, stimuls aZlevs kri tikas, romelic mimarTulia nawarmoebSi xorcSesxmuli normebis maqsimalur gamovlenisken. yvelanair relati vizms abaTilebs
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debuleba, romlis Tanaxmad, `absolutu ri mdgomareobs relatiurSi, Tumca _ ara mTlianad da ara bolomde.~18
amgvarad, mxatvruli nawarmoebi warmogvidgeba, rogorc codnis obieqti sui generis, romelsac aqvs gansa kuTrebuli ontologiuri statusi. is arc realuria (anu fizikuri, qandakebis darad), arc mentaluri (fsiqologiuri, msgavsad sinaTlis SegrZnebis an tkivilis gancdisa), da arc idealuri (rogorc samkuTxedi). mxatvruli nawarmoebi aris normaTa sistema, romelSic aRbeWdilia intersubieqturi xasiaTis mqone idealuri cnebebi~. es cnebebi, rogorc Cans, arseboben sazogadoebrivi ideebis erTobliobaSi da masTan erTad icvlebian; maTi wvdoma SesaZlebelia mxolod individualuri sulieri gamocdilebis meSveobiT da emyareba im lingvisturi erTeulebis bgeriT struqturas, romelTaganac Sedgeba teqsti.
Cven ar gvimsjelia mxatvrul RirebulebaTa sa kiTxze. Tumca, zemoTqmulidan aSkara unda iyos, rom normaTa da RirebulebaTa gareSe ar arsebobs struqtura. Cven ver SevZlebT mxatvruli nawarmoebis gaazrebasa da gaanalizebas am RirebulebaTa gauTvaliswineblad.. TviT is faqti, rom garkveul struqturas `mxatvrul nawarmoebad~ vaRiareb, TavisTavad RirebulebiTi msje lobaa. wminda fenomenologiis mcdari Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, Rirebulebebi gamijnulia struqturisgan, anu Rirebulebebs Tavs axveven struqturas, amateben mas anda SeaqvT masSi. es Secdoma SeimCneva roman ingardenis SesaniSnav naSromSi, romelSic mxatvruli nawarmoebi isea gaanalizebuli, rom Rirebulebebi moxseniebulic ki araa. amis mizezi, cxadia, aris feno menologebis warmodgena imgvar `arsTa~ maradiuli, zedrouli wyebis Sesaxeb, romelTa individualuri (empiriuli gamocdilebis safuZ velze Seqmnili) interpretacia mxolod mogvianebiT Seiqmna. RirebulebaTa absoluturi skalis aRiarebiT Cven aucileblad vkargavT kontaqts individualuri gansjasTan, romelic, Tavisi arsiT, SefardebiTia. erT poluszea umoZrao absoluti, meoreze ki _ Rirebulebis armqone individualur gansjaTa nakadi.
absolutizaciis mcdari Tezisi da relativizmis ase
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ve mcdari antiTezisi saWiroeben Secvlas da harmonizacias axlebur sinTezSi, romelic dinamikurs gaxdis Tavad RirebulebaTa skalas, magram dinamikis miRma amCnevs raRac maradiulsac. amgvar warmodgenas Cven vuwodeT `perspeqtivis SegrZneba~;19 igi ar moaswavebs RirebulebaTa anarqiis, anda individualuri gemovnebis prioritetulo bis aRiarebas; esaa sagnis gaRrmavebuli da mravalmxrivi Semecnebis procesi, romlis dazusteba da gakritikeba SesaZlebelia. struqtura, niSani da Rirebuleba qmnian er Ti da igive problemis sam aspeqts, da maTi xelovnuri ur TierTgamijvna dauSvebelia.
magram, pirvel yovlisa, aucilebelia aRwerisa da analizis im meTodebis gaanalizeba, romelTa meSveobi Tac avlenen mxatvruli nawarmoebis sxvadasxva Sres. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba: (1) bgeraTa Sre, evfonia, rit mi da metri; (2) is azrobrivi erTeulebi, romlebic gansazRvraven literaturuli nawarmoebis formalur lin gvistur struqturasa da stils (am ukanasknels ikvlevs sagangebo disciplina _ stilistika); (3) saxe da metafora, romlebic, arsebiTad, centraluri poetikuri xerxebia da sagangebo msjelobis sagnad unda iqcnen Tundac imis gamo, rom isini erwymian poeziis specifikur (4) `samyaros” – im simboloebiT da simboloTa sistemebiT, rasac Cven vuwodebT poetur `miTs~. TxrobiTi literaturis ganxilvisas Cven winaSe wamoiWreba (5) Txrobis xerxebisa da teqnikis gansakuTrebuli problema, rasac Cven vuZRvniT sagangebo Tavs. mxatvruli nawarmoebebis analizis meTodTa analizis Semdgom ganvixilavT (6) literaturuli Janrebis arss da gavaSuqebT kritikis centralur problemas – (7) Sefasebis sakiTxs. dabolos, kidev erTxel davubrundebiT literaturis evoluciis ideas da vimsjelebT (8) mwerlobis istoriis bunebasa da im SesaZleblobaze, ro melic gulisxmobs literaturis istoriis evolucias da ganvsazRvravT literaturuli istoriis rogorc sagangebo disciplinis xasiaTs, da im SesaZleblobas, rom literaturis istoria ganxilul iqnes rogorc xelovnebis erTerTi dargis istoria.
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*yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebi, upirveles yovli
sa, warmoadgens bgeraTa wyebas, romelTagan ya libdeba mniSvneloba. zogierT literaturul nawar moeb Si bgeriTi Sris mniSvneloba minimaluria da TiTqmis ar SeigrZnoba (magaliTad, romanTa umravlesobaSi). mag ram aseT SemTxvevebSic ki fonetikuri Sre warmoadgens mniSvnelobis aucilebel winapirobas. am mxriv, gansxvave ba draizeris romansa da pos iseT leqss Soris, rogoricaa `zarebi~, mxolod raodenobrivia da amitom ver gamodge ba saimisod, rom SevafasoT mwerlobis ori kontrastuli tipi – proza da poezia. xelovnebis bevr nawarmoebSi, romelTa Soris, rasakvirvelia, prozauli qmnilebebic igulisxmeba, yuradRebas iqcevs bgeriTi Sre, romelic Sea dgens esTetikuri zemoqmedebis arsebiT komponents. es marTebulia, upiratesad, ornamentuli prozisa da yvela poeturi nawarmoebis mimarT, romlebic, Tavisi arsiT, sxva araferia, Tu ara enis bgeriTi sistemis garkveuli organizacia.
aseTi bgeriTi efeqtebis analizis dros unda gvaxsovdes mniSvnelovani, magram mainc xSirad miviwyebuli ori principi. upirveles yovlisa, unda gaviTva liswinoT sxvaoba teqstis bgeriTi organizebis formasa da mis warmoTqmas Soris. xelovnebis nawarmoebis xmamaRla wakiTxva aris Sesruleba, anu realizacia teqstis bgeriTi organizaciisa, romelic matebs mas raRac individua lursa da pirovnuls, da, amasTanave, aqvs unari, daamaxinjos anda saerTod ugulebelyos es organizacia. Sesabamisad, ritmikisa da metrikis WeSmariti kvleva ver daemyareba deklamaciis calkeul magaliTebs. meore, aseve xSiri da gavrcelebuli, magram yalbi warmodgenis mixedviT, bgera
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unda gaanalizdes mniSvnelobisgan mowyvetiT. nebismieri mxatvruli nawarmoebis mTlianobis Sesaxeb Cveni koncefciis Sesabamisad, aseTi gancalkeveba umarTebuloa; amaSi gvarwmunebs is faqtic, rom TavisTavad bgeras ar axdens esTetikur efeqts, an Tu axdens, Zalze umniSvnelos. ar moiZebneba aranairi `musikaluri~ leqsi, romelsac ara aqvs garkveuli zogadi sazrisi an Tundac emociuri elferi. maSinac ki, rodesac vismenT metyvelebas ucnob enaze, `wminda bgerebi~ ki ar Cagvesmis, aramed vakavSirebT gagonils Cvens sakuTar fonetikur CvevebTan da, ra Tqma unda, SevigrZnobT molaparakis azrobriv intonacias. poeziaSi wminda bgera an fiqciaa, anda urTierTmimarTeba Ta uaRresad martivi da elementaruli seriebi, iseTebi, romelTac Seiswavlis birkhofi Tavis `esTetikur sazomSi~;1 es sistema ver amowuravs mravalferovnebasa da mniSvnelobas bgeriTi Srisa, rodesac mas ganvixilavT leqsis, rogorc mTlianobis, Semadgenel nawilad.
Tavidanve unda gamovyoT problemis ori gansxvavebuli aspeqti: bgeris arsebiTi da relatiuri Tvisebebi. pirvelSi vgulisxmobT im individualurs, rac ganasxvavebs as osgan an ls psgan, raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebisgan damoukideblad (radgan as an ps ver davaxasiaTebT metobiT an naklebobiT). bgerebis Sinagani xarisxobrivi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi warmoadgenen im efeqtis safuZvels, romelsac uwodeben `musikalurobas~ anda `evfonias”. meore mxriv, bgeraTa sxvaoba relatiuri Tvisebebis mixedviT SeiZleba iqces ritmisa da metris safuZvlad: es aris tonaloba, bgeris xangrZlivoba, maxvili, ganmeorebaTa sixSire da yvela is elementi, romelic warmoqmnis raodenobriv gansxvavebebs. tonaloba SeiZleba iyos maRali an dabali, xangrZlivoba _ mokle an piriqiT, grZeli, xolo ganmeorebis sixSire – meti an naklebi. es metnaklebad martivi ganmasxvavebeli niSani mniSvnelovania _ is gamoyofs lingvisturi movlenebis garkveul jgufs (rusebma maT `orkestrireba~ (инструментовка) uwodes) da yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom bgeris xarisxi aq warmoadgens im
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elements, romliTac manipulirebs mwerali.2 rac Seexeba leqss, aq saerTod unda ugulebelvyoT termini `musikaluroba~ (an `melo diuroba~), radgan man SeiZleba mcdarad warmarTos Cveni msjeloba. movlena, romlis amocnobasac vcdilobT, srulebiTac ar aris erTgvari paraleli musikaluri `melodiisa~: aSkaraa, rom musikaSi melodia ganisazRvreba tonalobiT da, aqedan gamomdinare, is erTgvari paralelia im rolisa, romelic enaSi akisria intonacias. sinamdvileSi TvalsaCino sxvaobaa naTqvami winadadebis intonaciis xazsa (tonis rxeviTi da swrafad monacvle simaRliT) da musikalur melodias Soris, romelic xasiaTdeba tonis myari simaRliT da gansazRvruli intervalebiT.3 rac Seexeba meore termins _ `evfonias~ _ arc is aris sakmarisi, radgan brauningisa da hopkinsis poeziis Sesaxeb saubrisas sityva `orkestrireba~ `kakofoniis~ tolfasia, radgan es poetebi ganzrax lamobdnen uxeSi da eqspresiuli bgeriTi efeqtebis miRwevas.
`orkestrirebis~ sxvadasxva xerxs Soris erTmaneTisgan unda gavarCioT bgeriTi figura, Tvisebrivad identur an msgavs bgeraTa jgufebis ganmeorebebi da eqspresiuli bgerebis an bgeraTmibaZvis gamoyeneba. gansa kuTrebuli warmatebiT Seiswavles bgeriTi figurebi rusma formalistebma; rac Seexeba inglisel mecnierTa gamokvlevebs, v.j. beitsma gaaanaliza daxvewili bgeriTi xerxebi kitsis leqsebSi, maSin rodesac Tavad kitsma dagvitova sakmaod ucnauri SeniSvnebi sakuTari praqti kis Sesaxeb.4 osip brikma5 moaxdina bgeriTi figurebis SesaZlo formebis klasifikacia sariTmo erTeulebSi ganmeorebul bgeraTa ricxvis, ganmeorebaTa raodenobis, bgeraTa adgilis da ganlagebis safuZvelze. es uaRresad sasargeblo klasifikacia saWiroebs Semdgom dazustebas. ganmeorebadi bgerebi SeiZleba ganlagebuli iyos: stri qonSi, erTmaneTTan axlos; bgeraTa erTi jgufis TavSi da meore jgufis boloSi; erTi romelime striqonis bolos da momdevno striqonis dasawyisSi; striqonebis dasawyisSi; striqonebis bolos, ukanasknel poziciaze. bolodan meo re jgufi enaTesaveba anaforis
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stilistur movlenas. rac Seexeba ukanasknels, is moicavs iseT gavrcelebul movle nas, rogoricaa riTma. am klasifikaciis Sesabamisad, riTma aris bgeris ganmeorebis mxolod erTerTi magaliTi, romelic unda ganvixiloT iseT movlenebTan kavSirSi, rogorebicaa aliteracia da asonansi.
ar unda daviviwyoT, rom sxvadasxva enaSi bgeriTi figurebi aucileblad sxvadasxvagvarad warmogvidgeba; isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom yovel enaSi aris fonemaTa sakuTari sistema da aqedan gamomdinare, xmovanTa opoziciebisa da paralelebis, agreTve _ TanxmovanTa Tvisebebis specifikuri sistema; bolos, Znelia ga moh yo aseTi bgeriTi efeqtebi leqsis an striqonis saerTo mniSvnelobisgan da tonisgan. romantikosebisa da simbolistebis cdebi, simRerasTan da musikasTan gae igivebinaT poezia, TiTqmis metaforaa, radgan poezia ver Seedreba musikas wminda bgerebis mravalferovnebis, sic xadisa da organizebis formebis mxriv. imisaTvis, rom lingvisturi bgerebi gadaiqces xelovnebis faqtad, saWi roa mniSvneloba, konteqsti da `toni~.
es SeiZleba naTlad warmovadginoT riTmis analizis safuZvelze. riTma uaRresad rTuli fenomenia. mas aqvs Tavisi martivi evfoniuri funqcia, rac gamoixateba bge raTa ganmeorebiT (an maTi msgavsebiT). henri lancma aCve na Tavis naSromSi – `riTmis fizikuri safuZveli~,6 _ rom xmovanTa gariTmva ganisazRvreba maTi obertonebis ganmeorebiT. magram imis miuxedavad, rom bgeriTi aspeqti, albaT, ZiriTadia, aSkaraa, rom is riTmis mxolod erTerT as peqts warmoad gens. esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania misi metruli funqcia: riTma gvamcnobs leqsis striqonis dasrulebis Sesaxeb, anda warmogvidgeba rogorc strofis maorganizebeli, zogjer _ misi erTaderTi maorganizebeli faqtori. magram yvelaze ufro sagulisxmo sakiTxi is aris, rom riTmas aqvs Tavisi azri da mniSvneloba, da amis gamo igi mniSvnelovanwilad aris CarTuli mTlianad poeturi nawarmoebis struqturaSi. riTma awyvilebs sityvebs, akavSirebs maT – Tundac kontrastiT. SeiZleba gamovyoT riTmis aseTi semantikuri funqciis ramdenime aspeqti. SesaZlebelia vikiTxoT, ra semantikuri
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funqcia aqvs im marcvlebs, romlebsac riTma akavSirebs da aerTianebs: sad SeiZleba amovicnoT riTma – sufiqsSi (character - reg-ister), fuZeSi (drink - think), Tu oriveSi (passion-fashion). SeiZleba vikiTxoT, romel semantikuri sferodan aris SerCeuli sariTmo sityvebi: davuSvaT, rom isini miekuTvnebian erT an ramdenime lingvistur kategorias (es SeiZleba iyos metyvelebis nawili an gansxvavebuli brunvebi). SeiZleba davinteresdeT imiT, Tu rogoria semantikuri urTierToba sariTmo sityvebs Soris _ ganekuTvnebian isini imave semantikur konteqsts, romelsac ekuTvnis bevri Cveulebrivi wyvili (vTqvaT, heart-part, fears-tears), Tu gvaoceben swored sruliad gansxvavebuli semantikuri sferoebis asociaciiTa da SefardebiT. Tavis SesaniSnav statiaSi7 v.k. uimseti swavlobs aseT efeqtebs poupTan da baironTan, romlebic miznad isaxaven mkiTxvel ze gamaognebeli STabeWdilebis moxdenas iseTi sityvebis kontrastuli SepirispirebiT, dawyvilebiT, rogorebicaa Qeens – screens, elope – Pope, mahog-any – philogeny. bolos, SeiZleba davadginoT is zRvari, sadamdec riTmas `ufleba eZleva~, Tavisi roli Seasrulos leqsis srul konteqstSi. ramdenad gamarTlebulia, rom sariTmo sityvebi aRviqvaT, rogorc martooden `leqsis Semavsebeli erTeuli~, anda piriqiT: SegviZlia Tu ara davadginoT leqsis an strofis mniSvneloba martooden mis sariTmo sityvebze dayrdnobiT? riTmebma SeiZleba Seadginon strofis ConCxi an xerxemali, anda maTi roli SeiZleba imdenad umniSvnelo iyos, rom maTi arseboba Znelad Tu SeimCneva (magaliTad, brauningis `ukanasknel hercoginiaSi~).
SesaZlebelia riTmis kvleva da Seswavla – h.k. uaildis kvalobaze8 – enis istoriisa da gamoTqmis TvalsazrisiT (poupma gariTma join da shrine); rac Seexeba literaturul miznebsa da amocanebs, unda gvaxsovdes, rom `sizustis~ standartebi sxvadasxvagvaria poetikis sxvadasxva skola Si, da cxadia, sxvadasxva erSi. raki inglisurSi Warbobs `vaJuri” riTma, amitom `qaluri~ an sammarcvliani riTma Cveulebriv gamoiyeneboda burleskSi, an kidev komikuri efeqtis misaRwevad, maSin rodesac Sua saukuneebis laTinurSi, italiurSi da polonurSi `qaluri~ riTmebi
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aucilebelia yvelaze seriozul konteqstSi. inglisur enaSi saqme gvaqvs gansakuTrebul TaviseburebasTan: es aris `mxedvelobiTi riTma~, sadac kavSiri emyareba ara JReradobas, aramed marTlweraSi Tanxvedras. aq gvxvdeba omonimuri riTma, rogorc kalamburis erTgvari forma, gamoiyeneba sxvaoba ama Tu im epoqisa da sxvadaxva regionis gamoTqmis normebSi, calkeuli poetebi mimarTaven spe cifikur sariTmo modelebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yve la problema jer arc gvixsenebia. inglisur enaze ar arsebobs aranairi gamokvleva, romelic Seedreba viqtor Jirmunskis wigns riTmis Sesaxeb,9 romelSic riTmis efeqtebi ga ci lebiT ufro detalurad aris klasificirebuli, vidre winamdebare naSromSi da asaxulia riTmis istoria ruse Ti sa da evropis mTavari qveynebis poeziaSi.
unda ganvasxvavoT es bgeriTi figurebi, romlebSic gadamwyvetia xmovnis an Tanxmovnis xarisxi (rogorc es xdeba aliteraciaSi) da, meore mxriv, bgeraTmibaZva. am sakiTxs didi yuradRebiT ekidebian, radgan swored aseT imitacias emyareba zogierTi cnobili virtuozuli pasaJi poeziaSi, meore mxriv ki es bgeraTmibaZva mWidrod ukav Sirdeba ufro adrindel mistikur koncefcias, rom lis Tanaxmad bgera Seesatyviseba aRsaniSn sagans. sakmarisia gavixsenoT poupis an sauTis ramdenime pasaJi, an kidev is, Tu rogor cdilobdnen meCvidmete saukuneSi, marTlac ganexorcielebinaT samyaros musikis intonireba (mag., harSderferi germaniaSi)10. saerTod ugulebelyofil iq na warmodgena, rom sityvas `sworad~ SeuZlia gamoxatos sagani an moqmedeba: Tanamedrove lingvistika ufro ixre ba im poziciisken, rom sagangebo klasad gamohyos sityvaTa gansakuTrebuli jgufi, romelsac `onomatopoeturi~ ewodeba. es is sityvebia, romlebic, garkveulwilad, un da vigulisxmoT enis Cveuli bgeriTi sistemis miRma da romlebic aSkarad cdiloben gagonili bgerebis imitacias (cuckoo, buzz, bang, miaow). Zneli ar aris imis Cveneba, rom sxvadasxva enaSi identur bgeraTa kombinacias SeiZleba aRmoaCndes gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba (mag. Rock ger manulad `pijaks~ niSnavs, xolo inglisurad
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– `did qvas~; amave dros, igive sityva rusulad рок `beds~ aRniSnavs, xolo Cexurad – `weliwads~); zogierTi bunebrivi bgera sxvadasxvagvarad gamoixateba sxvadasxva enaSi (mag., ring, sonner, lauten, звонит). jon krou rensomma gvaCvena, rom iseTi striqonis bgeriTi efeqti, rogoric aris ‘‘murdering of innumerable bees’’, marTlac damokidebulia mis mniSvnelobaze. sakmarisia, odnavi cvlileba SevitanoT am striqonSi da es fraza vaqcioT ‘‘murdering of innumerable beeves’’ad, rom umal gaqreba imitaciis efeqti.11
da mainc, iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom Tanamedrove lingvistebma tyuilubralod daaknines am problemis mniSvneloba; garda amisa, es problema saerTod ugulebelyves iseTma kritikosebma, rogorebic aris riCardsi da rensomi. saWiroa erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT sami sxvadasxva done. pirveli: arsebobs fizikuri bgerebis faqtobrivi imitacia, romelic cxadia warmatebulia (`gugu”s msgavs magaliTze), Tumc ki aq bevri ramaa damokidebuli enis lingvistur sistemaze. garda amisa, aseTi bgeriTi imitacia aucileblad unda ganvasxvavoT rTuli da daxvewili `bgerwerisgan~ _ aq vgulisxmobT bunebriv bgeraTa reproduqcias sametyvelo bgerebiT iseT konteqstSi, sadac sityvebi, romlebsac Ta vad araferi aqvT saerTo onomatopoetur efeqtTan, Car Tulebi aRmoCndebian iseT bgeriT figurebSi, rogoricaa ‘‘innumer-able’’ tenisonis citataSi, an bevri sityva homero si sa da virgiliusis poemaTa pasaJebSi. dabolos, arsebobs kidev bgeriTi simbolizmis anda bgeriTi metaforis done, romelmac yovel enaSi Camoayaliba normebi da moTxivnebi. gamoxatvis eqspresiulobis TvalsazrisiT, moris gramonma uaRresad srulyofilad da maxvilgonivrulad gamoikvlia franguli leqsi, moaxdina yvela franguli Tanxmovnisa da xmovnis klasifikacia da Seiswavla am bgeraTa gamomsaxvelobiTi efeqti sxvadasxva poetTan.12 magaliTad, wminda xmovnebs ZaluZT gamoxaton simcire, siswrafe, gatacebuloba, sifaqize da misT.
gramonis gamokvlevas SeiZleba bralad davdoT subieqturoba, magram yoveli enobrivi sistemis SigniT mainc
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arsebobs raRac, rac SeiZleba movixsenioT rogorc sityvaTa `fiziognomika~, anu gacilebiT ufro gavrcelebuli bgeriTi simbolizmi, vidre ubralo onomatopea. eWvsgareSea, rom yvela ena gajerebulia sinesTeziuri, anu Tanmdevi kombinaciebiT da asociaciebiT. poetebmac aqtiurad gamoiyenes aseTi Sesatyvisobebi, rac maTi mxriv savsebiT swori nabiji iyo. iseTi leqsSi, rogoricaa rembos cnobili `xmovnebi~, calkeul xmovanTa da ferTa urTierTkavSirebi, SeiZleba sulac axirebas hgavdes, miuxedavad imisa, rom efuZnebian farTod cnobil tradicias.13 amasTan, faqtia, rom akustikuli eqsperimentebiT damtkicda myari asociacia wina xmovnebsa (e da i) da wvril, Txel, swraf, naTel da mbzinav sagnebs Soris, agreTve, ukana xmovnebsa (o da u) da tlanq, nel, uRimRamo da muqi feris sagnebs Soris.14 karl Stumpfma da volfgang kelerma, agreTve, aCvenes, rom Tanxmovnebi SeiZleba daiyos muqad (labilurad da velarulad, anu ukanasasismierad) da naTlad (dentalurad/ kbilismierad da palatalurad). maT ver miviCnevT Cveulebriv metaforebad, radgan esaa asociaciebi, romlebic efuZneba bgeras da fers Soris aSkara msgavsebas, rac gansakuTrebiT SeimCneva Sesabamisi sisteme bis struqturebSi.15 arsebobs `bgerisa da mniSvnelobis~ zoga di enobrivi problema16 da, calke, literaturul nawarmoebSi maTi urTierTmimarTebebis gamoyenebis problema. rac Seexeba am ukanasknels, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aqamde mis Seswavlas naklebi yuradReba eTmoboda.
ritmsa da metrTan dakavSirebuli problemebi gansxvavdeba im sakiTxebisgan, romlebic vaxseneT `orkestrirebis~ Sesaxeb saubrisas. am problemebs mieZRvna uamravi gamokvleva. cxadia, rom ritmis problema araa specifikuri arc literaturisaTvis, da arc, saerTod, enisaTvis. arsebobs bunebisa da Sromis ritmi, sinaTlis signalebis, musikis ritmi, da, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT, plastikuri xelovnebis ritmic. garda amisa, ritmi, agreTve, warmoadgens saerToenobriv fenomens. aq ar SevCerdebiT im uamrav Teoriaze, romlebic mis realur bunebas ikvlevs.17 rac Seexeba Cvens uSualo miznebs da saWiroebebs, sakma
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risia, Teoriebi, romelTa mixedviT, `perioduloba~ aris ritmis sine qua non, ganvasxvavoT im Teoriebisgan, romlebSic ritmis cnebas ufro farTod ganixilaven da mas araganmeorebad moZraobebsac ki miakuTvneben. pirveli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, ritmi gaigivebulia metrTan da amitom unda ugulebelvyoT `prozis ritmis~ cneba, romelic ubralo metaforad warmogvidgeba.18 meore Tvalsazrisi ufro farToa. mas aS karad ganamtkicebs siversis mier Catarebuli kvlevebi individualuri metyvelebis ritmis sferoSi, agreTve _ mravalricxovani musikaluri movlenebi, magaliTad, xalxuri simRerebi da ekzotikuri musika, romlebSic ar SeiniSneba perioduloba, mainc ritmuloba ueWvelad sagrZnobia. amgvarad gaazrebuli ritmi saSualebas gvaZlevs, SeviswavloT individualuri metyvelebis da, saerTod, prozis ritmi. Zneli ar aris imis danaxva, rom prozas aqvs garkveuli ritmi, da SeiZleba nebismieri prozauli winadadebis skandireba, danawevreba, anu dayofa grZel da mokle, maxvilian da uma xvilo marcvlebad. am xerxis SesaZleblobebi jer kidev meTvramete saukuneSi gamoavlina mweralma joSua stilma;19 amJamad ki arsebobs didZali literatura, romelic eZRv ne ba vrceli prozau li nawyvetebis analizs. ritmi uSua lod ukavSirdeba `melodias~, intonaciis im xazs, romelsac gansazRvravs da ganapirobebs tonebis Tanamimdevroba; termini `ritmi~ im denad farTod gamoiyeneba, rom moicavs ritmsac da melodiasac. saxelganTqmuli germaneli filologi eduard siversi saubrobda individualur metyvelebaSi ritmisa da intonaciis gansxvavebis Sesa Zleblobis Sesaxeb; otmar rutci akavSirebda maT sunT qvasTan da sxeulis pozebis specifikur fiziologiur tipebTan.20 imis miuxedavad, rom bevrma scada gamoeyenebi na es kvlevebi mxolod literaturuli miznebisaTvis, raTa daedgina Sesabamisobebi literaturul stilTa da rucis tipebs Soris,21 mainc migvaCnia, rom es sakiTxi lite raturaTmcodneobis sferos ar ganekuTvneba.
literaturaTmcodneobis sferos ganekuTvneba ise Ti problemebi, rogorebicaa prozis ritmis buneba, rit mu li
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prozis Tavisebureba da gamoyeneba _ magaliTad, zogier Ti pasaJisa bibliis inglisur TargmanSi, an ser tomas braunis, reskinis da de kvinsis nawerebisa, sadac ritmi da zogjer melodiac `ZaliT agrZnobinebs Tavs~ Tundac uyuradRebo mkiTxvels. mxatvruli prozis ritmis kvleva mniSvnelovan siZneleebs ukavSirdeba. Tavis cnobil wignSi `pro zis ritmi~ v.m. patersoni 22 cdilobs ganmartos prozis ritmi, rogorc rTuli sinkopirebis sistema. jorj sentsberis Zalze solidur `inglisuri prozis ritmis istoriaSi~23 ganuwyvetliv meordeba azri, rom prozis ritmi efuZneba `arCevans da sxvadasxvaobas~, magram gansazRvruli araa misi xasiaTi da buneba. sentsberiseuli `axsnaganmarteba~ rom swori yofiliyo, maSin cxadia, SeuZlebeli iqneboda sauba ri raime ritmze. magram faqtia, rom sentsberi yuradRe bas amaxvilebda mxolod im safrTxeze, rom prozis ritmi ar gaigivebuliyo metrul sqemebTan. yovel SemTxvevaSi, dRes dikensis bevri pasaJi, romlebic dawerilia rit mu li pro ziT, ulazaTo da sentimentalur gadaxrebad war mogvidgeba.
prozis ritmis sxva mkvlevrebi Seiswavlian mxolod erT sakmaod gamokveTil aspeqts `kadenciisa~, rome lic winadadebaTa daboloebebis ritms aRniSnavs; esaa tradiciuli xerxi, romelsac saTave daedo jer kidev ro mauli oratoruli prozis tradiciaSi. romaelebs hqondaT sagangebo ritmebi gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisTvis da sa gangebo saxelwodebebic amgvari ritmebisTvis. `kaden cia~, gansakuTrebiT kiTxviTsa da Zaxilis winadadebebSi, nawi lobriv warmoadgens melo diis problemasac. Tanamedrove mkiTxvels gauZneldeba ganasxvavos laTinuri cursusis daxvewili ritmebi, rodesac laTinur nimuSebs baZaven ingliseli avtorebi _ inglisur enaSi maxvilTa ganawileba ar gamorCeva iseTi mkacri TanazomierebiT, romelic dama xasiaTebelia grZeli da mokle xmovnebisTvis laTinurSi. Tum ca, mravladaa imis magaliTebic, rom inglisel avtorebs araerTxel ucdiaT laTinuris analogiuri efeqtis miRwe va da es mcdelobebi zogjer warmatebuli iyo, gansakuTre biT meCvidmete saukuneSi.24
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saerTod, prozis mxatvruli ritmi yvelaze ukeT maSin ganixileba, Tu gvexsomeba, rom is aucileblad unda ganvasxvavoT saerTo ritmisagan, sul erTia, prozis iqneba is, Tu poeziis. prozis mxatvruli ritmi SeiZleba aRiweros, rogorc yofiTi sametyvelo ritmebis organizacia. Cveulebrivi prozisagan is gansxvavdeba maxvilis ganawilebis uf ro meti regularulobiT, magram aman ar unda miaRwios aS kara izoqronizms (anu drois intervalis regularulobas ritmul aqcentebs Soris). saerTod, Cveulebriv winadadeba Si SeimCneva mniSvnelovani sxvaoba intensivobasa da tonalobas Soris, maSin, rodesac ritmul prozaSi SeimCneva, rom moxdes maxvilisa da tonalobis sxvaobis gaTanabrebis gamokveTili tendencia. am problemaTa erTerTma yvelaze warmatebulma rusma mkvlevarma, boris tomaSevskim, romelmac es sakiTxebi puSkinis `pikis qalis~ mixedviT gaaanaliza, statistikuri meTodis safuZvelze aCvena,25 rom winadadebebis Tavsa da bolos atyvia ritmuli regularulobis ufro meti tendencia, vidre winadadebis Sua nawils. regularulobisa da periodulobis saerTo STabeWdilebas ufro aZlierebs fonetikuri da sintaqsuri xerxebi, iqneba es bgeriTi figurebi, sintaqsuri paralelizmi Tu azrobriv antiTezaTa gaTanabreba, sadac Sinaarsis mTel struqturas ganamtki cebs ritmuli saSualebebi. arsebobs yvelanairi gradacia, dawyebuli TiTqmis araritmuli proziT (teqstSi gabneuli winadadebebiT, romlebSic sagangebodaa gamoyofili max viliani elementebi), da damTavrebuli ritmuli proziT, romelic saleqso metyvelebis regularulobas aRwevs. leqsisken gardamaval mTavar formas frangebi uwodeben versets. is gvxvdeba inglisur fsalmunebSi da iseT mwer lebTan, romlebic iswrafvodnen bibliuri mxatvruli reminiscenciebisken. aseTebi iyvnen osiani da klodeli. versetis yoveli meore aqcentirebuli marcvali ufro mkveTrad aris gamoyofili da, amrigad iqmneba ormaxviliani jgufebi dipodiuri [prosodiuli ̀ ori nabijis~ gamomxatveli erTeuli mTargmn. SeniSvna] leqsis msgavsad.
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zedmetia am xerxebis ufro dawvrilebiTi analizi. maT marTlac aqvT xangrZlivi istoria, romelzec didi gavlena moaxdina laTinurma oratorulma prozam.26 inglisur literaturaSi ritmulma prozam Tavis mwvervals miaRwia meCvidmete saukuneSi iseT mwerlebTan, rogorebic arian ser tomas brauni an jeremi teilori. is gzas uxsnis ufro martiv sasaubro stilsa da diqcias meTvramete saukuneSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom saukunis dasasrulisTvis gaCnda jonsonis, gibonis da biorkis axali `amaRlebuli stili~.27
mecxramete saukuneSi is sxvadasxvanairad `gaacocxles” de kvinsim, reskinma, emersonma da melvilma da Semdeg isev – Tumc ki gansxvavebuli principebidan gamomdinare – hertruda stainma da jeims joisma. safrangeTSi vxedavT bosiues da Satobrianis didebul prozas, germaniaSi – nicSes ritmul prozas, ruseTSi vxvdebiT cnobil pasaJebs gogolTan da turgenevTan, xolo mogvianebiT _ andrei belis `ornamentul~ prozas.
ritmuli prozis mxatvruli Rirebulebis Sesaxeb dava axlac grZeldeba, es Tema kvlav msjelobis sagania. Tanamedrove tendenciis Sesabamisad, raTa daculi iyos siwminde xelovnebasa da JanrebSi. dRevandel mkiTxvelTa umetesobas urCevnia, rom poezia poeziad darCes, xolo proza prozas hgavdes. igrZnoba, rom ritmuli proza aRiqmeba narev formad da ar miiCneva arc prozad, arc poeziad. magram, es albaT ufro Cveni drois kritikuli `crurwmenaa”. unda vifiqroT, rom ritmuli proza iseve imsaxurebs dacvas, rogorc leqsi. WeSmaritad maRal mxatvruli ritmuli proza gvexmareba, ufro srulad aRviqvaT teqsti: is gamoyofs garkveul elementebs da, amasTan, aerTianebs teqsts, gvagrZnobinebs gradaciebs, avlens paralelizmebs; asrulebs maorganizebel funq cias, xolo organizacia _ xelovnebaa.
prosodiis anu metrikis kvleva saukuneTa manZilze udidesi rudunebiT mimdinareobda. sadReisod SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom saWiroa mxolod axali metrikuli ni
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muSebis mimoxilva da rom, saerTod, isRa dagvrCenia, ganvixiloT metrikis problemebi martooden uaxles poeziasTan mimarTebaSi, romelic gamoirCeva leqsis novatoruli organizaciiT. sinamdvileSi ki jerac daudgenelia TviT metrikis principebi da mTavari kri teriumebi; garda amisa, sanimuSo traqtatebSic ki jer kidev vxvdebiT bundovani mosazrebebisa da msjelobis magaliTebs da Sem Txvevebs, rodesac gamoyenebuli terminologia mcdari da arazustia. sentsberis naSromi `inglisuri prosodiis istoria”, romlis sadari, araTu ukeTesi, arasodes araferi Seqmnila arc doniT da arc diapazoniT, mTlianad emyareba Camouyalibebel da bun dovan Teoriul safuZvlebs. sentsberi, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia ucnauri empirizmi, kidec amayobs imiT, rom ar surs gansazRvros an aRweros mainc Tavisive terminebi. magaliTad, igi axsenebs grZliobasa da simokles, magram ver gadauwyvetia, ra sxvaobas gulisxmobs es misi termini – warmoTqmis xangrZlivobas Tu maxvils.28 Tavis `poeziis kvlevaSi~ blis peri cota ar iyos, areulad da gaugebrad wers sityvaTa `wonis~ Sesaxeb, axsenebs `SedarebiT xmamaRal JReradobas da tonalobas, romliTac gamoxatulia maTi azri da mniSvneloba~.29 mcdari warmodgenis da bun do vanebis magaliTebi advilad moiZebneba bevr sxva fun damentur naSromSi. maSinac ki, rodesac ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi sworad aris Camoyalibebuli, isini SeiZleba verc ki gaviazroT winaaRmdegobrivi terminologiis gamo. amitom misasalmebelia t.s. omondis daxvewili naSromi inglisuri metrikuli Teoriebis istoriaze da palister barkasis sasargeblo mimoxilva bolo xanebSi Camoyalibebuli Teo riebis Sesaxeb,30 radgan aseTi gamokvlevebi warmoadgens cdebs, ganmarton gadauwyveteli sakiTxebi, Tumca ki, meore mxriv, Znelia skeptikurad ar movekidoT avtorTa daskv ne bs. rodesac saqme exeba evropis kontinentze, gansakuTrebiT germaniaSi, safrangeTsa da ruseTSi Seqmnili Teoriebis veeba speqtrs, maTi Seusabamobis SegrZneba kidev ufro gvimZafrdeba.
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Cveni miznebisaTvis ukeTesi iqneba, ganvixiloT metrikis TeoriaTa mxolod ZiriTadi tipebi da dawvri lebiT aRar ganvixiloT maTsa da Sereul Teorias Soris arsebuli sxvaoba. uZveles Teorias SeiZleba vuwodoT `grafikuli~ prosodia, romelic warmoiSva rene sansis xanis saxelmZRvaneloebidan. es Teoria emyareba grZeli da mokle grafikuli niSnebis gamoyenebas, romlebic inglisurSi, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba maxviliani da uma xvilo marcvlebis saCveneblad. grafikuli prosodiis mimdevrebi saerTod cdiloben, moxazon metruli sqemebi an sazomebi, romlebsac, savaraudod, zustad misdevs poeti. maTi terminologia yvelas gviswavlia skolaSi, gagonili gvaqvs iambis, troqes, anapestis da spondes Sesaxeb. es terminebi kvlavac farTodaa cnobili da aRiarebuli, da uaRresad gamosadegia Cveulebrivi aRwerisa da msjelobisTvis, rodesac saqme exeba metrul sqemebs. da ma inc, es sistema, MmTlianad, sakmarisi araa, rac dRes far Tod aris aRiarebuli. am Teoriam, ZiriTadad, fexi moikida saklaso oTaxebSi da ar scildeba dawyebiTi swavlebis saxelmZRvaneloebs. Tumca, mas aqvs Tavisi Rirsebebic. is yuradRebas amaxvilebs uSualod metrul sazomebze, magram ar iTvaliswinebs umniSvnelo gadaxrebs da poetis pirad kaprizebs, es ki is siZnelea, romelsac ver aarida Tavi Tanamedrove sistemaTa umetesobam. grafikuli metrikis mimdevrebma ician, rom metri ubralod JReradobis sakiTxi ki ar aris, aramed, arsebobs metruli sazomi da miiCneven, rom is `nagulisxmevia~ , xorcSesxmulia konkretul leqsSi.
meore tips warmoadgens `musikaluri~ Teoria, romelic efuZneba im warmodgenas (TavisTavad, is sworia), rom metri poeziaSi aris musikaluri ritmis analogi da amitom mas yvelaze ukeT musikaluri notebiT gamovxatavT. adrindeli inglisuri sanimuSo sistema Camoyalibebulia sidni lenieris wignSi `swavleba inglisuri leqsisa~ (1880); ufro gviandeli periodis mkvlevrebma kidev ufro daxvewes es Teoria da Tanamedrove xedvas miusadages.31 amerikaSi mas ganixilaven, rogorc aRiarebul Teorias, yovel SemTxveva
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Si, amis Tqma SeiZleba inglisuris mas wavlebelTa poziciisa da damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. am sistemis Tanaxmad, yoveli marcvali ganekuTvneba erT mu sikalur nots, romlis simaRle ar aris gansazRvruli. notis xangrZlivobis gansazRvra sakmaod saorWofoa: mok le marcvals miakuTvneben naxevarnots, xolo naxevrad mokle marcvals – meoTxed nots; Sesabamisad, mokle mar cvals Seesabameba mervedi noti da a.S. sazomebis daTvla xdeba erTi aqcentirebuli marcvlidan meoreze, xolo wakiTxvis siCqare sakmaod bundovnad aris gamoxatuli, radgan sazomad SerCeulia 3/4 an 3/8, an kidev – ufro iSviaT SemTxvevaSi – 3/2. aseTi sistemiT SesaZlebelia nebismie ri inglisuri teqstis warmodgena sanoto Canaweris saxiT, mag., Cveulebrivi inglisuri pentametris striqonisa, rogo ric gvxvdeba xolme poupTan.
Lo, the poor Indian whose untutored mind
SeiZleba amoviweroT rogorc sami mervedi, da amrigad:
Lo, the poor In – di - an whose un – tu - tored mind
am Teoriis Tanaxmad, iambisa da troqes ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi sruliad axleburad unda gaviazroT: iambis dama xasiaTebel niSnad warmogvidgeba anakruza, romelic aRiqmeba rogorc arametruli elementi, an mas aerTianeben wina striqonTan. yvelaze ufro rTuli metric ki SeiZleba gadmoices aseTi notebiT, pauzebis saTanado ganawilebiT da grZeli da mokle marcvlebis gamoyenebiT.33
am Teorias is upiratesoba aqvs, rom xazs usvams leq sis tendencias izoqronizmisadmi da im xerxebs, romlebsac viyenebT kiTxvisas Senelebis an daCqarebisTvis, interval Ta gazrdis an SemcirebisTvis. notebis gamoyeneba warmate buli iqneba `sasimRero~ leqsis SemTxvevaSi, magram sasaubro
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an oratoruli tipis leqsisTvis is aSkarad Seuferebeli iqneba; rac Seexeba Tavisufal an araizoqronul leqss, aq notacia saerTod ar gamodgeba. am Teoriis zogierTi mxardamWeri ubralod uaryofs Tavisufali leqsis ̀ leq sobas~.34 musikis Teoretikosebi axasiaTeben baladis metrs, rogorc `orterfians~ da warmatebiT aormageben rTul sazomebs,35 rodesac garkveuli metruli movle nis ganmartebis mizniT SemoaqvT termini `sinkopireba~. brauningis leqsSi:
The gray sea and the long black landAnd the yellow half-moon large and low
‘‘sea’’ da ‘‘black’’ pirvel striqonSi, agreTve _ ‘‘half’’ meore striqonSi, sinkopirebulia. aSkaraa musikaluri Teoriis upiratesoba. man didi roli Seasrula dog matizmis damarcxebaSi, gaaadvila im sazomTa kvleva da Cawera, romlebic saxelmZRvaneloebSi mocemuli ar iyo. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba gavixsenoT ramdenime rTuli sa zomi suinbernTan, mereditTan da brauningTan. magram am Teorias aqvs seriozuli xarvezebic: masSi individualuri interpretacia da sadavo wakiTxva absoluturad ar izRu deba; garda amisa, es Teoria mTlianad spobs ga nmas xva vebel niSnebs poetebsa da poetur skolebs Soris, radgan dahyavs yvela leqsi monotonuri taqtis ramdenime tipamde. es Teoria amarTlebs da xels uwyobs, zogadad, sruliad sxva dasxvagvari leqsebis sasimRero tipis dekla macias. am gziT miRweuli izoqronizmi odnav Warbobs subieqturobas. am sistemaSi erTmaneTs enacvlebian bgerebi da pauzebi, romlebmac erTmaneTi unda gaawonasworon...
metrikis mesame sistema _ akustikuri metrika _ sadReisod farTod aris aRiarebuli. igi efuZneba obieqtur kvlevas da xSirad iyenebs iseT samecniero instruments, rogoric aris oscilografi, romelic realuri faqtebisa da movlenebis Cawerisa da gadaRebis saSualebas iZleva., metrikis kvlevis mizniT siversma da saranma germaniaSi, fran gma veriem (romelic, ZiriTadad, inglisur masalas
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ik vlevda) da amerikelma e.v. skripCerma36 gamoiyenes bgeris analizis mecnieruli teqnika. ZiriTadi Sedegebi mokled aris Camoyalibebuli uilber l. Sramis wignSi `inglisuri leqsmcodneobis Sesavali~.37 akustikulma metrikam mka fiod gansazRvra sxvaoba metris warmomqmnel elementebs Soris. aqedan gamomdinare, dRes aRar arsebobs mizezi, raTa ar SevafasoT toni, xmis simaRle, tembri da warmoTqmis dro, radgan isini ganpirobebulia iseT fizikuri da gazomvadi faqtorebiT, rogorebicaa sixSire, amplituda, forma da molaparakis mier warmoTqmuli bgeriTi talRebis sixSire, amplituda, forma da grZlioba. Cven ise mkafiod SegviZlia gadaviRoT an grafikulad gamovsaxoT fizikuri xelsawyoebiT aRmoCenili momentebi, rom sirTules ar warmoadgens nebismieri deklamaciis umciresi detalis Seswavlac ki. oscilografs SeuZlia gviCvenos, raoden xmamaRla warmosTqva ama Tu im mkiTxvelma esa Tu is poeturi striqoni, ra dro dasWirda saamisod da rogor icvleboda tonaloba deklamaciis procesSi. `dakarguli samoTxis~ pirveli striqoni iZleva rxevebis iseT suraTs, romelic waagavs seismografis saSinel oscilacias miwisZvris dros.38 rasakvirvelia, es didi miRwevaa, da zusti mecnieruli meTodebis gamoyenebis mravali momxre (romelTa Soris, rasakvirvelia, aris bevri amerikeli) askvnis, rom es sizuste sworupovaria. meore mxriv, aSkaraa, rom laboratoriuli metrika ar iTvaliswinebs teqstis mniSvnelobas (da kidec moeTxoveba aseTi damokidebulebis gamomJRavneba): is askvnis, rom ar arsebobs iseTi ram, rasac marcvlad moixsenieben, vinaidan arsebobs xmis kontinuumi; rom ar arsebobs cneba sityvisa, vinaidan oscilografi ver warmoaCens mis zRvars; da rom melodiac ar arsebobs, am sityvis mkacri mniSvnelobiT, radgan tons, romlis `gaxmovaneba~ mxolod xmovnebs SeuZliaT, mudam arRvevs sxvadasxva kategoriis xmauri. akustikuri metrika, agreTve, yovelTvis aCvenebs, rom ar arsebobs mkveTri izoqronizmi, vinaidan TvalsaCinoa zomaTa praqtikuli xangrZlivobis cvalebadoba. ar arsebobs arc dafiqsirebuli `grZeli da mokle~ marcvlebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
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inglisurSi mainc, vinaidan fizikurad `mokle~ marcvalma SeiZleba sigrZiT gadaaWarbos `grZel~ marcvals.
akustikuri metrikis sargeblianobis aRiarebasTan erTad, am `mecnierebis~ uSualo safuZvlebTan dapi rispi reba imdenad advilia, rom es momenti Zalze akninebs mis Rirebulebas literaturaTmcodneTa TvalSi. mcdaria TviT is varaudi, rom oscilografiT dadgenili aRmoCenebi uSualod ukavSirdeba metrikis Seswavlas. taepis warmoTq mis dro dro warmoadgens molodinis dros.39 garkveuli drois monakveTis Semdeg, Cven veliT ritmul signals, magram aseTi perioduloba aucileblad rodi unda iyos imdenad zusti, da arc signali unda iyos imdenad Zlieri, rogorc moveliT. eWvsgareSea, rom musikaluri metrikais Tvalsazrisi drois, maxvilisa da tonis ganmasxvavebel niSanTa SefardebiTobisa da subieqturobis Taobaze sworia da marTebuli. magram saqme isaa, rom akustikuri da musikaluri metrika xasiaTdeba erTi zogadi defeqtiT, an ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, `SezRudulobiT~. rogorc we si, isini emyarebian mxolod JReradobas, deklamatoris mier teqstis erTjerad an mravaljerad wakiTxvas. akustikuri da musikaluri metrikis Sedegebi damajerebelia mxolod erTi romelime konkretuli deklamaciis mimarT. aq gaTvaliswinebuli araa is faqti, rom deklamatorma Sei Zleba leqsi waikiTxos sworad an SecdomiT, SeuZlia daa matos garkveuli elementebi, daamaxinjos, anda saerTod ugulebelyos sazomi.
iseTi striqoni, rogoricaaSilent upon a peak in DarienSeiZleba wavikiTxoT marTebuli metruli formiT:
Silént upón a péak in Dárien, an rogorc proza: Sílent upón a péak in Dárien, an sulac sxvanairad, ise, rom erTmaneTs SevuwyoT metruli sqema da prozis ritmi. sityva sílent is nacvlad siléntis gagonebaze, Cven rogorc inglisurad mosaubreni, SevigrZnobT bunebrivi metyvelebis normaTa darRvevas da amas wina striqonebis metruli sqemis zemoqmedebiT avxsniT. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom esaa `moZravi maxvili~ _ kompro
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misuli gadawyvetileba or ukidures ganmartebas Soris; magram aseT SemTxvevaSic taepis wakiTxvis, specifi kuri Sesrulebis safuZvelze mainc ver gavaanalizebT prosodias, romlis arss warmoadgens daZabuloba, `kontrapunqti~ metrul sqemasa da prozis ritms Soris.
martooden akustikuri Tu musikaluri meTodebiT leqsis metruli organizaciis Seswavla SeuZlebelia. maga liTad, `musikaluri~ metrikis erTerTi saukeTeso specialistis, jorj r. stiuartis azriT, `SeiZleba arsebob des leqsi azris gareSe~, da raki `metri arsebiTad damo ukidebelia azrisagan, amitom marTebulia, vcadoT da warmovadginoT nebismieri striqonis metruli struqtura am striqonis mniSvnelobisgan izolirebulad~.40 ve ries da saranis SexedulebiT, unda davemsgavsoT ucxoels, rome lic ise usmens leqss, rom ar esmis misi ena.41 es idea, romelic praqtikulad savsebiT ganuxorcielebelia da romelsac ugulebelyofs TviT stiuartic,42 sabediswero Sedegebs moutanda metrikis literaturul kvlevas. Tu ar mivaqcevT yuradRebas mniSvnelobas, maSin, faqtobri vad, ugulebelvyofT sityvis da frazis cnebas da, Sesabamisad, xels viRebT im sxvaobaTa gaanalizebis SesaZleblobaze, romlebic arsebobs sxvadasxva avtoris leqsebs Soris. inglisuri leqsi mniSvnelovanwilad ganisazRvreba sintaqsuri struqturis, ritmuli impulsisa da TviT metyvelebis realuri ritmis (romelsac ganapirobebs frazebad dayofa) SepirispirebiT. meore mxriv, es frazebad dayofa xorcieldeba maSin, rodesac gavecnobiT leqsis azrsa da mniSvnelobas.
amitom rusi formalistebi43 cdilobdnen moeZeb naT sruliad axali safuZveli metrikisTvis. maT Seusaba mod CaTvales termini `terfi~, vinaidan arsebobs bevri leqsi, romelTac saerTod ara aqvs aseTi `terfebi~. Tumca subieqturad SesaZlebelia, rom izoqronizmi mivusadagoT bevri tipis leqss, magram is mainc SezRudulia leqsTwyobis cnobili tipebiT da ar eqvemdebareba obieqtur analizs. rus formalistebs miaCniaT (da kidec davoben am Temaze),
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rom terfis cnebasa da izoqronulobis principze damyarebuli Teo riebi arasworad gansazRvravs poeturi ritmis fundamentur erTeuls. Tu leqss ganvsazRvravT rogorc, ubralod, romelime maxviliani marcvalis irgvliv (an grZeli marcvalis garSemo, kvantitatur sistemebSi) dajgufebul segmentebs, maSin unda vaRiaroT, rom arsebobs imave tipis dajgufebebi (ufro metic, dajgufebaTa mimdevrobebi) iseTi tipis lingvistur gamoTqmebSi, romlebic ar miekuTvneba poezias. amrigad, ritmis fun damentur erTianobas warmoadgens ara terfi, aramed mTeli taepi – es aris daskvna, romelic SeiZleba gamoitano rusebis mier esoden atacebuli da gaziarebuli Gestalt–is saerTo Teoriidan. `terfebi~ ar arsebobs damoukideblad, maTi arsebobis SemCneva SeiZleba mxolod mTel leqsTan mimarTebaSi. yovel maxvils aqvs sakuTari Taviseburebebi, rasac gansazRvravs misi mdgomareoba da adgili leqsSi – iqneba es pirveli, meore Tu mesame terfi, da a.S. leqsis maorganizebeli erTeuli sxvadasxvaa sxvadasxva enaSi da metrul sistemebSi. es SeiZleba iyos `melodia~, anu tonTa Tanamimdevroba, romelic zogierT Tavisufal leqsSi SeiZleba aRmoCndes is erTa derTi niSani, romelic mas prozisagan ganasxvavebs.44 Tu ver varkvevT konteqstiT an taepis grafikuli formiT (rac Taviseburi mimaniSnebeli signalis rols asrulebs), rom Tavisufali leqsis pasaJi swored leqss warmoadgens, SeiZleba is wavikiTxoT, rogorc Cveulebrivi proza da verc gavarCioT prozisgan. da mainc, SesaZlebelia misi wakiTxva rogorc leqsisa, Tu marTlac gansxvavebulad, gansxvavebuli intonaciiT wavikiTxavT. rusma formalistebma mravali magaliTis ganxilvis safuZvelze daasabuTes, rom es intonacia mudam ornawiliania, anu dipodiuri; da Tu ugulebelvyofT am intonacias, leqsi aRar iqneba leqsi da mxolod ritmul prozad gadaiqceva.
Cveulebrivi metruli leqsis Seswavlisas rusi mkvlevrebi avlenen mimarTebebs metrsa da metyvelebis rit ms Soris statistikuri meTodebis meSveobiT. leqsi gaazrebulia rogorc rTuli kontrapunqtuli organizacia, rom lis erTerT elements warmoadgens metyvelebis maor
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ganizebeli metri, meores ki _ metyvelebis Cveulebrivi ritmi; formalistTa moulodneli da STambeWdavi ganmartebis Tanaxmad, leqsi warmoadgens `organizebul Zaladobas~, rac xorcieldeba yoveldRiuri sasaubro enis mimarT. metruli sqemisgan isini ganasxvaveben `ritmul impulss~. metruli sqema statikuria, grafikuli. `ritmuli impulsi~ dinamikuria, ganviTarebadi. Cven winaswar moveliT signalebs, romlebic aucileblad iCenen Tavs. xdeba ara marto drois, aramed mxatvruli nawarmoebis sxva elementebis organizebac. amgvarad gaazrebuli ritmuli impulsi zemoqmedebs ara mxolod sityvaTa SerCevaze, aramed sintaqsur struqturaze, da aqedan gamomdinare, leqsis saerTo azrsa da mniSvnelobaze.
formalistTa mier gamoyenebuli statistikuri meTodi Zalze martivia. rodesac vaanalizebT nebismier leqss an leqsis nawils, xdeba _ ama Tu im marcvalTan mimarTebaSi _ im SemTxvevebis procentis daTvla, sadac maxvili ecema am marcvals. Tu pentametris iambur taepSi metri absoluturad sworia, maSin pirvel marcvalTan dakavSirebiT, statistika aCvenebs nul procents, meore marcvalze – as procents, mesameze – nuls, meoTxeze – ass, da a.S. es SegviZlia grafikulad gamovsaxoT, Tu horizontalur xazze aRvniSnavT marcvalTa raodenobas, xolo vertikalurze _ maxvilianobis procents. cxadia, aseTi regularuli leqsi iSviaTia, Tundac im martivi mizezis gamo, rom is Zalze monotonuri iqneba. leqsTa umravlesobaSi SeimCneva sazomisa da misi realuri ganxor cielebis urTierTdaumTxvevloba; mag., TeTr leqsSi SeiZleba mravlad Segvxvdes iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac maxvili ecema pirvel marcvals, da es cnobili movlena moixsenieba rogorc `troqeuli terfi~, an `moZravi maxvili~, anda `Senacvleba~. grafikze vertikaluri xazebi erTmaneTs mniSvnelovnad dauaxlovdeba, magram Tu es mainc pentametria, Tu poets pentametriT wera surda, am grafikSi vertikaluri xazebi ufro maRali iqneba 2, 4, 6 da 8 marcvlebze. rasakvirvelia, am statistikur meTods TavisTavadi Rirebuleba ara aqvs, magram is moicavs mTel leqss da avlens im tendenciebs, romlebic sakmarisad
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mkafiod araa gamoxatuli ama Tu im fragmentSi. am meTodis meore upiratesoba isaa, rom misi meSveobiT TvalsaCinod ikveTeba gansxvavebebi poetur skolebsa da calkeul poetebs Soris. is gansakuTrebiT nayofieria rusul poeziasTan mimarTebaSi, radgan rusulSi yovel sityvas mxolod erTi maxvili aqvs (damatebiTi intonaciuri niuansebi maxvilebi ki araa, aramed mxolod sunTqvis gziT warmoqmnili erTgvari aqcentebi). inglisurSi amgvari statistikuri gamoTvlebis ganxorcieleba sakmaod rTuli saqmea, radgan masSi mravladaa damatebiTi maxvilebi, agreTve _ enklitikebi da proklitikebi.
metrikis rusi specialistebi sagangebo yuradRebas uTmoben im faqts, rom idealuri metruli sazomebi sxvadasxvagvaradaa xorcSesxmuli sxvadasxva skolaSi da sxvadasxva avtorTan; amasTan, yovel skolas, zogjer ki avtors, aqvs sakuTari metruli kanoni, da gamarTlebuli ar aris msjeloba maT Sesaxeb erTi konkretuli dogmis safuZvelze. versifikaciis istoria warmogvidgeba, ro gorc maradiuli konfliqti sxvadasxva normas Soris da erTi ukiduresobas swrafad enacvleba meore. rusi mkvle vrebi xazgasmiT aRniSnaven im faqtsac, rom SeiniSneba mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba versifikaciis im sistemebs Soris, romlebic gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva xalxis poeziaSi. leqsTw yobis sistemebis Cveuli klasificireba silabur, tonur da kvantitatur kategoriebad ara marto ar aris sakmarisi, ara med arasworicaa. magaliTad, serbulxorvatul da finur eposSi Tavs iCens samive principi: silaburi, tonuri da kvantitaturi. Tanamedrove kvle vebma cxadyo, rom laTinurma prosodiam, romelic wminda kvantitatur prosodiad iTvleboda, sinamdvileSi mniSvnelovani modifikacia ganicada im yuradRebis zegav leniT, romliTac ekidebodnen maxvils da sityvaTa daboloebebs.45
enebi gansxvavdebian im elementebis Sesabamisad, romlebic warmoadgenen maTi ritmis baziss. aSkaraa, rom inglisur enaSi aseTi elementia maxvili, kvantitaturoba ki am enaSi maxvilianobas eqvemdebareba; mniSvnelovani rit muli funqcia ekisreba sityvaTa daboloebebsac. gasaoca ria
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ritmuli sxvaoba im striqonebs Soris, romelTagan erTi Sedgeba mxolod monosilaburi sityvebisgan, meore ki mxolod polisilaburi sityvebisagan. Cexur enaSi sit yvaTa daboloebebi warmoadgens ritmis baziss, rasac ema teba aucilebeli maxvili; kvantitaturoba aq, ubralod, mravalferovnebis Semomtani erTerTi elementia. Ci nurSi ritmis bazisi aris tonaloba, Zvel berZnulSi ki kvan titaturoba, xolo toni da sityvaTa daboloebebi Zveli berZnebisTvis mxolod mravalferovnebis ganmapirobebel elementebs warmoadgenda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom poeziis istoriaSi versifikaciis garkveuli sistemebs enacvleboda sxva sistemebi, ar SeiZleba vimsjeloT `progresze~ an davgmoT Zveli sistemebi, rogorc ufro gviandeli sistemebis ubralo winaresafexuri. didi xnis manZilze rusulSi gabatonebuli iyo silabizmi, xolo CexurSi – kvantitaturi prosodia. savsebiT SesaZlebeli iyo sruli revolucia moexdinaT inglisuri leqsTwyobis istoriis (Coseridan sereimde) kvlevaSi, Tu gaiazrebdnen, rom iseTi poetebi, rogorebic iyvnen lidgeiti, housi da skeltoni, uvargis leqsebs ki ar werdnen, aramed sakuTar metrul normebs iyenebdnen.46 SesaZlebelia agreTve reabilitacia gamoCenili poetebis _ sidnis, spenserisa da gebriel harvis mravalgzis gakritikebuli mcdelobebisa, inglisurSi SemoetanaT kvan titaturi sazomebi. es moZraoba warumatebeli aRmoCnda, magram istoriulad mniSvnelovani gamodga. misi meS veobiT moxerxda silabikis im gaqvavebuli normebis damsxvreva, romlebic gabatonebuli iyo ufro adreul inglisur poeziaSi.
SesaZlebelia metrikis SedarebiTi istoriac. cnobilma frangma lingvistma, antuan meiem Tavis wignSi: ‘‘Les Origines indo-europeenes des metres grecs’’, Seadara Zveli berZnuli da veduri metrebi imisaTvis, rom moexdina indoevropuli metrikis sistemis rekonstruqcia;47 roman iakobsonma aCvena, rom iugoslavuri epikuri leqsi Zalian axlosaa am uZveles metrTan, romelic iTavsebs silabur striqonsac da mkacrad kvantitatur klauzulasac.48 Sesa Zlebelia davakvirdeT folkloruli leqsis sxvadasxva tipebis is
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torias da maT gansxvavebebsac. saWiroa mkveTrad ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisgan epikuri reCitativi da `me lodiuri~ leqsi, romelsac iyeneben lirikaSi. yovel enaSi epikuri leqsi ufro konservatiuli Cans, vidre sa simRero leqsi; es ukanaskneli mWidrod ukavSirdeba enis fonetikur Taviseburebebs da gacilebiT metad gamoirCe va nacionaluri specifikiT, vidre eposi. maSinac ki, rode sac saqme exeba Tanamedrove poezias, unda gvaxsovdes sxvaoba oratorul, sasaubro da `melodiur~ leqss Soris, is sxvaoba, romelsac ugulebelyofs metrikis inglisel mkvlevarTa umetesi nawili, radgan musikaluri Teoriis gavleniT, mTlianad arian dakavebuli sasimRero leqsis kvleviT da problemiT.49
Zalze mniSvnelovan naSromSi, romelic mieZRvna mecxramete saukunis rusul lirikas,50 boris eixenbaumma scada gaeanalizebina leqsis intonaciis roli `melodiur~, `sasimRero~ leqsSi. man uaRresad damajereblad gviCvena, rom rusulma romantikulma lirikam gamoiyena tripodiuli sazomi, agreTve _ iseTi intonaciuri sqemebi, rogorebicaa Zaxilis da kiTxviTi winadadebebi da iseTi sintaqsuri Targebi, rogoric aris paralelizmi, magram, Cveni azriT, man ver daasabuTa Tavisi centraluri Tezisi `sasimRero~ leqsSi intonaciis maformirebeli rolis Taobaze.51
SeiZleba eWviT SevxedoT rusuli Teoriebis bevr elements, magram ver uarvyofT imas, rom erTi mxriv, maT SeZ les Tavi daeRwiaT leqsTmcodneobaSi Seqmnili Cixis gan, xolo meore mxriv – gaTavisuflebuliyvnen musikaluri metris `mimdevrebis~ subieqtivizmisagan. bevri ram axlac bundovania da winaaRmdegobrivi, magram sadReisod met rikam aRidgina aucilebeli kontaqti lingvistikasTan da literaturis semantikasTan. aSkaraa, rom bgera da metri mxatvruli nawarmoebis rogorc mTlianobis elementebia. Sesabamisad, dauSvebelia maTi Seswavla nawarmoebis mniS vnelobisagan izolirebulad.
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stili da stilistika
*ena marTlac warmoadgens literaturis masalas.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebi ubralo `amonakrebia~ garkveuli enidan. daaxloebiT aseve aRweren skulpturas: `marmarilos bloki, romelsac CamoT lili aqvs ramdenime natexi~. wignSi `inglisuri poezia da inglisuri ena~, f.v. beitsoni acxadebda, rom literatura, zogadad, aris enis istoriis nawili da mTlianad maszea damokidebuli: `Cemi Tezisis arsi isaa, rom epoqis ze moqmedeba nawarmoebze unda ganisazRvros am nawarmo ebis enidan, da ara poetis pirovnuli Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare. vfiqrob, poeziis WeSmariti istoria warmoadgens im enobrivi Sris cvlilebaTa istorias, ro melsac ganekuTvneba droiTi TanmimdevrobiT dawerili nawarmoebebi. da swored es enobrivi cvlilebebi ganicdian socialuri da inteleqtualuri tendenciebis wnexs.~ 1
beitsoni damajereblad asabuTebs, rom poeziis isto ria mWidrod ukavSirdeba enis istorias. eWvsgareSea, rom inglisuri poeziis evoluciis garkveul etapze masSi aisaxa elisabedis xanis metyvelebis Tavisufali sixalisec, meTvramete saukunis `mowesrigebuloba da gamWvirvalebac~, da sityvis mniSvnelobis bundovanebac, romelic viqtorianuli xanis inglisurisTvis iyo da maxasiaTebeli. poeziis istoriaSi mniSvnelovan rols as rulebs lingvisturi Teoriebi, mag., hobsis racionaliz mi, misTvis Cveuli maxviliT denotaciaze, azrisa da stilis gamWvirvalebaze da mecnierul sizusteze – yvelaferma aman Zlieri gavlena iqonia inglisur poeziaze, Tumca es gavlena xSirad arapirdapiri gziT xorcieldeboda.
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amitom unda daveTanxmoT karl foslers imaSi, rom `zogierTi periodis mwerlobis ganxilva ufro na yofierad ganxorcieldeba, Tu gavaanalizebT Sesabamis enobriv garemosac, rac, yovel SemTxvevaSi, aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre epoqis politikuri, socialuri, religiuri tendenciebis, an kidev _ qveynis geografiuli mdebareobisa da klimatis analizi~.2
poetis enobrivi Cvevebi, damokidebulebebi da midrekilebebi SeiZleba fasobdes ara mxolod enobrivi sistemis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed Tavad misive xelovnebis SecnobisTvis. es gansakuTrebiT exeba im pe riodebsa da qveynebs, sadac upiratesobisaTvis ibrZvis ramdenime lingvisturi norma. italiaSi literaturis istoriis mkvlevrebi ar dauSveben `enis sakiTxis” ugu lebelyofas. literaturis sferoSi fosleris gamokvleva Frankreichs Kul-tur im Spiegel seiner SprachentwicklungSi, iqca uwyveti interesis da gamoyenebis sagnad. ruseTSi viq tor vinogradovma saguldagulod gaaanaliza rusuli enis sxvadasxva elementi, romlebsac iyenebda puSkini – sae klesio slavuri, salaparako ena, agreTve galicizmebi da tevtonizmebi.3
da mainc, cxadia, rom beitsonis daskvna gazviadebulia; ver vityviT, rom enobriv cvlilebebs poezia pasiurad aireklavs. ar unda daviviwyoT, rom enasa da literaturas Soris dialeqtikuri damokidebulebaa: literaturam Zalze didi gavlena iqonia enis ganviTarebaze. verc Tanamedrove franguli da verc Tanamedrove inglisuri ver gadaiqceoda im enad, rogoric dResaa, rom ara neoklasikuri literatura; Tanamedrove germanulic sxvagvari iqneboda, rar SeiZleba literaturaze inteleqtualuri an socialuri tendenciebis zegavlenis ugulebelyofac. beitsonis azriT, meTvramete saukunis poezia gamWvirvale da naTeli iyo, radgan TviT ena iyo gamWvirvale da naTeli. ase rom, poeti valdebulia gamoiyenos mza masala da ara aqvs mniSvneloba, racionalistia is Tu ara. magram bleikis da kristofer smartis magaliTebi aaSkaravebs, rom iracionaluri an antiracionaluri msoflaRqmisken mid rekili po
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etebi gardasaxavden maT Tanamedrove poetur enas an aRadgendnen mis adreul formebs.
TviT is Cveulebrivi faqti, rom SeiZleba davweroT istoria, ara mxolod ideaTa, aramed Janrebis istoriac, metruli sazomebisa da Temebis istoria, romelic moicavs mwerlobas sxvadasxva enaze Seqmnil literaturas, cxadyofs, rom literatura ver iqneba mTlianad damokidebuli enaze. aSkaraa, rom saWiroa erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT, erTi mxriv, poezia, xolo meore mxriv – drama da romani. beitsoni, pirvel yovlisa, emyareba poezias; da marTlac, Znelia imis uaryofa, rom poezia, rodesac is sagangebod aris organizebuli, Zalze mWidrod ukavSirdeba enas _ mis JReradobas da mniSvnelobas.
mizezebi metnaklebad TvalsaCinoa. metri ganaxorcielebs enis bgeriTi Sedgenilobis organizacias. is aregulirebs prozis ritms, aaxloebs mas izoqronizmTan da amrigad amartivebs urTierTmimarTebebs silabur erTeulebs Soris. imisaTvis, rom warmoaCinos xmovnebis ober tonebi an emociuri Seferiloba (tembri), is anelebs temps da `agrZelebs~ xmovnebs; amartivebs da aregulirebs intonacias _ metyvelebis melodias.4 maSasadame, metris daniSnuleba yofila sityvaTa aqtualizacia, miTiTeba maTze da yuradRebis mipyroba teqstis bgeriT aspeqtze. WeSmarit poeziaSi sityvaTa urTierTmimarTebebi mkveT radaa xazgasmuli.
poeziaSi mniSvneloba konteqstiT ganisazRvreba; Cven aRviqvamT ara marto sityvis saleqsikono mniSvnelobas, aramed _ mis sinonimTa da omonimTa erTgvar aurasac. sityvebs ara marto sakuTari mniSvnelobebi aqvT, aramed _ maT Tan sdevs sxva sityvaTa mniSvnelobebic, romelTac isini ukavSirdebian fonetikurad, azrobrivad an etimologiurad; metic, am ukanasknelTa ricxvs mie kuTvnebian TviT iseTi sityvebic, romlebic, TavianTi mniSvnelobiT, upirispirdebian an saerTod gamoricxaven mo cemuli sityviT gamoxatul mniSvnelobas.
amrigad, poeziis kvlevisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSv
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neloba aqvs enis Seswavlas. rasakvirvelia, enis SeswavlaSi Cven vgulisxmobT im sakiTxebs, romlebsac profesionali enaTmecnierebi, Cveulebriv, an aknineben, anda saerTod ar aqceven yuradRebas. garda im iSviaTi SemTxvevebisa, rodesac metris da riTmis mkvlevars sWirdeba garkveuli lingvisturi monacemebis Seswavla, Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodnes ve raviTar sargeblobas ver mou tans istoriuli morfologia an fonologia, an Tundac eqsperimentuli fonetika. magram mas aucileblad dasWirdeba specifikuri tipis lingvistika, upirveles yovlisa, leqsikologia, romelic Seiswavlis sityvis mniSvnelobas da mis cvlilebebs. Zveli inglisuri poeziis mkvlevars, romelsac surs sworad Caswvdes bevri Zveli sityvis mniSvnelobas, aucileblad dasWirdeba inglisuri enis leqsikoni. mas etimologiac ki daexmareba, raTa gaigos miltoniseuli leqsikonis laTinizebuli sityvebi, an kidev sityvaTwarmoeba hopkinsisa, romelic germanuli nimuSebiT sargeblobda.
lingvisturi kvlevis mniSvneloba, rasakvirvelia, ar Semoifargleba calkeuli sityvebis an frazebis mniSvnelobaTa dadgeniT. literatura ukavSirdeba enis yvela aspeqts. xelovnebis nawarmoebi, uwinaresad, bgeraTa sistemaa da, ese igi, SenarCevic mocemuli enis bgeraTa sistemidan. Cvenma msjelobam evfoniaze, ritmze da metrze gamoavlina, raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs lingvistur varaudebs bevri aseTi problemisaTvis. magaliTad, fo netikur analizs uaRresad mniSvnelovani roli ekisreba Se da rebiTi metrikis sferosaTvis da sazomTa marTebuli gansazRvrisTvis.
rasakvirvelia, literaturaTmcodnes ufleba ara aqvs, gamijnos fonetikuri done azrobrivisgan. magram meore mxriv, azrobrivi donec eqvemdebareba lingvistur analizs. SeiZleba aRvweroT literaturuli nawarmoebis, an Tundac nawarmoebTa nebismieri jgufis gramatika, daviwyoT fonologiiT da morfologiiT, Semdeg gadavideT leqsikaze (barbarizmebi, provincializmebi, arqaizmebi da neologizmebi), bolos ki mivadgeT sintaqss (mag., inversia, antiTeza da paralelizmi).
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arsebobs ori Tvalsazrisi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor unda mivudgeT samwerlo enis Seswavlas. lingvistikis istoriis kvlevisas literaturuli na war moebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT mxolod rogorc do kumenti. magaliTad, `bu da bulbuli~ an `ser gaveini da mwvane raindi~ gamodgeba saimisod, raTa gamovavlinoT Sua saukuneebis inglisuris zogierTi dialeqtis Taviseburebani. skeltonis, neSis da ben jonsonis tipis mwerlebis Semoqmedeba Seicavs mdidar masalas inglisuri enis istoriisTvis; bolo xanebSi Svedma mkvlevarma a.h. kingma gaaanaliza ben jonsonis ‘‘Poetaster’’i im periodis inglisuri enis socialuri da klasobrivi dialeqtebis gamosavlenad. francma Seqmna Zalze skrupulozuri `Seqspiriseuli gramatika~. lazar seneanma ori tomi miuZRvna rables enas.5 amisda miuxedavad, xsenebul gamokvlevebSi literaturuli nawarmoebebi warmoadgens wyaros lingvistur problemebis gadasawyvetad. magram saqme isaa, rom lingvisturi kvleva mxolod maSin iqceva literaturul analizad, rodesac is eqvemdebareba literaturaTmcodneobis moTxovnebs da miznad isaxavs enis esTetikuri efeqtis kvlevas – erTi sityviT, rodesac is stilistikad iqceva (yovel SemTxvevaSi, am terminis erTi garkveuli mniSvnelobiT).6
cxadia, stilistikis kvleva warmatebuli ver iqneba, Tu vrceli sabazo codniT ar iqneba uzrunvelyofili zogadi lingvistikis dargSi, radgan misi erTerTi centraluri problema exeba kontrasts literaturuli nawarmoebis enasa da Sesabamisi epoqis yofiT enas Soris. Tu ar gvecodineba, ras warmoadgens sasaubro met yveleba, Tundac araliteraturuli metyveleba da im pe riodis sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi jgufebis ena, maSin stilistika, albaT, impresionistuli xasiaTisa iqneba. sam wu xarod, saerTod ar gaamarTla varaudma, TiTqos Cven erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavebT (es gansakuTrebiT bolo xanebs exeba) Cveulebriv yofiT metyvelebasa da mxatvrul stils war sul epoqaTa literaturaSi. sanam SevudgebiT romeli me avtoris, ama Tu im literaturuli mimdinareobis an stilis Sesaxeb msje
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lobas, yovelmxriv unda SeviswavloT Zveli drois mravalSreobrivi metyveleba.
sinamdvileSi, Cven, ubralod, instinqturad vi yenebT im standartebs, romlebic gviyalibdeba saku Tari yoveldRiuri metyvelebis safuZvelze, magram ase Ti standartebi SeiZleba Zalze mcdari gamodges. dro dadro, rodesac vkiTxulobT Zvel poezias, saWiro xde ba Cveni Tanamedrove lingvisturi cnobierebis sruli ugu lebelyofa. amgvarad unda moviqceT iseTi striqonebis kiT xvisas, rogoricaa TviT tenisonis:
And this is wellTo have a dame indoors, who trims us upAnd keeps us tight.7
magram Tuki vaRiarebT sazrisis istoriuli rekonstruqciis aucileblobas aseT aSkara SemTxvevebSi, maSin ratom ar SegviZlia yvela SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelvyoT misi SesaZlebloba? gana odesme SevZlebT, ise kargad viswavloT anglosaqsuri an saSualoinglisuri (rom aRaraferi vT qvaT Zvel berZnulze) imdenad kargad, rom dagvaviwydes dRevandeli sakuTari ena? da Tundac SevZloT, gana es aucileblad imas niSnavs, rom ukeTesi kritikosebi varT mxolod imis gamo, rom, lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, av toris `Tanamedroveebad~ viqeciT? nuTu ar SeiZleba iseT leqsebis kiTxvisas, rogoricaa marvelis
My vegetable love would grow
Vaster than empires and more slow8
SevinarCunoT Tanamedrove asociaciebi, rogorc leqsis mniSvnelobis gamamdidrebeli elementi? lui titeris SeniSvniT, is groteskuli warmodgena, rom xangrZlivobisa da saWiroebis aspeqtSi `erotikuli kombosto~ piramidebs `gadawonis~ da gadaaWarbebs, etyoba, gacnobierebuli, ostaturi xerxia. miuxedavad amisa, unda gvjerodes, rom Ta
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vad marveli ar miiswrafvoda zustad aseTi efeqtisken. meSvide saukuneSi vegetableanu bostneuli, niSnavda vegeta-tives, anu vegetaciurs, da poetma, rogorc Cans, gamoiyena es sityva cxovelmyofelis mniSvnelobiT; yovel SemTxvevaSi, bostneulis dRevandeli konotacia mainc ar eqneboda nagulisxmevi.9
amitom SeiZleba mxari avubaT titers da vikiTxoT: xom ar aris sasurveli, ugulebelvyoT dRevandeli konotacia da, saerTod, SesaZlebelia Tu ara es Tundac amgvar ukidures SemTxvevebSi? aq kvlav vubrundebiT istoriuli `rekonstruirebis~ sakiTxs, mis SesaZleblobebs da saWiroebas.
Sarl balis Zalisxmevis10 msgavsad, iyo ramdenime cda, gadaeqciaT stilistika enaTmecnierebis damxmare disciplinad, magram saqme isaa, rom stilistikas aqvs sakuTari, sruliad gansazRvruli problemebi, imisda miuxedavad, ganvixilavT mas, rogorc damoukidebel mec nierebas Tu ara. SeiZleba ise gamoCndes, rom zogierTi am problemaTagani saerTod axasiaTebs, an praqtikulad mTlianad axasiaTebs adamianis metyvelebas. aseTnairad farTod gagebuli stilistika swavlobs yvela im saSualebas da xerxs, romlebic mimarTulia raime specifikuri eqspresiuli miznisken, da amitom scildeba literaturis an Tundac ritorikis sazRvrebs. yvela xerxi, romlebic gamoiyeneba emfatikisTvis an simkveTrisaTvis, SeiZleba stilistikad iyos klasificirebuli. maT ricxvSia met a forebi, romlebiTac gajerebulia yvela ena, Tundac Zalze primitiuli; yvela ritorikuli xerxi da sintaqsuri figura. TiTqmis yoveli enobrivi gamoTqma SeiZleba SeviswavloT misi eqspresiuli Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT. SeuZlebelia am problemis ugulebelyofa, rogorc amas Zalze Segnebu lad akeTebs `bihevioristuli~ skola amerikaSi.
tradiciuli stilistika am problemebs araTa nmimdevrulad da TviTneburad wyvets. gamoyofilia xer xebis ori (intensifikaciis an minimizebis) kategoria: intensifikaciis gamomxatveli saxeebi _ gameoreba, akumulacia, hiper
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bola da kulminacia _ asocirebulia `amaRlebul~ stilTan, rac sakmaod detaluradaa aR werili cnobil ‘‘Peri hipsoys’’Si, romlis avtorobas mia we ren longinuss. msjelobas `didebuli stilis~ Sesaxeb ho merosTan, SeqspirTan, miltonTan, dantesTan mimarTebaSi vxv debiT metiu arnoldTan da sentsberisTan, romlebic Zal ze moxdenilad ureven erTmaneTSi fsiqologiur problemeb sa da literaturuli nawarmoebis Sefasebis sakiTxebs.11
amis miuxedavad, rogorc Cans, mainc SeuZlebelia imis damtkiceba, rom specifikur saxeebsa da xerxebs, yvela SemTxvevaSi, aucileblad ukavSirdeba specifikuri efeqti an `eqspresiuli Rirebuleba~. winadadebaTa koordinirebuli konstruqciebi (`da.. da.. da..~) bibliasa da matianeebSi saWiroa imisTvis, raTa Txrobas sidinje mieniWos; amave dros, romantikul poemaSi amgvari `da” kavSirebi SeiZleba aRniSnavdes SekiTxvebis serias, romlebic sunTqvaSekrulma adamianma SeiZleba nawyvetnawyvetad wamoiZaxos. hiperbola SeiZleba iyos tragiku li an paTetikuri, magram iyos groteskulic da komikuric. garda amisa, zogierTi xerxi an sintaqsuri figura ise xSirad da imdenad gansxvavebul konteqstSi meordeba, rom SeuZlebelia maT raime specifikuri eqspresiuli mniSvneloba mivaniWoT. Cven vamCnevT, rom ciceroni ramdenime gverdze ramdenjerme xmarobs litotess an gazviadebas; aseve, jonsonis ‘‘Ramblers’’Si SeiZleba aR movaCinoT gamawonasworebeli konstruqciebis ramdenime aseuli magaliTi. orive SemTxvevaSi Cven winaSea sityvaTa TamaSi, maTi mniSvnelobisgan damoukideblad.12
Tumca Cven uarvyofT atomistur warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, rom ama Tu im xerxs uSualod Seesabameba specifikuri eqspresiuli amocana, magram mainc dasaSvebia garkveuli kavSiris arseboba stilis Taviseburebebsa da nawarmoebis Sinaarsobriv amocanebs Soris. am kavSirs adasturebs isic, rom aSkarad gamoxatuli Sinaarsobrivi tonalobis (amaRlebuli, komikuri, daxvewili an naivu ri) mqone nawarmoebSi gamudmebiT meordeba garkveuli xerxebi, Tanac, maT, rogorc wesi, Tan axlavs erTi da igive kon
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struqciebi. v.k. uimsetis kvalobaze SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom raime xerxis gameoreba azrs ar arTmevs am xerxs: `sintaqsuri konstruqciebi meordeba, brunvebsa da uRlebis msgavsad, magram isini mainc eqspresiuli formebia~.13 ar SeiZleba, antikuri epoqis esTetikosTa msgavsad, davkmayofildeT stilTa iseTi klasifikaciiT, rogorebicaa maRali da dabali, aziuri da atikuri da misT. aucilebelia gaviazroT iseTi rTuli sqemebi, rogorsac gvTavazobs vilhelm Snaideri Tavis ‘‘Ausdruckswerte der deutschen Sprache”Si (1931). obieqtis mimarT sityvis mimarTebidan gamomdinare, stili SeiZleba daiyos sxvadasxva tipad, romelTa Soris iqneba cnebiTi da mgrZnobelobiTi, uSualo da aRweriTi, damakninebeli an ga mazviadebeli, mkafio da bundovani, wynari da aRgznebuli, dabali da maRali, martivi da xatovani; sityvaTa Soris mimarTebaTa Sesabamisad, stili SeiZleba iyos daZabuli da dune, plastikuri da musikaluri, daxvewili da uxeSi, erTferovani da xatovani; Tu daveyrdnobiT sityvisa da avtoris urTierTmimarTebaTa princips, maSin stili SeiZleba iyos obieqturi da subieqturi.14 aseTi kla sifikacia praqtikulad SeiZleba mivusadagoT yvela enob riv fenomens, magram Cveni magaliTebis umravlesoba literaturuli nawarmoebebidan aris aRebuli da ga moyenebulia literaturuli stilis analizisaTvis. Tu am gvarad CamovayalibebT sti listikis sakvlev principebs, is, albaT, Tavs aaridebs xarvezebs ritorikis cnebebze damyarebuli midgomisa, romelic calcalke aanalizebda sxvadasxva xerxs, meore mxriv ki _ mocemuli epoqis stilis (gotika, baroko da a.S.) Teoriebs, romlebic masStaburi iyo, magram konkretulobiT ar gamoirCeoda.
samwuxarod, amgvar naSromTa didi nawili STagonebuli iyo viwro aRweriTi miznebiT, – aseT SemTxvevebSi stilisti ka emgvaneba erTgvar rekomendacias `saSualo~ stilisTvis, rom lis idealia sizuste da gamWvirvaloba; esaa `sanimuSo~ stili, romelsac Seiswavlian universitetebSi. garda ami sa, stilistika gamoiyeneba romelime enis gandidebis miz niT. rac Seexeba mTavar evropul enebs
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Soris arsebul sxvao baTa ucnaur da axirebul gazviadebas, amaSi gansakuTrebiT germanelebi scodaven. iseTi gamoCenili mecnierebic ki, rogoric arian veqsleri, fosleri da doiCbaini,15 iseT daskvnebs akeTeben, romelTa dadastureba sinamdvileSi SeuZlebelia da enobriv gansxvavebebs xalxebis erovnul fsiqologias ukavSireben. Cven ar uarvyofT problemis arsebobas: Tu im enas, romelsac ara aqvs Camoyalibebuli literatura, SevadarebT ama Tu im ZiriTad evropul enas, maSin aSkara warmoCndeba absurduloba, `bihe vio ristuli~Tvalsazris imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom yve la ena Tanabaria. nebismierma mTargmnelma icis, rom ZiriTadi evropuli enebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan sintaqsuri konstruqciebiT, `idiomebiT~ da sxva pirobiTobiT. zogjer inglisuri, franguli an germanuli SeiZleba naklebad gamosadegi aRmoCndes, vidre mcired ganviTarebuli enebi. eWvsgareSea, rom es gansxvaveba gamowveulia socialuri, istoriuli da literaturuli mizezebiT, romlebic, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi aRwera SeiZleba, jer mainc ar yofila srulad aRwerili imde nad, rom gaamarTlon sakiTxis dayvana erovnul fsiqologiam de. `SedarebiTi~ stilistika warmogvidgeba rogorc Soreuli momavlis mecniereba.
wminda literaturuli da esTetikuri midgoma zRudavs stilistikas da utovebs mxolod xelovnebis raime nawarmoebis, a n nawarmoebTa jgufis Seswavlis funqcias, romelTa aRwera saWiroa maTi esTetikuri funqciisa da mniSvnelobis konteqstSi. mxolod maSin iqceva stilistika literaturis akademiuri codnis nawilad, Tu sakiTxis centrSi iqneba es esTetikuri interesi, amasTanave, es iqneba friad mniSvnelovani nawili, vinaidan mxolod stilisturi meTodis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli literaturuli nawarmoebis specifikur Tavisebureba Ta gansazRvra. am tipis stilisturi analizi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ori xerxiT: pirveli gvikarnaxebs, rom Tanmimdevrulad gavaanalizoT nawarmoebis lingvisturi sis tema da avxsnaT misi elementebi nawarmoebis esTetiku ri mizanmimarTulebis, anu
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`mTliani mniSvnelobis~ safuZ velze. stili am SemTxvevaSi warmogvidgeba rogorc nawarmoebis an nawarmoebTa jgufis individualuri lingvisturi sistema. meore midgoma, romelic ar upirispirdeba pirvels, gulisxmobs im individualuri Taviseburebebis Seswavlas, romlebiTac es sistema gansxvavdeba sxva Sesadarebeli sistemebisagan. xsenebuli me Todi kontrasts efuZneba: Cven ganvixilavT normaluri sityvaTxmarebis darRvevis an misgan gadaxrebis SemTxvevebs da vcdilobT avxsnaT maTi esTetikuri daniSnuleba. Cveulebriv, sakomunikacio metyvelebaSi yuradReba ar eqceva arc sityvaTa JReradobas da arc maT wyobas (rac, yovel SemTxvevaSi, inglisur enaSi, gulisxmobs moqmedisagan moqmedebaze gadasvlas), an winadadebis struqturas (rac CamoTvliTi da koordinirebuli unda iyos). stilisturi analizis pirvel nabijad miviCnevT iseTi gadaxrebis mimoxilvas, rogorebicaa bgeraTa gameoreba, inversia, rTuli Tanwyobili da rTuli qvewyobili winadadebebis gamoyeneba azrobrivi ierarqiis principiT; yvelaferi es unda emsaxurebodes garkveul esTetikur funqcias _ xazgasmas da gamoyofas, anda, piriqiT, esTetikurad gamarTlebul bundovanebas an gaurkvevlobas.
aseTi amocana SedarebiT martivia zogierTi nawarmoebisa da zogi avtoris SemTxvevaSi. Seucdomlad SeiZleba amovicnoT bgeriTi sqemebi da Sedarebebi, romlebic gvxvdeba lilis `eufeusis~ bestiariumebSi.16 spenseri, romelsac, jonsonis TqmiT, `ena ar hqonda~, iye nebs garkveuli saxis arqaizmebs, neologizmebs da pro vincializmebs,17 romelTa analizi Zalze advilia. mil to ni ara mxolod iyenebs laTinizebul leqsikons, romel Sic inglisur sityvebs maTive arqetipebis mniSvneloba aqvT, aramed qmnis winadadebebis Tavisebur struqtu rebs. jerard menli hopkinsis stilisTvis damaxasiaTebelia saqsonuri sityvebi, agreTve dialeqturi leqsika, is Segnebulad uvlis gverds laTinuridan omdinare leqsikas, rasac ganapirobebs im lingvistebisTeoriebi, romlebic upiratesobas aniWebdnen germanuli enis nor mebs, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli sityvaTwarmoebiTa
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da Sedgenili sityvebiT.18 Zneli ar aris iseTi mkveTri `maneris~ mqone avtorTa stilis analizi, rogorebic arian karlaili, merediti, peiteri an henri jeimsi; igive iTqmis im meorexarisxovan mwerlebze, romlebic daesesxnen zemoxsenebul avtorebs maT stilistur Taviseburebebs.
amis miuxedavad, bevr sxva SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT ufro Zneli iqneba, gamovyoT da ganvsazRvroT avtoriseuli stilisturi maxasiaTeblebi. imisaTvis, rom amovicnoT ganmeorebadi niSanTvisebebi, saWiroa daxvewili smena da dakvirvebis unari; es gansakuTrebiT im mwerlebs exeba, romlebic elisabedis xanis dramaturgebis, anda meTvramete saukunis eseistebis msgavsad, erTgvarovan stils iye nebden. Znelia gaviziaroT j.m. robertsonis Sexeduleba imis Taobaze, rom garkveuli sityvebi an `idiomebi~ gva uwyeben mxolod iseTi pirovnebebis `xelweras~, rogorebic arian pili, grini, marlo da kidi.19 bevr aseT gamokvlevaSi stilisturi analizi mWidrod ukavSirdeba Sinagani Sinaarsobrivi struqturis Seswavlas, agreTve _ wyaroebisa da sxva elementebis kvlevas, rogoric aris ganmeorebuli aluziebi. amgvar SemTxvevebSi stilistika gvexmareba mxolod rogorc gansxvavebuli miznebisaTvis gamosayenebeli iaraRi: aseTia avtoris identifikacia, avTenturobis dadgena, anu iseTi Sroma, romelic gar kveulwilad deduqcias emyareba da moicavs erTgvar mo samzadebel Sromas literaturuli kvlevisaTvis.
rTul praqtikul problemebs vawydebiT iseT SemTx vevebSi, rodesac ganvixilavT ama Tu im epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebel gabatonebul stils, calkeuli mwerlebis mier literaturuli modis Seqmnas da mimbaZvelTa gamoCenas. uwin stilistur tradiciaze didi gavlena hqon da Janris ideas. magaliTad, CoserTan (`kenterberiuli moTxrobebis~calkeul novelebSi) gvxvdeba sxvadasxvagvari stilebis farTo speqtri da diferenciacia. zogadad, es miesadageba mis mier sxvadasxva periodSi Seqmnil da sxvadasxva tipis nawarmoebebs. meTvramete saukuneSi, pindareseul odas, satiras da baladas hqonda sakuTari leqsika
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da stili. `poeturi stili~ dayvanili iyo specifikur Janrebamde, maSin, rodesac dabali JanrisTvis araTu daSvebulad, aramed aucilebladac ki iTvleboda `yofiTi leqsika~. TviT vordsvortic, miuxedavad imisa rom `Serisxa~ sagangebo poeturi stilis idea, mainc sxvadasxvagvarad werda, rodesac qmnida odas, `tinternis saabatos~ msgavs aRweriT da meditaciur leqsebs, mil tonis stilis sonets, anda `lirikul baladas~. Tu Cven ugulebelvyofT aseT Tvisebebs, maSin azri ar eqneba im av torTa stilis daxasiaTebas, romlebmac daxvewes mravali Janri da ganicades xangrZlivi mxatvruli evolucia. albaT, sjobs, vilaparakoT goeTes `stilebze~, vinaidan sxvagvarad ver ganvmartavT im uzarmazar sxvaobas, romelic arsebobs adrindeli, klasikuri periodis ‘‘Sturm und drang’’is stilsa da mogvianebiT dawerili ‘‘Elective Affinities’’is pompezur da rTul maneras Soris.
stilisturi analizis am meTods, romelic koncentrirebulia stilis Taviseburebebze, im Tvisebebze, rom lebic mas ganasxvaveben irgvliv arsebul lingvisturi sistemebisagan, aSkara xarvezebi aqvs. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, davagrovoT `izolirebuli~ dakvirvebebi, Cven mier SeniSnuli niSanTvisebebis nimuSebi, da daviviwyoT, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi mTlianobas warmoadgens. SeiZleba, agreTve, aqcenti gavakeToT `originalurobaze~, individualurobaze, imaze, rac subieqturi midre kilebebiT aixsneba. umjobesia meore midgoma _ stilis ganxilva mTlianobaSi, sistemurad, lingvisturi principebis Sesabamisad. ruseTSi viqtor vinogradovma detalurad gamoikvlia puSkinisa da tolstois ena. sistemurma stilistikam bevri niWieri praqtikosis yu radReba miiqcia poloneTsa da CexoslovakiaSi; espaneTSi damaso alonsom saTave daudo gongoras poeziis sistemur analizs, xolo amado alonsom Rrmad gaaanaliza pablo nerudas poezia.20 magram am meTods avnebs `mecnieruli~ sisrulis ideali. analitikoss SeiZleba gamorCes mxedvelobidan, rom mxatvruli efeqtis ganmarteba Seu Zlebelia raime xerxis Cveulebrivi sixSiris gamoTvlis meSveobiT. magaliTad, jozefin mailsi Secdoma
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Si Seiyvana statistikurma monacemebma, ris gamoc gamoitana mcdari daskvna prerafaelizmTan hopkinsis poeturi stilis siaxlovis Sesaxeb.21
literaturuli kvlevisaTvis stilisturi analizi yve laze ufro nayofieri iqneba maSin, rodesac misi meSveo biT davadgenT gamaerTianebel princips, zogad esTetikur mizans, romelsac eqvemdebareba nawarmoebis yvela elementi. magaliTad, Tu ganvixilavT meTvramete saukunis `aRweriTi~ poeziis warmomadgenlis, jeims tomsonis Semoqmedebas, SevZlebT imis Cvenebas, rom mwerlis stilisturi niSanTvisebebigarkveul mTlianobas warmoqmnis. miltoniseuli TeTri leqsi winaswar gansazRvravs SerCevas leqsikuri saSualebebisa, romelTagan zogierTi aucilebelia, sxvebi ki _ dauSvebeli. leqsikuri saSualebebi moiTxovs perifrazs, xolo es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs sagangebo urTierTmimarTebas sityvasa da sagans Soris: anu sagani ar aris dasaxelebuli, magram misi Tvisebebi ki miTiTebulia. aRsaniSni sagnis Tvisebebisa da maTi CamoTvlis aqcentireba TavisTavad ganapirobebs aRweras; rac Seexeba meTvramete saukuneSi gavrcelebul bunebis aRweris gansakuTrebul tips, is gulisxmobda Tavisebur filosofias: konstruqcia badebs azrs. poupze daweril wignSi da statiebSi meTvramete saukunis poeturi stilis Sesaxeb jefri tilotsons mohyavs am tipis bevri saintereso magaliTi, ese igi, poeturi stilis Taviseburi, ideologiuri xasiaTis damadasturebeli nimuSebi – misive TqmiT, stilis `fizikurTeologiuri nomenklatura~. magram, amasTanave, man ver SeZlo maTi integrireba stilis mTlian analizTan.22
aseTi procedura, romelic, metrikiT dawyebuli, gadadis Sinaarsis problemebze da filosofiasac ki exeba, ar unda miviCnioT iseT procesad, romelic prioritets – logikuri iqneba is Tu qronologiuri _ mianiWebs romelime am zemoaRniSnul elements. idealuri iqneba iseTi analizi, rodesac daviwyebT nebismieri SerCeuli elementiT da mivalT imave daskvnamde.
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stilistur analizs swrafad mivyavarT Sinaarsis problemasTan. didi xania, rac kritikosebi intuiciurad, usistemod ganixilaven stils, rogorc garkveuli filosofiuri Tvalsazrisis gamoxatulebas. wignSi `goeTe” gundolfi Zalze faqizad aanalizebs adreul leqsebs da aCvenebs, ra gziT aireklavs poetis dinamikuri metyveleba missave swrafvas bunebis dinamikuri Semecnebisadmi.23 herman nolma scada daesabuTebina, rom stilisturi niSanTvisebebi SeiZleba miemarTebodes filosofiis im sam tips, romlebic dilTaim warmoaCina.24
germanelma swavlulebma, agreTve, Camoayalibes ufro sistemuri midgoma _ e.w. Motiv und Wort, romelic efuZneba warmodgenas lingvistur niSanTvisebebisa da Sinaarsis ele mentebis urTierTSesabamisobis Sesaxeb. erTerTi pirveli naSromi, romelSic gamoyenebul iqna amgvari midgoma, iyo leo Spitceris gamokvleva anri barbiusis SemoqmedebaSi sisxlisa da Wrilobis motivTa ganmeorebadobis Sesa xeb. iozef kiornerma yovelmxriv Seiswavla aseTi motivebi artur Snicleris SemoqmedebaSi.25 ufro gvian, Spitcerma scada, daedgina kavSiri ganmeorebad stilistur xer xebsa da avtoris filosofias Soris; misi azriT, ganmeorebebi Sarl pegis poeziaSi ukavSirdeba poetis gatacebas bergsonizmiT, xolo Jiul romenis stili _ mis unanimizms. kristian morgenSternis (nonsensuri leqsebis avtori, romelic, garkveulwilad, mogvagonebs luis kerolis leqsebs) sityvamiTebis analizi avlens, rom mas wakiTxuli unda hqondes mautneris nominalisturi ‘‘Kritik der Schprache’’, romelsac is daesesxa ZiriTad azrs: poetis ena kidev ufro Seucnobels xdis CvenTvis isedac miuwvdomel samyaros.26
leo Spitcers zogierT statiaSi gamoaqvs zomagadasuli daskvnebi, rodesac mwerlis stilistur niSanTvisebaTa ganxilvis safuZvelze adgens avtoris fsiqo logiur Tvisebebs. ase axasiaTebs Spitceri prusts; Sarl lui filipTan gvxdeba xSirad ganmeorebuli kons truqcia á cause de. mas ewodeba pseudo-objektive Motivierung, rac gulisxmobs melanqolias, erTgvar fatalizms; rables SemoqmedebaSi
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Spitceri aanalizebs sityvaTwarmoebas iseTi cnobili Ziridan, rogoricaa Sorbonne. rable qmnis mis mravalnair kombinaciebs savsebiT Seusabamo sufiqsebiT, raTa Seiqmnas mravalgvari usiamovno metsaxeli (mag.: Sorbonnagre = Sorbonne + onagre, anu `gadareuli viri~). Spitceris azriT, rablesTan SeimCneva konfliqti rea lursa da ararealurs, komizmsa da SiSs, utopiasa da naturalizms Soris.27 Spitceris TqmiT, ̀ is mentaluri aRgzneba, romelic warmoadgens gadaxras Cveni normaluri gonebrivi mdgomareobidan, unda warmoSobdes Sesabamis enob riv gadaxras normaluri metyvelebidan~.28
mogvianebiT TviT Spitcerma aRiara, rom fsiqologi uri stilistikis meTodi miesadageba `mxolod im mwerlebs, romelTa azriT, isini ̀ individualuri geniosebia~, maTi stili ki _ individualuri. aseTebia meTvramete saukunis da ufro gviandeli xanis mwerlebi; wina periodebSi mwerlebi (dantec ki) cdilobdnen obieqturi stiliT aesaxaT obieqturi sagnebi. swored imis gacnobierebam, rom `fsiqologiuri stilistika~ ar gamodgeba ufro adre uli perio debis mwerlaTa Semoqmedebis gansaxilvelad (erTaderTi Tval saCino gamonaklisia monteni), xeli Seuwyo kidev erTi tendenciis ganviTarebas, romelic Tavidanve warmodgenili iyo Cems naSromebSi _ esaa literaturis analizisas struqturuli meTodis gamoyeneba, rac avlens gansxvavebul mweralTa miznebis erTianobas, ise, rom ugulebelyofs romelime maTganis pirovnebas.~29
da marTlac, rogori gonivrulic unda iyos fsiqologiuri stilistikis zogierTi varaudi, mas SeiZleba davupirispiroT ori kontrargumenti. jer erTi, am gziT dadgenili stilisturi Taviseburebebi, ar sebiTad, emyareba ara dakvirvebebs enobriv masalaze, aramed _ ufro fsiqologiursa da ideologiur analizs, romlis daskvnebma unda gaamyaros enis analizi. es ar CaiTvleboda gamonaklisad, rom ara praqtika, romelSic lingvisturi dadastureba TavisTavad xSirad naZaladevia anda efuZneba Zalze aramyar sabuTebs. am tipis naSromebSi xSirad ivaraudeba, rom WeSmaritad didi xelovneba unda emyarebodes gamocdilebas, Erlebniss, xolo es termini gulisxmobs biografiuli Teoriis odnav Sesworebul versias. garda amisa, mcdaria warmodgenac, romlis Tanaxmad, zogierT stilisturi xerxi aucileblad Seesabameba garkveul gonebriv mdgomareobas.
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magaliTad, barokos problemebisadmi miZRvnil diskusiaSi germanel mkvlevarTa umravlesoba aRiarebda aucilebel Sesabamisobas, erTi mxriv, uRimRamo, bundovan da `RvlarWnil~ enasa da meores mxriv – Semoqmedis mgznebare, gaorebul da gatanjul suls Soris.30 magram saqme isaa, rom bundovani da `RvlarWnili~ stili SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos winaswar gaTvlili mizniT da garkveuli teqnikiT. saerTod ki, fsiqesa da sityvis urTierTmimarTeba gacilebiT ufro rTulia da gacilebiT naklebad eqvemdebareba raime wesebs, vidre es, Cveulebriv, hgoniaT.
amrigad, fsiqologiuri Stilforschung-is germanul skolas sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT. xSirad mis warmomadgenelTa Sromebi SeiZleba gveCvenos erTgvarad kamuflirebul genetikur fsiqologiad, da Tumca mis filosofiur safuZvlad iTvleba kroCes esTetika, magram am skolis principebi, arsebiTad, sxvagvaria. kroCes sistema, romelic, mTlianobaSi, monisturia, ar iZleva saSualebas, gavavloT mijna gonebis mdgomareobasa da mis enobriv gamoxatulebas Soris. kroCe gamudmebiT uaryofs yvela stilisturi da ritorikuli kategoriis Rirebulebas, sxvaobas stilsa da formas, formasa da Sinaarss, gamoxatulebasa da intuicias Soris. am tipis identifikaciaTa serias mivyavarT Teoriuli analizis SeuZleblobamde: swori amosavali azri poeturi Se moq medebis Semadgenel elementTa erTianobis Sesaxeb im zRvramdea miyvanili, rom ukve SeuZlebelia am elementTa gamonawevreba. cxadia, rom saWiroa erTmaneTisgan gamovyoT SemoqmedebiTi procesi da nawarmoebi, forma da Sinaarsi, azris gamoxatva da stili; Cven erTmaneTisgan gamovyofT am elementebs mxolod maTi analizis mizniT, ise, rom ar viviwyebT maTi ganuyoflobisa da saboloo erTianobis Sesaxeb; magram elementTa am gamoyofis gareSe ver gan xorcieldeba SemoqmedebiTi procesis racionalizacia, rac Seadgens kritikis arss.
Tu SegviZlia aRvweroT nawarmoebis an avtoris stili, maSin namdvilad SevZlebT nawarmoebTa jgufis an romeli me Janris aRwerasac. es exeba iseT Janrebs, rogorebicaa: goTu ri romani, elisabedis xanis drama, metafizikuri poezia; Cven SevZlebT gavaanalizoT iseTi stilis
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turi tipebic, rogoricaa, magaliTad, meCvidmete saukunis barokos sti li.31 Cveni ganzogadeba SeiZleba kidev ufro ganvavrcoT da aRvweroT periodisaTvis an mimdinareobisaTvis da maxasiaTebeli stili. sinamdvileSi amis Sesruleba em piriuli sizustiT Zalze Znelia. iseT wignebSi, ro gorebicaa e. baras Le Style poetique et la revolution romantique, anda luiz tonis Die Sprache des deutschen Impressionismus, mikvleulia bevri stilisturi xerxi, sintaqsuri da leqsi kuri Tavisebureba, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia mTeli skolisa Tu mimdinareobisTvis. bevri ram aris gakeTebu li Zveli tevtonuri poeziis stilis aRwerisTvis. magram am naSromebSi gaanalizebulia is stilebi, romlebic saer Toa skolis yvela (stilis TvalsazrisiT, metwilad erTgvarovani) warmomadgenlisTvis _ isini SeiZleba gan vixiloT iseve, rogorc ganvixilavT calkeuli mwer lebis stilebs. mTeli literaturuli epoqebisa da lite raturuli mimdinareobebis _ klasicizmis, roman tiz mis _ aRwera, TiTqmis dauZleveli winaaRmdegobebs waaw ydeba, radgan aucilebelia CamovayaliboT uaRresad gansxva vebuli mwerlebis (romlebic xSirad sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi arian) stilTa erTiani modeli.
vinaidan xelovnebaTmcodneobam SeimuSava stilTa (mag., antikuris, goTuris, renesansulis da barokos) monacvleobis farTod aRiarebuli koncefcia, Zalze mimzidvelia literaturis istoriaze misi gadatanis idea. magram aq Cven kvlav vubrundebiTY im problemas, romelsac ewodeba paralelizmi xelovnebaTa dargebSi da, agreTve, urTierTmimarTeba xelovnebasa da literaturas, ufro farTod ki, Cveni civilizaciis diad periodebs Soris.
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*mas Semdeg, rac ganvaxorcieleT poeturi na war
moebebis klasifikacia Sinaarsisa da Temebis mixed viT (imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu romeli tipis diskurss ganekuTvneba poezia); mas Semdeg, rac davuSviT, rom poeturi qmnilebis sazrisi ar gadmoicema misi prozauli parafraziT, aramed gamoixateba mis struqturaTa erTian kompleqsSi, ganvixilavT _ ZiriTadi poeturi struqturis saxiT _ oTx kategorias, romlebic saTaurSia dasaxelebuli.
Cvens erTerT Tanamedroves uTqvams, rom poeziis ori mTavari maorganizebeli principi aris metri da metafora; metic, ganagrZobs is, `metri da metafora `wyviluri cnebebia~, xolo poeziis Cveneuli gansazRvra sakmarisad zogadi unda iyos, raTa moicvas orive cneba da ganmartos maTi urTierTkavSiri~.1 poeziis zogadi Teoria, romelic am moTxovnaSia nagulisxmevi, brwyinvaled Camoayaliba kolrijma Tavis ‘‘Biographia Literaria’’Si.
magram aqvs Tu ara am oTx cnebas saerTo aRsaniSni obieqti? es terminebi semantikurad nawilobriv gadafaravs erTimeores da maTi moqmedebis sferoc erTi da igivea. albaT, terminTa am Cveni Tanamimdevrobis Sesaxeb _ saxe, metafora, simbolo da miTi _ SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored am mimarTulebiT xdeba poeziis im ori aspeqtis Serwyma, romlebic esoden mniSvnelovania literaturis TeoriisTvis. pirveli aspeqtSi poezia warmogvidgeba, rogorc gr Z nobadindividualuris ga moxatuleba, grZnobadi da esTetikuri mocemuloba, romelic poezias akavSirebs musikasTan, ferwerasTan, magram mijnavs filosofiisgan da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTagan; rac Seexeba meore aspeqts – es aris `figuracia~ an `tropologia~, anu `arapirdapiri,
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iribi~ diskursi, romelic mimarTavs metonimiebs da metaforebs, da nawilobriv erTmaneTs adarebs sxvadasxva samyaros, azustebs Tavis sagans sxva sistemaTa enebze Targmnis saSualebiT.2 gansxvavebiT mecnieruli diskursisagan, es orive SemTxveva asaxavs swored literaturis differentiae-s, mis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs. nacvlad imisa, rom Seqmnas abstraqciaTa sistema, rac mudam gamoixateba erTmniSvnelovan sityvier SesabamisobaTa Tanmimdevruli sistemiT, poezia agebs imgvar sityvaTa erTaderT ganumeorebel wyobas, romlebic erTdroulad sagnebicaa da niSnebic, ise, rom SeuZlebelia azris gamotana nebismieri sistemidan, mocemuli nawarmoebis mxatvruli sistemis garda.3
sakiTxis semantikuri siZneleebi marTlac damafiqrebelia, da aranairi mza `Svebawamali~ ar Cans, garda imisa, rom mudam yuradRebiT movekidoT terminTa konteqstualur gamoyenebas, gansakuTrebiT ki maTi polaruli dapirispirebis SemTxvevebSi.
saxiereba aris Tema, romelic Tanabrad miemarTeba rogorc fsiqologias, ise literaturaTmcodneobas. fsiqologiaSi sityva `saxe~ gulisxmobs SegrZnebebSi an aRqmaSi aRbeWdili (araaucileblad vizualuri) gamocdilebis mentalur reproduqcias. frensis galtonis (1880) pirveli kvlevebi miznad isaxavda imis dadgenas, Tu ramdenad Seswevs adamians unari, vizualurad aRidginos warsuli. man am kvlevebiT daadgina, raoden didad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan adamianebi TavianTi warmosaxvis unariT. magram saxiereba ar aris mxolod vizualuri xasiaTisa. fsiqologebma da esTetikis dargSi momuSave mkvlevrebma SeimuSaves saxeTa mravalgvari tipis klasifikacia. saxeebi arsebobs ara marto `gemos~ da `ynosvis~ sferoSi, aramed Termulic, proprioceptulic (`kinesTeturi~, `haptikuri~, `emfatikuri~). statikursa da kinetikur (an `dinamikur~) saxierebas Soris arsebobs mniSvnelovani sxvaoba. feriTi saxiereba SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes tradiciuli anda individualur simbo likiT, Tumca SeiZleba arc hqondes amgvari datvirTva. kinesTeturi saxeebi (ganurCevlad imisa, gamowveulia
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Tu ara is poetis aranormaluri fizikuri konstituciiT, Tu literaturul pirobiTobas warmoadgens) xasiaTdebian una riT, gadaerTvnen grZnobaTa erTi sferodan meoreSi, mag., bgeriTidan feriTSi. bolos, poeziis moyvarulisTvis sasargebloa icodes, rom arsebobs sxvaoba `bmul~ da `Tavisufal~ saxierebas Soris. pirveli aris smeniTi da kunTovani saxiereba (rac aucileblad amoqmeddeba, Tundac adamiani TavisTvis kiTxulobdes, e.i. ar axmovanebdes wakiTxuls); amgvari saxeebi erTnairia yvela mkiTxvelTan. meore exeba vizualur da sxvagvar saxeebs, romlebic sxvadasxvagvaria sxvadasxva adamianTan.4
jer kidev aqtualuria a.a. riCardsis debulebebi, romlebic Camoyalibebulia 1924 wels gamocemul `prin cipebSi: `yovelTvis zomaze meti mniSvneloba eni Weboda saxeTa grZnobad aspeqts. saxis qmediToba mis sicxoveles ki ar unda mivaweroT, aramed ufro mis unars, iyos cnobierebis faq ti, rac specifikurad ukavSirdeba grZnobad aRqmas~. saxis qmediTobas ganapirobebs misi `reliqturoba~ da, agreTve, is, rom saxe grZnobadi gamocdilebis reproduqcias axorcielebs.5
bunebrivia, rom saxidan, rogorc SegrZnebis reproduqciidan, unda gadavideTpoeziis meore aspeqtze, romelic warmoadgens kvlevis CvenTvis saintereso sferos, anu analogiis da Sedarebis Temas. aRweriT poeziaSic ki ar arsebobs mxolod vizualuri saxeebi; im avtorTa Soris, vinc scada Seeqmna `imaJinisturi~ Tu `fizikuri~ poezia, sabolood mxolod ramdenimem moaxerxa Semoifargluliyo mxolod da mxolod gare samyaros suraTebis asaxviT. arsebiTad, isini amisken arc ki iswrafvodnen. ezra paundma, ramdenime poeturi mimdinareobis Teoretikosma, `saxe~ gansazRvra ara rogorc xatovani reprezentacia, aramed rogorc `inteleqtualur da emociuri kompleqsis asaxva drois garkveul momentSi~, rogorc `Seusabamo ideebis gaerTianeba~. imaJinistebis kredoSi naTqvamia:, `Cven gvjera, rom poeziam detalebi zustad unda asaxos da Tavi aaridos zogads da bundovans, ragind tkbilxmovanic unda iyos is”. maSin, rodesac
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elioti adidebs dantes da Tavs esxmis miltons, igi ufro dogmaturi Cans Tavisi aqcentiT Bildlichkeitze. misi sityvebiT, `danteseuli warmosaxva vizualuria~. is alegoristia, `xolo gaTviTcnobierebuli poe tisaTvis alegoria niSnavs `vizualur saxes~. meore mx riv, samwuxarod, miltoniseuli `warmosaxva smeniTia~. vi zualuri saxeebi ‘‘LÁllegro’’Si da ‘‘Il Penseroso’’Si `mTlianad zogadia.. miltoni ver xedavs konkretul mxvnels, merZeve qa ls an mwyemss. am leqsebis grZnobadi efeqti mTlianad yur ze da smenazea gaTvlili da Seesabameba zogad warmodge nas mxvnelis, merZeve qalis da mwyemsis Sesaxeb.”6
yvela am gamoTqmaSi aqcenti keTdeba ufro particularityze, `gansakuTrebulze~, da `samyaroTa kavSirze~ (amaSia analogiis, mag., alegoriis arsi: `Seusabamo ideebis gaerTianeba~), vidre grZnobad elementze. …vizualuri saxe warmoadgens SegrZne bas an aRqmas, magram amasTanave is, ase vTqvaT, `warmogvidgens~ da mimarTavs raRac uxilavs da `Sinagans~. is SeiZleba iyos erTdroulad prezentaciac da reprezentaciac (‘‘the black bat night has flown”.. ‘‘Yonder all before us lie Desarts of vast eternity”). saxe SeiZleba iyos `aRweriTi” (asea Cvens magaliTebSic), an warmoadgendes metaforas. magram SeiZleba Tu ara, rom saxe, romelic ar iyo Cafiqrebuli rogorc metafora, anu ar iyo danaxuli `gonebis TvaliT”, iqces simbolod? gana yovelgva ri aRqma SerCeviTi ar aris?7
ase, midlton meri miakuTvnebs ̀ simbolos~ da ̀ metaforas~ ritorikis `formalur klasifikacias~ da gvTavazobs, rom `saxe~ gamoviyenoT rogorc orive maTganis momcveli termini. amasTan erTad, is gvafrTxilebs: `kate goriulad unda ugulebelvyoT is varaudi, rom saxe aucileblad (an umeteswilad) vizualuri unda iyos~. saxe `SeiZleba iyos vizualuri, smeniTic, anda mTlianad fsiqologiuri~.8 iseTi gansxvavebuli mwerlebis Semoq medebaSi, rogorebic arian Seqspiri, emili bronte da po, SegviZlia davrwmundeT, rom foni (`monacemTa~ sistema) xSirad metaforaa anda simbolo: aboboqrebuli zRva, qariSxali, veluri tramali, nestSi, mTis mrume tbasTan mdgomi, nangrevebad qceuli cixedarbazi.
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iseve rogorc `saxem”, `simbolomac~ misca Tavisi saxeli cnobil literaturul mimdinareobas.9 `saxis~ msgavsad, `simbolo” kvlav Cndeba sruliad gansxvavebul konteqstSi da sxvadasxvagvari mizniT. mas, rogorc termins, iyeneben logikaSi, maTematikaSi, semantikaSi, semiotikasa da epistemologiaSi; mas aqvs, agreTve, xangrZlivi istoria iseT sferoebSi, rogoric aris Teologia (`simbolo~ warmoadgens `sarwmunoebis~ erTerT sinonims), liturgia, saxviTi xelovneba da poezia. sityvis yvela am Tanamedrove mniSvnelobisTvis saerToa maTi Tviseba, aRniSnon raRac ufro meti, mianiSnon raRacis uTqmelobaze. magram berZnu li sityva, rac niSnavs gaerTianebas, Sedarebas, gvkarna xobs, rom analogia niSansa da aRsaniSns Soris imTaviTve arsebobda. is jerac aris nawilobriv SemorCenili am terminis Tanamedrove mniSvnelobaSi. `simbolo~ algebrasa da logikaSi pirobiTi, SeTanxmebis Sedegad SerCeuli niSania; rac Seexeba religiur simboloebs, isini efuZnebi an raRac Sinagan kavSirs `niSansa~ da `aRsaniSns~, metonimiasa Tu metaforas Soris: jvari, kravi da mwyemsi keTili. sasurvelia, rom sityva `simbolo~ amave mniSvnelobiT iqnas gamoyenebuli literaturis TeoriaSi: rogorc obieqti, romelic gamoxatavs sruliad sxva raimes, magram, amasTan, TavisTavadac ipyrobs yuradRebas, radgan axdens, agreTve, sakuTari mniSvnelobis prezentacias.10
arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, `wminda simbolizmi” religiasa da poeziaSi daiyvaneba garkveuli wesebis mixedviT gaformebul grZnobad saxeebamde, anda unacvlebs `niSnebis~ an `saxeebis~ mocemul sistemas moraluri an filosofiuri transcendentuli realobiT, rac maT miRma arsebobs. meore TvalsazrisiT, simbolizmi, aris ideebis mizanmimarTuli xorcSesxma TvalsaCino, konkretulgrZnobad cnebebSi, romelTac SemecnebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs. magram, kolrijis SexedulebiT, `alegoria warmoadgens `abstraqtuli cnebebis ubralo Targmans TvalsaCinod warmodgenili suraTebis enaze, imgvarad, rom es ukanaskneli TviTonac warmoadgens grZnobebiT aRqmuli sagnebis
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abs traqcias~; `simbolo ki yovelTvis ganisazRvreba zogadgvareobrivis gamovleniT kerZoobiTSi, an sayovelTaosi _ calkeulSi; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,SesaZlebeli xdeba maradisobis (`sinaTlis~) ganWvreta drois miRma.~11
ra ganasxvavebs `simbolos~ `saxisgan~ da `metaforisgan”? Cveni azriT, es, upirveles yovlisa, aris `simbolos” ganmeorebadoba da mdgradoba. `saxe~ SeiZleba erTxel iyos gamoyenebuli rogorc metafora, magram Tu kvlavac meordeba, rogorc prezentacia da reprezentacia, igi simbolod iqceva da SeiZleba simboluri (an miTuri) sistemis nawiladac iqces. bleikis `ubiwoebis~ da `gancdis sagaloblebze~, j.h. uikstidi wers: `simbolizmi wminda saxiT aq SedarebiT naklebadaa, magram simboluri metaforebi Warbad gvxvdeba~. Tavis adreul eseSi _ `warmmarTveli simboloebis Sesaxeb~ _ romelic Selis poezias exeba, ieitsi aRniSnavs: `garda uamravi saxisa, romelTaTvisac ar aris niSandoblivi simbolosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansazRvruloba [fiqsirebuloba?], mis poeziaSi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT bevri saxe, romlebic namdvilad simboloebs warmoadgenen, da ramdenime wlis Semdeg igi am simboloebs sul ufro metad iyenebda sagangebo simboluri mniSvnelo biT~, _ magaliTad, mRvimeebisa da koSkebis saxeebs.12
es xSiri movlenaa: mwerlis adreul SemoqmedebaSi aRwerili `garemo~ gviandeli periodis nawarmoebebSi transformacias ganicdis da `simbolod~ gadaiqceva. Tavis adreul romanebSi henri jeimsi skrupulozurad warmoaCens pirovnebebsa da maT garemos, maSin rodesac gviandeli periodis romanebSi yvela saxe metaforad da simbolod gvevlineba.
rodesac vmsjelobT poeturi simbolizmis Sesaxeb, Tanamedrove poetis ̀ individualuri simbolizmi~ unda ganvasxvavoT warsuli xanis poetebis savsebiT gasagebi simbolizmisgan. es Tvalsazrisi Tavidan, sul cota, braldebad JRerda; magram amJamad Cveni damokidebuleba poeturi simbolizmisadmi kvlav uaRresad winaaRmdegob rivia. `individualuris~ alternativis formulireba Zne lia: Tu `Cveulebrivsa~ da
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`tradiciuls~ gamoviyenebT, ma Sin davupirispirdebiT Cvensave survils, rom poezia axali unda iyos, unda gangvacvifros. `individualuri simboliz mi~ gulisxmobs sistemas, da gulisyuriani mkvlevari SeZ lebs igi ise ganmartos, rogorc amas axerxebs kriptografi ucxo teqstis gaSifrvisas. mravali individualuri sistema (mag., Tundac bleikisa da ieitsis) mniSvnelovanwilad moicavs tradiciul simboloebs, Tumca Tavs aridebs mis yvelaze `popularul~ formebs.13
`individualuri~ da `tradiciuli~ simbolizmis ganxilvis Semdeg sapirispiro polusze aRmovaCenT erTgvar xalxur `bunebriv~ simbolizms, romelic aseve rTuli movlenaa. frostis zogierT saukeTeso poe maSi gamoyenebulia bunebrivi simboloebi, romelTa mniSvnelobis dadgena Znelia: `gza, romelsac ar dava deqi~, `kedlebi~, `mTa~. poemaSi `SevCerdi tyis piras~ sityvebi _ `daZinebamde Sori gzaa gasavleli~ – Cveni azriT, mgzavrisTvis bunebrivi frazaa; magram buneb rivi simbolizmis enaze `Zili~ xom `kvdomas~ niSnavs; davaw yviloT kontrastis safuZvelze `tye mSvenieri, bneli, uRrani~ (samive zedsarTavi dadebiTi mniSvnelobisaa) zneobrivsazogadoebrivi datvirTvis mqone sityvebTan: `erTguli viyo danapirebis~. aucileblad SevigrZnobT, rom garkveul momentSi esTetikuri Wvre ta iwvevs Sinagani Tavisuflebis SegrZnebas. albaT, ar arsebobs poeziis moy varuli adamiani, romelsac ar miizidavs frosti; mag ram, nawilobriv Tavisi bunebrivi simbolizmis gamo, frostma miipyro mkiTxvelTa Zalze farTo wreebis yuradReba. bevrma mkiTxvelma, raki erTxel ukve gaiazra simboloTa SesaZleblobebi, SeiZleba gadaWarbebuli mniSvneloba mianiWos maT (sul erTia, es `bunebrivi~ simboloebia, Tu maTi Tanmdevi simboloebi) da frostis polisemantikur gamoTqmebs miaweros iseTi gansazRvruloba da sicxade, rac ucxoa poeturi enis bunebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT _ Tanamedrove poeturi enisTvis.14
Cveni meoTxe terminia `miTi~, romelic aristoteles `poetikaSi~ aRniSnavs siuJets, naratiul struqturas da `fabulas~. misi antonimi da sapirispiro cneba `logosia~. `miTi~ aris narativi, ambavi, Txroba _ dialeqtikuri diskursis sapirispirod. `miTi~ iracionaluria, intui ci
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uri, da amiT gansxvavdeba filosofiuri sistemurobisgan: SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is aris sokrates dialeqtikasTan dapiris pirebuli esqiles tragedia.15
`miTi~ gamorCeuli terminia Tanamedrove kritikaSi. igi dominirebs Semecnebis mniSvnelovan sferoSi, rome lic moicavs religias, folklors, sociologias, fsiqoana lizs da saxviT xelovnebas. misi oponentebia `istoria~, `mecniereba~, `filosofia~, `alegoria~, `WeSmariteba~.16
meCvidmetemeTvramete saukuneebSi, ganmanaTle blobis xanaSi, am termins Cveulebriv hqonda damakninebeli konotacia: miTi iyo gamonagoni, `fiqcia~, romelsac ar hqonda araviTari mecnieruli Tu istoriuli safuZveli. magram ukve vikos `Scienza nuova~Si aqcenti gadatanilia imaze, rac germaneli romantikosebidan, agreTve _ kolri jidan, emersonidan da nicSedan moyolebuli, Tan d aTanobiT wamyvan elementad gadaiqca: es iyo `miTosis” cneba, romelic, poeziis msgavsad, aRiqmeboda rogorc WeSmaritebis kategoria an misi ekvivalenti, rac ar upi rispirdeba istoriul da mecnierul WeSmaritebas da mis danamats warmoadgens.17
istoriulad miTs win uswrebs rituali, romelsac is Seesabameba; miTi aris `ritualis sityvieri nawili, ambavi, romelic gaTamaSebulia ritualSi~. rituali sruldeba qurumis mier mier, raTa Tavidan iSoros ubedureba an moizidos iRbali; rituali iseTsave aucileblobas warmoadgenda, rogorc mosavali da adamianis nayofiereba, rogorc iniciacia axalgazrdisa Tavisi sazogadoebis kulturaSi da, samomavlod, micva lebulTa saTanado uzrunvelyofa. miTi, ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT, niSnavs nebismier anonimurad SeTxzul ambavs, romelic mogviTxrobs warmoSobasa da bedze: sazogadoeba ganumartavs axalgazrdebs, rogor warmoiSva samyaro da ratom viqceviT Cven ise, rogorc viqceviT. da am ganmartebebSi aisaxeba bunebisa da adamianis bedis STambeWdavi saxeebi.18
rogorc Cans, literaturis TeoriisaTvis mniSvnelovan motivebs warmoadgens saxe (an suraTi), socialuri, zebunebrivi (arabunebrivi, iracionaluri), narativi (ambavi),
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arqetipuli (universaluri), maradiuli idealebis simboluri asaxva konkretuli droiT gan pirobebuli movlenebis meSveobiT, saprogramo (an es qa tologiuri), da, bolos, mistikuri. Tanamedrove az rov neba, miTologizmisadmi swrafvisas, SeiZleba dae fuZ nos CamoTvlilTagan nebismier motivs, Semdeg ki sxvebsac. amasTan dakavSirebiT, soreli acxadebs, rom mTeli msoflios muSaTa `saerTo gaficva~ aris `miTi~; aseTi ideali arasodes iqceva istoriul faqtad, magram is warmodgenili un da iyos, rogorc samomavlo movlena; mxolod am gziT hpoveben muSebi aucilebel Zalebsa da rwmenas; miTi aris prog rama. qristianul esqatologiaze saubrisas, niburi mas miTurs uwodebs: meored mosvla da gankiTxvis dRe momav lis saxeebSi warmogvidgens im zneobriv, sulier Sefasebebs, romlebic arsebobs amJamad (da yovelTvis).19 Tu miTs upirispirdeba mecniereba an filosofia, aseT SemTxvevaSi warmosaxul, intuiciurad Semecnebul konkretulobas upirispirdeba ganyenebuli racionaluri cneba. saerTod, literaturis Teoretikosebisa da apologetebis winaSe miTi avlens Tavis bunebas: miTi aris socialuri, anonimuri da sazogadoebrivi movlena. Cven SeiZleba vicodeT, vinaa Tanamedrove miTebis avtori an avtorebi. magram aseT qmnilebas mainc SeiZleba hqondes miTis Tvisebrivi statusi – Tundac daviwyebuli iyos misi avtori, an is saerTod ar iyos cnobili. mTavaria, rom miTi aRiarebuli iyos koleqtivis mier, Seesatyvisebodes mis moTxovnebs.
am terminis sazRvrebis dadgena advili ar aris; Tanamedrove warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, is miiswrafvis ̀ Semecnebis sferosken~. Cven gvsmenia mxatvrebze da poetebze, romlebic gatacebuli arian miTologiis ZiebiT; gagebuli gvaqvs `miTebi~ progressa da demokratiaze. Cven gveubnebian, rom `miTi dabrunda msoflio mwerlobaSi~. amasTanave, isic gvsmenia, rom erTi vinme miTs ver Seqmnis, verc gadawyvets, rom irwmunos is, da verc aqcevs mas rea lobad Tavisi nebiT: miTi wignma Secvala, iseve, ro gorc kosmopoliturma qalaqma Secvala qalaqsaxelmwifos ho mogenuri sazogadoeba.20
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sWirdeba Tu ara Tanamedrove adamians miTi, an saerTod, miTologia, urTierTdakavSirebuli miTebis sistema? nicSes Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, sokratem da sofistebma, anu `inteleqtualebma~ Ziri gamouTxares berZenTa `kulturas~. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom ganmanaTleblobam daangria qristianuli `miTologia~, anda Seudga mis dangrevas. magram sxva mwerlebis azriT, Tanamedrove adamians aqvs zerele, araadekvaturi da iqneb, sulac `yalbi~ miTebi: aseTia miTi `progresze~ da `Tanasworobaze~, an kidev sayovelTao ganaTlebaze, an im higienur da modur keTildReobaze, romelsac ase gvawonebs reklama. albaT, am ori Tvalsazrisis Serigeba SesaZlebelia mxolod imis aRia rebiT, rom rodesac `Tanamedroveoba~ Tu `modernizmi” arRvevs Zvel, Cveul cxovrebiseul wesebs (ritualebs, maTi Tanmxlebi miTebiTurT), maSin adamianTa umravlesoba (an saerTod, yvela) sulier sicarieles ganicdis _ maT ar akmayofilebs abstraqciebi da amitom cdiloben Seavson sicariele umwifari, saxeldaxelod SeTxzuli, fragmentuli miTebiT (im suraTebiT, rac SeiZleba momxdariyo, anda rac maTTvis sasurvelia). saubari miTis saWiroebaze, roca saqme exeba fantaziisa da warmosaxvis mqone mwerals, imaze migvaniSnebs, rom is miiswrafvis sazogadoebisken, surs, daimsaxuros sazogadoebaSi aRiarebuli statusi xelovanisa. frangma simbolistebma miaRwies nebayoflobiT izolacias sazogadoebisgan. am `hermetul~ poetebs miaCndaT, rom maT winaSe iyo arCevani: erTi mxriv, xelovnebis komerciuli prostituireba, meore mxriv ki, wminda xelovnebis msaxureba. magram ieitsi, miuxedavad imisa, rom aRmerTebda malarmes, mainc grZnob da saWiroebas, kavSiri hqonoda irlandiasTan. amitom tradiciuli kelturi miTologia man ganaaxla Tanamedrove irlandiis sakuTari miTologizebuli versiiT, romelSic SesaZlebelia angloirlandiuri neoklasicistebis (e.w. avgustinelebis _ sviftis, berklis da biorkis) iseTive Tavisufali interpretacia, rogorc veiCel lindzis amerikeli gmirebisa.21
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bevr mwerals miTi warmoudgenia poeziisa da religiis saerTo mniSvnelad. rasakvirvelia, arsebobs Ta namedrove xedvac _ metiu arnoldi da a.a. riCardsi (ad reul naSromebSi) acxadebdnen, rom poezia sul ufro aqtiurad ikavebs religiis adgils, romlisac aRar sjeraT Ta namedrove inteleqtualebs. magram gacilebiT ufro da ma fiqrebelia is warmodgena, rom religiis adgils poezia xangrZlivad ver daisakuTrebs, vinaidan misi arseboba di dad ver gadaametebs religiisas. religia unda vaRiaroT ufro maRali rangis misteriad, poezia ki – naklebisa. religiuri miTi warmoadgens farTo uflebamosilebiT aRWurvil poetur metaforas. ase, magaliTad, filip uilraiti, romelic gamoxatavs protests imis mimarT, rom pozitivistTa `religiuri WeSmariteba da poeturi WeSmariteba uaryofilia rogorc fiqcia~, amave dros aRiarebs `miTurreligiuri perspeqtivis~ aucileblobas. am Tvalsazrisis ufro adrindeli ingliseli momxre da war momadgeneli aris jon denisi, xolo SedarebiT gviandeli xanisa – artur meiCeni.22
Zveli literaturuli gamokvlevebi zereled, garegnuli monacemebis mixedviT msjeloben saxis, metafo ris, simbolosa da miTis Sesaxeb; metwilad ganixilavdnen maT, rogorc samSvenisebs, ritorikul ornamentebs da ami tom Seiswavlidnen, rogorc nawarmoebebis izolirebul elementebs. Cveni azriT, literaturis mniSvneloba da funqcia ZiriTadad warmoCenili aris metaforasa da miTSi. arsebobs iseTi procesebi, romlebsac hqvia metaforuli da miTologiuri azrovneba, azrovneba metaforebis saSualebiT, azrovneba poeturi narativis an xedvis saSualebiT. yvela es termini Cvens yuradRebas miapyrobs literaturuli nawarmoebis im aspeqtebs, sadac Zveli antagonistebi _ `forma~ da `Sinaarsi~ _ ganuyofel mTlianobas warmoqm nis. es terminebi or urTierTsapirispiro tendencias asaxavs: erTi mxriv, isini gamoxataven poeziis swrafvas `suraTisa~ da `sam yarosken~, xolo meore mxriv – religiisa da Weltan-schauungisken. Tu Tvals gadavavlebT maT Semswavlel Tanamedrove meTodebs, kidec vigrZnobT am swrafvas. maSin,
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rodesac Zveli meTodologia ganixilavda maT, rogorc mxatvrul (Tumc ki, ubralod, dekoratiuli daniSnulebis mqone) xerxebs, amJamad Warbi yuradReba eTmoba (rac aseve arasasurvelia) Weltanschauungs. bunebrivia, rom neoklasikuri periodis dasasruls Sotlandieli ritoris azriT, saWiroa simboloebisa da metaforebis zustad gaTvlili SerCeva; froidis Tanamedrove mimdevrebi, piriqiT, fiqroben, rom yvela saxe qvecnobieris gamovlinebas warmoadgens. saWiroa davicvaT harmoniuli wonasworoba ritorikasa da fsiqologiur biografizms Soris, romelic garduvalad ukavSirdeba `ideur Sinaarss~.
ukanaskneli ocdaxuTi wlis manZilze ganuxrelad viTardeboda rogorc literaturis Teoria, ise praqtika. xorcieldeboda mxatvruli gaformebis da, kerZod, poetikis tipologiis gansazRvris mcdelobebi. arsebobs monog rafiebi da eseebi, romlebic eZRvneba saxierebis problemas konkretuli poetebis SemoqmedebaSi, konkretul nawarmoebebSi (pirvel rigSi, SeqspirTan). `praqtikuli kritikis~ gansakuTrebuli sicxovlis fonze, Cvens xelTaa ramdenime SesaniSnavi naSromi, romlebic gamoirCeva ma Rali Teoriuli da meTodologiuri doniT. maTSi Zalze kritikulad ganixileba praqtikosTa zerele varaudebic.
mravaljer scades, or an sam kategoriad daeyoT mraval ricxovani ritorikuli figurebi, romelTa saerTo rao denoba oras ormocdaaTs aRwevs. `sqemebi~ da `tropebi~ TavisTavad maT ricxvSi Sedis, da dayofa xdeba `bgeriT~ da `azrobriv figurebad~. kidev erTi mcdelobaa `metyvelebis figurebis~ an `verbaluri figurebis~ gamoyofa `azris figurebisagan~. miuxedavad amisa, orive diqotomias aqvs Tavisi nakli imis gamo, rom gvTavazobs gareSe struqturas, romelsac ara aqvs eqspresiuli funqcia. marTlac, nebismieri tradiciuli sistemidan gamomdinare, riTmac da aliteraciac warmoadgens fonetikur `sqemas~ da akustikur ornaments. miuxedavad amisa, viciT, rom rogorc sawyis riTmas, aseve boloriTmas SeuZliaT Seasrulon SemakavSirebeli azrobrivi komponentis roli, rogorc semanti
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kur wyvils. mecxramete saukuneSi kalamburs miiC nevdnen `sityvaTa TamaSad~, `maxvilgonierebis udables formad~; meTvramete saukuneSi adisonma kalamburs `yalbi maxvilgoniereba” uwoda. magram barokos xanaSi, iseve ro gorc Tanamedrove poetebis SemoqmedebaSi, kalamburi farTod gavrcelda: `omofonis~ an `omonimis~ saSualebiT ideebi erTgvari `orazrovnebiT~ aRiWurveboda.23
aRar gavagrZelebT sityvas sqemebze. savsebiT relevanturia SegviZlia poeturi tropebis dayofa momijnaveobis figurebad da msgavsebis figurebad.
momijnaveobis tradiciul figurebad iTvleba metonimia da sinekdoqe. SesaZlebelia maTSi gamoxatu li urTierTmimarTebebis logikuri da raodenobrivi gaanalizeba: mizezi enacvleba Sedegs (anda piriqiT); WurWeli enacvleba SigTavss; msazRvruli enacvleba Tavis sazRvruls (`soflis simwvane~, `zRvis mlaSe siRrme~). iTvleba, rom sinekdoqeSi mimarTeba figurebsa da referents Soris Sinagani xasiaTisaa: esaa raRac ufro didis warmomadgeneli _ nawili mTelis nacvlad, rogorc gvaris warmomadgeneli, Sinaarsi, romelic gansazRvravs formasac da funqciasac.
Sirlis cnobil striqonebSi, sadac metonimia tradiciuli formiT gamoiyeneba, socialur klasebs ganasaxierebs Cveulebrivi piradi aRWurviloba, instrumenti an iaraRi:
Sceptre and crown must tumble downAnd in the dust be equal madeWith the poor crooked scythe and spade.
ufro STambeWdavia metonimiuri `gadanacvlebuli zedsarTavi~ _ stilisturi niSani, romelic damaxasiaTebelia iseTi poetebisTvis, rogorebic iyvnen vergiliusi, spenseri, miltoni da grei; ̀ senfois usulo, mkvdari mziTevi~: aq epiTeti mflobelisgan gadadis saganze, romelsac floben. greis `mTvlemare wkarunSi~ da miltonis `xalisian zarebSi~, epiTetebi Sesabamisad miekuTvneba mflobelmatarebels da mnaTes. rode
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sac miltoniseuli ruxi mweri `Caberavs Tavis mxurvale sayvirs~, es epiTeti gvaxsenebs cxel zafxulis saRamos, romelic asociaciiT ukavSirdeba am mweris bzuils. yvela es SemTxveva, ukonteqstod citirebuli, SeiZleba wavikiTxoT gansxvavebuli, animisturi gagebiT. mTavaria, gadavwyvitoT, operatiuli asociaciuri logikaa es, Tu nacvlad amisa, is mkveTrad aris personalizebuli myari gapirovneba.
religiuri poezia, iqneba es kaTolikuri Tu evangelisturi, TiTqos aucileblad metaforuli unda iyos, da ZiraTadad, es marTlac asea. magram doqtori ua tsi, neo klasikuri himnebis avtori, metonimiis wyalobiT aRwevs STam beWdav, gulSiCamwvdom da amave dros, didebul efeqts:
When I survey the wondrous crossOn which the Prince of Glory died,My richest gain I count but lossAnd pour contempt on all my pride.
See, from his head, his hands, his sideSorrow and lowve frow mingled down;Did eér such love and sorrow meetOr thorns compose so rich a crown?
sxva epoqis stils naCvevi mkiTxveli am himnis mosmeni sas ver Caswvdeba imas, rom `sevda~ da `siyvaruli~ uTanabrde ba `wyals~ da `sisxls~. is siyvaruls Seewira: siyvaru li mizezia, xolo sisxli – efeqti, Sedegi. meCvidmete saukunis poetis, frensis qvorelzis poeziaSi `zizRis Rvra~ saxieri metaforaa, misi axsnac SeiZleba _ siamayis cecxli, romelsac zizRiT savse kasri gadaesxmeba da Caaqrobs; magram `sxma~ Tu `Rvra~ aq semantikurad SemWidroebulia: raoden Zlier mezizReba mediduroba.
saboloo angariSiT, es magaliTebi warmoadgenen sityvis viwro mniSvnelobiT xmarebas. bolo dros Semo Tavazebuli iyo ramdenime gabeduli koncefcia me tonimiis rogorc literaturuli modis Sesaxeb. isic ki dauSves,
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rom metonimia da metafora SeiZleba iyos ori poeturi tipis damaxasiaTebeli struqturebi; pirveli maTgania poezia, romelic iwvevs asociaciebs momijnaveobis mixedviT, moZraobas Txrobis Caketil samyaroSi; meore tipis poezia emyareba asociacias msgavsebis mixedviT, moi cavs mravali samyaros da, biuleris maxvilgonieri gamoTqmiT, `sfero Ta koqteils~ Tqvefs.24
SesaniSnav naSromSi uitmenis Sesaxeb d.s. mirski acxadebs: `culis simReris~ mravlobiTi saxeebi aris metonimiuri saxeebis dausrulebeli nakadi, magaliTebi da egzemplarebi, romelTac emyareba demokratiuli konstruqciuloba~.25
uitmenis Cveulebrivi poeturi meTodi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, rogorc gansazRvruli msxvili paraleluri kategoriebis analitikuri, sagnobrivsaxeldebiTi gaSla. simRerebSi, romlebic agebulia paralelizmis principiT (`simRera Cemze~), poeti gatacebiT axvavebs detalebs da individualobebs, rogorc mTlianobis nawilebs. imis miuxedavad, rom Zalian uyvars CamonaTvali, uitmeni arc pluralistia da arc personalisti: is paTetikuri monis tia da misi `katalogebis~ Sedegia ara sirTule, aramed si martive. Tavidan is jer gaSlis Tavis kategoriebs, xolo Semdeg ki mimarTavs maT ilustrirebas magaliTebiT.
metafora poetikebis avtorebisa da ritorebis yuradRebas ipyrobda aristoteles (romelsac miemarTeba es orive gansazRvreba) droidan moyolebuli. ukanaskne li wlebis manZilze man ukve lingvistebis yuradRebac miiqcia. riCardsi gadaWriT gmobda metaforis mowyvetas normaluri lingvisturi praqtikidan, vinaidan metafora warmoadgens daxasiaTebis Seucvlel wyaros. skamis `fexi~, mTis `Ziri~ da boTlis `yeli~ analogiis safuZvelze akavSirebs sxeulis nawilebs usulo sagnebis nawilebTan. magram am tipis kavSirebi imdenad aris asimilirebuli enaSi, rom maT metaforulad aRar aRiqvamen TviT yvelaze mgrZnobiare literaturaTmcodneebi da lingvistebi. esaa `gaxunebuli~, `gacveTili~ an `mkvdari~ metaforebi.26
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Cven valdebulni varT, specifikuri poeturi metaforisagan ganvasxvavoT is metafora, romelic, riCardsis termini rom vixmaroT, `enis marad arsebul princips” ganasaxierebs. pirvels jorj kempbeli `ritorikuls” miakuTvnebs, xolo meores – `gramatikuls~. gramatikosi sityvebs ganixilavs maTi etimologiis TvalsazrisiT, xolo ritori sityvebs udgeba im kuTxiT, axdenen Tu ara isini `msmenelze metaforis efeqts~. vund ti, albaT, metaforebad ar miiCnevda iseT lingvistur `moRalateebs~, rogorebicaa magidis `fexi~ da mTis `Ziri~, vinaidan WeSmariti me taforizmis kriteriumad aRiarebda emociuri efeqtis moxdenis gaazrebul da Segnebul survils. h. konradi `lingvistur~ metaforas upirispirebs `esTetikurs~ da miuTiTebs, rom pirveli (mag., magidis `fexi”) gamoyofs sagnis warmmarTvel niSans, maSin, rodesac meoris mizania, Seqmnas axali warmodgena saganze, `axal wyalSi amoavlos is~.27
im SemTxvevebidan, romelTa klasifikaciac Znelia, albaT, yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovania romelime literaturuli skolis an TaobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli `sazia ro~ poeturi metaforebi. magaliTebad gamodgeba `bone-house~, `swan-road~, `word-hoard~ da Zveli ingliseli poete bis sxva saxemetaforebi; homerosiseuli `fiqsirebuli metaforebi~, magaliTad, `vardisferTiTeba riJraJi” (rac `iliadas~ pirvel wignSi ocdaSvidjer aris gameorebuli); elisabedis xanis `margalitis kbilebi~, `lalisferi bageni~, `spilos Zvlis feri kiseri~, da `oqros simis dari Tma”; an kidev inglisuri neoklasicizmis xanaSi gavrcelebuli: `wylis veli~, `vercxlad daRvrili nakadulebi~, `minanqris mindvrebi~.28 Tanamedrove mkiTxvels SeiZleba moeCvenos, rom zogierTi maTgani (gansakuTrebiT is magaliTebi, romlebic anglosaqsonuridan aris aRebuli) gabedulia da `poeturi~, maSin, rodesac danarCen magaliTTa umravlesoba `gaxunebulia~ da ucnauri. unda gvaxsovdes, rom umecrebas ZaluZs daumsaxureblad miiCnios ori gi nalur saxed gaugebari warmoSobis pirvelive magaliTi. da marT
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lac, etimologiuri metaforebi, romel Ta `rea lizacia~ xdeba ara im pirTa mier, visTvisac es ena mSob liuria, aramed ucxoelebis mier (aq vgulisxmobT maT `ana litikur mgrZnobelobas), romlebic am magali Tebs indi vidualur poetur miRwevad miiCneven.29 meore mxriv, marTlac kargad unda vicnobdeT enasac da literaturul pirobiTobasac, raTa saTanadod SevafasoT konkretuli poetis metaforistuli ganwyobasurvilebi. Zveli inglisuri poeziis `bone-house~ da `swanroad~ cxadia, exmianeba homerosiseuli `frTiani sityvebis~ tipsa da kategorias. isini warmoadgenden poetTa ostatobaganswavlulobis nawils da siamovnebas aniWeben msmenlebs Tavisi tradiciulobiT, imiT, rom ganekuTvnebian poeziis profesiul, ritualur enas. metaforuli elementi maTSi ar aris mTlianad realizebuli, magram arc imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom is mTlianad `aorTqlebulia~: saeklesio simbolizmis udidesi nawilis msgavsad, maTzec SeiZ leba iTqvas, rom isini ritualuri tipisani arian.30
bunebrivia, rom Cvens xanaSi, rodesac yvelaferi genetikis TvalsazrisiT ganixileba, didi yuradReba daeT mo metaforaTa warmoSobas, da amaSi igulisxmeba sinamdvilis aRqmisa da gaazrebis rogorc lingvisturi principi, ise literaturuli xerxi. `ontogenezi imeorebs filogenezs~, da piriqiT: Cven gvjera, rom Tu analitikurad davakvirdebiT primitiul sazogadoebebsa da bavSvebs, SevZlebT preistoriuli kulturis istoriis rekonstruqcias. hainc verneris TvalsazrisiT, metafora aqtiuria mxolod iseT primitiul xalxebSi, romlebsac aqvT tabu, anu sagnebi, romelTa namdvili saxelis xseneba dauSvebelia.31 umalve gvaxsendeba ebraelTa midrekileba metaforizaciisadmi, ris gamoc maT uSualod arasodes dausaxelebiaT `ieRova~, romelsac isini metaforulad uwodebdnen kldes, mzes, loms, da a.S.; Semdeg ki gagvaxsendeba evfemizmebi Cvens sakuTar yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. magram etyoba, ganwyobas marto SiSis momgvre li aucilebloba ar aCens. Cven metaforas viyenebT imis mimarT, rac gviyvars, rasac Cveni azri da fiqri siamovnebiT das
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trialebs, raTa yoveli kuTxidan davaTvalieroT nebismier `Suqsa da naTelSi~, rodesac is airekleba sagangebo fokusSi yvelanairi msgavsi sagnebis daxmarebiT.
Tuki enobrivi da ritualuri metaforidan gadaverTvebiT poeturi metaforis teleologiaze, maSin mogvixde ba gacilebiT ufro msxvili sidideebis CarTva, anu mogviwevs srulad gaviTvaliswinoT mxatvruli literaturis funqcia. metaforis Cveneuli koncefciis oTxi sabazo elementi SeiZleba aRmoCndes analogia, ormagi xedva, grZnobadi saxe, rasac ZaluZs wiaRsvla SeucnobelSi, da meoTxe – animisturi proeqcia. es oTxi elementi Tanabrad arasodes ar aris warmodgenili, da damokidebuleba icvleba yoveli erisa da esTetikuri situaciis Sesabamisad. erTerTi Teoretikosis TvalsazrisiT, berZnulromauli metafora TiTqmis analogiis kategoriamdea SezRuduli (e.w. yalbi paralelizmi), maSin rodesac das Bild (saxesimbolo) aSkarad germanul (tev tonur) saxes warmoadgens.32 magram amgvari kulturuli kontrasti TiTqmis ar iTvaliswinebs italiur da frangul poezias, gansakuTrebiT _ im monakveTs, romelic arsebobs bodleridan da rembodan moyolebuli, pol valerimde. rogorc Cans, ufro sasargeblo iqneba im periodebis, ideuri kompleqsebis Sepirispireba, romlebsac aerTianebs sicocxlis filosofiis cneba.
yoveli periodis stili xasiaTdeba aqvs misTvis niSandoblivi figurebiT, romlebic gamoxataven swored mis Welt-anschauungs; im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac saqme exeba iseT sayrden figuras, rogoricaa metafora, yovel periods aqvs misTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipis metaforizmi. magaliTad, neoklasikuri poeziisTvis damaxasiaTebelia simbolo, perifrazi, ornamentuli epiTeti, epigrama, formis erTianoba da antiTeza. SesaZlebeli inteleqtualuri poziciebis raodenoba orisamiT ganisazRvreba, pluralizmi ar SeiniSneba. xSirad xdeba, rom mesame pozicia warmoadgens centralur, mediatorul pozicias polarulad dapirispirebul eresebs Soris:
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Some foreign writers, some our own despise,The ancients only, or the modern prize.
barokos periodSi damaxasiaTebel niSanTvisebebs warmoadgens paradoqsi, oqsimoroni da kataqreza. eseni ganasaxiereben qristianul _ mistikur da pluralistur niSnebs. WeSmariteba rTulia. codnis formasaSualeba bevria, da yovel maTgans aqvs sakuTari uflebamosileba. WeSmaritebis zogierTi tipi unda gacxaddes an misi uaryofiT, anda misi Segnebuli damaxinjebiT. RmerTze SeiZleba vimsjeloT anTropomorfuli kategoriebiT, radgan adamiani man Seqmna sakuTari saxis Sesabamisad; magram, amave dros, is warmoadgens transcendentalur sxvas. aqedan gamomdinare, barokos maneriT warmodgenil religiur TemebSi WeSmariteba RmerTis Sesaxeb SeiZleba gamoixatos analogiebiT (kravi, anda nefe), agreTve _ urTierTsawinaaRmdego wyvilebiT, voenis msgavsad : `bneli ukuni, amave dros TvalismomWreli~. neoklasikosTa gone bas moswons aSkara ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi da racionalu ri progresia: metonimiuri moZraoba gvaridan saxemde, anda konkretulidan – saxemde. barokos epoqaSi adamianis cnobiereba warmosaxavs samyaros rogorc samyaroTa sim ravles da erTobliobas, da Tanac yvela es samyaro isea erTmaneTTan SekavSirebuli, rom SeuZlebelia winaswar gan v WvritoT maTi urTierTmimarTebebis logika.
neoklasikuri poetikis TvalsazrisiT, barokos damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, rasakvirvelia, ugemovnebod unda SevracxoT, `yalb gansjad~ aRviqvaT. igulisxmeba, rom esaa bu nebrivisa da racionaluris Segnebuli damaxinjeba, yalbi akrobatika, maSin, rodesac istoriulad isini warmoadgenen pluralisturi epistemologiis da zebunebrivis ontologiis ritorikul da poetur gamoxatulebas.
karg magaliTad gamodgeba kataqreza. 1599 wels, jon hos kinsma daamkvidra es termini inglisur enaSi da ganmarta, rogorc `daknineba, borotad gamoyeneba~, Tan sinanuli gamoTqva, rom aseTi ram ̀ amJamad sul ufro da ufro vrceldeba~. man ganixila kataqreza, rogorc daZabuli gamoTqma,
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`ufro uimedo, vidre metafora~ da gaixsena `xma saamo misi yurisTvis~ sidnis `arkadiiidan~, rogorc magaliTi vizualuri terminisa, romelic SecdomiT `miuyenes da miusadages~ smenas. 1728 wels, Tavis `CaZirvis xelovnebaSi~, poupma kataqrezis magaliTad moitana ori gamoTqma: `wveri gaTiba~ da `balaxi gaparsa~. 1776 wels, jorj kempbelis mier daweril `ritorikis filosofiaSi~, ka ta qrezul wyvilebad aris moxseniebuli `lamazi xma~ da `tk bili suraTi~; Tumca, is agreTve aRiarebs, rom `tkbi li, rac Tavidan gemos SegrZnebas ukavSirdeboda, axla SeiZ le ba axasiaTebdes surnels, melodias da peizaJs~. empbels sjera, rom WeSmariti metafora `SegrZnebaTa saxeebs~ iyenebs `wminda inteleqtis saxeebis~ dasaxasiaTeblad. amitom is kicxavs analogiebs TviT SegrZnebaTa saxeebs Soris. meore mxriv, barokoromantikuli orientaciis erTma kaTolike ritorma bolo xanebSi gansazRvra ka taqreza rogorc metafora, romlis safuZvelia ori ma te rialuri movlenis msgav seba. is dabejiTebiT moiTxovs tropis upiratesobebis Seswavlas da am moTxovnas asabu Te bs viqtor hiugos Semoqmedebidan moyvanili magaliTe biT : `les perles de la rosee~sa da `il neige des feuilles~Si.33
meore tipis metaforas, romelsac barokos mgrZnobeloba misaRebad miiCnevs, xolo neoklasikuri – uge movnod, SeiZleba vuwodoT Semamcirebeli, anda ga maSinaurebeli metafora. barokos poezias yvelaze metad sCvevia garkveuli `sferoebis~ _ bunebis samyarosa da adamianis samyaros (Tavisi xelobaostatobiT da codnaxe lovnebiT) aRreva. magram klasicistebi – raki kargad moexsenebaT, rom xelovneba warmoadgens bunebis imitacias _ Tvlian, rom bunebis asimilireba xelovnebasTan pa Tologiuria da avadmyofuri. ase magaliTad, 1776 wels Tomas gibonsi ilaSqrebda erTgvari afeqtirebuli da `fantastikuri~ tropebis winaaRmdeg: `ai samyaros ram denime aRwera _ tvifruli mTebi, Txelwyala zRvebis mi nanqari, ukidegano okeanis maqmani da nakveTi kldeTa CuqurTmebi~.34
rasakvirvelia, neoklasikur poeziaSic gvxvdeba
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zogierTi metafora, romlebic mimarTulia bunebidan xelovnebisken, magram isini dayvanilia damatebiTi dazustebis funqciamde. magaliTebs vnaxavT poupis `pastoralebSi~ da `uinZoris tyeSi~: `morcxvad Sevar disferebuli lioni aferadebs wylis sarkes~; `miwis minanqars wiTlad daeca floras almuri~. magram zogadi tendencia mudam naTeli iyo; amitom draidens ufleba hqonda, eRiarebina 1681 wels, rom balRobisas misi fiqrebi bavSvuri iyo: `maxsovs, TviT Seudarebel spensersac ki miviCnevdi uxeiro poetad, romlis leqsebze metad silvesteris mier Targmnili diu bartasis qmnilebebi mom wonda. eqstazSi movyavdi aseT striqonebs:
Now when the winter~s keen breath beganTo chrystallize the Baltic ocean,To glaze the lakes, to bridle up the Floods,And periwig with snow the baldpate woods.35
axalgazrda miltonma, diu bartasis kidev erTma mkiTxvelma, Tavisi `dabadebis oda~ aseTive gaSlili metaforiT daasrula. elioti kvlav ubrundeba am tradicias Tavisi `prufrokis~ cnobil SesavalSi:
When the evening is spread out against the skyLike a patient etherized upon a table...
barokos poezia, pirvel rigSi, xasiaTdeba klasicizmis kanonTa ugulebelyofis tendenciiT _ xelovnebis Sinaarsobrivi gamdidrebis mizniT isini cdilobdnen aRmoeCinaT simdidre da mravalxmianoba iq, sadac klasicizmi icavda puristul erTmniSvnelovnebasa da erTxmianobas. ufro specifikuri motivebia: midrekileba gamaognebeli efeqtebisadmi; qristianuli inkarnacionizmi; ucxos, Soreulis pedagogiuri gaTaviseba maxlobeli, `yofiTi~ analogiebis gziT.
amgvarad, Cven ganvixileT figuraciis buneba da sagangebo yuradReba davuTmeT metaforasa da metonimias.
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vivaaudeT, rom aseT metyvelebis figurebs SeiZleba hqondeT garkveuli droiTi da stilisturi maxasiaTeblebi. axla ki gadavalT metaforuli saxierebis kvlevaze, rasac ufro meti ram akavSirebs literaturul kritikasTan, vidre literaturis istoriasTan.
sagangebod unda gamovyoT metaforuli saxierebis ori ZiriTadi gamokvleva: erTia – amerikuli, xolo meore – germanuli.
1924 wels henri uelsma gamosca Sroma `poeturi saxiereba~, romelSic scada Camoeyalibebina am movlenis tipologia, xolo Sesabamisi tipebis ilustrirebisTvis gamoiyena, ZiriTadad, elisabedis xanis mwerloba. marTalia, am wignSi igrZnoba sakiTxis Rrma wvdoma da SemoTavazebu lia saintereso ganzogadebebi, magram, sistemuri konstruq ciis TvalsazrisiT, is naklebad warmatebulia. uelsis azriT, misi sqema aqronistulia da amitom miesadageba ara mxolod elisabedis xanas, aramed _ literaturis ganviTarebis yvela periods. uelss agreTve miaCnia, rom es naSromi aRweriTia, da ara Semfasebluri. misi kvlevaZiebis safuZvlad iTvle ba metyvelebis figuraTa jgufebis klasifikacia, `rogorc isini warmogvidgebian aRmaval skalaze – dawyebuli yvela ze dabali, anu TiTqmis `sityvasityviTi~ tipiT, dasrule bu li yvelaze ufro warmosaxviTi, anu impresionistuli tipiT~. magram saqme isaa, rom es skala, romelic TiTqosda ganasaxierebs ̀ warmosaxviTi aqtiurobis xasiaTsa da xa risxs~, sinamdvileSi ver asaxavs maTTan raime pirdapir kavSirs an maT Sefasebas. uelsma daasaxela saxierebis Svidi tipi, romlebic TviTonve ase ganalaga: dekoratiuli, siRrmiseuli, damTrgunveli (an maRalfardovani), Ffesvuri, SemWidroebuli, ganvrcobiTi da cxovelmyofeli. Tavad uelss miaCnia, rom es tipebi SeiZleba kidev ufro meti warmatebiT gadalagdes an gadaewyos im istoriuli da SefasebiTi miTiTebebis safuZvelze, romelTac igi TviTonve gvTavazobs.
esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze tlanqi formebia damTrgunveli da dekoratiuli, anu `masaTa metafora~
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da ostatobis metafora. dekoraciuli saxe, romelic ase Warbadaa warmodgenili sidnis `arkadia~Si, ganixileba rogorc `elisabedis xanisaTvis tipuri~. kidisa da sxva elisabedis xanis adrindeli avtorebis masaliT war modgenili damTrgunveli saxiereba axasiaTebs kulturis adreul periods, magram vinaidan mosaxleobis umetesoba rCeba subliteraturul doneze, amitom is miemarTeba `nebismier periods~. sociologiis TvalsazrisiT, `maRal fardovani qmnis metaforis did da sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovan kategorias~. am orive tipis Sefaseba aaSka ra vebs, rom maT `aklia saWiro subieqturi elementi~ da isini ufro xSirad, vidre es gamarTlebulia, akavSireben erT fizikur saxes meoresTan (rogorc es xdeba kataqrezaSi), imis nacvlad, rom `bunebis gare samyaro daukavSiron ada mianis Sinagan sam yaros~. da kvlav, rogorc dekoraciul, ise damTrgunvel metaforebSi, urTierTkavSiris pirobebi da SoriSorebuli, calke fiqsirebuli rCeba, es gamoric xavs maT `eqspansias erTurTis mimarT~. rac Seexeba metaforis umaRles formas, uelss miaCnia, rom yoveli elementi moqmedebs meoreze, cvlis mas ise, rom am urTierTobiT iqm neba mesame wevri da axali gaazreba.
avyveT skalas, sadac Semdegia cxovelmyofeli da SemWidroebuli saxeebi: pirveli warmoadgens dam Trgunvelis srulyofil versias, xolo meore – de koraciulis srulyofil versias. Cven gamovtoveT de monstraciis aSkara formebi, es exeba energias da ostatobas. rac Seexeba cxovelmyofelis saxierebas, is toriulad Cven vxvdebiT marlosTan, romelic pirvelia elisabedis xanis avtorTa Soris, agreTve _ bernssa da smarts, preromantikosebs; uelsis TqmiT, `es saxe gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTeba adrindeli xanis poeziis udides nawilSi~. aq erTmaneTTan Sejerebulia `or farTo da, warmosaxvis TvalsazrisiT, Rirebuli cneba~, myardeba uSualo kontaqti gluv zedapirebs Soris. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, es kategoria moicavs Tavisufal Sedarebebs da urTierTobebs, romlebic efuZneba Rirebulebis martiv kategoriebs. bernsi wers:
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vards wiTelwiTels hgavs Cemi satrfo. . .
trfoba Cemi hangad Camesmistkbil melodiad.
saerTo, rac akavSirebs mSvenier qals, cocxal wiTel vards da tkbilad aJRerebul melodias – es aris maTi silamaze da sasurveloba; isini yvelanairad sworupovarni arian. qali vards Tavisi vardisferi RawvebiT, an melodias Tavisi tkbili xmiT rodi hgavs (aseTi analogia dekoraciul saxes Seqmnida); qalis msgavseba vardTan fe riT, faqturiT an struqturiT ki ar aris gamowveuli, aramed faseulobiT.36
uelsiseuli SemWidroebuli saxe aris Zalze advilad wamosadgeni saxe iseTi tipisa, romelic asocirdeba Sua saukuneebis moxatul manuskriptebTan da sakarnavalo msvlelobebTan. poeziaSi esaa dantes saxiereba, inglisur poeziaSi ki _ spenserisa. saxe aq ara mxolod mkveTri da naTelia (SesaZlebelia, es amis Sedegic ki iyos) – is agreT ve Semcirebul masStabSi da sqematurad warmogvidgens movlenas mTlianad: esaa dantes da ara miltonis jojoxeTi. `aseTi metaforebi sxvebze ufro xSiradaa moxseniebuli rogorc emblema an simbolo~. SemWidroebul saxeebad unda CavTvaloT agreTve samaskarado figurebi damaxasiaTebeli bewviani mosasaxamiT da islis `TavsaburaviT~ kamoensis `lusidasSi”, iseve rogorc wminda petre Tavisi mitriT da ori gasaRebiT. isini ganasaxiereben `gildiis~ saxes: miltonis dros orives _ `pastoralsac~ da `elegiasac~ Tan sdevda motivebisa da saxeebis mTeli nusxa. SeiZleba arsebobdes mTeli wyeba saxeebisa, iseve rogorc `poeturi kanonis~ CamonaTvali da maragi. am momentis tradiciulma da institucionalurma Tvisebebma, maT siaxlovem saxviT xelovnebasTan, aiZula uelsi, romelic azrovnebda kulturis istoriis kategoriebiT, rom SemWidroebuli saxe `miekuTvnebina~ konservatiuli religiisTvis, Sua sau kunovani, kaTolikuri, sakulto kategoriisaTvis.
Ffesvuri, siRrmiseuli da ganvrcobiTi warmoadgens
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sam umaRles kategorias (SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom es Ca monaTvali aRmavali rigiT aris warmodgenili). mokled rom davaxasiaToT, siRrmiseuli ekuTvnis klasikuri poeziis saxes, Ffesvuri – metafizikos poetebs, ZiriTadad, dons, xo lo ganvrcobiTi, umeteswilad, miesadageba Seqspirs, iseve, rogorc bekons, brauns da berks. am sami saxelis saerTo msa zRvrels, maTi saerTo maRali donis niSnebs warmoad gens, jer erTi, maTi specifikuri literaturuli xasiaTi (suraTovani aRqmis ugulebelyofa), maTi mimarTuloba Sinaganisken (metaforul azrovnebis unari), da, bolos, cne baTa urTierTSeRwevadoba (nayofieri `Sewyvileba~).
`siRrmiseuli~ saxe, rac unda agverios gaxunebulTan an banalurTan, `mudam xilvadobis doneze dablaa~. is im gvarad migvaniSnebs grZnobadkonkretulze, rom ar ax dens mis mkveTr proecirebas da warmoCenas. am saxisTvis damaxasiaTebeli obertonebis nakleboba esadageba ise Ti tipis mwer lobas, sadac win aris wamoweuli gansja: elisabedis xanis warmomadgenlad gamodgeba semiuel de nieli, romlis leqsebic moswondaT uordsvorts da Toros:
Tuki ver SeZlebs Tavis Tavs zemoT wamoimarTos,fuWi yofila kacis saxeli!
xolo Seqspiri amis ostatad gvevlineba. `mefe lirSi” edgari ambobs:
Men must endureTheir going hence, even as their coming hither;Ripeness is all.
‘‘Ripeness’’ (`simwife~) aris `siRrmiseuli~ saxe, romelic, albaT, baRebiT da velebiT aris nakarnaxevi. analogia gatarebulia vegetaciis bunebriv ciklebsa da adamianis sicocxlis ciklebs Soris. klasicistebis Taobas SeeZlo, Seqspiris zogierTi siRrmiseuli saxe CaeTvala`narev~ saxed:
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O O, how can summer’s honey breath hold out Against the wreckful siege of battering days.
es winadadeba moiTxovs daxvewil analitikur ganmartebas, radgan is gajerebulia saxeebiT: `dReebi~ dro is metonimiuri figuraa, rac Semdeg metaforizebulia, rogorc alyaSemortymuli qalaqi, romlis garSemo aRu mar TavT galavnis sangrevi danadgarebi. ras upirispirebs es `viTom qalaqi~ an misi mmarTveli amgvar Setevebs? es xom sinorCea, romelic metaforizebulia zafxulad, an ufro zus tad rom vTqvaT, zafxulis tkbil surnelad: zafxulis yvavilTa surneli dedamiwisTvis da surnelovani sunTqva adamianisTvis warmoadgens mTelisa da nawilis mimarTebas. Tu vinme ecdeba, SeaerTos damangreveli alya da surnelovani sunTqva, aucileblad CixSi aRmoCndeba. moZraoba figura Si Zalze swrafia da aqedan gamomdinare _ elifsuri.37
fesvuri saxis saxelwodeba, albaT, ganpirobebulia imiT, rom mas saqme aqvs movlenaTa saTaveebTan, uxilav logikur safuZvelTan. misi moqmedeba SeiZleba SevadaroT ufro movlenaTa faruli pirvelmizezis moqmedebas, vidre Ria sibrtyeebis Sejerebas. SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom fesvuri saxis meore wevri `arapoeturia~; es aixsneba an imiT, rom es cneba zedmetad Cveulia da yofiTi, anda imiT, rom is zedmetad teqnikuria, mecnieruli da `aTvisebuli”. maSasadame, fesvuri saxis metaforuloba emyareba imas, rasac ara aqvs aSkara emociuri asociaciebi, da rac miekuTvneba prozaul diskurss _ an abstraqtuls, an praqtikuls. Tavis religiur poeziaSi doni mravlad iyenebs figurebs `aalebuli geometriidan~. da kvlav, Tavis `pirvel wlisTavSi~ is iyenebs fsevdosamedicino figuras misi pir dapiri mniSvnelobiT, ris Sedegadac metafor sruliad moulodneli, sapirispiro mniSvnelobiT aRiWurveba:
but as some serpents’ poison hurteth notExcept it be from the live serpent shot,So doth her virtue need her here , to fit
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That unto us; she working ore than it.
rogorc Cans, esaa fesvuri saxis damaxasiaTebeli tipi: amaze ufro martiv, naklebad perversiul magaliTad gamodgeba kompasis saxe jon donis leqsSi `sevdis amkrZalavi ganSoreba~. meore mxriv, uelsis Rrmaazrovani SeniSvnis mixedviT, fesvuri saxeebis wyarod SeiZleba gaxdes iseTi _ romantikuli saxeebiT mdidari _ sferoc, rogoricaa mTebi, mdinareebi da zRvebi, _ ra Tqma unda, `analitikuri midgomis~ pirobiT.38
dabolos, arsebobs kidev ganvrcobiTi saxe, romelic, saxelwodebaSi asaxuli kontrastis Sesabamisad, uka v Sirdeba SemWidroebuls. Tu SemWidroebulis warmoSoba ganapiroba Sua saukuneebma, kultma, ganvrcobiTi ga nekuTvneba winaswarmetyvelur da mowinave azrovnebas. is gulisxmobs `Zlier vnebas da originalur medita cias~, romlis umaRlesi gamoxatulebaa berklis, bekonis, braunis da, ra Tqma unda, Seqspiris mravalganzomilebiani filosofiuri da religiuri metaforizmi. gansazRvris Sesabamisad ganvrcobiTi saxe gzas uxsnis warmosaxvas, da misi yoveli elementi mkveTrad zemoqmedebs meoreze; Tanamedrove poetikis Teoriis Tanaxmad, `urTierTzemoqmedeba~ da `urTierTgamsWvalva~ war moadgens poeturi moqmedebis centralur formebs, romlebic yvelaze ufro Warbad gvxdeba ganvrcobiT me taforaSi. ai magaliTebi `romeo da julietadan~
Yet, wert thou as farAs that vast shore washt with the farthest sea,I should adventure for such merchandise.
da, agreTve, `makbetidan~:
Light thickens, and the crowMakes wing to the rooky wood:Good things of day begin to droop and drowse.am ukanasknel striqonebSi, Seqspiri gvaZlevs `dana
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Saulis metaforul fons, viTarebas~, romelic ga daiqceva ganvrcobiT metaforad, sadac paralelia gav lebuli Rames, demonur borotebas da, meore mxriv, na Tel sa da sikeTes Soris; magram es mowodebulia ara aSka ra an alegoriuli formiT, aramed STambeWdavi detalurobiT da grZnobieri konkretulobiT: `naTeli mZimdeba~, sagnebi `moeSvnen, Tvlemen~. qvemdebare da Semasmeneli ur TierTmoqmedeben: viwyebT ra zmniT, vkiTxulobT, ra sagnebia, romlebic moeSvnen da Tvlemen – frinvelebi, cxovelebi, adamianebi, yvavilebi? sagnis ganyenebuli da saxeleba gvafiqrebinebs, rom zmnebi aris metaforuli aR niSvna iseTi mdgomareobebisa, rogorebicaa `sifxizlis da kargva~ da `SiSi boroti Zalis winaSe~.39
kvintilianes msgavsi ritorebi yuradRebas amaxvileben sxvaobaze imgvar metaforebs Soris, romelTagan erTi warmoaCens usulos rogorc suliers, xolo meore _ suliers rogorc usulos. magram orive SemTxvevaSi, sxvaoba am metaforebs Soris miewereboda sxvaobas ritorikul xerxebs Soris. am ori polaruli movlenis mkveTri gamijv na ganaxorciela Cvenma meore mkvlevarma tipologiis sferoSi _ pongsma: erTi mxriv, es aris miTuri warmosaxva, ro me lic axdens pirovnebis proecirebas saganTa samyaro ze, _ am dros xorcieldeba bunebis gasuliereba, animizacia, da, meore mxriv – warmosaxvis sapirispiro tipi, romelic garedan SigniTaa mimarTuli da pirovnuli sawyisis deanimizacias, obieqtivirebas axdens. es ori elementi _ su bieqturi da obieqturi polusebi _ amowuraven xatovani eqspresiis yvela SesaZlebel saSualebas.40
am pirvel formas reskinma uwoda `bunebis ga suliereba~. Tu mas ise gaviazrebT, TiTqos SeiZleba SevusabamoT maRla – RmerTs, dabla – xes, anda qvas, maSin aseT warmosaxvas unda davarqvaT anTropomorfuli.41 mistikuri simbolizmis Semswavleli mecnieri SeamCnevs, rom arsebobs sami saerTo tipis miwieri kavSiri, romelic gamodgeba umaRlesi mistikuri gamocdilebis simboluri gamoxatvisTvis: 1. kavSiri usulo sagnebs Soris (fizikuri narevebi da qi
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miuri SenaerTebi); suli, rogorc RvTiuri cecxlis naperwkali, rogorc xe, cvili da rkina; RmerTi, rogorc wyali sulis niadagisTvis, an rogorc okeane, romelSic Caedineba sulis mdinare); 2. im saSualebaTa Sesabamisad warmodgenili kavSirebi, romlebiTac sxeuli iTvisebs Tavis sicocxlis arsebiT elementebs: saRvTo werilSi RmerTi warmoCenilia iseTi konkretuli sagnebis saSualebiT, romlebic aucilebelia sicocxlisTvis. es aris Suqi da haeri, yoveli WuWrutanidan rom Semodis, da wyali, romelsac yoveldRe raRac formiT viRebT~.42
ase rom, RmerTi mTeli msoflios mistikosebisaTvis warmoadgens sulis sakvebs da sasmels, mis purs, Tevzs, wyals, rZes da Rvinos; 3. adamianTa urTierTkavSiri – mamaSvilisa iqneba is, Tu colqmrisa.
Tavad pongi amaTgan pirvel ors miakuTvnebs metafo ruli intuiciis meore umaRles tips, anu Einfühlungs, rac Tavis mxriv, dayofilia `mistikur~ da `magiur~ saxeobebad. mistikuri metaforis sailustraciod mistikosebi ufro gamogvadga, vidre poetebi. araorganuli elementebi simbolurad ganixileba ara rogorc ubralo cnebebi an abstraqtuli analogiebi, aramed rogorc movlenisa da gamovlenis ganuyofeli kavSiri.
rac Seexeba magiur metaforas, is, xelovnebis istorikosis, uoringeris meTodologiis Tanaxmad aris bunebis samyarosgan abstrahirebis Sedegi. uoringers Seswavlili aqvs egviptis, bizantiis da sparseTis xelovneba, romelic `organul bunebas, adamianis CaTvliT, xazob rivgeometruli formiT gamosaxavs, da xSirad saerTod ugulebelyofs organul sicocxles im samyarosTvis, romelic wminda xazebis, wminda formebis da ferebis samflobeloa.. ornamenti axla gamoiyofa.. rogorc raRac, rac cxovrebis nakads ki ar mihyveba, aramed medgrad upi rispirdeba mas.. pirferobis nacvlad, amjerad is magias mi marTavs... ornamenti... aris is, rac amoglijes droidan; is ganvrcobiTobis wminda formaa, myari da ucvleli.~43
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primitiul kulturebSi anTropologebi xedaven rogorc animizms, ise magias. pirvelis mizania kavSiris damyareba personalizebul sulebTan _ mkvdrebTan da RmerTebTan, maTi daSoSmineba, maTi keTilganwyobis mo poveba. rac Seexeba meores _ magias, romelic win uswrebs mecnierebas, is swavlobs faruli Zalebis moqmedebis kanonzomierebebs. misi atributebia _ Selocvebi, amu letebi, joxebi da kverTxebi, xatebi, wminda nawilebi. arsebobs TeTri magia, romelsac misdevden qristiani kabalistebi, magaliTad, kornelius agripa da paracelsusi. arsebobs agreTve boroti, avi adamianebis Savi magia. magram am orive magiis umniSvnelovanesi elementia faruli Zalebis rwmena. magias xelovnebasTan anaTesavebs xatovaneba. dasavluri tradicia mxatvarsa da moqandakes akavSirebs xelosnis ostatobasTan, hefestosTan da dedalosTan, pigmalionTan, romelsac ZaluZs, sicocxle STaberos saxes. folkloris esTetikaSi saxeTa Semqmneli jadoqaria an grZneuli, maSin, rodesac poeti aris Sep yrobili, STagonebuli, Slegi Semoqmedi.44 da rogorc pir velyofili poeti mimarTavda Cxibvas da Selocvas, aseve Tanamedrove poeti, ieitsis msgavsad, magiurad iyenebs sa xeebs _ `zust~ saxeebs _ saxeobriobis magiursimboluri sistemis Sesaqmnelad.45 misticizmi sawinaaRmdego xazs mis devs: aq saxe warmoadgens simbolos, romelsac warmoSobs garkveuli sulieri mdgomareoba; esaa ara kauzaluri, aramed eqspresiuli saxe, da mocemuli mdgomareobisaTvis is erTaderTi SesaZlebeli rodia: igive sulieri mdgomareoba SeiZleba gamoixatos sxva simboloebiT.46
orive – rogorc mistikuri metafora, ise magia _ emyare ba deanimizacias; isini upirispirdebian adamianis sur vils, moaxdinos sakuTari Tavis proecireba garesamyaroze; isi ni `iZaxeben~ im `sxvas~ – impersonaluri sagnebis samyaros, mo numentur xelovnebas da fizikur kanonebs. bleikis `vefxvi~ mistikuri metaforaa; vefxvi aris RmerTi, an RmerTis erTerTi gamovlineba (adamianze naklebi, magram, amave dros, adamianze metic); Tavis mxriv, vefxvic (xolo am vefxvis saSualebiT misi Semoqmedic) daxasiaTebulia liTonis dno bis
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terminebiT. vefxvi ar aris cocxali nadiri zooparkidan, is vefxvi, romelic bleikma dainaxa londonis tauerSi. ara, esaa gonebaWvretiTi arseba, da imdenadve simboloa, ramdenadac cxovelTa samyaros warmomadgeneli.
magiur metaforas aklia es gamWvirvaloba. is waagavs meduzas niRabs, romelic qvad aqcevs cocxal arsebebs. nimuSad magiuri metaforizmisa, romelsac surs, qvad aqci os yvelaferi cocxali, pongsi miiCnevs stefan georges: `formaTwarmomqmneli spiritualizaciisken mid rekilebis karna xiT, stefan Ggeorge iTvaliswinebs ara adamianis bunebriv midrekilebas, sakuTari Tavis proecireba moaxdinos garesamyaroze, aramed biologiuri sicocxlis ganadgurebis survils, Segnebul `gaucxoebas~ (`alienacias~), rogorc Sida, magiuri samyaros agebis safuZvels.47
inglisur poeziaSi dikinsoni da ieitsi sxva da s xvanairad aRweven aseT deanimizaciur, antimistikur me taforas: rodesac emili dikinsons surs, sikvdilis Seg rZnebasTan erTad, gadmosces gacocxlebis, aRorZinebis ganc dac, is xSirad iSveliebs kvdomis, gaxevebis da gaqvavebis SegrZnebas. `es ar yofila sikvdili~, magram
As if my life were shavenAnd fitted to a frame,And could not breath without a key...
How many times these low feet staggered,Only the soldered mouth can tell;Try! can you stir the awful rivet?Try! can you lift the haps of steel?48
poeziis magiad warmoCenis ideals ieitsi yvelaze ufro miuaxlovda Tavis `bizantiumSi~ (1930). 1927 wels, poemaSi `zRviT bizantiumisken~, man ukve Camoayaliba biologiuri sicocxlis samyaroSi arsebuli winaaRmdego ba: `erTurTis mklavze misvenebuli yrmebi.. zRva, gav sebuli skumbriis gundiT~, da bizantiuri xelovnebis samyaro, sadac yvelaferi dafiqsirebulia _ gaxevebuli da arabuneb
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rivi, `oqros mozaikis~ da `oqros minanqris~ samyaro. bio logiuri aspeqtiT, adamiani `mokvdavi cxo velia~, da imedi gadarCenisa imas efuZneba, rom `elis eziaros naxelavs maradiulobisas~ ara kvlav im gziT, rom isev `argunon sxeulis forma sxva ram bunebriv sagniT naboZebi~, aramed imiT, rom gadaiqces xelovnebis nimu Sad, oqros buCqze Semomjdar oqros Citad. erTi mxriv, `bizantiumi~ warmogvidgeba rogorc ieitsis `sistemis~ sa guldagulod dawerili ilustracia, Teologiuri poema, magram amave dros, Tu sxva kuTxiT, specifikuri li teraturuli TvalsazrisiT ganvsjiT, is warmogvidgeba rogorc urTierTmopasuxe xelovnuri saxeebisagan Sed genili struqtura, xolo mTlianobaSi iqmneba raRac, rac waagavs daniSnuli liturgiis rituals.49
pongsis im kategoriebs, romlebic Cven sakmaod Tavisuflad vaxseneT, axasiaTebs erTgvari Tavisebureba, rom poeturi stili daukavSiron cxovrebis Sefasebas da xedvas.50 miuxedavad imisa, rom yoveli periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli stili isea danaxuli, rogorc sakuTari gansxvavebuli xedvaversiebis matarebeli, arsebiTad, isi ni drois miRmaa gaazrebuli da warmoCenilia, rogorc cxovrebis xedvis da pasuxis gacemis alternatiuli gzebi. amave dros, es samive kategoria ganekuTvneba im generalur xazs, romelsac xSirad axasiaTeben, rogorc Tanamedrove azrovnebas, e.i. racionalizms, naturalizms, pozitivizms da mecnierebas. metaforaTa aseTi klasifikacia imas gvikarnaxebs, rom poezia mecnierebamdeli azrovnebis sti lis erTguli rCeba. poeti inarCunebs bavSvis da primitiu li adamianis, bavSvis arqetipis animistur xedvas.51
ukanasknel wlebSi bevri kvleva Catarda calkeuli poetebis Semoqmedebis da garkveuli poemebisa Tu piese bis simboluri saxierebis kuTxiT da TvalsazrisiT. aseT `praqtikul kritikaSi~ mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia kri tikosis varauds. ras eZebs is? vis, an ras aanalizebs – TviT poets Tu mxolod poemas?
is sferoebi, saidanac aRebulia saxeebi (maknisis sityvebiT, es `ufro exeba nawarmoebis Sinaarsis Seswavlas~)52 unda
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ganvasxvavoT im kvlevisagan, romelic Seiswavlis, `Tu ra gzebiTa da formiT SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes es saxeebi~ da ra xasiaTis urTierToba Camoyalibda `Sinaarssa~ da `formas~ (metaforas) Soris. im monografiaTa umetesoba, romlebic eZRvneba ama Tu im poets (mag., rugofis naSromi `saxiereba jon donTan~), miekuTvneba pirvel kategorias. aseT monografiebSi moxazuli da awondawonilia poetis interesebi. amisaTvis Tavmoyrili da klasificirebulia metaforebi, romlebic moicaven bunebas, xelovnebas, in dustrias, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs, humanitarul dargebs, qalaqs da sofels. magram, amave dros, SesaZlebelia im Temebis Tu sagnebis klasifikacia, romlebic ubiZgeben poets metaforisken, mag., qalebi, religia, sikvdili, TviTmfrinavebi. amasTan erTad, klasifikaciaze ufro meti mniSvneloba aqvs farTo masSta bis ekvivalentebis da fsiqikuri korelatebis aRmoCenas. ori sfero _ poezia da cxovreba _ gamudmebiT urTierTmoqme debs, amitom SesaZlebelia warmovaCinoT poetis fsiqikaSi maTi WeSmariti urTierTSeRweviTobis xarisxi: ase, magaliTad, donis `simRerebsa da sonetebSi~ miwieri siyvarulis gancda gadmocemulia imgvari metaforikiT, romelic gamoiyeneba ka Tolikur literaturaSi wminda siyvarulis daxasiaTebisas. xorcieli siyvarulis mimarT poeti iyenebs eqstazis, kanonizaciis, martvilobisa da wminda nawilebis cnebebs, maSin, rodesac zogierT `wminda sonetSi~ is RmerTs mimarTavs erotikuli vnebis gamomxatveli metaforuli gamoTqmebiT:
Yet dearly I love you, and would be be loved fainBut am betrothed unto your enemy.Divorce me, untie, or break that knot again,Take me to you, imprison me, for IExcept you enthrall me, never shall be free,Nor even chaste, except you ravish me.
xorcieli siyvarulisa da religiis sferoTa urTierTSenacvleba mowmobs, rom siyvaruli igive religiaa, xolo religia _ siyvaruli.
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garkveuli tipis gamokvlevebSi aqcenti gakeTebulia TviTgamoxatvaze, rodesac poetis sulieri mdgomareo ba warmoCenilia misi saxierebis analizis meSveobiT. am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, poetis saxeebi SeiZleba mivam sgavsoT zmanebiseul saxeebs, romlebic araa kont rolirebuli sircxvilis an zneobriobis gancdebiT; es sa xeebi araa gacnobierebuli, magram, rogorc iTvleba, maT Si vlindeba avtoris WeSmariti ganwyobilebebi. Tumca, mainc sakiTxavia, yovelTvis esoden arakritikulia Tu ara poeti Tavis saxeTa mimarT.53
meore, ukve aSkarad mcdari varaudi is aris, rom poetma, cxovrebaSi ganicada yvelaferi is, rac asaxa Tavis qmnilebebSi (amis safuZvelze gledis i. ueidma ganaxorciela trahernis cxovrebis adrindeli etapis rekonstruqcia).54
doqtor jonsons miekuTvneba moTxroba tomsonis erTerTi Tayvanismcemeli qalis Sesaxeb, romelsac egona, rom tomsonis nawarmoebTa safuZvelze SeZlebda emsjela mis gemovnebaze: `nawerebis mixedviT qalma daadgina misi xasiaTis sami Tviseba, kerZod, is, rom igi didebuli mijnuri, didebuli mocurave da Zalze TavSekavebuli adamiani iyo, magram, (misi axloblis) sevijis sityvebiT, siyvaruli mas mxolod seqsi egona, curviTac, iqneb, saerTod ar ugemia civ wyalSi curva, da, bolos, aranair fufunebaze ar ityoda uars, Tu amis SesaZlebloba miecemoda~.
gledis i. ueids metad mcdari warmodgena aqvs poetis pirad Cvevebsa da Tvisebebze. albaT, metaforul saxeTa ararsebobac ar niSnavs, rom poets ar hqonda Sesabamisi interesebi. magaliTad, uoltoniseul wignSi jon donis Se saxeb iq moyvanil TerTmet figuras Soris ver vnaxavT Tevzis gamosaxulebas, xolo meToTxmete saukunis kompozitor ma SosTan ver SevxvdebiT musikidan aRebul saxeebs.55
Tavis mxriv, varauds, rom poetis saxieri samyaro aris misi aracnobieris gamoxatuleba da rom, Sesabamisad, esaa `xma kacisa~ da ara xelovanis xma – mivyavarT saeWvo da araTanmimdevrul warmodgenasTan poeziaSi `gul wrfelobis~ amocnobis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb. gavrcele
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buli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, STambeWdavi saxis Seqmna moiTxovs garkveul Cvevebs, ostatobas da amitom amgvari saxe gulwrfeli ver iqneba: uSualo gancdis gadmocemisas adamiani martivad saubrobs da aranair saxeebs ar iyenebs. an mimarTavs Zalze gacveTil metaforebs. amave dros, arsebobs sawinaaRmdego azric: banalur saxes, romelic axdens Cveul STabeWdilebas, ar ZaluZs gancdis gulwrfelad gadmocema _ is ver aRZravs CvenSi garkveul grZnobas mTeli Tavisi sirTuliT, aramed _ mxolod mis uxeS anarekls. aseT SemTxvevaSi Cven erTmaneTSi gvereva, ubralod, adamiani da, meOore mxriv, literatori _ anu adamiani, romelic Cveulebrivad metyvelebs da, meore mxriv, mwerali, romelsac mxatvruli metyvelebis unari aqvs. Cveulebrivi pirovnuli gulaxdiloba da trivialuri saxiereba mSvenivrad esadageba erTmaneTs. rac Seexeba leqsis `gulwrfelobas~, es termini TiTqmis uazroa. ris gulwrfel gamoxatvazea saubari? im savaraudo emociur mdgomareobaze, ramac is warmoSva? Tu im mdgomareobaze, romlis gancdisas daiwera poema? an iqneb poemis gulwrfeli gamosaxvaa nagulisxmevi, anu is enobrivi konstruqcia, romelic avtoris gonebaSi yalibdeba weris procesSi? eWvi ar aris, rom swored es ukanaskneli varaudia swori, radgan leqsi, diaxac, gulwrfeli gamoxatulebaa TviT leqsisa.
poetis saxiereba sakuTriv mas, mis `me~s warmoaCens. rogor SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT es ̀ misi ̀ me~? mario pracis da lilian h. hornstainis azriT, sakmaod komikuria Seqs piris rogorc `XX saukunis universaluri ingliselis~ interpretacia, romelic qerolain sperjenma Camoayaliba. Sesabamisad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom didi poeti nazia rebi iyo Cveneul `zogadsakacobrio Tvisebebs~.56 amis gasagebad ar gvWirdeba Seqspiris qmnilebebis faruli saz risis Zieba. magram Tu nawarmoebis saxeobrivi struqturis Seswavlis daniSnulebaa raRac gansakuTrebulis amocnoba, ma Sin aseTi ram SegvaZlebinebs amovikiTxoT mwerlis pira di `xelwera~ da CavixedoT Seqspiris gulSi.
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imis nacvlad, rom Seqspiris saxierebaSi aRmovaCinoT zogadsakacobrio niSnebi, Cven SeiZleba davinaxoT raRac ieroglifebiT Cawerili erTgvari angariSi, romelic metyvelebs avtoris fsiqikur mdgomareobaze im momentSi, rodesac is qmnida ama Tu im konkretul piesas. ase magaliTad, `troilussa da kresidasTan~, agreTve, `hamletTan~ dakav SirebiT, qerolain sperjeni wers: `rom ar gvcodnoda sxva mizezebi, isedac davrwmundebodiT im ori piesis simbolizmis msgavsebidan da xangrZlivobidan gamomdinare, rom isini dawerilia daaxloebiT erTsa da imave periodSi da am dros avtori ganicdida imdenad mZafr ganxiblvas, zizRs da SeSfoTebas, rom msgavss verafers naxavT mis sxva piesebSi~.
am pasaJidan gamomdinare, qerolain sperjenis varaudi imas ki ar exeba, rom dadgindes Seqspiris ganxiblvis specifikuri mizezi, aramed imas, rom `hamleti~ ganxiblvas ga moxatavs da rom es grZnoba sakuTriv Seqspirma ganica da.57 aseT didebul piesas Seqspiri ver dawerda, gulwrfeli rom ar yofiliyo; maSasadame, is sakuTar ganwyobas gamo xatavda. aseTi doqtrina upirispirdeba im Tvalsazriss Seqspirze, romelsac e.e. stoli da sxvebi iziareben, ake Te ben ra aqcents mis xelovnebaze, dramaturgiaze, misi Se moqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis swraf ganvTarebaze – Tanac wina nawarmoebTa warmatebebis gaazrebuli ganviTarebis gziT: mag., `hamleti~ mohyva `espanur tragedias~, xolo `zamTris zRapari~ da `qariSxali~ bomontisa da fletCeris nawarmoebebs metoqeobas uwevdnen.
miuxedavad amisa, poeturi saxierebis yvela kvleva rodi warmoadgens mcdelobas, maSin gaxsnas poetis saxe, rodesac is `mobilizebuli~ ar aris, an kidev daakvirdes poetis biografias. isini ufro imisken ixrebian, rom fokusireba moaxdinon piesis Sinaarsobrivad wamyvan elementze, anu imaze, rasac elioti uwodebs ̀ siuJetisa da xasiaTis donis qveS arsebul monaxazs~.58 Tavis eseSi `Seqspiris tragediebis wamyvani motivebi~, romelic qerolain sperjenma 1930 wels gamoaqveyna, is upiratesad dainteresebulia im saxis Tu saxeTa jgufis dadgeniT, romelic dominirebs
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konkretul piesaSi da gansazRvravs mis tonalobas. misi analizis magaliTad unda movixsenioT sneulebaTa _ wylulis da kibos saxeebi `hamletSi~; `troi lussa da kresidaSi~ – sakvebi da saWmlis momnelebeli aparati, `oteloSi~ – `erTimeoris mdevni nadirni~. qero lain sperjeni sakmaod ecada eCvenebina, rogor zemoqme de bs piesis Sinaarsze es xsenebuli substruqtura; is SeniSnavs, rom avadmyofobis motivi `hamletSi~ imas migvaniSnebs, rom princi udanaSauloa, radgan mTlianad dania, saxelmwifo aris sneuli. sperjenis naSroms is dadebiTi mxare aqvs, rom igi cdilobs miagnos nawarmoebis Sinaarsis ufro ufro faqiz gamovlinebebs, vidre ideologiuri ganzogadeba da siuJetis aSkara struqturaa.
gamokvlevebi, romlebsac nawarmoebis saxeobrivi struqturis ufro Rrma analizis pretenzia aqvT (maT ricxvs miekuTvneba uilson naitis naSromebi), upirveles yovlisa, eyrdnoba midlton meris mSvenier naSroms, romelic man miuZRvna Seqspiris saxierebis sakiTxs (`stilis problema~, 1922). naitis adreuli gamokvlevebi (mag., `miTi da saocreba~. 1929, da `cecxlis borbali~, 1930) mxolod Seqspirs exeba; magram mogvianebiT man Tavisi meTodi gamoiyena sxva poetebis – miltonis, poupis, baironisa da uordsvorTis mimarT.59 misi adrindeli naSromi, romelic aSkarad yvelaze ukeTesia, ifargleba calkeuli piesebis SeswavliT, amasTan, TiToeuli nawarmoebi ganixileba misi ve simboluri saxierebis konteqstSi da gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba iseT saxeobriv dapirispirebebs, ro goricaa, magaliTad, `qariSxali~ da `musika~; gamov lenilia Zalze faqizi stilisturi sxvaobebi piesebs Soris da TviT piesebis farglebSi. ufro gviandel wignebSi Sei niSneba midrekileba ukiduresobebisadmi. rodesac naiti ganmartavs poupis eseebs `kritikis Sesaxeb~ da `adamianis Sesaxeb~, is ugulebelyofs kiTxvas, Tu ras niSnavda, is toriuli TvalsazrisiT, im poemebSi gamoTqmuli `ideebi~ po u pisTvis da misi TanamedroveebisaTvis. garda imisa, rom naiti ver daikvexnis istoriuli perspeqtivis SegrZnebiT, is amasTanave zed
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metad iWreba `filosofiuri msjelobis~ sferoSi. magram `filosofia~, romelsac is poulobs SeqspirTan an sxva poetebTan, arc originaluria, arc naTeli da arc rTuli; saboloo angariSiT, is ifargleba im mizniT, rom `Searigos~ erTmaneTTan erosi da agape, wyobawesrigi da energia, iZleva kidev sxva msgavs Sepirispirebul wyvilTa magaliTebs. vinaidan yvela WeSmariti poeti, arsebiTad, erTsa da imaves qadagebs, mkiTxvels, mas Semdeg, rac is moaxerxebs poetis `dekodirebas~, uCndeba amao molodinis da gawbilebis SegrZneba. poezia marTlac ganasaxierebs `aRmoCenas~, magram ra aris is, rasac poezia aRmoaCens?
Aaranakleb Rrmaa da amasTanave gacilebiT mravlismTqmelia volgang klementis naSromi Shakespeares Bilder60, romelic amarTlebs mis qvesaTaurs. MmasSi Seswavlilia saxismetyvelebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi prin cipebi da misi funqciebi. Llirikisa Tu epikis saxismetyvelebis Sedarebisas, is xazs usvams Seqspiris pie sebis dramatul bunebas: Tavis adreul namuSevarSi is aRniSnavs rom Seqspiri rogorc `adamiani~ ki ar mimarTavda `damyayebuli saWmlis~ metaforebs da saxeebs aramed troilusi. piesaSi TiToeuli saxe, metafora TiToeul adamians gamoxatavs. Kklemenma zustad icis rogor dasvas meTodologiuri SekiTxva. titus andronikusis analizisas is svams kiTxvas `ra SemTxvevaSi mimarTavs Seqspiri saxeebs/metaforebs?~ arsebobs Tu ara kavSiri saxeobrivi struqturasa da garemoebas Soris? Dda ra funqcia ekisreba metaforebs/saxeebs razedac mas mxo lod uaryofiTi pasuxi aqvs. `titusis~ analizSi saxismetyveleba spazmuri da ornamentulia, magram Seqs piriseuli metaforebis ganviTarebas Cven SeiZleba wavawydeT.... (germanuli teqsti). is SesaniSnav komentarebs akeTebs Seqspiris Sua periodze. (uels sankenisa Tanaxmad, saxismetyvelebis radikaluri da eqspansiuri tipebi). Mmagram konkretuli mwerlis momografaSi is warmogvidgens sakuTar tips, mxolod maSin rodesac Seqpiris `ganviTarebisas~ es konkretuli tipi warmoCindeba. Mmiuxedavad imisa rom misi monografia saxismetyvelebis ganviTarebas Seiswvlis, da aseve Seiswav
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lis Seqs piris Semoqmedebis periodebs, klemens axsovs rom is aseve swavlobs poeziis periodikas, da ara maincdaminc avtoris mier ganvlil hipotezur sicocxles.
rogorc zoma leqsTawyobaSi, aseve saxeobrivi struqtura poemaSi, misi erTerTi komponentia. Cveni sqemis Tanaxmad es aris sintaqsis, stilistikisa da stratumisa (donis) Semadgeneli nawili, romelic unda Seiswavlon ara rogorc calke aRebuli da gamijnuli konkretuli jgufidan, aramed rogorc literatulii nawarmoebisa rogorc erTiani, mTlianis Semadgeneli komponenti.
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naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi
*literaturis Teoria da romanis kritika poeziis Teo
ria sa da kritikas raodenobrivad da xarisxobrivadac bevrad CamorCeba. amis mizezad, Cveulebriv, miCneulia is, rom poezia uZveles xanaSi Caisaxa, xolo romani SedarebiT axal dros ganekuTvneba. magram amgvari ganmarteba damajerebe li araa. romani, rogorc xelovnebis erTerTi forma aris is, rasac germanelebi uwodeben Dichtungs; is eposisa da dramis, am o ri didebuli formis erTaderTi Tanamedrove memkvid rea. savaraudod, es mizezi mdgomareobs farTod gavrcelebul SexedulebaSi, romlis Tanaxmad romans ukavSireben ufro garTobas, TavSeqcevas, vidre _ seriozul xelovnebas, ver asxvaveben erTmaneTisgan saukeTeso romanebsa da im mdare nacodvilars, romelic bazris viwro miznebs emsaxureba. amerikaSi karga xnis winaT damkvidrebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, romelsac pedago ge bi qadageben, aramxatvruli prozis kiTxva Wkuis sasawavleblad gamodgeba da mosawonia, xolo beletristika _ zianis momtani, an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, araseriozuli saqmianobaa. romanis mi marT amgvari damokidebulebis mxardaWera igrZnoba iseT TvalsaCino kri tikosebTan, rogorebic arian loueli da arnoldi.
arsebobs sapirispiro xasiaTis saSiSroebac. romani SeiZleba mcdarad iqnes gagebuli, rogorc dokumenti an naRdi istoria, radganac damajereblobis iluziis Seqmnis mizniT, zogjer romani moCvenebiTad warmogvidgeba, ro gorc aRsareba, namdvili ambavi, gmiris cxovreba da misi dro is istoria. literatura yovelTvis unda iyos saintereso; mas yovelTvis unda hqondes struqtura da esTetikuri mizani;
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unda iyos logikurad Sekruli da STambeWdavi. cxadia, is aSkarad unda ukavSirdebodes cxovrebas, magram kavSirebic didad gansxvavebulia: cxovreba SeiZleba iyos gadmocemuli amaRlebulad, komikurad, antiTezurad; yovelgvar viTarebaSi arCevani damokidebulia imaze, ra gansakuTrebuli cxovrebiseuli movlenis gadmocemaa ganzraxuli. unda gvqondes araliteraturuli codna, raTa davadginoT, ra kavSiri aqvs ama Tu im nawarmoebs `cxovrebasTan~.
aristoteles ganmartebiT, poezia (igulisxmeba eposi da drama) ufro uaxlovdeba filosofias, vidre istorias. es Sexeduleba, rogorc Cans, dResac samarTliania. ar sebobs droiTa da adgiliT SemosazRvruli faqtobrivi sinamdvile _ es aris istoriuli sinamdvile viwro gagebiT. arsebobs filosofiuri sinamdvilec _ konceptualuri, Teoriuli, ganzogadebuli. `istoriisa~ da filosofiis amgvari gagebis fonze, warmosaxviTi literatura aris `fiqcia~, sicrue. sity vaSi `fiqcia~ kvlav SemorCenilia literaturis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli platoniseuli Zveli gageba, razec filip sindi da doqtor jonsoni pasuxobd nen, rom literatura arasodes TvalTmaqcobda, TiTqos amgvari gagebiT iyo realisturi1. da mainc, jer kidev aris SemorCenili sicruis ZvelTaZveli gageba, misi gadmonaSTebi; es, albaT, axlac gaaRizianebs nebismier gulwrfel ro manists, romelsac kargad esmis, rom fiqcia gacilebiT uf ro Cveulia CvenTvis da ufro azriania, vidre sinamdvile.
marTebulia uilson folitis SeniSvna imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aRwers defo misis vilsa da misis bargreivs: `Txro ba damajerebelia, mTlianad moTxrobas Tu ar CavTvliT. zogadad, nawarmoebis sazrissac verafers dauwuneb. ambavs hyveba mesame qali, misis bargreivis ganuyreli megobari, romelic zustad iseTivea, rogorc danarCeni ori personaJi...~2
merien muri ambobs, rom poezia niSnavs imis gadmocemas, `rac Sesacnobia. warmosaxviT baRnarebSi iq namdvili gombeSoebic arseboben.~
beletristuli nawarmoebis realoba, e. i. realo
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bis iluzia, mkiTxvelis rwmena, rom igi ecnoba WeSmarit cxovrebas, rodi niSnavs, rom nawarmoebSi usaTuod gadmocemuli unda iyos, pirvel yovelisa, realuri garemo, an detalebi, anda Cveulebrivi rutina. yvela amgvari standartis mixedviT, houelsisa da gotfrid kelerisnair mwerlebs upiratesoba unda mivaniWoT `oidipos mefis~, `hamletis~ an `mobi dikis~ avtorTa winaSe. detalis damajerebloba emsaxureba iluziis Seqmnas, rasac xSirad iyeneben dauSvebel da daujerebel situaciaSi mkiTxvelis Sesatyueblad ise, rogorc `guliveris mogzaurobaSia~, sadac cxovrebiseul garemoebebTan SedarebiT, ufro Rrmadaa gadmocemuli `realobis WeSmariteba~.
realizmi da naturalizmi dramasa Tu romanSi aris literaturuli an literaturulfilosofiuri mimdinareoba, konvencia, stili, iseve, rogorc romantizmi da siurealizmi. gansxvaveba arsebobs ara realobasa da warmosaxvas Soris, aramed realobis koncefciebsa da anu iluziis Seqmnis meTodTa Soris.3
ra kavSirSia cxovrebasTan naratiuli literatura? klasikosebisa da klasicistebis pasuxi iqnebodaa is, rom mxatv rul prozaSi gadmocemulia tipobrivi, universalu ri xasiaTebi _ Zunwi (molierTan, balzakTan), mamis moRalate qaliSvilebi (`mefe liri~, `mama gorio~). magram amgvari klasobrivi koncefcia sociologias xom ar ganekuTvneba? an iqneb xelovnebis mizania cxovrebis gakeTilSobileba, misi amaRlebulad warmoCena, gaidealeba? cxadia, arsebobs xelovnebis amgvari mimarTulebac, magram es mxolod mimarTulebaa da ara xelovnebis arsi. eWvgareSea, rom yovelgvari xelovneba gamoxatviTa da metyvelebiT qmnis esTetikur distancias, aRgviZravs fiqrebs, gangvawyobs gansjisTvis; Tumca, mxatvrul nawarmoebSi asaxuli ambebi, romlebic siamovnebas gvaniWebs, albaT, tkivils mogvayenebda, piradad rom gamogvecada, an Tundac cxov rebaSi misi mowmeni gavmxdariyaviT. isev unda iTqvas, rom prozauli nawarmoebi gvTavazobs `SemTxveviT ambavs~ zo gadi modelisa Tu sindromis an magaliTis sailustraciod. amgvar
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`SemTxveviT ambavs~ uaxlovdeba zogi calkeuli momenti keTeris moTxrobebSi `polis saqme~ an `moqandakis sikvdili~. magram romanisti naklebad aRwers SemTxvevas, SemTxveviT xasiaTsa da movlenas, igi warmogvidgens mTel samyaros. yvela didi romanisti qmnis imgvar samyaros, romelic nawilobriv emTxveva empiriuls, magram gamoirCeva TviTkmarobiT da ganumeoreblobiT. zogjer SeiZleba globusze, am samyaros gegmac ki movxazoT, magaliTad, Trolopis sagrafoebi da qalaqebi sakaTedro taZrebiT, hardis ueseqsi; magram zogjer, rogorc pos SemTxvevaSi, es SeuZlebelia: pos SiSismomgvreli sasaxleebi germaniasa da virjiniaSi ki ar aris agebuli, aramed avtoris sulSi. dikensis samyaro SeiZleba gavaigivoT londonTan, kafkasi _ Zvel praRasTan: magram orive samyaro imdenad TviTmyofi da originaluria, rom isini gadadian empiriul samyaroSi, rogorc `dikensis gmirebi~ da kafkas situaciebi~. ase rom, maTi Sefardeba sinamdvilesTan azrs kargavs.
esmond makarTi ambobs, rom merediTma, konradma, henri jeimzma da hardim `didi, kargad gaazrebuli buStebi gauSves, maTSi is adamianuri arsebani moaTavses, romlebsac isini aRweren, Tumca, cxadia, realur adamianebs SesamCnevad ki hgvanan, oRond mxolod im samyaroSi SeuZliaT arseboba~.
warmoidgineT, ambobs makarTi, rom `gmiri gadayvanilia erTi warmosaxviTi samyarodan meoreSi. peksnifi rom gadainergos `oqros TasSi~, is gaqreba... romanistis upatiebel naklad unda CaiTvalos zogadi atmosferos SenarCunebis uunaroba~4.
romanistis samyaro, anu kosmosi aris modeli, anu struqtura, organizmi, romelic Seicavs siuJets, xasiaTebs, garemocvas, msoflmxedvelobas, `saerTo atmosferos~ _ yvelaferi es warmoadgens imas, rac kritikulad da dawvrilebiT unda SeviswavloT, roca vcdilobT romani SevadaroT cxovrebas an romanistis qmnileba SevafasoT eTikuri an socialuri TvalsazrisiT. ama Tu im detalis faqtobrivi sizustis mixedviT Zneli dasadgenia, asaxavs Tu
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ara romani cxovrebiseul simarTles, anu `realobas~, iseve, rogorc Znelia, bostonel cenzorTa msgavsad, moralurobis dadgena imis mixedviT, gvxvdeba Tu ara romanSi gineba an RvTis gmoba. saRi kritika mowodebulia Seufardos nawarmoebis warmosaxviTi samyaro Cvens sakuTar realur an warmosaxul samyaros, romelic, bunebrivia, naklebad mwyob ri da erTiania, vidre romanistis samyaro. Cven siamovnebiT vuwodebT romanists dids, roca mis samyaroSi, romelic ar aris ise agebuli rogorc Cveni, magram Seicavs yvela ele ments, romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro farTo TvalsazrisiT ganvixiloT samyaro; an, Tu mwerlis Tvalsazrisi SedarebiT viwroa, warmodgenil suraTi unda Seicavdes raRac mniSvnelovans, principuls, xolo RirebulebaTa skala, ierarqia Rrmad unda iyos gaazrebuli.
termini ̀ samyaro~ sivrcis gamomxatveli cnebaa. magram naratiul mxatvrul prozaSi umjobesia vixmaroT `ambis~ msgavsi termini, radganac `ambavSi~ Cvens yuradRebas iqcevs dro da Tanmimdevroba droSi. `ambavi~ momdinareobs `istoriidan~: amis nimuSia entoni Trolopis `barsetSiris qro nikebi~. literatura droiTi xelovnebaa (mxatvrobisa da qandakebisgan, anu sivrcobrivi xelovnebisgan gansxvave biT); Tumca, Tanamedrove poezia (araTxrobiTi poezia) cdilobs Tavi aaridos amas _ mieces Wvretas, iqces `TviTarekvlis~ modelad; da, rogorc damajereblad gviCvena jozef frankma, Tanamedrove romanebSi (`ulise~, `tye RamiT~, `mi sis dalouei~) SeimCneva poeturad organizebis, `Tvi T arekvlis~ tendencia.5 es niSnavs, rom yuradReba unda mivaqcioT mniSvnelovan kulturul fenomens: Zvelad Txroba an ambavi (epossa Tu romanSi) mimdinareobda droSi _ tradiciulad drois xangrZlivoba eposSi erT wels Seadgenda. bevr did romanSi adamianebi ibadebian, berde bian da kvdebian; xasiaTebi viTardeba, icvleba; zogjer SeiZleba davinaxoT, rom mTeli sazogadoeba icvleba (`forsaite bis saga~, `omi da mSvidoba~) an ojaxis aRmavloba da dakninebaa warmoCenili (`budenbrokebi~). romani, tradiciulad, seriozulad ekideba drois problemas.
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pikareskul romanSi qronologiuri Tanamimdevroba yvelgan aseTia: axla es moxdeba da mere is. Tavgadasavlebs, yovel incidents, romelic SeiZleboda damoukidebeli ambavic yofiliyo, erTmaneTTan akavSirebs gmiris figura. ufro filosofiur romanSi qronologias emateba mi zezobriobis struqtura. garkveul mizezTa zegavleniT da dro is garkveul monakveTSi gmiris cxovreba an umjobesdeba, an uaresdeba. guldasmiT mofiqrebul siuJetSi dro cvlilebebs ganapirobebs: romanis bolos asaxuli situacia mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sawyisi situaciigan.
Txrobisas saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT ambis ganviTareba da ara mxolod misi dasasruli. yovelTvis iyo da axlac aris mkiTxveli, romelic lamobs winaswar gaigos, riT `dasrulda~ ambavi; imas, vinc kiTxulobs mecxramete saukunis romanis mxolod `daskvniT Tavs~, ar ainteresebs siuJeti, misi ganviTareba droSi, xolo is, rom yvelaferi raRaciT mTavrdeba, isedac viciT. albaT, arseboben emersonis msgavsi filosofosebi da moralistebi, rom lebic, ZiriTadad, romans seriozulad ver aRiqvamen, rad ganac moqmedeba, anu moqmedeba droSi, maT ararealurad miaCniaT. maTi azriT, istorias azri ara aqvs: istoria meordeba, araferi axali ar xdeba, xolo romani igive istoriaa, oRond gamogonili.
oriode sityva unda iTqvas terminze `naratiuli literatura~, romelsac upirispireben dramatul prozas, e. i. dramas. ambavi, igavi SeiZleba gadmocemuli iyos pan tomimis meSveobiT, an mTxroblis mier, romelic epikuri mTqmelis an axali drois mwerlis saxiT gvevlineba. epikuri poe ti Txrobisas pirvel pirs iyenebs, magram es SeiZleba iyos niRabic, lirikuli gmiris pirveli piri, miltonis msgavsad. mecxramete saukunis romanisti pirvel pirSi ar werda, magram iyenebda eposis upiratesobas _ komentirebasa da ganzogadebas, rasac SeiZleba vuwodoT `eseisturi~ (lirikulisgan gansxvavebiT) pirveli piri. amitom na ratiuli literaturis mTavari niSania moculobiToba: dialogebs (romelTa scenaze dadgmac SeiZleba) enacvleba ko mentarebi, romlebSic Sejamebulia asaxuli movlenebi6.
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naratiuli mxatvruli prozis or mTavar saxeobas inglisSi ewoda ‘‘romance’’ (romantikuli romani) da ‘‘novel’’ (yofiTi, realisturi romani). 1785 wels klara rivi maT Semdegnairad asxvavebda: `romani~ warmoadgens Tanamedrove cxovrebisa da adaTwesebis realur suraTs. `realistur romanSi~ maRalfardovani da daxvewili eniT aRwerilia is, rac ar momxdara da, savaraudoa, arc moxdeba~7.
romani realisturia, romantikuli romani _ poeturi an epikuri: dRes mas, albaT, `miTurs~ vuwodebdiT. en redklifi, ser uolter skoti, hoTorni `romantikuli romanebis~ avtorebi arian, fani bernei, jein ostini, enToni Trolopi, jorj gisingi _ realisturi romanebis avtorebi. es ori polaruli tipi warmoadgens naratiuli prozis ganviTarebis or gzas. romani ganviTarda aramxatvruli prozidan (werili, dRiuri, memuarebi an biografia, matiane an istoria), anu dokumentebidan. stilisturad masSi ZiriTadia e.w. damaxasiaTebeli detali _ `mimezisi~, viwro gagebiT. da, piriqiT, romantikulma romanma, romelic eposi sa da Sua saukuneebis rainduli sagmiro eposis, ganmgrZo bia, SeiZleba ugulebelyos detalis damajerebloba (magaliTad, individualizebuli metyvelebis reproduqcia dialogSi); is miiswrafvis ufro amaRlebuli realobisken, ufro Rrma fsiqologiisken. `rodesac mwerali Tavis Txzulebas `romantikul romans~ uwodebs, _ wers hoTorni, _ is uflebas itovebs, Tavisuflad moepyras nawarmoebis formasa da masalas~... Tu amgvar nawarmoebSi moqmedeba warsul droSi mimdinareobs, romantikuli romani miznad ar isaxavs, zedmiwevniT zustad warmoadginos es warsuli dro. man unda Seqmnas, _ rogorc hoTorni sxva naSromSi acxadebs, _ erTgvari `poeturi teritoria, sadac realuri sinamdvilis...asaxva aucilebeli araa~... 8
analizuri kvlevisas romanSi, Cveulebriv, gamoyo fen sam Semadgenel nawils: siuJets, xasiaTebis gamoxatvas da garemos. es ukanaskneli, ase aSkarad mravalmniSvnelovani, zog Tanamedrove TeoriaSi gadaiqca `atmosferod~ an `saerTo tonad~. cxadia, TiToeuli elementi danarCenis
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ganmsazRvrelia. henri jeimzi Tavis eseSi `prozis xelovneba~ svams kiTxvas, ̀ ra aris xasiaTi, Tu ara moqmedebis gansazRvra? ra aris moqmedeba, Tu ara xasiaTis ilustracia?~ (ix. `eseebi. inglisuridan Targmnes paata da rostom CxeiZeebma. Tb. `merani~, 1989. gv. 279. redaqtoris SeniSvna).
piesis, moTxrobis an romanis naratiul, anu TxrobiT struqturas tradiciulad ewodeba `siuJeti~ da albaT, es termini unda SevinarCunoT, magram is sakmaod farTod unda gaviazroT, vinaidan siuJeturia Cexovis, floberis, henri jeim zis qmnilebebi, iseve, rogorc hardis, uilki kolinzis da pos nawarmoebebi: siuJeti ar unda daviyvanoT CaxlarTul intrigamde, godvinis ̀ kaleb uiliamsis~ msgavsad9. unda ganvasxvavoT siuJetTa tipebi, SedarebiT martivi da ufro rTuli, `romantikuli~ da `realisturi~ siuJetebi. literaturuli gardaqmnebis dros romanisti iZulebuli xdeba, gaiTvaliswinos siuJetis ori saxeoba, romelTagan erTerTi Jamgadasul formas miekuTvneba. `Zowisferi asom Tavrulis~ Semdeg hoTornis romanebSi SemoTavazebulia Zveleburi yaidis idumali siuJetebi, Tumca sinamdvileSi maTi siuJetebi sxvagvaria, Tavisufa li, SedarebiT `rea listuri~. Tavis gviandeli periodis romanebSi dikensi did gamomgoneblur unars iCens saidumloebiT moculi siuJetebis TxzvaSi, romlebic xan SeiZleba Seesatyviseba romanis mniSvnelobis realur centrs, xan _ ara. `heklberi finis~ bolo mesamedi aSkarad Camouvardeba danarCens; es, al baT, nakarnaxevi iyo movaleobis mcdari gagebiT, romelic aiZulebda avtors usaTuod Seeqmna raRac `siuJeti~, Tumca, WeSmariti siuJeti ukve warmatebiT iyo Camoyalibebuli _ es gaxlavT miTuri siuJeti: sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo Cveulebrivi sazogadoebidan gandevnili oTxi adamiani erTmaneTs xvdeba da tiviT micuravs did mdinareze dinebis mimarTulebiT. erTerT uZveles da yvelaze universalur siuJetad iTvleba mogzauroba wyalsa da xmeleTze: `hekl beri fini~, `mobi diki~, `piligrimis gza~, `don kixoti~, `pikvikis klubis Canawerebi~, `mrisxanebis mtevnebi~. Cve ulebriv, amboben, rom yvela siuJeti Seicavs konfliqts (adamianebi bunebis winaaRmdeg,
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adamianebi sxva adamianebis winaaRmdeg an sakuTari TavTan mebrZoli adamiani). aseT SemTxvevaSi `konfliqti~, iseve, rogorc `siuJeti~, ufro farTod unda gaviazroT. konfliqti `dramatulia~, gulisxmobs daaxloebiT Tanabar ZalTa Setakebas, varaudobs moqmedebasa da winaaRmdegobis gawevas. da mainc, arsebobs xazovani ̀ siuJetebi~, dadevneba, gakideba: `kaleb uiliamsi~, `Zowisferi asomTavruli~, `danaSauli da sasjeli~, kafkas `procesi~.
siuJeti (an TxrobiTi struqtura) TavisTavad Sedgeba ufro mcire TxrobiTi struqturebisgan (epizodebisagan, SemTxvevebisagan). SedarebiT farTo da moculobiTi literaturuli struqturebi (tragedia, eposi, romani) ganviTarda istoriulad ufro adreuli rudimentuli formebisgan, rogorebicaa saxumaro ambavi, andazuri Tqma, anegdoti, werili. amgvarad, piesisa Tu romanis siuJeti struq turis struqturaa. rusi formalistebi da formalu ri analizis momxreebi (magaliTad, dibeliusi _ Dibelius), gvTavazoben termins `motivi~ (frang., motif, germ., motiv) siuJetis ZiriTadi elementebis gadmosacemad10. `motivi~, romelsac amgvarad iyeneben literaturis istorikosebi, nasesxebia fineli folkloristebisgan, romlebic TavianT SromebSi ikvleven zRaprebsa da xalxur Tqmulebebs11. damwerlobiTi literaturaSi amis aSkara nimuSad SeiZleba CaiTvalos SemTxveviTi gaigiveba (`SemecnebaTa komedia~), axalgazrdisa da xandazmulis daqorwineba (`ianvari da maisi~), mamis umaduri Svili (`mefe liri~, `mama gorio~), vaJiSvilis mier mamis Zebna (`ulise~ da `odisea~)12.
imas, rasac Cven vuwodebT romanis `kompozicias~, germanelebi da rusebi uwodeben romanis ̀ motivirebas~. es termini SeiZleba warmatebiT isesxos inglisurmac, radganac SesaniSnavi sizustiT gamoxatavs im ori mxaris mniSvnelobas, romelTagan erTia struqtura anu Txrobis kompozicia, meore _ qcevis fsiqologiuri, socialuri, filosofiuri Teoriis Sinagani struqtura _ saboloo angariSiT, kauzalobis zogierTi Teoria, romelic naTelyofs, ratom iqcevian adamianebi ise, rogorc iqcevian. ser uolter skoti
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werda: `yvelaze mkveTri sxvaoba realursa da gamogonil monaTxrobs Soris isaa, rom realur cxovrebaSi movlenebis Soreuli mizezebi bundovania... xolo meore SemTxvevaSi... avtoris movaleobaa, axsnas yvelaferi~.13.
kompozicia anu motivireba (farTo gagebiT) moicavs Txrobis meTods: `mozomilobas~, `nabijebs~ ese igi, scenebisa (dramatuli mdgomareobebis) da da asaxvis (uSua lo Txrobis) urTierTmimarTebas (romelic garkveuli xerxebiT regulirdeba) da, Semdgom, am rTuli mTlianobis mimarTebas naratiuli reziumesadmi, daskvnisadmi.
motivebsa da xerxebs perioduli xasiaTi aqvs. gotikur romans _ Tavisi, realistur romans _ Tavisi. di beliusi xSirad imeorebs, rom dikensis `realizmi~ araa naturalisturi romanis realizmi _ esaa `zRapruli~ realizmi, romelic iyenebs melodramatuli motivirebebis xerxebs:: kaci mkvdari rom egonaT, cocxali aRmoCndeba; dgindeba, vin arian bavSvis namdvili mSoblebi; aRmoCndeba, rom idumali qvelmoqmedi katorRelia14.
literaturul nawarmoebSi `motivirebam~ unda gaamZafros `realobis iluzia~: es aris misi esTetikuri funqcia. `realisturi~ motivireba xelovnebis xerxia. xelovnebaSi moCvenebiTi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre realuri.
rusi formalistebi ganasxvaveben `fabulas~ (ese igi, droiTmizezobriv kavSirs, romelic aris `istoria~ an realuri masala) `siuJetisagan~ (anu Txrobis struqturisgan). `fabula~ aris yvela motivis jami, xolo `siuJeti~ warmoadgens motivTa mxatvrulad mowesrige bul Tanmimdevrobas (romelic SeiZleba nebismieri iyos). drois gadanacvlebis magaliTebia: gakvanZva in medias res (`odisea~, `barnebi raji~); ambis ukusvlasa da winsvla (folkneris `abesalom, abesalom!~). folkneris `momakvdavi rom vesvene~s siuJeti Sedgeba ambisgan, romelsac rig rigobiT yvebian ojaxis wevrebi, rodesac dedis cxedars miasveneben Sors, sasaflaoze. `siuJeti~ aris Sinaarsi, romlis `Txrobis fokusTan~ Suamavlobs `Tvalsazrisi~. Tu `fabula~, ase vTqvaT, aris SerCeuli nedli masala (avtoris gamoc
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dilebis, kiTxvis Sedegad mopovebuli da a. S.), `siuJeti~ abstrahirdeba fabulisgan da ufro mkveTrad avlens naratiul pozicias15.
fabulis dro aris mTeli periodi, romelic moicavs ambavs, magram `naratiuli~ (`TxrobiTi~) dro Seesabameba `siuJets~; es aris wakiTxvis dro, anu `gamocdilebis~ dro; cxadia, is kontrolirebulia avtoris mier, ro melmac SeiZleba ramdenime winadadeba dauTmos wlebis gan mavlobaSi mimdinare movlenebis aRweras, magram cekvisa Tu Cais smis aRweras ori grZeli Tavi miuZRvnas16.
daxasiaTebis yvelaze martivi formaa saxeldeba. yovelgvari saxeldebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba personaJis gacocxleba, individualizeba. alegoriuli an kvazialegoriuli saxeli gaCnda meTvramete saukunis komediaSi: fildingis oluorTi da Tvekumi, uitvudi, misis malapropi, ser benjamin bekbaiti. isini gvagoneben jonsonis, benianis, spenseris da `evrimenis~ gmirebs. kidev ufro daxvewil movlenad unda CaiTvalos xmabaZviTi, anu onomatopeuri saxelebi, romlebsac Tanabari ostatobiT igonebdnen iseTi gansxvavebuli romanistebi, rogorebic iyvnen dikensi da henri jeimzi, balzaki da gogoli: peksnifi, pamblCuki, roza dartli (dart; startle), mister da mis merdstounebi (murder + stony heart). melvilis `aqabi~ da `ismaili~ mowmobs, rom literaturuli (am SemTxvevaSi, bibliuri) aluzia SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes daxasiaTebis ekonomiuri formis funqciiT17.
daxasiaTebis bevrnairi meTodi arsebobs, Zveli romanistebi (magaliTad, skoti) erT abzacSi detalurad aRwerdnen mTavar gmirebis garegnobas, meoreSi ki _ xasiaTs. magram sruli daxasiaTebis es forma SeiZleba dayvanil erTgvar iarliyamde, romelic win uZRvis gmiris gamoCenas nawarmoebSi. amgvar iarliys xSirad warmoadgens raime mimikuri an plastikuri gamoxatuleba _ saxis manWva, Jesti an gamoTqma, romlebic _ magaliTad, dikensTan _ meordeba gmiris yoveli gamoCenisas. esaa gmiris Tanmxlebi emblema. misis gamiji ganuwyvetliv fiqrobs Tavisi `moxuci qmris~
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Sesaxeb, iuraia hips imeorebs sityvas ’’umble’’(`mokrZaleba~) da isress xelebs. hoTorni zogjer zusti emblemis meSveobiT axasiaTebs zinoubias wiTeli yvaviliT, uestervelts _ kbilis SesaniSnavi proteziT. jeimzis Semoqmedebis bolo periodis nawarmoebSi `oqros TasSi~ gmirebi erTmaneTs simbolurad aRiqvamen.
arsebobs statikuri da dinamikuri (anu ganviTarebadi) daxasiaTebebi. es ukanaskneli, rogorc Cans, gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia iseTi vrceli romanebisTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `omi da mSvidoba~, xolo dramaSi, romelSic mxatvruli dro SezRudulia, ganviTarebadi daxasiaTebe bis meTodi naklebad gamoiyeneba. drama (magaliTad ibsenTan) gviCvenebs gmiris TandaTanobiTi Secvlis process. romanebSi aRwerilia TviT cvlilebis procesi. `brtyeli~ daxasiaTebiT, rac, Cveulebriv, `statikurs~ emTxveva, warmodgenilia martooden erTi Tviseba, rogorc ZiriTadi anu socialurad yvelaze naTlad gamokveTili Tviseba. SeiZleba es iyos karikatura an abstraqtuli idealizacia. klasicisturi drama (magaliTad, rasini) mimarTavs am xerxs mTavari gmirebis dasaxasiaTeblad. `moculobiTi~ daxasiaTeba, iseve, rogorc `dinamikuri~, moiTxovs sivrcesa da aqcents; `moculobiTi~ daxasiaTeba namdvilad saWiroa Tvalsazrisisa da miswrafebis ga momxatveli ZiriTadi gmirebis asaxvisas. aqedan ga momdinare, Cveulebriv, isini SeTavsebuli arian fonur, meorexarisxovan figurebTan _ `qorosTan~18.
aSkarad arsebobs erTgvari kavSiri daxasiaTebasa (literaturuli meTodi) da qaraqterologias (xasiaTis Teoria, personaluri tipebi) Soris. arseboben tipuri xasiaTebi, rac nawilobriv momdinareobs literaturuli tradiciidan, nawilobriv _ xalxuri gamocdilebidan, maT iyeneben romanistebi. mecxramete saukunis inglisur da amerikul prozaSi gvxvdebian Savgvremani mamakacebica da qalebic (hiTklifi, mister roCesteri, beki Sarpi, megi taliveri, zinoubia, miriemi, ligea) da qeraTmianebi (magaliTad, qalebi _ amelia sedli, liusi dini, hilda, prisila, fibi hoTorn
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Tan, ledi rouena _ skotTan. qeraTmiani qali meojaxea, TavSekavebuli, patiosani da saTno. Savgvremani _ vnebiani, mZvinvare, saidumloebiT moculi, macduri da daundobeli. aseTi iyo `anglosaqsuri~ Tvalsazrisi aRmosavleTis, ebraelTa, espanelTa da italielTa Sesaxeb19.
romanSi, iseve, rogorc dramaSi, mocemulia repertuaruli ansamblis msgavsi ram: gmiri mamakaci, gmi ri qali, borotmoqmedi, `saxasiaTo msaxiobebi~ (anu `ko mikuri personaJebi~, romlebic ganmuxtaven situacias). gvx vdebian mozardebi, inJeniuebi (miamitebi) da xandazmu li adamianebi (deda, mama, gauTxovari mamida an deida, duenia anu kompanioni qali, ZiZa). laTinuri tradiciis (igulixmeba plavte, terenciusi, commedia dell’arte, jonsoni, molieri) dramatul xelovnebaSi gavrcelebulia gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivi da tradiciuli tipebi, magaliTad, trabaxa meomari _ miles gloriosus, Zunwi mama, gaiZvera mosamsaxure. iseTi didi mweralic ki, rogoric iyo dikensi, xSirad iyenebda meTvramete saukunis dramatul da romanul tipebs da Taviseburad cvlida maT; dikensma `gamoigona~ mxolod ori axali tipi _ umweo moxuci da axalgazrda, agreTve _ ocnebiT Sepyrobili an fantaziori (magaliTad, tom pinCi `martin Cezluitidan~)20.
raoden Rrmadac ar unda hqondes fesvebi gamjdari sociologiasa da anTropologiaSi literaturul tipebs _ magaliTad, qeraTmian an Savgvreman qals _ TviT literatura `badebs~ emociur tipebs, romelTac SeiZleba moeZebnos istoriulliteraturuli winaprebi; sworad am aspeqtSia ganxiluli sabediswero qali (femme fatale) da bneli satanuri gmiri mario pracis wignSi `The Romantic Agony~ (`romantikuli agonia~).21
erTi SexedviT, garemo (aRwera da ara DTxroba) aris is, rac ganasxvavebs `mxatvrul prozas~ dramisagan. sinamdvileSi garemo literaturuli periodis kategoriaa. misi detaluri suraTi dramasa da romanSi araa `garemo, zogadad~, aramed _ romantikuli an realisturi garemoa (mag., mecxramete saukuneSi). dramaSi garemo SeiZleba moniS
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nuli iyos piesis teqstSi (rogorc SeqspirTan), an speqtaklis reJisoris miTiTebebSi, romlebic deko ratorisa da butaforisTvisaa gankuTvnili. zogi `scena~ SeqspirTan sulac araa miniSnebuli, lokalizebuli22. mag ram garemos aRwera romanebSic mniSvnelovanwilad sxva dasxvagvaria. jein ostini, fildingivisa da smoletivis msgavsad, iSviaTad aRwers interiersa da eqsteriers. jeimzis adreul romanebSi, romlebSic balzakis gavlena SeiniSneba, detaluradaa aRwerili saxlic da landSaftic. gviandeli periodis romanebSi garemos aRweras enacvleba zogadi atmosferos simboluri asaxva.
romantikuli aRwera miznad isaxavs, Seqmnas garkveuli ganwyobileba: aseT SemTxvevebSi atmosfero da yovelgvari efeqtebi iqvemdebareben siuJetsa da xasiaTebs _ amis magaliTebia en redklifi da po. naturalisturi aRwera gamoirCeva dokumenturi sizustiT da warmoqmnis obieqturi Txrobis iluzias (defo, svifti, zola).
garemo igive garemocvaa; da garemocva, gansa kuTrebiT, ojaxis interieri SeiZleba gagebul iqnes rogorc gmiris xasiaTis metonimiuri an metaforuli gamoxatule ba. adamianis saxli misive anareklia. Tu aRwerT saxls, Tqven aRwerT TviT am adamians. gulmodgineba, romliTac balzaki aRwers Zunwi grandes saxls Tu vokes pansions, Seusabamo sruliadac araa23. es saxlebi gamoxataven maTi mepatroneebis xasiaTs; am saxlebis atmosfero zemoqmedebas axdens maTzec, vinc iZulebulia arian maTSi icxovros. amazrzeni wvrilburJuaziuli pansioni imTaviTve iwvevs rastiniakis, iseve rogorc votrenis garkveul reaqcias; pansioni TvalsaCinod gviCvenebs gorios dacemis mizezebs da gamudmebiT upirispirdeba fufunebas, romelic aseve asaxulia balzakis nawarmoebSi.
garemo SeiZleba adamianis sulieri mdgomareo bis gamoxatuleba iyos. Tu garemo _ bunebaa, masSi aisaxeba adamianis ganwyobileba. landSafti sulieri ganwyobaao, ambobda amieli, romelic kargad icnobda adamianis Sinagan samyaros. adamiani da buneba aSkarad ur TierTdakavSirebulia,
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yvelaze mZafrad amas grZnobdnen romantikosebi (ara mxolod da ara gansakuTrebiT romantikosebi). boboqari, Smagi gmiri iswrafvis qariSx lisken. uSfoTvel gmirs mzis Suqi xiblavs.
da kidev, garemo SeiZleba determinanti iyos _ rodesac garemocva gagebulia, rogorc fizikuri an socialuri mizezobrioba, rasac individi ver akontrolebs. aseTebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos igdon hiTi tomas hardisTan an zeniti sinkler luisTan. realurad, amgvari garemo yvelaze ufro damaxasiaTebelia didi qalaqebisTvis (parizi, londoni, niuiorki), romlebic aRwerilia bevr Tanamedrove romanSi.
ambavi SeiZleba gadmocemuli iyos werilebis an dRiuris saxiT, an emyarebodes anekdots. moTxrobaCarCo istoriulad warmoadgens xids anekdotsa da romans So ris. `dekameronSi~ novelebi Tematuradaa dajgufebuli. `kenterberiul moTxrobebSi~ Temebis (magaliTad, qorwi neba) amgvar dajgufebas emateba daxasiaTeba Txrobis meSveobiT, rac yovelTvis Seesabameba mTxroblis xasiaTs, agreTve _ mogzaurTa fsiqologiur da socialur kon taqtebs. iseT mxatvrul formas, rogoricaa `moTxroba moTxrobaSi~, iyenebdnen romantikosebic: irvingis `mogzauris naambobi~ da hofmanis `serapionis Zmebi~. go tikuri romani `moxetiale melmoTi~ warmoadgens uc naur, magram ueWvelad STambeWdav, damoukidebeli am bebisagan Semdgar krebuls, romelSic Tavisuflad Sekav Sirebul ambebs mxolod SiSis atmosfero aerTianebs.
kidev erTi xerxi, romelic amJamad iSviaTad gamoiyeneba, aris novelis CarTva romanSi (magaliTad, `tom jonsSi~ _ `kaci zRapris gorakze~, `lamazi sulis aRsareba~ _ `vilhelm maisterSi~). rogorc Cans, es xerxi gamoiyeneboda nawarmoebis CarCoebis gafarToebisa da TxrobisTvis meti mravalferovnebis miniWebis mizniT. masStaburobisa da mravalferovnebis gadmocema yvelaze ukeT xelewifebodaT viqtorianuli epoqis trilogiebs, rom lebSic monacvleobiT viTardeboda erTdroulad orisami siuJeturi xazi (mbrunavi scenis principiT),
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sabolood ki isini erT xazad erTiandeboda; erTsa da imave nawarmoebSi sxvadasxva siuJeturi xazis Serwyma adre ukve gamoiyeneboda elisabedis droindel mwerlobaSi da xSirad brwyinvaledac xorcieldeboda. siuJeturi xazebi viTardeboda paralelurad (mag., ̀ lirSi~) an erTi maTgani emsaxureboda meoris `komikur xazgasmas~, an kidev _ parodirebas.
ambis Txroba pirvel pirSi (Ich Erzȁhlung) iseTi meTodia, romelic sagangebod unda ganvixiloT. cxadia, amgvari mTxro beli ar unda agverios avtorSi. amgvar Txrobis mizani da efeqti sxvadasxvagvaria. zogjer es keT deboda imisTvis, raTa mTxrobeli, sxva personaJebTan SedarebiT, naklebad gamoyofili yofiliyo (`devid koperfildi~). meore mxriv, mol flenderss da hek fins centraluri adgili ukaviaT TavianT `monaTxrobebSi~. `aSerebis saxlis dacemaSi~, pirvel pirSi Txrobisas, po mkiTxvels SesaZleblobas aZlevs, gaaigivos sakuTari Tavi aSeris megobarTan (romelsac araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs aSeris bediRbalTan) da masTan erTad ganeridos katastroful finals. `lige ias~, `berenaisis~, `mamxilebeli gulis~ nervuli da fsiqikurad aSlili centraluri personaJebi ki Tavad mogviTxroben TavianT Tavgadasavlebs. Cven ver gavaigivebT sakuTar Tavs im mTxrobelTan, romlis aRsarebasac vecnobiT; CvenTvis mniSvnelovania, ras hyve ba da rogorc hyveba is.
sainteresoa, ra saSualebebiT icavs ambavi Tavisi `myofobis~ uflebas. zog nawarmoebs Tavidanve efeqturad gvacnoben (`otrantos cixesimagre~, `xraxnis motrialeba~, `Zowisferi asomTavruli~). avtori da mkiTxveli TiTqos ar monawileoben ambavSi: ubralod, mavanma am mouTxro is bs, an am gadasca bs mindobili xelnaweri, sadac aRwerilia gs tragikuli cxovreba. posTan, zogjer, pirvel pirSia warmodgenili dramatuli monologi (`amontiliado~), zogjer ki _ aRsareba, romelic dawera pirovnebam im mtanjveli fiqrebis mosaSoreblad, mZime tvirTad rom daswolia mis aforiaqebul suls (`mamxilebeli guli~). xSirad (magaliTad, `ligeiaSi~) avtoris mizani gaurkvevelia: iqneb mTxrobeli Tavis Tavs esaubreba? SesaZloa, imis gamo hyveba xelmeored Tavis ambavs, rom xelaxla ganicados SiSi?
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naratiuli meTodis centraluri problemaa mwerlis damokidebuleba sakuTar nawarmoebisadmi. piesaSi avtori ar Cans, is piesis miRmaa mimaluli, magram eposSi poeti hyveba ambavs, rogorc profesionali mTxrobeli. nawarmoebis teqstSi gvxvdeba misi axsnaganmartebebi da sakuTriv TxrobiT nawilSi (e.i. dialogebs garda, yvelgan) icavs Tavis individualur stils.
romanists SeuZlia, aseve, mogviyves ambavi; ufleba aqvs ganacxados, rasac giambobT, imis arc mowme vyofilvar da arc monawileo. mas SeuZlia weros mesame pirSi, rogorc `yovlismcodne avtorma~. es, ueWvelad, Txrobis tradiciuli da `bunebrivi~ wesia. nawarmoebis gverdiT avtori arsebobs ise, rogorc leqtori, romelic komentars urTavs diapozitivebis Cvenebas an dokumentur films.
epikuri Txrobis amgvari Sereuli meTodidan gadaxveva ori mimarTulebiT warimarTeba xolme: pirvel maTgans SeiZleba ewodos romantikulironiuli; masSi ganzrax aris gazviadebuli mTxroblis roli, sagangebod ganidevneba yovelgvari iluzia imisa, rom Cven winaSea `cxovreba~ da ara `xelovneba~; xazgasmulia nawarmoebis literaturuli xasiaTi. am mimarTulebis fuZemdebelia sterni, gansakuTrebiT _ `tristram SendiSi~, misi mim devaria Jan pol rixteri da tiki germaniaSi, veltmani da gogoli ruseTSi. `tristrams~ SeiZleba ewodos romani ro manis daweris Sesaxeb, iseve rogorc Jidis `yalbi fulis mWrelebsa~ da mis memkvidres, haqslis `kontrapunqts~. Teke reim mravaljer Seamowma da Seaswora `amaoebis bazari~, mu dam imeorebda, es xasiaTebi Cem mier Seqmnili Tojine bi ao. es sityvebi, ueWvelad, lite raturuli ironiis Tavisebu ri gamoxatulebaa: literatura gamudmebiT Seaxsenebs sakiTar Tavs, rom is mxolod da mxolod literaturaa.
romanis meore, sapirispiro mizania ̀ obieqturi~, anu ̀ dramatuli~ meTodi, romelic dasabuTebuli da xorc Sesxmulia oto ludvigis mier germaniaSi, floberisa da mopasanis mier safrangeTSi, henri jeimzis mier inglisSi24. am meTodis mimdevrebi _ kritikosebi, mwerlebi _ amtkicebdnen, rom esaa
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erTaderTi mxatvruli meTodi (rac WeSmaritebas ar Seesabameba). persi labokma ̀ mxatvruli prozis ostatobaSi~ Cinebulad ganixila romanis poetika jeimzis mxatvruli Semoqmedebisa da Teoriuli Sromebis safuZvelze.
umjobesia, am mimarTulebas vuwodoT `obieqturi~, radganac `dramatuli~ SeiZleba niSnavdes `dialogs~ an `moqmedebas, saqciels~ (azrebisa da grZnobebis Sinagani samyarosgan gansxvavebiT), magram savsebiT naTelia, rom swored dramam, Teatrma misces biZgi am mimdinareobis gan viTarebas. oto ludvigma Tavisi Teoriebi, umetesad, di ken sis Semoqmedebis safuZvelze Camoayaliba. pantomimi sa da metyvelebiTi daxasiaTebis xerxebi dikensma isesxa Zve li, meTvramete saukunis komediidan da melodramidan. Txro bis nacvlad dikensis miiswrafvis yovelTvis dialogisa da pantomimis saSualebiT warmoadginos. is ki ar gviambobs raimes, aramed gviCvenebs. mogvianebiT romanma bevri ram gadmoiRo ufro daxvewili Teatraluri formebisgan (magaliTad, jeimzma _ ibsenisagan)25.
obieqturi meTodi ar daiyvaneba dialogze da qcevis aRweraze (jeimzis `gardatexis asaki~, hemingueis `mkvlelebi~). es uTuod gamoiwvevda konkurencias prozasa da Teatrs Soris, da aseT SemTxvevaSi Teatri ufro momge bian poziciaSi aRmoCndeba. obieqturi meTodis warmateba aixsneba sulieri cxovrebis asaxviT, risi SesaZleblobac Teatrs ara aqvs. obieqturi meTodis aucilebeli pirobaa romanidan ̀ yovlismcodne avtoris~ gaqroba, anu dauswrebloba da sanacvlod, `Tvalsazrisis~ Tan mimdevrulad gamoyeneba. jeimzis da labokis SexedulebiT, romanSi urTierTs enacvleba ̀ suraTi~ da ̀ drama~: igulisxmeba sulieri da fizikuri cxovrebis suraTebi, romlebic ganSualebulia ama Tu im personaJis cnobierebiT, magram es araa `scena~, Tumca Txrobas SeiZleba Seenacvlos dialogi, xolo mniSvnelovani epizodebisa Tu Sex vedrebis aRwerisas SeiZleba miTiTebul iqnes mxolod zogierTi detali26. `suraTi~ iseTive `obieqturia~, rogorc `drama~, oRond `suraTSi~ obieqturadaa gad mocemuli specifikuri subieqturoba, xasiaTebi (madam bovari an streTeri), maSin,
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rodesac ̀ drama~ obieqturad gadmogvcems saubarsa da qcevas. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, dasaSvebia `Tvalsazrisis~ Se nacvleba (magaliTad, `oqros Tasis~ meore nawilSi princis Tvalsazriss enacvleba princesas Tvalsazrisi) im pirobiT, Tu sistematuroba iqneba uzrunvelyofili. obieqturi meTodisaTvis dasaSvebia, agreTve, romanSi avtoris mier iseTi personaJis gamoyeneba, romelic hgavs avtors _ is megobrebs uyveba ambavs (marlou konradis ̀ iungaSi~) an yvelaferi warmoCenilia misi cnobierebis meSveobiT (streTeri `elCebSi~); orive SemTxvevaSi xazgasmulia is, rom romani icnobierebs Tavis obieqturobas. Tu avtori araa `ganzavebuli~ teqstSi, maSin is an misi Semcvleli personaJi monawileoben nawarmoebSi misi mdgomareobiTa da statusiT, rogorc _ sxva personaJebi27.
obieqturi meTodi arsebiT mniSvnelobas aniWebs gadmocemis dros: mkiTxveli da personaJebi erTian droSi cocxloben. `suraTsa~ da `dramas~ garkveulwilad yovelTvis unda erTvodes ̀ reziume~ (piesaSi is SeiZleba amgvarad gamoiyurebodes: `pirvel da meore moqmedebas Soris xuTi dRe gavida~), magram reziumeTa raodenoba minimaluri unda iyos. viqtorianuli periodis romanebi, Cveulebriv, mTavrdeboda TaviT, romelSic mokled gvamcnobda mniSvnelovan personaJTa Semdgomi cxovrebis, qorwinebebisa Tu sikvdilis Sesaxeb; jeimzma, houelsma da maTma Tanamedroveebma bolo mouRes am tradicias, romelsac, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, arasrulfasovnad Tvlidnen. obieqtivisturi Teoriis Tanaxmad, mweralma winaswar rodi unda gvamcnos, ra moxdeba momavalSi; man TandaTanobiT unda gaSalos Tavisi daxveuli etrati, ise, rom mxolod TiToTiTo striqoni vixiloT da amgvarad wavikiTxoT teqsti. ramon fernandezi ganasxvavebs Txrobis or saxeobas _ erTia recit, anu Txroba imis Sesaxeb, rac ukve moxda da ris Sesaxebac axla hyvebian eqspoziciisa da aRweris kanonTa Sesabamisad; meorea sakuTriv romani (novel), anu Txroba im movlenebis Sesaxeb, romlebic jer kidev xdeba droSi28.
obieqturi romanis teqnikuri xerxia is, rasac germanelebi uwodeben ‘‘erlebte Rede’’, frangebi _ ''le style indirect libre'' (tibode) an ''la monologue interieur'' (diuJardeni). mas Za
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lze miaxloebiT Seesabameba inglisuri termini ̀ cnobierebis nakadi~, romelic uiliam jeimzidan mom dinareobs29. diuJardenis gansazRvriT, `Sinagani mo nologi~ miznad isaxavs, mkiTxvels uSualod gaacnos personaJis Sinagani cxovreba avtoris axsnaganmartebebi sa da yovelgvari komentaris gareSe~. da `aris yvelaze ufro intimuri fiqrebis gamovlena, fiqrebisa _ TiTqmis aracnobieris doneze~... `elCebSi~, ambobs laboki, jeimzi `ar mogviTxrobs streTeris sulieri ganwyobis Sesaxeb; mwerali Tavad sulier ganwyobilebas aambobinebs sakuTa ri Tavis Sesaxeb, amiT jeimzi aRwevs mis dramatizebas~30. am xerxTa istoriisa da mTels Tanamedrove literaturaSi maTi mniSvnelobis Seswavla mxolod axlaxan daiwyo; isini momdinareobs Seqspiris monologebidan; sternisgan, romelmac gamoiyena ideaTa lokiseuli Tavisufali aso ciacia da `siRrmiseuli analizidan~, e. i. avtoris mier gmiris Sinagani samyaros gadmocema _ mesame31.
Cveni mesame debuleba exeboda mxatvruli prozis `samyaros~ (siuJeti, xasiaTebi, garemo) da umetesad ilustrirebuli iyo romanebis magaliTze. magram aS karaa, rom is gamodgeba agreTve dramisTvisac, Tu ga viTvaliswi nebT, rom dramac literaturuli nawarmoebia. meoTxe da bolo debuleba `metafizikuri Taviseburebebis~ Sesaxeb ganxiluli iyo mWidro kavSirSi `samyarosTan~, rogorc `cxovrebasTan mimarTebis an damokidebulebis~, anda sam yaros `atmosferos~ ekvivalenti; magram am Tvisebebs davubrundebiT da detalurad ganvixilavT im TavSi, romelic Sefasebas eZRvneba.
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literaturuli Janrebi
*ra aris literatura? poemebis, piesebis da romanebis
erToblioba, romlebsac saerTo saxeli aerTianebs? ase Ti nominalisturi pasuxi gasca am kiTxvas Cvens droSi, kerZod, kroCem.1 es Tvalsazrisi, erTi mxriv, reaqciaa kla sikuri avtoritarizmis ukiduresobebze; meore mxriv, is jerovnad ver afasebs literaturis istoriis faqtebs.
literaturuli Janri araa, ubralod, fiqcia, radgan esTetikuri pirobiToba, romelic xorcSexmulia nawarmoebSi, ayalibebs mis Janrs. literaturuli Janre bi SeiZleba `ganvixiloT rogorc institucionaluri imperativi, romelic gansazRvravs mwerlis maneras da TviTonac ganisazRvreba am maneriT~.2 miltoni, romelic esoden progresuli iyo politikisa da rwmenis sakiTxeb Si, poeziaSi tradicionalisti gaxldaT, da, v.p. keris moxdenili gamoTqmiT, `ver uRalata eposis Janrs~; man Tavadac icoda, `romelia WeSmaritad epikuri poemis kanonebi, romeli – dramatuli poemisa, da romeli – lirikulis~.3 magram, amasTanave, isic icoda, rogor unda SeirCes, ganivrcos, anda gadakeTdes klasikuri forma; icoda, ra gziT SeiZleboda `eneidas~ `gaqristianeba~ anda `miltonizeba~, xolo sakuTari cxovrebis Sesaxeb Txrobisas SeZlo Camoeyalibebina ebrauli legenda samsonis Sesaxeb berZnuli tragediis formiT.
literaturuli Janri _ esaa instituti, iseve, rogorc institutebia eklesia, universiteti anda saxelmwifo. Janri arsebobs, magram ara ise, rogorc arsebobs cxoveli, samlocvelo, biblioTeka an kapitoliumi, aramed _ rogorc dawesebuleba. adamians SeuZlia imoqmedos, sakuTari Tavi gamoxatos arsebuli institutebis meSveobiT, axlebic Seqmnas, anda maqsimalur warmatebas ise miaRwios, rom ar
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gaiziaros institutis politika an ritualebi; amas garda, pirovnebas kidev SeuZlia jer Caebas aseTi institutebis saqmianobaSi, Semdeg ki gardaqmnas isini.4
Janrebis Teoria aris garkveuli mowesrigebuloba. misi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia literaturisa da literaturis istoriis klasificireba ara droisa da adgilis (pe riodis an erovnuli enis) mixedviT, aramed specifikuri literaturuli tipebis organizaciisa Tu struqturis Sesabamisad.5 nebismieri kritikuli anda SefasebiTi kvleva (istoriulisgan gansxvavebiT), garkveulwilad, operirebs amgvari struqturebiT. magaliTad, leqsis analizi damokidebulia gamocdilebaze, sul erTia, iqneba es aRweriTi Tu normatiuli gamocdileba (Tumca, rasakvirvelia, pirovnebis warmodgena poeziis Sesaxeb gamudmebiT icvleba, da es xdeba misi im gamocdilebis safuZvelze, romelic emyareba mis Sexedulebebs ama Tu im poeturi nawarmoebis Sesaxeb).
xom ar unda vivaraudoT, rom yoveli nawarmoebi romelime gansazRvrul Janrs ekuTvnis? ramdenadac viciT, es problema ar wamoWrila arc erT diskusiaSi. Cven rom gvevalebodes pasuxis gacema bunebrivi samyaros weskanonTa analogiurad, cxadia, dadebiT pasuxs gavcemdiT, radgan adgili yvelas moeZebneba – gind veSapi iyos da gind _ Ramura; amave dros, Cven vaRiarebT im arsebaTa realobas, romlebic CaiTvlebian erTi samyarodan meoreSi gardamaval elementebad. amitom sakiTxi sxvagvarad unda davsvaT, anu kidev ufro unda davakonkretoT Cveni kiTxva: SeiZleba Tu ara iTqvas, rom yoveli nawarmoebi sakmaod axlo literaturul kavSirSia sxva nawarmoebTan, imdenad axlos, rom mis Seswavlas exmareba sxva nawarmoebTa kvleva? da Tu asea, rogor gansazRvravs `Canafiqri~ Janrs? miekuTvneba Tu ara iniciativa novatorebs? an, iqneb, is veteranTa mxriv momdinareobs?6
gansazRvrulia Tu ara Janrebi erTxel da samudamod? vfiqrobT, rom ara. axali nawarmoebebi afarToeben Janris sazRvrebs. aba, davakvirdeT `tristram Sendis~ da `ulises” zemoqmedebas romanis Teoriaze. rodesac miltoni werda `dakargul samoTxes~, misi warmodgeniT, es poema Janruli
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niSanTvisebebis mxriv emTxveoda `iliadasa~ da `eneidas~; magram Cven umal ganvasxvavebT zepirsityvier eposs literaturulisagan da ara aqvs mniSvneloba, miviCnevT `iliadas~ zepir eposad Tu ara. unda vifiqroT, rom miltoni ar ecdeboda imis mtkicebas, rom `feriaTa dedofali~ eposi iyo, Tumc ki dawerili im periodSi, rodesac jer kidev ar acalkeveben erTmaneTisagan epossa da satrfialo romance-s, xolo eposis alegoriul personaJs dominantu ri roli ekisreboda; amis miuxedavad, spensers, cxadia, mainc miaCnda, rom poemas homerosis stiliT werda.
ueWvelia, rom yovelgvari kritikuli midgomis Sedegia axali gvareobrivi rgolis, axali Janruli modelis aRmoCena: ase magaliTad, empsoni pastoralebad miiCnevs Semdeg nawarmoebebs: `rogor mogewonebaT~, `samgroSiani opera~ da `alisa saocrebaTa qveyanaSi~, xolo `Zmebi karamazovebi~ gatolebulia deteqtiur nawarmoebebTan.
aristotelem da horaciusma safuZveli Cauyares Janris Teorias. swored maT davesesxeT gvarebad (tragedia da eposi) dayofas. magram, aristotelem ganaxorciela literaturis ufro fundamenturi dayofac _ dramad, eposad da lirikad. Tanamedrove literaturuli Teoriebis umetesoba ufro saimisod aris momarTuli, rom gaaqarwylos prozapoeziis sxvaoba, beletristika (Dichtung) warmoadginos prozis (romani, moTxroba, eposi), dramis (prozad an leqsad nawerad) da poeziis (aqcenti keTdeba iseT tipze, romelic Seesatyviseba antikuri `lirikuli poeziis~ cnebas) saxiT.
vietori samarTlianad gvTavazobs, termini `Janri~ ar gamoviyenoT am sami metnaklebad ZiriTadi kategoriisa da istoriulad ganviTarebuli saxeobebis (tragedia an komedia) mimarT;7 am ukanasknelTa mimarT, anu istoriulad ganviTarebuli saxeobebis SemTxvevaSi, misi azri misaRebia. rac Seexeba ZiriTaf kategoriebs, maTi aRsaniSnavi ter minis gansazRvra rTulia da, albaT, arc aris saWiro.8 platonma da aristotelem ukve gamoyves es sami mTavari kategoria `baZvis saxeobis~ (anu reprezentaciis maneris) Sesabamisad: lirikuli poezia _ esaa TviT poetis `xma~;
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epikur poeziaSi (anda romanSi) avtori nawilobriv metyvelebs TviTon, rogorc mTxrobeli, nawilobriv ki uSualod alaparakebs sakuTar personaJebs (esaa Sereuli narativi): rac Seexeba dramas, aq poeti imaleba moqmed pirTa miRma.9
araerTxel ucdiaT, eCvenebinaT am sami gvareobrivi kategoriis fundamenturi buneba, gamoevlinaT, rogor gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan proza, drama da poezia drois TvalsazrisiT, lingvisturi morfologiis TvalsazrisiT. msgavsi debulebebi Camoayaliba jer kidev hobsma Tavis werilSi davenantisadmi; man samyaro dayo samefo karad, qalaqad, soflad da, Sesabamisad aRmoaCina poeziis Sesatyvisi sami ZiriTadi tipi: sagmiro (eposi da tragedia), sqomaturi (satira da komedia), da pastoraluri.10 niWieri ingliseli kritikosi, e.s. dalasi, romelic icnobda Slegelis da kolrijis11 kritikul naSromebs, asaxelebs poeziis sam ZiriTad tips: esenia `piesa, zRapari, simRera~ da gvTavazobs ufro germanuli, vidre inglisuri tradiciebis Tanaxmad SemuSavebul sqemaTa seriebs. dalasis azriT, drama meore piria, awmyo dro; eposi mesame piria, namyo; xolo lirikuli poezia mxolobiTi ricxvis pirveli piria, momavali. aRsaniSnavia, rom jon erskinma, romelmac 1912 wels gamoaqveyna poeturi `temperamentis” ZiriTadi literaturuli tipebis interpretaciisadmi miZRvnili naSromi, daaskvna, rom lirika awmyos gamoxatavs, magram tragediaSi warmoCndeba adamianis (romlis bedi misi xasiaTidan gamomdinareobs) mier warsulSi Cadenili codvebis gamosyidva, xolo eposi _ esaa erebis Tu rasebis xvedri. mcdaria erskinis daskvna imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom drama gamoxatavs warsuls, xolo eposi – momavals.12
Tavisi formiT da SinaarsiT, erskinis eTikurfsiqologiuri interpretacia ramdenadme waagavs rusi formalistebis cdebs, romlebsac – rogorc amas akeTeb da roman iakobsoni _ surT aCvenon Sesabamisoba enis dafiqsirebul gramatikul struqturasa, da literaturul saxeobebs Soris. iakobsoni acxadebs, rom lirikuli poezia `aris mxolobiTi ricxvis pirveli piri, awmyo dro, maSin rodesac
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eposi – warsuli drois mesame piria~ (epikuri mTxroblis `me” mocemul SemTxvevaSi Seesabameba mesame pirs _ ‘‘dieses objektivierte Ich’’)13.
ZiriTadi literaturuli kategoriebis amgvari kvlevebi, romlebic, erTi mxriv, akavSireben maT lingvistur morfologiasTan, xolo meore mxriv – msoflmxedvelobriv sferoebTan, miuxedavad maTi mimzidvelobisa, iSviaTad ganapirobebs obieqtur Sedegebs. kvlavindeburad gaurkvevelia, marTlac fundamenturia Tu ara es sami kategoria, Tundac Semadgeneli nawilebis sxvagvari kombinirebis SemTxvevaSi.
erTerTi sirTule ukavSirdeba im faqts, rom amJamad drama sxva mdgomareobaSia, vidre eposi (romani) da lirika. aristotelesTvis da berZnebisaTvis sazogadoebrivi, an Tundac zepiri Sesruleba ukve niSnavda eposs: homerosis poezias warmosTqvamda rafsodi, magaliTad, ioni. elegiur da iambikur poezias akompanements fleita uwevda, xolo melikur poezias – qnari. dResdReobiT, umetes SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxveli TvaliT kiTxulobs poezias da romanebs.14 magram drama axlac, iseve, rogorc es iyo berZenTa epoqaSi, warmoadgens Sereul xelovnebas, romlis safuZvels rasakvirvelia, mainc literatura warmoadgens, magram amave dros, is moicavs, agreTve, `speqtakls~, radgan iyenebs msaxiobTa ostatobas, piesis reJisoris unars, kostiumeris da eleqtrikosis xelobas.15
Tuki aseTi sirTulis Tavidan asacileblad samive ZiriTad kategorias daviyvanT Cveulebriv li teraturulobamde, maSin rogor unda ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisgan piesa da moTxroba? bolo xanebSi amerikuli moTxroba (mag. hemingueis `mkvlelebi~) cdilobs iyos obieqturi da, rogorc piesamoTxroba _ TiTqmis mT li a nad dialogizebuli. magram rodesac saqme gvaqvs tra diciul romanTan, masSi, eposis msgavsad, Txrobis gar da, Sereulia kidev dialogi anda uSualo prezentacia; Janris problemis sxva mkvlevrebTan erTad, skaligerma umaRles Janrad aRiara eposi, nawilobriv imis gamo, rom is yvela danar
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Cens moicavs. vinaidan eposi da romani warmoadgenen rTul formebs, amitom pirveladi saxeobebis dasadge nad unda `gavaTavisufloT~ maTi Semadgeneli nawilebi da davarqvaT maT `pirdapiri Txroba~ da `dialogiT mowodebuli Txroba~ (anu sakiTxavad gankuTvnili drama); am SemTxvevaSi, Cveni sami ZiriTadi elementi iqneba Txro ba, dialogi da simRera. SesaZloa, amgvarad ganwmendili, gamartivebuli saxiT, isini ufro `pirveladia~, vidre, magaliTad, `aRwera, eqspozicia da Txroba~?16
ganvixileT ra `pirveladi~ formebi, anu poezia, romani da drama, mivubrundeT maT amosaval saxeobebs: meTvra mete saukunis kritikosi Tomas henkinsi wers, rom inglisuri dramis nairsaxeobebi iyo `misteria, moralite, tragedia da komedia~. meTvramete saukuneSi proza warmodgenili iyo romaniT da romance-iT (satrfialo romani). Cveni azriT, meore kategoriis jgufebis swored aseT nairsaxeobebs unda vuwodoT Janrebi.
meCvidmete da meTvramete saukuneebi is xanaa, rodesac Janrebs seriozulad ganixilavdnen; kritikosebs eWvi ar SeaqvT Janris cnebaSi, maTTvis Janri _ realobaa.17 is, rom arsebobs sxvadasxvagvari Janrebi da ar SeiZleba maTi aRreva, klasicisturi rwmenis dogmati gaxlavT. magram Tu gadavxedavT klasicistur kritikas, raTa gaverkveT, rogor gansazRvraven Janrs am kategoriis kritikosebi, ra meTodiT xelmZRvaneloben, roca undaT ga nasxvavon Janrebi erTimeorisagan, davrwmundebiT, rom Zalze cota ram aris maT msjelobaSi Tanmimdevruli da saerTod, racionaluri gansazRvris saWiroebac ki cudad aqvT gaazrebuli. magaliTad, bualos kanoni moicavs pastorals, elegias, odas, epigramas, satiras, tragedias, komedias da eposs; magram bualo ar gansazRvravs am tipologiis safuZvels (iqneb imitom, rom, misi azriT, esaa istoriuli tipologia da ara racionalisturi konstruqcia). riT gansxvavdebian es Janrebi _ SinaarsiT, struqturiT, saleqso sazomiT, sididiT, emociuri toniT, WeltanschauungiT, Tu auditoriiT? amaze pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia. Tumca, bevri klasi
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cistisTvis Janrebis mTe li cneba, TavisTavad, imdenad aSkaraa, rom gamoricxavs raime problemis arsebobas. hiu bleri (`ritorika da beletristika~, 1793) ramdenime Tavs uZRvnis ZiriTad Janrebs, magram maTSi ar moiZebna adgili, zogadad, JanrTa Teoriis, araa gansazRvruli literaturuli klasifika ciis principebi. Janrebis SerCevac araa dasabuTebuli meTodologiuri an sxva romelime TvalsazrisiT. maTi umetesoba kvlav berZnebs ukavSirdeba, Tumca, es yvelaze ar iTqmis: avtori msjelobs `aRweriT poeziaze~, romelSic `SeiZleba warmoCndes geniis ukiduresi dinamikuroba~; aq is ar gulisxmobs `raime konkretul kategorias anda kompoziciis formas~, Tumca, arsebobda `didaqtikuri poemis~ iseTi nimuSebi, rogorebicaa ’’De rerum natura’’ anda `esse adamianze”. `aRweriTi poeziidan~ bleri gadadis `ebraul poeziaze~, romelic, misi azriT, warmoaCens `gardasul droTa da pirisagan miwisa aRgvili xalxis gemovnebas~; amasTan, bleri TiTqos verc amCnevs imas, rom esaa aRmosavluri poeziis nimuSi, im poeziisa, sruliad rom ar hgavs gabatonebul berZnulromaulfrangul tra dicias. Semdgom bleri iwyebs msjelobas imaze, rasac is savsebiT orTodoqsulad uwodebs `epikuri da dramatuli poeziis umaRles saxeobebs~; Tumca, ufro marTebuli iqneboda, am ukanasknelisTvis `tragedia~ ewodebina.
klasicisturi Teoria ar ganmartavs, ar aviTarebs da arc icavs Janrebis doqtrinas, aseTivea misi damokidebuleba literaturis diferenciaciis safuZvlis mimarT. misi yurad Re bis centrSia iseTi sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa Janris siwminde, misi arsebobis xangrZlivoba da axali Janrebis gamovlena.
vinaidan istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, klasicizmi iyo avtoritarizmisa da racionalizmis narevi, is konservatiulobas iCenda lieraturuli klasifikaciis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas. klasicisturi Sexedulebebi ume teswilad emyareboda antikur esTetikas da, ZiriTadad, exeboda poeturi Janrebis klasifikacias. magram ukve bualo aRiarebs sonets da madrigals, xolo jonsoni xotbas asxams denhems, romelmac Tavis nawarmoebSi ̀ kuperis mTa~, Semoitana ̀ poe
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ziis axali sistema~, ̀ poezia, romelsac SeiZleba ewodos regionaluri~; mas, agreTve, miaCnia, rom tomsonis `weliwadis droni~ aris `axali tipis poezia~ da rom aq `msjelobisa da azrebis gamoxatvis mane ra originalurobiT gamoirCeva~.
klasikuri franguli tragediis momxreebi qadagebdnen Janris siwmindes da upirispirebdnen mas elisabedis xanis tragediebs, sadac daSvebuli iyo komikuri scenebi (mesaflaveni `hamletSi~, mTvrali msaxuri `makbetSi~). esaa horaciusiseuli Tvalsazrisis `mimdevari~ Teoria, Tu is dogmaturia, xolo rodesac masSi gaismis mowodeba gamocdilebisa da ganaTlebuli hedonizmisaken, maSin is aristoteleseuli Sexedulebis damadasturebel doq tri nas warmoadgens. arsitoteles sityvebiT, `tragediam unda gamoiwvios ara SemTxveviTi siamovneba, aramed siamovneba, romelic Seesabameba mas.~18
Janrebis ierarqia nawilobriv ganisazRvreba hedonisturi TvalsazrisiT: magram klasikur nimuSebSi nawarmoebiT gamowveuli siamovneba ar unda gaviazroT raodenobrivad, anu emociis intensivobis mxriv an mkiTxvelTa Tu msmenelTa raodenobis TvalsazrisiT; ierarqiuli struqturis principi erTdroulad ga nisazRvreba ramdenime faqtoriT. esenia: socialuri, moraluri, esTetikuri, hedonisturi da tradiciuli faqtorebi. gasaTvaliswinebelia literaturuli nawar moebis zomac: mcire Janrebi, magaliTad, soneti an oda, ver gautoldeba eposs anda tragedias. miltonis `mcire zomis~ leqsebi ganekuTvneba dabal Janrebs (soneti, kancona Tu maska); misi `umTavresi~ nawarmoebebidan erTi `WeSmariti~ tragediaa, ori ki _ epikuri poemebi. raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT, am ori `maRali~ Janridan `umaRlesia~ eposi. amasTan, yoymanis Semdeg da sakuTari Sexedulebebis sapirispirod, aristotelem pirveli adgili miakuTvna tragedias. aRorZinebis xanis kritikosebma meti Tanmimdevruloba gamoiCines, da upiratesoba eposs mianiWes. klasicizmis epoqaSi es sakiTxi kvlav sakamaTod rCeboda, Tumca, hobsi, draideni da bleri aRiarebdnen, rom eposic da tragediac umaRles Janrebad unda CaiTvalos.
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axla ganvixiloT sxva literaturuli nawarmoebebi, romlebic gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan mxolod strofu li formiT da saleqso sazomiT. rogor unda movaxerxoT sonetis, rondos an baladis klasifikacia? ras warmoadge nen isini – Janrebs, Tu qveJanrebs? ukanasknel xanebSi frangi da germaneli mwerlebi maT `fiqsirebul formebad~ moixsenieben da ar miakuTvneben Janrebs. amis miuxedavad, vietori uSvebs gamonakliss, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sonetisTvis mainc; Cveni azriT, gamarTlebuli iqneboda meti gamonaklisis daSveba. magram aq ukve terminologiidan gadavdivarT kriteriumis definiciaze: arsebobs Tu ara, saerTod, iseTi Janri, romelsac uwodeben `oqtosilabur leqss~, anda `dipodiur leqss~? Cven mzad varT, dadebiTad vupasuxoT am kiTxvas, da ai, ratom: Tu meTvramete saukunis inglisur poeziaSi gvxvdeba `oqtavebi~, xolo meoce saukunis dasawyisSi _ `dipodiebi~ da, amasTan, es orive sazomi daaxasiaTebeli araa inglisuri poeziisTvis misi iamburi pentametriT, es niSnavs, rom oqtavebiT da dipodiebiT dawerili leqsebis SemTxvevaSi, maTi intonaciiTa da eTosiT19 saqme ara gvaqvs ubralod klasifikaciasTan metris safuZvelze aramed gacilebiT ufro mravalmniSvnelovan faqtTan, romelsac aqvs rogorc `Sinagani~, aseve `gareg nuli~ forma.
amitom Janrad unda miviCnioT literaturul nawarmoebTa jgufi, romlebSic Teoriulad vlindeba rogorc garegnuli (specifikuri metri an struqtura), aseve Sinagani (ganwyobileba, toni, Canafiqri – anu Tema da auditoria) forma. sakmaris safuZvlad SeiZleba gamodges erTic da meorec (Sinagani formisTvis – pastorali da satira, xolo garegnuli formisTvis – dipodiuri leqsi anda pindaruli oda); magram aseT SemTxvevaSi kritikis amocanad unda miviCnioT sxva ganzomilebis moZebna da sqemisTvis meti dasrulebulobis miniWeba.
zogjer garegnuli an Sinagani cvlilebebi gana pirobebs axali Janruli kategoriebis warmoSobas: ing li sur (iseve rogorc berZnul an romaul) poeziaSi, `elegia” iwereboda
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elegiuri strofiT an distiqiT; amis miu xedavad, antikuri epoqis mwerlebi Tavs ar izRudavdnen micvalebulTa datirebiT, ase ar iqceodnen arc greis winamorbedebi – hamondi da Sekstouni. magram greim dawera Tavisi `elegia~ sagmiro katreniT, da ara kupletebiT, ris Semdegac ingli sur mwerlobaSi elegia aRar warmoadgens intimur Janrs, dawerils Sinaarsobrivad dasrulebuli kupletebiT.
Cveulebriv, ukanaskneli epoqa, romelsac ukavSireben JanrTa istorias, esaa meTvramete saukune, radgan momdev no periodebSi Janruli kategoriebi aRar gamoirCeva mkafio struqturiT, Janruli modelebi umeteswilad iSleba. amgvari Tvalsazrisi gamoTqmulia frangul da germanul enebze Seqmnil gamokvlevebSi, romlebic eZRvneba Janris problemebs. maTSi miTiTebulia isic, rom 18401940 wle bi, literaturuli TvalsazrisiT, anomalias warmoadgens da rom momavalSi ueWvelad unda davubrundeT iseT mwerlobas, romelic Janruli xasiaTisa iqneba.
amis miuxedavad, marTebuli iqneba ganvacxadoT, rom mecxramete saukuneSi Janrebis koncefciam ganicada erTgvari cvlilebebi, Tumca ver vityviT, rom es cneba saerTod qreba (yovel SemTxvevaSi, praqtikulad Janrebi verafriT gaqreboda). auditoriis SesamCnev zrdasTan er Tad, mecxramete saukuneSi Janrebis ricxvmac imata, xolo gaiafebul beWdvas is mohyva, rom es Janrebi xanmokle aRmoCnda an ufro swrafad icvleboda. mecxramete saukuneSi da Cvens droSic `Janris~ mdgomareoba iseve garTulda, rogorc es daemarTa `periodis~ cnebas. Cven mowmeni varT, ra swrafad icvleba literaturuli moda; Zveli naxevarsaukunovani ritmis nacvlad, dResdReobiT literaturuli Taobebi aT weliwadSi erTxel icvleba, ris magaliTadac gamodgeba amerikuli poezia, verlibris xana, eliotis xana, odenis xana. amasTan, SesaZlebelia, rom momavali kritikosebis azriT, sxvadasxvagvari Tanamedrove mimdinareobebi saerTo mimarTulebisa da Tvisebebis mqone aRmoCndes (iseve, rogorc axla inglisel romantikosebad miviCnevT yvelas erTad – bairons, uordsvorTs da Selis).20
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Janris ra magaliTebs iZleva mecxramete saukune? van tigemi da masTan erTad sxvebi, mudam axseneben isto riul romans.21 maSin ra SeiZleba iTqvas `politikur romanze~ (rac m.e. spiris monografiis Temaa)? da Tu arsebobs politikuri romani, maSin xom unda vaRiaroT arsebobac sasuliero romanisa, romelic moicavs komfton makenzis `robert elszmirs~ da `sakurTxevlis safexurebs~, `barCesteris koSkTan~ da `seilemis samlocvelosTan~ er Tad? magram politikur da sasuliero romans aerTianebs mxolod Sinaarsi, rac wminda sociologiur klasifikaciaze metyvelebs. am xazs Cven SegviZlia gauTaveblad mivsdioT: gavixsenoT romani oqsfordis moZraobis Sesaxeb, maswavlebelTa aRwera mecxramete saukunis romanSi, mezRvaurebi mecxramete saukunis romanSi da romanebi zRvis Sesaxeb. riT gamoirCeva istoriuli romani? ara marto imiT, rom misi Tema naklebad aris SezRuduli (anu ganxilvis sagani SeiZleba iyos mTlianad warsuli da ara mxolod misi raRac nawili), aramed imiTac, rom istoriuli romani ganuyoflad ukavSirdeba romantizms da nacionalizms _ warsuli masSi aisaxeba axleburi damokidebulebis safuZvelze. Janris kidev ufro TvalsaCino nimuSia gotikuri romani, romelsac meTvramete saukuneSi safuZ veli daudo `otrantos sasaxlem~ da romelic dRemde cocxlobs. es aris prozauli Txrobis Janri, am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT: is moicavs nawarmoebebs, romlebsac aerTianebs ara marto gansazRvruli Sinaarsi Tu Te matika, aramed _ formaluri xerxebis da saSualebebis mTeli wyebac (aRweriTi aqsesuaruli da naratiuli, mag., dangreuli cixedarbazebi, Sua saukuneebis kaTolikuri tradiciis saSinelebebi, idumali portretebi, saidumlo talanebi, sadac SeiZleba SeaRwio karis moZravi panelebis gavliT, motacebebi, msxverp lis Cakirva kedelSi, devna udabur tyeSi). amas garda, arsebobs kidev Kunstwollen, es Tetikuri mizanswrafva, rom mkiTxvels gauCndes siamovnebis momgvreli SiSi da (gotikuri romanebis av torebi, albaT, ityodnen, `TanagrZnoba da SiSio~).22
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saerTod, Cveni warmodgena Janris Sesaxeb gacilebiT metadaa gansazRvruli garegnuli formiT, vidre _ SinaganiT. amitom Janrad CaiTvleba ufro oqtaviT dawerili `hudibrasi~ da soneti, vidre politikuri romani an romani muSebis Sesaxeb: aq vgulisxmobT `literaturul~ Janrebs da ara klasifikacias Sinaarsis mixedviT, romelic SeiZleba miesadagos aramxatvrul prozasac. aristoteles `poetika~, sadac poeziis ZiriTad gvarebad eposi, drama da lirikuli (melikuri) poezia moixsenieba, iTvaliswinebs, agreTve, gamoxatvis saSualebaTa optimalur Sesabamisobas TiToeuli maTganisadmi: drama imitom iqmneba iamburi leqsiT, rom is yvelaze ufro axlosaa sasaubro metyvelebasTan, xolo epo si moiTxovs daqtilur hegzametrs, romelic sruliad ar waagavs amgvar metyvelebas: `Tu vinme gadawyvets daweros epiku ri poema raime sxva sazomiT, anda ramdenime sazomiT, es Seusabamo iqneba, radgan sagmiro metri yvelaze ufro didebuli da maRalfardovania, amitom is yvelaze ufro advilad iTvi sebs nasesxeb sityvebs, metaforebs Tu ornamentebs..~23
`formis~ momdevno done – ̀ metrisa~ da ̀ strofis~ Semdgom, `kompozicia~ unda iyos (mag., siuJetis or ganizaciis gansakuTrebuli tipi): sxvadasxvagvari kom poziciuri xerxebis gamoyenebiT tradiciulad (igu lisxmeba Zveli berZnuli tragedia) ganisazRvreba gansxvaveba epossa da trage dias Soris (dawyebuli in medias resiT, tragediis `peripe tiiT~ da erTobebis principiT). magram `klasikur xerxTagan~ yvela rodia struqturuli: sabrZolo scenebi da saiqioSi Casvla axasiaTebs nawarmo ebs misi Sinaarsis an Temis TvalsazrisiT. meTvramete sauku nis Semdgom mwerlobaSi Znelia am donis lokalizacia, `kargad gakeTebuli piesebis~ da deteqtiuri romanis garda (mkvlelobis sai dumloTi), sadac kompoziciuri xerxi TviT siuJetis safuZvels warmoadgens. magram moTxrobis Cexoviseul tradiciaSic arsebobs organizacia, struqtura, Tumca is ufro `Tavisufalia~, vidre pos an o.henris nawarmoebebSi.24
Janris TeoriiT dainteresebulma mecnierebma unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom `klasicisturi~ midgoma gansxvavdeba
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Tanamedrove midgomisgan. klasicisturi Teoria maregulirebeli da direqtiulia, magram misi `wesebi~ ar unda CavTvaloT uazro avtoritarizmad, rasac mas jer kidev miaweren. klasicisturi Teoria aRiarebs, rom Janrebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian rogorc TavianTi bunebiT, ise asaxvis sagnis mixedviT; amasTan, dauSvebelia Janrebis aRreva. es aris `Janris siwmindis~ anu `genre tranche~is cnobili doqtrina.25 miuxedavad imisa, rom ar ganxorcielebula am doqtrinis Tanamimdevruli gaazreba, man mainc wamoayena garkveuli esTetikuri principi (ise, rom ar Semoifargla mxolod kasturi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis gamoyofiT): es iyo mowodeba, rom mkacrad yofiliyo daculi intonacia, stilis siwminde da `sisadave~, erTiani emociuri wyoba (maga liTad, saSineli da sasacilo), siuJeturi da Tematuri erTianoba. es doqtrina iTvaliswinebda agreTve Janruli saSualebebis SeuTavseblobas _ xelovnebis yovel saxeobas aqvs Tavisi SesaZleblobani da sakuTari saSualebebi: ratom unda eswrafvodes poezia `ferwerulobas~ an `musikalobas~, anda ratom unda movTxovoT musikas, rom aRweriTi an scenuri iyos? `esTetikuri siwmindis~ princi pis gaTvaliswinebiT, simfonia ufro `wminda~ aRmoCndeba, vidre opera an oratoria (romlebSic gamoiyeneba gundic iyos da orkestric), simebiani kvarteti ki _ kidev ufro wminda (vinaidan is ifargleba mxolod erT saorkestro an sambliT da ar iyenebs xis instrumentebs, spilenZis sa sule instrumentebs da dasartyam instrumentebs).
klasicizmis Teorias hqonda agreTve Tavisi Janrebis socialuri diferenciacia. eposi da tragedia asaxavda mefisa da Tavadaznaurobis cxovrebas, komedia – saSualo klasis (qalaqelebis, burJuaziis) yofas, xolo satirisa da farsis personaJebi iyvnen mdabioni. moqmed pirebs Soris aseTi mkveTri sxvaoba Seesatyviseba yovel tips. aqedan gamomdinareobs moqmed pirTa ganawileba dramaSi maTi rangis mixedviT, rac `dekorumis~ doqtriniT iyo nakarnaxevi, agreTve _ metyvelebiTi daxasiaTebis sti listuri saxesxvaobebi: stili da metyveleba iyofa maRal, Sualedur
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da dabal doneebad.26 mas agreTve hqonda sakuTari kategoriebis ierarqia, romlis elementebs warmoadgenda ara ubralod moqmed pirTa rangi da nawarmoebis stili, aramed _ nawarmoebis zoma an moculoba (Canafiqris ufro srulad ganxorcielebis unari), agreTve _ gadasawyveti problemebis mniSvneloba.
`genealogiis~ (ase uwodebs van tigemi Cvens kvlevas)27 Tanamedrove momxre namdvilad moindomebs, rom Seiswavlos Janrebis klasicisturi doqtrina, Semdeg ki igrZnobs mis gar kveul araTanmimdevrulobas (esTetikis TvalsazrisiT). am araTanmimdevrulobis mizezebi Cven nawilobriv ganvmarteT Janrebis `siwmindis~ Sesaxeb saubrisas. mag ram `genealogiis~ principi ar daiyvaneba erT romelime tradiciaze an doqtrinaze. klasicizmisTvis miuRebeli iyo sxva esTetikuri sistemebi, Janrebi da formebi. nacv lad imisa, rom eRiarebina gotikuri kaTedrali rogorc berZ nul taZarTan SedarebiT ufro rTuli `forma~, igi masSi mxolod uformobas xedavda. igive vrceldebaunda iTqvas Janrebis Sesaxeb. yovel `kulturas~ aqvs Tavisi Janrebi, iqneba es Cinuri, arabuli Tu irlandiuri kulturebi; arsebobs primitiuli zepirsityvieri `Janrebi~. Sua sau kuneebis mwerlobam warmoSva uamravi Janri.28 amitom ver vityviT, rom marTebulia mxolod berZnulromauli klasifikacia. arc imis saWiroebaa, rom davicvaT – Tavisi berZnulromauli formiT – Janris siwmindis doqtrina, romelic miesadageba esTetikuri xedvis mxolod erT tips.
Janris Tanamedrove Teoria aSkarad aRweriTia. is ar zRudavs SesaZlebeli kategoriebis raodenobas, da arc wesebs karnaxobs avtorebs. es Teoria aRiarebs, rom dasaSvebia tradiciuli Janrebis `Sereva~ da axali tipis (tragikomediis msgavsad) Seqmna, agreTve _ Janrebis ageba iseT safuZvelze, romelic moicavs rogorc `ur TierTgamdidrebas~, ise `siwmindes~ (Janri iwarmoeba ara marto danawevrebiT, aramed _ SeerTebiTac). nacvlad imisa, rom aqcenti gakeTdes Janrebs Soris gansxvavebaze da maTi saerTo mniSvnelis ZiebiT (romantikosTa im gancxadebis sapirispirod, romlis
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Tanaxmad, yoveli `originaluri geniosi~ da Semoqmedebis yoveli produqti unikaluria).
siamovneba, romelsac adamians aniWebs literaturuli nawarmoebi, ganpirobebulia siaxliT da, imavdroulad, nacnobi elementebis amocnobiT. musikaSi sonatis forma da fuga warmoadgenen aSkarad amosacnob formebs; deteqtiuri fabulis mqone nawarmoebSi intriga TandaTanobiT iZabeba, samxilebi erT wertilSi ikvreba (rogorc es xdeba `oidiposSi~). mTlianad nacnobi da ganmeorebadi saxe mosabezrebelia; sruliad axali romanis forma iqneba gaugebari da warmoudgenelic ki. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Janri warmoadgens esTetikur xerxTa jams, romlebic xelmisawvdomia mwer lisTvis da cnobilia mkiTxvelisTvis. kargi mwerali iTvaliswinebs Janris moTxovnebs, Tan nawilobriv afarToebs Janris sazRvrebs. saboloo an gariSiT, didi mwerlebi (Seqspiri da rasini, molieri da jonsoni, dikensi da dostoevski) ar qmnian axal Janrebs: isini iyenebdnen sxvaTa Seqmnil formebs.
Janrebis Seswavla Rirebulia Tundac imitom, rom yuradRebas amaxvilebs literaturis Sinagan gan viTarebaze, rasac henri uelsma `literaturuli ge ne tika~ uwoda (`axali da Zveli poetebi~, 1940). raoden mniS vnelovanic unda iyos gareSe garemoebaTa zemoqmedeba literaturaze, wignebi ganicdian, pirvel yovlisa, sxva wignebis gavlenas; wignebSi xdeba sxva wignebis imitacia, parodia da transformireba da es araa ganpirobebuli, ubralod, qronologiuri siaxloviT. Tanamedrove Janre bis gansazRvrisTvis sjobs ganvixiloT yvelaze gavlenia ni avtorebi da wignebi: elioti da odeni, prusti da kafka.
Janris TeoriasTan dakavSirebiT, gvinda SevexoT ramdenime mniSvnelovan problemas, romlebic jer kidev araa gadaWrili. aseTia zepirsityvieri literaturis primitiuli Janrebis (anu folkloris) mimarTeba mwignob ruli literaturis JanrebTan. erTerTi ru si formalisti, Sklovski, miiCnevs, rom xelovnebis axali formebi sxva araferia, Tu ara `dabali (anu subliteraturuli) Janrebis
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ubralo kanonizacia~. dos toevskis nawarmoebebi warmoadgen gandidebul deteq tiur romanebs, romans á sensation, `puS kinis lirikuli leqsebi momdinareobs saalbomo leqsebidan, blokisa – boSaTa simRerebidan, xolo maiakovskisa – sagazeTokarikaturuli poeziidan~.29 bertold brehti, aseve odeni – Sesabamisad, germanulad da inglisurad – sagangebod cdilobdnen, gadaeqciaT popularuli poezia seriozul literaturad. garkveul Tvalsazrisad, SeiZleba miviC nioT, rom literaturas aucileblad sWirdeba mudmivi TviTganaxleba misi erTgvari `rebarbarizaciis~ meSveobiT.30 andre Jolis TvalsazrisiT, rTuli literaturuli formebi viTardeba ufro martivi formebidan. Joles miaCnia, rom legenda, saga, miTi, andaza, SemTxveva, zRapari, xumroba warmoadgenen im primitiul elementarul Janrebs, romlebic yvela rTuli Janris safuZveli Zevs.31 romanis istoria amgvari ganviTarebis magaliTia: `pamelas”, `tom jonsis” da `tristram Sendis” `momwifebuli~ formebi emyareba `einfache Formen~s: werilebs, dRiurs, mogzaurobis aRweras (anda `warmosaxul mogzaurobas~), memuarebs, meCvidmete saukunis `daxasiaTebebs~, agreTve _ sasceno komedias, eposs da saTavgadasavlo romans.
meore sakiTxia Janruli ganviTarebis uwyvetoba. cnobilia, rom brunetierma daTvuri samsaxuri gauwia `genealogias~ Tavisi kvazibiologiuri `evoluciuri~ TeoriiT. man gamoitana metad moulodneli daskvna, rom meCvidmete saukunis oratorulma xelovnebam uSualo zegavlena moaxdina (qronologiuri siSoris miuxedavad) mecxramete saukunis lirikul poeziaze.32 es daskvna (paralelad gamodgeba is kavSiri, romelic, van tigemis SexedulebiT, arsebobs homerosis epossa da uolter skotis `ueverlis~ Soris, Sua saukuneebis galeqsil romansa da Tanamedrove fsiqologiur romans Soris, drosa da sivrceSi daSorebul nawarmoebebs Soris) efuZneba analogias avtori sa da mkiTxvelis mdgomareobasTan – romlebic yovelTvis ro di arian Tanamedroveni (`quelques tendances premordiales~). magram van tigemi aRniSnavs amgvari analogiebis SeuZleblobis Sesa xeb, radgan, misi azriT, Sedareba
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ar xorcieldeba ̀ literaturu li Janrebis CarCoebSi, am sityvis zusti mniSvnelobiT~ `les genres litteraires – proprement dits~.33 cxadia, Janruli ganviTarebis Tanmimdevrulobis gamovlena SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod maSin, rodesac mis yovel etapze dasabuTebuli iqneba Janrisadmi `erTguleba~. warmoadgens Tu ara tragedia erT Janrs? Cven vaRiarebT, rom tragedias aqvs periodebi da erovnuli formebi: berZnuli tragedia, elisabedis xanis, klasikuri franguli da mecxramete saukunis germanuli tragedia. rogor aRviqvaT isini? rogorc mravali calkeuli Janri Tu, rogorc erTi Janris tipebi da nairsaxeobebi? rogorc Cans, pasuxi, nawilobriv mainc, damokidebulia imaze, Tu ras SevarCevT amosaval principad _ klasikuri elinuri xanis formalur memkvidreobiTobas Tu Sinaarsis ideur Taviseburebas. mecxramete saukunis literaturis ganxilvi sas kidev ufro Znelia pasuxis gacema am kiTxvaze: ra SeiZleba vTqvaT Cexovis `alublis baRze~ da `Toliaze~, anda ibsenis `moCvenebebze~, `rosmersholmze~, `mSenebel solnesze~? unda miviCnioT Tu ara isini tragediebad? gamoxatvis saSualeba Seicvala da leqsidan prozaze gadainacvla; aseve Seicvala `tragikuli gmiris~ cneba.
am kiTxvebs mivyavarT im sakiTxTan, romelic exeba Janris istoriis xasiaTs. erTi mxriv, davoben imaze, rom SeuZlebelia kritikuli istoriis Seqmna (radgan Seqspiris tragediebis normad aRiareba imas niSnavs, rom saTanadod ver SevafasebT ZvelberZnul da frangul tragediebs), xolo, meore mxriv, istoria, romelsac ara aqvs istoriis filosofia, ubralo qronikad darCeba.34 orive pozicia Taviseburad samarTliania. pasuxad is gveguleba, rom eli sabedis xanis tragediis istoria unda iwerebodes rogorc Seqspirisken mimarTuli ganviTareba da misgan dawyebuli daRmasvla; magram tragediis istoria valdebulia ga moiyenos ormagi meTodi: SeimuSavos tragediis zogadi gansazRvra (saerTo mniSvnelis Ziebis meTodi) da, meore mxriv, gamoavlinos qronologiuri kavSirebi tragediuli Janris erT skolasa da mogvianebiT Camoyalibebul meore skolas Soris erTi qveynisa da erTi literaturuli mimar
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Tulebis farglebSi; amgvarad warmodgenili Janris istoria warmoadgens agreTve literaturuli procesis periodizaciis kritikul gadaazrebas (mag., franguli tra gedia Jodelidan rasinamde da rasinidan volteramde).
aSkaraa, rom Janris Tema win swevs literaturis istoriis, literaturuli kritikisa da maTi ur Ti er T kavSirebis centralur sakiTxebs. igi gan sa kuTrebul li teraturul konteqstSi svams im filosofiur sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa zogadisa da individualuris, erTeulisa da mravlobiTis urTi erTmimarTeba, universaliebis arsi.
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Sefaseba
*mizanSewonilia, erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT termi
nebi `dafaseba~ da `Sefaseba~. istoriis mTel manZilze ka cobriobam icoda zepirsityvieri da mwignobruli literaturis fasi, didad iyo misiT dainteresebuli da dade biTad moixseniebda. magram kritikosebma da filosofosebma, romlebsac marTebT, `Seafason~ li te ratura an konkretuli literaturuli nawarmoebi, SeiZleba uaryofiTi verdiqti gamoitanon. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, interesis gancdidan gadavdivarT gansjis aqtze. normasTan mimarTebis dadgenis, kriteriumis gamoyenebis da sxva sagnebTan an interesebTan nawarmoebis Sedarebis gziT Cven ganvsazRvravT am mxatvruli obieqtis an interesis rangs.
Tu movindomebT dawvrilebiT aRvweroT adamianis damokidebuleba literaturisadmi, gagviWirdeba am ukanasknelis definicia. is, rac amJamad moixsenieba rogorc literatura, etapobrivad aRmocenda sinkretuli qmedebidan, romelic moicavda simReras, cekvas da religiur rituals. xolo Tu vapirebT ganvmartoT kacobriobis siyvaruli literaturisadmi, maSin detalurad unda gaverkveT am movlenis arsSi. ra aris is, risTvisac xalxi afasebs literaturas? ra Rirebulebebi aqvs iseTi, rac iwvevs interess? unda iTqvas, rom aseTi ram bevria: horaciusis reziume `dulce et utile~ SegviZla vTargmnoT, rogorc `garToba~ da `ganswavla~, anda `TamaSi~ da `Sroma~, an `saboloo Rirebuleba~ da `qmediTi Rirebuleba~, anda `xelovneba~ da `propaganda~, an xelovneba, rogorc TviTmizani da xelovneba, rogorc sazogadoebis ritualu ri da kulturuli gamaerTianebeli Zala.
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ganvixiloT normis sakiTxi. rogor unda davafasoT da SevafasoT literatura? – literatura unda davafasoT imitom, rom is literaturaa da ara sxva ram; is unda SevafasoT literaturuli Rirebulebis cnebebisa da skalis Sesabamisad.1 literaturis buneba, funqcia da Sefaseba urTierTkorelaciuria. sagnis gamoyeneba – vgulisxmobT mis Cveulebriv, an profesiul an kidev _ erTaderT SesaZlebel gamoyenebas – ganpirobebulia misi bunebiT (an misi struqturiT). is, rac potenciaSi aris sagnis buneba, sagnis gamoyenebisas warmoadgens mis funqcias. sagani SeiZleba gamoviyenoT da unda gamoviyenoT ise, rogorc amas gvkarnaxobs misi buneba. sagnis dafaseba SegviZlia imis gamo, rasac is warmoadgens da risi Sesrulebac mas ZaluZs, xolo misi Sefaseba unda moxdes sxva sagnebTan SedarebiT, romlebsac msgavsi xasiaTi da funqcia aqvT.
literatura unda SevafasoT misive bunebiT gansazRvruli terminebiT da kategoriebiT. ra aris literaturis buneba? ras warmoadgens literatura, rogorc aseTi? ra aris `wminda literatura~? amgvarad Camoyalibebuli kiTxva gulisxmobs garkveul analitikur da reduqciul procesebs; pasuxi masze, albaT, migviyvans `wminda poeziis~ koncefciasTan _ imaJizmTan da eqolaliasTan. magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu vecdebiT, rom am gzaze `siwmindes~ mivaRwioT, maSin unda davarRvioT plastikuri saxeobriobisa da evfoniis erTianoba da davutovoT isini, Sesabamisad, ferweras da musikas; magram amas mohyveba poeziis gaqroba.
`siwmindis~ amgvari gaazreba kritikuli analizis mxolod erTerTi momentia. sjobs, daviwyoT literaturis organizaciiT da funqciiT. ekuTvnis Tu ara literaturas mocemuli nawarmoebi, amas gadawyvets ara elementTa raoba, aramed maTi urTierTganlageba da daniSnuleba.2 `wminda literaturis~ zogierTi Zveli damcveli, reformatoruli saqmianobis procesSi, mzadaa `didaqtikur eresTan~ gaaigivos eTikuri an socialuri ideebis ubralo arsebobac ki romanSi Tu poemaSi. magram literaturas zians ver mivayenebT mxatvrul sistemaSi garkveuli ideebis CarTviT,
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radgan esaa erTgvari literaturuli masala, xasiaTebis an garemocvis msgavsad. Tanamedrove warmodgenebis mixed viT, literaturas ar unda hqondes praqtikuli daniSnuleba (propaganda, miTiTeba uSualo da dauyovnebliv moqmedebaze) da mecnieruli daniSnuleba (informaciis mowodeba, faqtebi, `damatebiTi codna~). Cven ar vgulisxmobT, rom romanSi an leqsSi ar moipoveba praqtikuli an mecnieruli codnis `elementebi~, romlebsac garkveuli Rirebuleba aqvT nawarmoebis konteqstisgan damoukideblad. vime orebT: savaraudod, TviT `wminda~ romanSi an leqsSic ki amovikiTxavT praqtikuli an mecnieruli Rirebulebis mqone azrebs. sazogadod, SesaZlebelia, nebismieri sagani aR viqvaT arasworad, ese igi, im funqciebis sapirispirod, rom lebic gamomdinareobs misi bunebidan:
zog vinmes msgavsad, vinc eklesias gaemarTebaara doqtrinis, aramed musikis iq mosasmenad.
Tavis droze, albaT sworad ar iyo gagebuli da wakiTxuli gogolis `Sineli~ da `mkvdari sulebi~; es Se niSvna gonier kritikosebsac exeba. Sexeduleba am na warmoebebis TiTqosda propagandistuli daniSnulebis Sesaxeb efuZneboda teqstidan amoglejil nawyvetebs, rom lebic sulac ar moiTxovs aseT daxvewil literatu rul organizacias an ironiis, parodiis, sityvaTa TamaSis, mimikriisa da burleskis esoden rTul meqanizms.
SeiZleba Tu ara raimes gadawyveta literaturis amgvari definiciiT? garkveuli gagebiT, esTetikuri moqceulia `esTetikur gamocdilebasa~ (xelovnebis avtonomiur sferos) da xelovnebas, rogorc mxolod mecnieruli da sazogadoebrivi ideebis gamoxatulebas Soris. es gamoricxavs iseT tertium quids, rogoricaa `esTetikuri Rirebuleba~, Sualeduri ram `codnasa~ da `moqmedebas~ Soris, anu, erTi mxriv, mecnierebasa da filosofias, xolo meore mxriv – eTikasa da politikas So ris.3 cxadia, rodesac vambobT, rom xelovnebas ara aqvs misgan ganuyofeli, pirve
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ladi `esTetikuri Rirebuleba~, ar SeiZleba uarvyoT, rom mas, sazogadod aqvs garkveuli Rirebuleba. xelovnebis nawarmoebis da, saerTod, xelovnebis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb TiToeuli adamiani msjelobs faseulobaTa `realuri~, `sabo loo~ sistemebis Sesaxeb sakuTari warmodgenidan gamomdinare. zogierTi filosofosis msgavsad, xelovneba SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc codnis primitiuli an damokidebuli forma, anda, zogierTi reformatoris Sexedulebisamebr, SevafasoT igi misi savaraudo efeqturobis kuTxiT (Tu ramdenad Seswevs mas unari, gamoiwvios garkveuli moqmedeba). xelovnebis (gansakuTrebiT, mwerlobis) Rirebulebad SeiZleba miviCnioT misi SemcvelobiToba, es ki gamoricxavs garkveul specializacias raime principiT. mwerlebi da kritikosebi amiT gacilebiT ufro amayoben, vidre mwerlis an misi interpretatoris maRali profesionalizmiT. `literaturul azrovnebas~ aseT SemTxvevaSi miewereba `winaswarmetyvelebis~ uflebebi, gansakuTrebuli `WeSma ritebis~ kidev ufro farTod da Rrmad wvdomis unari, vidre es ZaluZs mecnierebasa da filosofias. magram saqme isaa, rom am grandiozuli pretenziebis dacva Zalze Znelia swored maTi grandiozulobis gamo. isini marTlzomieri iqneba mxolod maSin, rodesac Rirebulebis yoveli sfero, iqneba es religia, filosofia, ekonomika Tu xelovneba, SeZlebs daasabuTos Tavisi uzomo pretenziebi da SeiTavsebs sxvaTa yvela saukeTeso da WeSmarit elements Tu Tvisebas.4 zogierTis azriT, literaturis miCneva natifi xelovnebis erTerT formad, ufro Ralats hgavs. literatura miiswrafvis, iyos codnis aRmatebuli forma, da agreTve, zneobrivi da sazogadoebrivi moqmedebis forma: Sesabamisad, am poziciidan ukan daxeva xom ar niSnavs, rom is ugulebelyofs sakuTar daniSnulebas da, aqedan gamomdinare, statuss? gana yovel sferos (iseve ro gorc yovel mzard ersa da pativmoyvare, Tavdajerebul pirovnebas) ar marTebs, rom ufro metisken miiswrafvo des, vidre is imsaxurebs, mezoblis an moSurnis azriT?
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amitom literaturis zogi apologeti miiCnevs, rom, esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, literatura ar aris `natifi xelovneba~. sxvebis mtkicebiT, `esTetikuri faseuloba~ da `esTetikuri gamocdileba~ ar warmoadgens Zireul, pirvelad cnebebs. arsebobs Tu ara gansazRvruli av tonomiuri sfero `esTetikuri gamocdilebisa~ an es Te tikuri obieqtis Tvisebebisa, romlebsac Tavisi bu nebiT ZaluZT gamoamJRavnon aseTi gancda?
kantis Semdeg, filosofosTa da xelovnebaTmcodneTa umetesoba aRiarebs, rom natif xelovnebas, da, masTan erTad, literaturas, ganumeorebeli Tvisebebi da Rirebuleba aqvT. ase magaliTad, Teodor grini acxadebda, rom ar SeiZleba `mxatvruloba dayvanil iqnas sxva ufro primitiul Tvisebebamde~. igi werda: `xelovnebis nawarmoebis ganumeoreblobas SeiZleba mxolod intuiciiT CavwvdeT; is SeiZleba aRvniSnoT da warmovadginoT, magram SeuZlebelia misi gansazRvra, da miT umetes – aRwera.5
filosofosebi TiTqmis erTxmad aRiareben esTetikuri gancdis ganumeoreblobas. `wminda gonebis kritikaSi” kanti xazs usvams xelovnebis `umizno mi zandasaxulebas~ (rodesac mizani ar aris mimarTuli moqmedebisken), `wminda~ silamazis upiratesobas gamo yenebiT silamazesTan SedarebiT, agreTve _ interesis uqonlobas esTetikuri aRqmis obieqtSi (ara aqtiuri, aramed pasiuri aRqma). Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi Se Tanxmdnen imaze, rom esTetikuri gamocdileba niSnavs iseT aRqmas, romelic Sinaganad sasiamovnoa da saintereso; is moicavs garkveul faseulobas, iZleva nimuSs, aRgviZravs sxva faseulobaTa molodins. esTetikuri gamocdileba ukavSirdeba grZnobebs (tkivilis, siamovnebis, srul fasovani arsebobis SegrZnebas) da cnobierebas; amasTan, is asagnebs da ayalibebs grZnobebs, romlebic xelovnebis nawarmoebSi pouloben ̀ obieqtur korelats~, grZnobebi, rodesac isini gvevlinebian mxatvruli gamonagonis for miT, TiTqos kargaven simZafres. esTetikuri obieqti aris iseTi obieqti, romelic iwvevs Cems interess TavisTavad, me ki ar SemiZlia
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misi gardaqmna an gaTaviseba. esTetikuri gamocdileba aris erTgvari Wvreta, mZafri interesi damaxasiaTebelisadmi. mas ar sCvevia da vnebs kidec uti litaruloba, xolo mTavari mteria Cveva, romelic war moadgens gamyarebuli praqticizmis Sedegs.
literaturuli nawarmoebi aris esTetikuri obieqti, romelsac ZaluZs, gaaaqtiuros esTetikuri gamocdileba. ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli, rom literaturuli nawarmoebis SefasebaSi mTlianad esTetikuri kriteriumiT vixelmZRvaneloT? T.s. eliotis varaudis Sesabamisad, xom ar gvmarTebs, rom mwerlobis literaturuloba ganvsajoT esTetikuri kriteriumiT, xolo literaturis rangi da sidiade – araesTetikuri kriteriumiT?6 eliotis pirveli Tvalsazrisi or nawilad unda gavyoT. pirvel rigSi, lite raturad (moTxrobad, leqsad, piesad) unda miviCnioT specifikuri verbaluri konstruqciebi, da amis Semdeg ukve vsvamT kiTxvas, CaiTvleba Tu ara is `karg~, e.i. im rangis literaturad, romelic pasuxobs esTetikuri gamocdilebis mqone mkiTxvelis moTxovnebs. rac Seexeba `diad~ literaturas, aq ukve saWiroa standartebi da normebi. Tanamedrove kritikosebi ifarglebian iseTi esTetikuri kritikiT, romlebsac, saerTod, `formalisturs~ uwodeben (zogjer TviTon, zogjer ki _ kritikulad _ sxvebi). yovel SemTxvevaSi, sityva `forma~ orazrovania. aq masSi vgulisxmobT literaturuli nawarmoebis esTetikur struqturas, anu imas, rac mas aqcevs literaturad.7 for misa da Sinaarsis Sepirispirebis nacvlad, Cven pirvel adgilas vayenebT asaxvis sagans da mxolod Semdeg `formas~, romelic Tavis masalas uzrunvelyofs esTetikuri organizaciiT. xelovnebis namdvil nawarmoebSi, xdeba ma salis sruli asimilireba formaSi: is rac iyo `samyaro~, gadaiqca `enad~.8 literaturuli xelovnebis nawarmoebis ̀ masala~ erT doneze sityvier masalas warmoadgens, meore doneze – adamianuri qcevis gamocdilebas, xolo kidev sxva doneze – msoflmxedvelobas. yvela isini, enis CaTvliT, arseboben xelovnebis nawarmoebis samyaros miRma, sxva formiT, xolo leqsSi an romanSi, Tu
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esaa xelovnebis maRalmxatvruli nawarmoebebi, esTetikuri mizani aer Tianebs maT polifoniuri mTlianobis saxiT.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom literatura SevafasoT wminda formalisturi kriteriumiT? SevecdebiT CamovayaliboT pasuxi am kiTxvaze.
rusi formalistebis mier Seqmnili SefasebiTi kriteriumi, imavdroulad, esTetikuri kriteriumicaa – es aris siaxle, moulodneloba. Cveuli lingvisturi sityvaTSeTanxmebebs an `kliSeebs~ uSualod ver aR viq vamT: sityvebi ar gaiazreba rogorc sityvebi, xo lo sityvaTSeTanxmebebis mniSvneloba miaxloebiTia. Cveni reaq cia banalur, gacveTil gamoTqmebze aseve banalu ria; nacnobi, mobezrebuli mowyena xom mxolod mowyenas iwvevs. sityvebis `realizeba~, maTi simbolikis wvdoma xde ba mxolod maSin, rodesac isini axleburad da moulodnelad arian SeTanxmebulni. enis aRsaqmelad aucilebelia misi `deformacia~, anu stilizebuli arqaizaciis an barbarizaciis mimarTulebiT. viqtor Sklovskis azriT, poeziis daniSnulebaa `ganaxleba~, `gaucnaureba~. magram sia xlis aseTi kriteriumi ukve farTod iyo gavrcelebu li, yovel SemTxvevaSi romantikosTa Semdeg _ uotsdaltoni mas `gaocebis aRorZinebas~ uwodebda.
uordsvorTi da kolriji sxvadasxvanairad da urTierTkorelaciurad iRvwodnen, raTa `ucnaurad warmoedginaT~ saTqmeli, oRond pirveli maTgani cdilobda eCvenebina Cveuli movlena rogor ucnauri, xolo meore, pi riqiT, warmogvidgenda ucnaurs, rogorc Cveuls. ufro gviandeli `moZraobebi~ poeziaSi cdilobdnen gadaewyvitaT erTi da igive amocana: Tavi aeridebinaT mkiTxveliseuli reaqciis avtomatizmisTvis, ramac xeli Seuwyo enis ganaxlebas (sityvis revolucias) da gaemZafrebinaT poeturi xedva. romantizmma Tavis principad aRiara uSualo bavSvuri aRqma. matisma didi Sroma gaswia, raTa daenaxa samyaro `xuTi wlis bavSvis TvaliT~. peiteri irwmuneboda, rom esTetikuri disciplina gamoricxavs Cvevas, radgan es ukanaskneli xels uSlis aRqmas. kriteriumad siaxlea gamocxadebuli, magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom esaa aRqmis siaxle, romelic ganurCevelia Sinaarsis mimarT.9
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ramdenad Sors wagviyvans es kriteriumi? im formiT, rogorc is rusebma gamoiyenes, es kriteriumi rela tivisturad aris aRiarebuli. mukarJovski wers, rom es Tetikuri norma ar arsebobs, radgan swored esTetikuri normis arsia dasamsxvrevi.10 aranairi poeturi stili ar aris mudam ̀ ucnauri~. amitom, – acxadebs mukarJovski, – nawarmoebma SeiZleba dakargos Tavisi esTetikuri funqcia, xolo Semdeg, mogvianebiT, kvlav daibrunos is, mas mere, rac kargad nacnobi movlena kvlav ucnobad warmogvidgeba. xdeba ise, rom kargad nacnobi leqss axleburad gadaviazrebT xolme, zogjer ki xangrZlivi droiT gadavdebT mis kiTxvas, radgan gvgonia, rom masSi ver vipoviT verafers axals. aseTia literaturis mTeli istoria: zogierTi daviwyebuli poeti kvlav iwvevs Cvens gancvifrebas, sxvebs ki veCveviT da isini araviTar gavlenas aRar axdenen Cvens warmosaxvaze .11
rodesac vlaparakobT nawarmoebTan piradi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb, Cven ukve viyenebT sxva kri teriums. rodesac isev da isev vubrundebiT nawarmoebs da masSi `yovel jerze masSi axalaxal Tvisebebs vamCnevT~, aq ar xdeba Cveni codnis gazrda analogiuri cnobebis xarjze _ Cven, ubralod, vwvdebiT sazrisis axal doneebs, axal asociaciur kavSirebs; romansa Tu poemaSi vxedavT mravalSreobriv struqturas. magaliTad, homerosisa da Seqspiris nawarmoebebi kvlavac iwvevs aRtacebas, da, maSasadame, maT axasiaTebs is Tviseba, romelsac JorJ boesis kvalobaze, `polivalenturobas~ vuwodebT: maTi esTetikuri Rirebuleba imdenad didia, rom yoveli axali Taobis aRtacebas iwvevs am qmnilebaTa axalaRmoCenili mSveniereba.12 amasTan, aseTi nawarmoebebis amouwuravi mravalferovnebis wvdoma misi avtoris sicocxleSic ki, ar SeuZlia erT adamians, es xelewifeba mxolod koleqtivs, sazogadoebas. Seqspiris piesis yurebisas yvelaze ubralo msmeneli aRiqvams fabulas, ufro gonieri – xasiaTebs da konfliqtebs, ufro ganaTlebuli – calkeul sityvebs da frazebs, musikisadmi mgrZnobiare _ ritms, xolo sazriss TandaTanobiT swvdeba mxolod marTlac moazrovne da mgrZnobiare adamiani.13
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Cveni kriteriumi Sinaarsobrivi xasiaTisaa: `saxeob ri vi integracia~ da masalis `moculoba (da mra valferovneba)~.14 formalistebi Tvlidnen, rom rac uf ro `rTulia~ leqsi, rac ufro metia misi Rirebuleba da aanalizebdnen Zalze rTuli struqturis nawarmoebebs, romlebic gaSifvras saWiroebdnen. rTuli SeiZleba iyos erTi an ramdenime done. hopkinsis `sirTule~ _ esaa misi poeturi manerac, sintaqsic da prosodiac. nawarmoebis `sirTule~ SeiZleba gamovlindes saxeobriobis, Tematikis, tonis anda siuJetis doneze _ yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawarmoebebi rTulia swored am `maRali~ struqturebis doneze.
`masalaTa mravalferovnebaSi~ igulisxmeba konkretuli ideebi, xasiaTebi da sazogadoebrivi da fsiqologiuri gamocdilebis tipebi. am mxriv relevanturia eliotis mier `metafizikos poetTa~ Taobaze gamoTqmuli mosazreba. aCvenebs ra, rom poetis goneba `ganuwyvetliv aerTianebs gansxvavebul gamocdilebas~, elioti, magaliTis saxiT, agebs nawarmoebs, romelic moicavs poetis siyvaruls, spinozas kiTxvas, sabeWdi manqanis kakuns da Semzadebuli saWmlis aromats. doqtori jonsoni amgvar nazavs discor-dia concors-s (`grZnobaTa disharmonias~) uwodebda, metad undoblad ekideboda poeturi warmosaxvis am Tvisebas da aRniSnavda, rom am dros `yvelaze ufro Seusabamo azrebi ZaliT aris SekavSirebuli~. ufro gviandeli avtori, jorj uiliamsoni, romelic aseve aanalizebda `metafizikosebs~, dadebiTad afasebs gansxvavebuli masalis SeTanxmebas. Cveni TvalsazrisiT, rom Tuki namdvilad xdeba `gaerTianeba~, maSin poemis Rirebuleba izrdeba misi masalis mra valferovnebis pirdapirproporciulad.
`sam leqciaSi esTetikis sakiTxebze~ bosanke ganasxvavebs `martiv mSvenierebas~ `Zneli mSvenierebisgan~, mTeli misi sirTuliT, Sinagani daZabulobiT da masStaburobiT. Cven SegviZlia avxsnaT sxvaoba maT Soris masalaTa gansxvavebulobiT: martivi mSveniereba miiRweva martivi saSualebebiT (keTilxmovaneba, sasiamovno vi zualuri xatebi, `poeturi siuJeti~); `Zneli mSveniereba~ TiTqmis unda
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`gamoiwuros~ urCi masalidan da amgvari urCi masalaa: mtanjveli, maxinji, didaqtikuri, praqtikuli. am gansxvavebas ukve meTvramete saukune moaswavebda Tavisi kontrastiT `mSveniersa~ da `amaRlebuls~ (`Znel mSvenierebas~) Soris. `amaRlebulisa~ da `damaxasiaTeblis~ meSveobiT xorcieldeba `araesTetikuris~ esTetizeba. magaliTad, tragedia mxatvrulad gardasaxavs tkivils, tanjvas; komediac Sesabamisad moqmedebs `simaxinjeze~. saSualebebi, romlebiTac miiRweva martivi mSveniereba, TviT warmoadgenen mSvenierebis pirvelad ̀ formebs~; ̀ Zneli mSveniereba~, piriqiT, yovelTvis warmoadgens for mas, mxatvrul gamoxatulebas.
Zneli mSveniereba ufro metad Seesabameba maRalmxatvrulobas, vidre xelovnebis `srulyofili~ nawarmoebi da `diadi qmnileba~. rasakvirvelia, moculoba mniSvnelovani faqtoria ara TavisTavad, aramed imis gamo, rom igi SesaZlebels xdis nawarmoebis sirTulis, Sinagani daZabulobisa da diapazonis gazrdas. ~msxvili~ nawarmoebi da `msxvili~ Janri moculobas ukavSirdeba. Tu am sakiTxSi ar veTanxmebiT klasicizmis Teoretikosebs, misi ugulebelyofa mainc ar SegviZlia: SegviZlia mxolod moviTxovoT, rom moculoba gamarTlebuli unda iyos, da rom dResdReobiT poemas sigrZisTvis gacilebiT meti moeTxoveba vidre adre.
zogierTi esTetikosisTvis `sidiade~ araesTetiku ri kategoriaa.15 ase, magaliTad, l.a. ridis TvalsazrisiT, xelovnebis sidiade momdinareobs Sinaarsobrivi aspeq tidan, da is diadia imdenad, ramdenadac gamoxatavs sicocxlis `diad” Rirebulebebs. t.m. grini ki gvTavazobs, rom ̀ simarTle~ da `sidiade~ ganixilebodes, rogorc xelovnebis standarti, TumcaRa araesTetikuri, magram aucilebeli. sinamdvileSi grini, da gansakuTrebiT, ridi, verc ki scildebian rTuli mSvenierebis bosankeseul kriteriums. magaliTad, `didi poetebis didi nawarmoebe bi – sofokles, dantes, miltonis, Seqspiris memkvidreoba – warmoadgens adamianis gamocdilebis didi speqtris organizebul xorcSesxmas~. Teoriasa an praqtikaSi ne bismier sferoSi, `diadis~ niSanTvisebebs, kriteriums warmoadgens: `rTulis wvdomis una
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ri misi sazrisisa da daniSnulebis mixedviT~; magram rodesac saubaria diadi xelovnebis Sesaxeb, maSin am moTxovnebs unda daematos `faseulobiTi situaciis xorcSesxma~, `iseTi faseulobis xorcSesxma, romelic siamovnebas, netarebas gvaniWebs~. ridi ar kiTxulobs, didi poetis nawarmoebia diadi poema, Tu es poema diadia TavisTavad. amis nacvlad is cdilobs SeaTanxmos pasuxebi, romlebic SeiZleba gaices am kiT xvaze. ridi aRiarebs, rom nawarmoebs `sidiades~ aniWebs masStaburi forma da Rrmaazrovani msjeloba, magram am kriteriums ufardebs ara raRac hipoTezur Erlebniss~,16 aramed mxolod mxatvrulad srulyofil poezias.
dantes `RvTaebrivi komedia~ da miltonis `dakarguli samoTxe” formalisturi kritikis mudmivi obieqtebia. magaliTad, kroCe winaaRmdegi iyo ganexila `komedia” rogorc poema, _ esaa lirikuli nawyvetebis seriebi, romelTac drodadro enacvleba fsevdomecnieruli msjelobebi. misTvis `grZeli poemac~ da `filosofiuri poemac~ logikuri Seusabamobaa. winandeli esTetizmi da misi warmomadgeneli logen persel smiti `dakargul samoTxes” miiCnevs arqauli Teologiis debulebaTa harmoniulad Camoyalibebul erTobliobad: igulisxmeba `saorRano harmonia~, _ erTaderTi nawarmoebi, romelsac miltons uwoneben.17 Sinaarss yuradReba ar eqceva, forma ki Tavisuflad arsebobs.
Cveni azriT, formaluri analizis amgvari daskvnebi damajerebeli araa. xelovnebis nawarmoebis mimarT maTi midgoma atomisturia, radgan, mTeli nawarmoebis mxatvrulobis nacvlad, isini ganixilaven misi zogierTi elementis SefardebiT mxatvrulobas, maSin, rodesac swored mTeli nawarmoebis mxatvrulobis saSualebiT SeiZleba gaviazroT yovelive, rac konteqstis gareSe usagno diskursad warmogvidgeba. rogorc dante, ise miltoni, poemebTan erTad, traqtatebsac werdnen da erTmaneTSi ar SeureviaT es ori forma. miltonma dawera independenturi disertacia `De Doctrina Christan” daaxloebiT im dros, rodesac `dakargul samoTxeze” muSaobda. rogorc ar unda ganvsazRvroT misi poe mis Janri (epikuri, qristianulepikuri Tu
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filosofiurepikuri poema) da mTlianad vendobiT ra avtoris ganzraxvas, `ganmartos RvTis nebasurvili~, mainc vaRiarebT, rom poemisa da traqtatis miznebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan: poemis buneba ganisazRvreba literaturuli tradiciebiT, romelTac is `eqvemdebareba~, da, agreTve, misi kavSiriT TviT miltonis adreul poeziasTan.
miltonis Teologia `dakargul samoTxeSi~ orTodoqsulprotestantulia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, is ase gamoiyureba. magram Tu mkiTxveli ver gaiziarebs poemaSi xorcSesxmul Teologias, es ar daakninebs am nawarmoebis Rirsebebs. adre, jer kidev bleikis periodSi, iTvleboda, rom poemis gmiri satana iyo, rom aseTi iyo miltonis gaucnobierebuli `Canafiqri~; ase rom, baironma da Selim Seqmnes `dakarguli samoTxis~ romantikuli varianti, sadac satana promeTeoss utoldeboda, xolo miltoniseuli edemis `primitivizmi~ keTilganwyobiT ganixileboda, kolinzis msjelobis analogiurad.18 rasakvirvelia, kidev arsebobs miltonis poemis `humanisturi~ wakiTxvac, romelic soram warmoadgina. is, rom mkiTxveli ar iziarebs poemis Teolo gi as an istorias, ver daakninebs nawarmoebis didebul panoramas, pirquS da grandiozul scenebs da peizaJebs.
amave dros, Zalze saeWvoa, rom swored `dakarguli samoTxis~ stili aqcevs am nawarmoebs diad poemad, imis miuxedavad, rom misi doqtrina miZvelebuli da uvargisia. es Tvalsazrisi kidev erTxel amtkicebs mxatvruli nawarmoebis `formad~ da `Sinaarsad~ dayofis absurdulobas. forma aq stilad gvevlineba, xolo ideologia – sazrisad. garda amisa, aseTi dayofa ar iTvaliswinebs mTlianad nawarmoebs, is ugulebelyofs yvelafers, rac metrikis, poeturi maneris sazRvrebs scildeba. rac Seexeba `sazriss~, l.a. ridi mas uwodebs `meorad Sinaarss~ (vinaidan Sinaarsi, TviT sinamdvile, xelovnebis nawarmoebis miRma myofobs). is ar iTvaliswinebs siuJets (Txrobas), xasiaTebs (ufro zustad, `daxasiaTebas~), ese igi, im mxatvrul samyaros, romelic warmoiqmneba siuJetis, atmosferos da xasiaTebis erTianobiT: samyaro, romelic warmoadgens ̀ metafizikur fenomens~
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(esaa xati im samyarosi, romelic warmogvidgeba nawarmoebSi avtoris Canafiqrisgan damoukideblad).
gansakuTrebiT miuRebelia is warmodgena, rom `saorRano harmonia~ SeiZleba gamoiyos poemidan. viwro mniSvnelobiT, is SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc `forma luri silamazis~, anu fonetikuri rezonansis mqone. magram mwerlobaSi, poeziis CaTvliT, formaluri silamaze TiTqmis yovelTvis emsaxureba gamoxatvas. amitom kiTxva sxvagvarad unda davsvaT: ramdenad Seesatyviseba `saorRano harmonia~ siuJets, xasiaTebsa da Temas. mil toniseuli stili sasacilod gamoiyureba, rodesac mas iyeneben meorexarisxovani poetebi trivialur Temeb ze Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi.
formalisturi kritikis TvalsazrisiT, aucilebeli araa avtirisa da mkiTxvelis principTa Tanxvedra. ufro metic, es saWiro araa, radgan maSin unda mogvwondes mxolod is nawarmoebebi, romelTa avtorebis warmodgena cxovrebaze CvenTvis misaRebia. gana raime mniSvneloba aqvs Weltanschauungs esTetikuri gansjisaTvis? eliots miaCnia, rom leqsSi asaxuli msoflmxedveloba unda iyos `Tanmimdevruli, momwifebuli da realur gamocdilebaze damyarebuli~.19 eliotis es gancxadeba isea Camoyalibebuli, rom scildeba nebismieri formalizmis farglebs: faqtia, rom Tanmimdevruloba, logikur kriteriumTan erTad, esTetikur kriteriumsac ganasaxierebs; rac Seexeba `simwifes~, es ukev fsiqologiuri kriteriumia, xolo `realuri gamocdileba~ _ esaa erTgvari mowodeba, SevadaroT xelovneba da sinamdvile. imas, rasac elioti xelovnebis nawarmoebis simwifes uwodebs, Cven vuwodebT erTobliobas, romelic icnobierebs sakuTar Tavs Sinagani Zalebis sirTuled, daZa bulobad da Widilad; Sesabamisobas romansa da cxovrebiseul sinamdviles Soris ver gavarkvevT elementebis ubralo dawyvilebiT da gadarCeviT: gamarTlebulia mxolod dikensis, kafkas, balzakis an tolstois erTiani samyaros Sejereba Cvens saerTo gamocdilebasTan, anu Cveni azrebisa da grZnobebis `samyarosTan~. Cven vmsjelobT am
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Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb iseTi esTetikuri kategoriebis meSveobiT, rogorebicaa sicxovle, intensivoba, gaazrebuli kontrastuloba, Ca na fiqris siRrme da diapazoni, statikuroba, dinamika. `cxovrebiseuli~ igivea, rac `xelovnebis msgavsi~, da analogia cxovrebasa da literaturas Soris arsad araa iseTi TvalsaCino, rogorc stilizebul xelovnebaSi: dikenss, kafkas da prusts namdvilad SeaqvT TavianTi koreq tivebi Cvens warmodgenebSi cxovrebis Sesaxeb.20
mecxramete saukunemde SefasebiTi kriteriumi metnak lebad ierarqiuli iyo _ arsebobda klasikosi avtorebis ierarqia, romlebic `yovelTvis moswondaT da yovelTvis moewonebaT~. bunebrivia, rom mTavari magaliTebi iyvnen berZeni da romaeli avtorebi, romelTa avtoriteti ganm tkicda renesansis epoqaSi. magram mecxramete saukuneSi cnobili gaxda Sua saukuneebis, kelturi, skandinaviuri, induri da Cinuri mwerloba, amitom `klasikuri~ principi ukve moZvelda. Cven ukve viciT, rom zogierTi nawarmoebi qreba TvalTaxedvidan da Semdeg kvlav Cndebian TvalsawierSi, sxva nawarmoebebi droebiT kargaven es Tetikuri zemoqmedebis unars, magram Semdeg kvlav ib runeben: aseTebi iyvnen doni, lenglendi, poupi, moris sevi da grifiusi. reaqcia avtoritarizmze da saxelTa kanonikur nusxaze amJamad vlindeba midrekilebaSi Warbi, zedmeti relativizmisaken da metyvelebs ̀ gemovnebaTa oromtrialis~ Sesaxeb, aki gaubedavad acxadebdnen kidec gardasuli xanis skeptikosebi: De gustibus non est disputandum.
saqme gacilebiT ufro rTuladaa, vidre es humanistebs an skeptikosebs warmoudgeniaT.
survili, rom garkveuli formiT dasabuTdes literaturuli Rirebulebebis obieqturoba, ar iTxovs raime statikur kanons, romelsac ar daemateba araviTari axali saxeli da romlis SigniT ar xdeba raime gadanacvleba. alen teiti samarTlianad uwodebs `iluzoruls~ warmodgenas, rom `nebismieri mwerlis reputacia erTxel da samudamodaa dafiqsirebuli~; is edaveba agreTve `ucnaur azrs~ imis Sesaxeb, rom `kritikis mTavari funqciaa avtorTa rangis,
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da ara maTi mniSvnelobis gansazRvra~.21 eliotis msgavsad (tei ti ixsenebs mis aforizms: `awmyo cvlis warsuls~) teitic SemoqmedebiTad azrovnebs da grZnobs, rom marTebs iseve sjerodes inglisuri poeziis awmyosi da momavlis, rogorc misi warsulisa. adgili `rigSi~ yovelTvis pirobiTia da sakamaTo. rodesac gaiReba kari `axlisTvis,~ yovelTvis iq neba SesaZlebloba, gamoCndes `ukeTesi~ da es, Tudac umniSvnelod, magram mainc daCrdilavs sxva nawarmoebTa didebas. uelerma da denhemma erTdroulad gaiTqves saxeli da daviw yebas miecnen, rodesac poupma ganimtkica Tavisi pozicia literaturaSi: maT ergoT winamorbedTa arasa xarbielo roli _ am poetebma gza gaukvales poups da manve gaauqma isini.
antiakademistebi _ universitetebSi da universitetebis gareT _ piriqiT, cdiloben ganamtkicon mudmivi cvlilebis tirania.22 aris SemTxvevebi –es iTqmis, magaliTad, kaulize – rodesac mTeli Taobebis gemovnebas ar aRiarebdnen Semdgomi Taobebi, Tumca, ase Ti SemTxvevebi arc ise xSiria. ocdaaTi wlis win, kauli SeiZleba gaeTanabrebinaT skeltonTan, magram amJamad mas `brwyinvales~, `gulwrfels~ da `Tanamedroves~ uwodeben. magram udidesi reputacia Zlevs gemovnebis stadialurobas: Coseri, spenseri, Seqspiri, miltoni, Tundac draideni da poupi, vorsdvorti da tenisoni – maT yvelas aqvs mudmivi, TumcaRa ara `uryevi~ mdgomareoba.
maTi poetikis esTetikuri struqtura ise Ti rTulida mdidaria, rom ZaluZs daakmayofi los mom dev no saukuneebis gemovneba: adis ons (Ta vis `Spec tator~is eseebSi) da po ups moswonT klasicis tu ri miltoni, magram arsebobs kidev romantikosTa mil to ni, iqneba sulac `miltonebi~, romlebic moswon daT bai rons, uordsvorTs, kitss, Selis. iyo agreTve kol ri ji seuli Seqspiri, axla ki Cven gvyavs uilson naitis Seqs pi ri. yove li Taoba amCnevs xelovnebis did nawarmoeb Si Seu sabamo elementebs, arasakmarisad `lamaz~ an su lac ug van dones an Sreebs (ase aRiqvamdnen klasi
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cistebi Seqs piris kalambure bs), magram mainc miiCnevs mas, mTlia noba Si, esTetiku rad damakmayofilebel qmnilebad.
SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom am etapze mivadeqiT iseTi tipis stadialurobis cnebas, romelic gamoricxavs individualuri gemovnebis relativizms. literaturis istoriaSi is xedavs metnaklebad urTierTsapirispiro esTetikur kriteriumTa monacvleobas (ase upirispirebda velflini renesanssa da barokos); `stadialuroba~ ar gulisxmobs araviTar saerTo principebs _ arc am monacvleobis safuZvliiis, arc misi Sedegis saxiT. Cven mivadeqiT agreTve, `polivalenturobis`23 cnebas. xe lovnebis nawarmoebebi, romlebmac gauZles dros, sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo mainc moswons sxvadaxva Taobas, anda, rom gavaerTianoT es ori daskvna, mTavari nawarmoebebi, anu `klasika~ inarCunebs Tavis adgils, magram am adgils is inarCunebs imitom, rom epasuxeba cvalebad moTxovnebs an `mizezebs~. Tumca, rogorc ganumeorebeli qmnilebebi (mag., donis poezia), aseve meorexarisxovani nawarmoebebi (magaliTad, Tavisi droisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, Tumca ara umetes amisa, _ praiori an CerCili) maRal Sefasebas iReben, rodesac Tanamedrove mwerlobas garkveulwilad exmianeba maTi moRvaweobis xanas literaturis xanis mimarT, da piriqiT, kargaven am reputacias, rodesac viTareba xels ar uwyobs aseT damokidebulebas.24
aSkaraa, rom CixSi SevediT, magram am Cixidan Tavis daRweva SesaZlebelia. daviwyoT imiT, rom aucilebeli araa daviyvanoT klasikosTa (homerosis, virgiliusis, milto nis da sxvaTa) maRali Sefaseba Tanamedrove kritikosebis Sefasebebze. SeiZleba dabejiTebiT vamtkicoT, rom adreuli xanis kritikas ar Seswevda unari, saTanadod ganesaja Tanadrouli SemoqmedebiTi nawarmoebi, anda sulac sakuTari esTetikuri gamocdileba.25 SeiZleba isic davadasturoT, rom WeSmaritad adekvatur li teraturis Teorias SeuZlia Tavi aaridos `kategoriul~ an stadialur midgomas: xom faqtia, rom jorj ui liamsons26 metafizikosTa leqsebi ubralod,
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karg poeziad miaCnia. saWiro ar aris, moviwonoT, an piriqiT, SevrisxoT me tafizikosTa yvela leqsi, da faqtia, rom am skolis saukeTeso leqsebi ar aris ̀ yvelaze ufro metafizikuri~. magaliTad, amJamad poupi – nawilobriv mainc – aRiarebulia rogorc `metafizikosi poeti~, ese igi, namdvili, kargi poeti, da ara, ubralod, `prozis xanaSi moRvawe poeti~.27cxadia, rom iseTi Teoretikosebi, rogorebic arian riCardsi (Tavis `praqtikul kritikaSi”), agreTve _ bruqsi da uoreni (`poeziis gageba”), eZieben poeziis erTian kriteriums da miaCniaT, rom saWiroa, Tavdapirvelad ganvsajoT da SevafasoT leqsi da mxolod Semdeg ganvsazRvroT misi `adgili~ poetis SemoqmedebaSi, epoqis li teraturul situaciaSi; mivakuTvnoT is garkve ul `skolas~. amgvari anTologiuri tipis midgoma, albaT, mogvcems msgavs kriteriums (daaxloebiT, eliotiseuls) romelic miuRebeli iqneba bevri mkiTxvelisTvis. da mainc, am kriteriumebis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli gaxda poeziis mravali movlenis saTanadod Sefaseba: romantikosTa mimarT Zalze uaryofiTi damokidebulebis miuxedavad, maTi saSualebiT `gadarCnen~ bleikic da kitsic.
Cveni azriT, arc erTi literaturuli kritikosi ar miemxroba uyoymanod stadialur midgomas, romelic uaryofs esTetikuri normis arsebobas, da arc mwir sqolastikur absolutizms, romelic aRiarebs mweralTa ranJirebis princips. zogjer esa Tu is kritikosi iziarebs stadialur midgmas protestis grZnobis zegavleniT, an imis gamo, rom surs Caswvdes warsuli xanis avtors romelime Tanamedrove avtorTan analogiiT. misi survilia daamtkicos, rom esa Tu is faseuloba marTlac arsebobs (an potenciurad arsebobs) mxatvrul obieqtSi, rom is garedan araa Setanili an asociaciurad dakavSirebuli masTan, aramed aRmoCenilia mxolod da mxolod azris maZiebluri Zalisxmevis wyalobiT.
kritikosi ikiTxavs, sadaa lokalizebuli esTetikuri faseulobao. leqsSi Tu leqsis mkiTxvelSi, Tu am oris urTierTmimarTebaSi? meore pasuxi subieqtivisturia: viRacam
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unda daafasos Rirebuli, magram am pasuxSi ara Cans urTierTkavSiri aRqmis bunebasa da aRqmis obieqts Sorisesaa fsiqologiuri midgoma, im TavalsazrisiT, rom yuradReba gadaaqvs aRqmisa da tkbobis obieqtidan ganzogadebulad ganxiluli individis reaqciebze, emo ciur gancdebze. pirveli an mesame Tvalsazrisis SerCeva interpretaciis sakiTxs ukavSirdeba. profesionali fi losofosebis TvaliT, pirveli pasuxi aucileblad gulisxmobs platonizms, anda absoluturi sidideebis nebismier sxva sistemas, romelic arsebobs adamianis moT xovnilebebisgan da cnobierebisgan damoukideblad. Tu am dros mtkicdeba _ da amas xSirad sCadian literaturis kritikosebi _ literaturuli struqturis obieqturi xasiaTi, dawyebuli mxatvruli xerxebiT da damTavrebuli `SinaarsiT~, maSin pasuxis gacema pirvel kiTxvaze kidev ufro Zneldeba.aseT SemTxvevaSi mxatvruli faseulobebi warmogvidgeba, rogorc yvelasTvis gankuTvnili fase ulobebi, iseTive sayovelTao mniSvnelobis mqone Tvisebe bi, rogorebicaa siwiTle an sicive. sinamdvileSi arc erTi kritikosi ar daeTanxmeba amgvar arakvalificirebul `obieqturobas~; longine da sxva `klasicistebi~ mimar Tavden ra yvela droisa da yvela qveynis adamianebs, malu lad dahyavdaT `yvela~ – `yvela kompetentur ganmsjelze~.
formalistebi amtkiceben, rom leqsi aris ara marto mkiTxvelis `poeturi gamocdilebis~ mizezi an potenciuri mizezi, aramed am gamocdilebis specifikuri maRalorganizebuli kontrolic, anu es gamocdileba yvelaze srulad ganisazRvreba, rogorc `leqsis gamocdileba~. leqsis Sefaseba niSnavs ganicado da xorci Seasxa im esTetikurad Rirebul Tvisebebsa da kavSirebs, romlebic nebismieri wignieri mkiTxvelisaTvis warmodgenilia leqs Si, rogorc misi struqtura. ̀ obieqturi relativizmis~ an ̀ perspeqtiuli realizmis~ koncefciis Camoyalibebisas elizeo vivasi amgvarad gansazRvravs mSvenierebis arss: `...esaa zogierTi movlenis Tviseba, is damaxasiaTebelia maTTvis, magram
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mJRavndeba mxolod im adamianebisTvis, vi sac aqvs Sesabamisi unari da Cvevebi~.28
literaturul struqturebs aqvs potenciuri faseuloba, romlebic realizdeba mkiTxvelis mier garkveul pirobebSi. rasakvirvelia, arsebobs tendencia, rom uaryofil iqnas (demokratiis an mecnierebis saxe liT) obieqturoba an `faseuloba~, romelic sayovelTa od misawvdomi araa. magram Znelad warmosadgenia iseTi `faseulobebis~ arseboba, romlebic upirobod xelmi sawvdomia yvelasTvis .
Zveli literaturuli saxelmZRvaneloebi, Cveulebriv, erTmaneTs upirispireben `miukerZoebel kri tikas~ da `impresionistul kritikas~, magram es araswori definiciebia, maT mxolod SecdomaSi SevyavarT. marTlac, `miukerZoebeli kritika~ emyareboda TiTqosda obieqturad arsebul wesebsa da principebs; `impresionistuli kritika~, piriqiT, aRiarebda wminda subieqtivizms. sinamdvileSi `impresionistuli kritika~ aris im specialistis SeniRbuli avtoritetuli msjeloba, romlis gemovneba warmoadgens normas bundovani sakiTxebis ganxilvisas. meore mxriv, araerTi kritikosi miizida macdunebelma rCevam remi de gurmonisa, romlis azriT, nebismieri gulwrfeli adamianis udidesi damsaxurebaa `sakuTari STabeWdilebebis dakanoneba~.29 dResdReobiT `kritikad~ wodebuli bevr ese Si ganmartebulia nawarmoebebisa da SemoqmedebiTi pirovnebis calkeuli mxareebi, magram araa warmodgenili saerTo Sefaseba. bevri ewinaaRmdegeba imas, rom amgvari eseebi ayvanil iqnas `kritikis~ (rac berZnulad `gansjas~ niSnavda) rangSi. zogjer ganasxvaveben kritikis `ganmmartavsa~ da `ganmsjel~ alternatiul tipebs.30 magram, rogorc wesi, SeiZleba ganvacalkevoT Sinaarsis ganmarte ba (Deutung) da RirsebaTa gansja (Wertung) literaturul kritikaSi erTmaneTisgan araa gamijnuli da es, albaT, SeuZlebelicaa. Cveulebriv, `miukerZoebeli~ kvlevis Sedegia avtorebisa da poemebis tlanqi klasifikacia, rasac Tan erTvis avtoritetTa citireba anda literaturuli Teoriis zogierTi dogmis moxsenieba. Semdgomi kvleva saWiroebs analizs da analitikur Sedarebas. meore
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mxriv, `ganmartebis~ JanrSi dawerili ese aucileblad Seicavs (Tundac minimaluri doziT) Semfaseblur msjelobebs: Tu, magaliTad, ganimarteba leqsi, es unda iyos esTetikuri xasiaTis msjeloba da ara istoriuli, biografiuli an filosofiuri sakiTxebis ganxilva. saerTod, poetisa an poemisTvis drois da yuradRebis daTmoba, TavisTavad, ukve niSnavs Rirebulebis gansjas. magram Zalze iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rodesac ganmartebiTi eses avtori, ukve sagnis SerCevis gamo, saWirod miiCnevs gamoTqvas logikurad dasabuTebuli azri. `poeziis gageba~ Zalze advilad iqceva `poeziis gans jad~, romelic detaluricaa da Tanmimdevrulic, magram masSi ver naxavT daskvnas, msjelobis Sedegs. Tavis droze eliotis eseebis siaxles warmoadgenda swored is, rom maTSi ar iyo mocemuli Se ma jamebeli daskvna an saerTo idea. am eseeb Si garkveuli Tvisebis safuZvelze Sedarebuli an Sepirispirebuli iyo ori gansxvavebuli poeti, rasac drodadro sdevda frTxi li ganzogadebebi.
rogorc Cans, unda ganvasxvavoT Ria da, meore mxriv, impliciturad gamoxatuli msjelobebi da ar gavutoloT isini cnobiersa da aracnobiers msjelobebs. arsebobs grZnobebze damyarebuli gansja da, agreTve, dasabuTebuli, logikuri gansja. ar unda vifiqroT, rom isini aucileblad urTierTsapirispiro xasiaTisaa: `grZnobebi~ ar iqceva kritikul azrad ise, rom ar daem yaros sakmarisad organizebul Teoriuli safuZvels, xolo logikuri gansja literaturis sferoSi SeiZleba Camoyalibebul iqnas mxolod raime grZnobis safuZvelze, romelic damoukideblad warmoiSoba an msjelobis mTeli msvlelobiTaa gamowveuli.
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literaturis istoria
*SeiZleba Tu ara literaturis istoriis dawera
imgvarad, rom is erTdroulad iyos literaturac da istoriac? unda vaRiaroT, rom literaturis istoriebi metwilad aris an sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis istoria, an sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoria _ metnaklebad qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT dala gebuli gansakuTrebuli nawarmoebebisgan miRebuli STa beW dilebebi an maTi Sefasebebi. inglisuri literaturis istoriis istoriografiaze erTi Tvalis gadavlebiTac ki dasturdeba es Sexeduleba. tomas uortoni, inglisuri poeziis pirveli `oficialuri~ istorikosi, Zveli lite raturis Seswavlas imiT asabuTebs, rom masSi `sworadaa gadmocemuli droTa Taviseburebani, asaxulia zneCveu lebaTa yvelaze ufro lamazi, xatovani da STambeWdavi mxa reebi~ da `momaval Taobebs gadascems cxovrebis WeSmarit suraTs~1. henri morlis literatura esmis, rogorc `nacionaluri biografia~, an `inglisuri suliskveTebis istoria~2. lesli stiveni literaturas Tvlis `mTeli socialuri organizmis gansakuTrebul funqciad~, socia luri cvalebadobis `erTgvar Tanaproduqtad~3. u. j. korthoupi, sakuTriv inglisuri poeziis istoriis avtori, eyrdnoboda poeziis ganviTarebis erTian koncefcias. misi gansazRvriT, `inglisuri `poeziis Seswavla, faqtobrivad, niSnavs, literaturaSi areklili Cveni erovnuli institutebis ganuwyvetili aRmavlobis Seswavlas~. amitom kort houpi xedavs Tavisi sagnis erTianobas `zustad iq, sadac politikis istorikosi cdilobs moaTavsos Tavisi sagani, saxeldobr, eris cxovrebaSi, mis mTlianobaSi~ 4.
zemoCamoTvlili (da kidev mravali sxva) istorikose bi literaturas ganixilaven, rogorc erovnuli an so
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cialuri istoriis sailustracio ubralo dokuments; am mimarTulebis mowinaaRmdegeebs miaCniaT, rom literatura, pirvel yovlisa, xelovnebaa, magram maT, rogorc Cans, ar xelewifebaT istoriis dawera _ isini gvTavazoben esee bis dausrulebul seriebs calkeul avtorTa Sesaxeb, magram ar aqvT realuri istoriuli evoluciis koncefcia. `Tanamedrove inglisuri literaturis mokle istoriis~ (1897) SesavalSi edmund grosem ganacxada, rom gviCvenebda `Zvrebs inglisur literaturaSi~, Segviqmnida `inglisuri literaturis evoluciis gancdas~5. magram, sinamdvileSi, es iyo mxolod uaxlesi franguli mimdinareobebisgan nasesxebi frazeologia. praqtikulad, groses wignebi warmoadgens qronologiurad dalagebul kritikul SeniSvnebs mwerlebsa da maTs nawarmoebebze. SemdgomSi gro sem dakarga interesi tenisadmi da aRiara, rom didad iyo davalebuli biografiuli portretis didostatis, sentbevis moZRvrebisgan.6 Mutatis mutandis, rac samarTliania jorj sentsberis mimarT, romlis kritikis koncefcia yvelaze metad uaxlovdeba peiteris `Rirseuli Sefasebis~ Teoriasa da praqtikas,7 agreTve _ oliver eltonis ̀ inglisuri literaturis mimoxilvis~ eqvstomeuls, ro melic yvelaze TvalsaCino miRwevad unda CaiTvalos inglisSi ukanasknel dros gamoqveynebul literaturis istoriebs Soris. oliver eltoni gulwrfelad aRiarebs, rom es aris `namdvili mimoxilva, uSualod kritika~ da ara istoria8. es sia SeiZ leba usasrulod gaizardos. frangu li da germanuli lite raturaTa istoriebi, zogierTis gamoklebiT, migviyvans TiTqmis identur daskvnamde. ase, magaliTad, tens, pirvel rigSi, ainteresebda Tavisi Teo riia erovnuli xasiaTis Sesaxeb da `garemosa~ (`milien~) da rasis miseuli filosofia; Jiuserani ikvlevda, Tu rogor airekla inglisur li teraturaSi adaTwesebis istoria, xolo kazamianma gamoigona mTeli Teoria `inglisur erovnul sulSi moraluri ritmis cvalebadobis Sesaxeb~9. yvelaze wamyvani, mniSvnelovani literaturis istoriebi aris an civilizaciis istoriebi an kritikuli eseebis krebulebii. maTgan pirvelni ar warmoadgenen xelovnebis istorias, meoreni ki _ xelovnebis istorias.
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ratom aravin scada, Seeswavla literaturis, rogorc xelovnebis dargis evolucia? amis erTi mizezi isaa, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebTa winaswari analizi ar ganxorcielebula Tanamimdevrulad da sistematurad. Cven vkmayofildebiT Zveli ritorikuli kriteriumebiT, romlebic sakmaod zedapirulia, an vcdilobT maRalfardovani frazebiT aRvweroT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens mkiTxvelze xelovnebis nawarmoebi, Tanac Cvens mosazrebebs gamovxatavT im cnebebiT, romlebic ar See sabameba TviT xelovnebis nawarmoebebs.
meore siZnele warmoSva mcdarma mosazrebam, romlis Tanaxmad, literaturis istoriis Seqmna SeuZlebelia, da misi axsna SesaZlebelia mxolod adamianis moRvaweobis TvalsazrisiT. mesame siZnele unda veZioT sityvakazmuli xelovnebis ganviTarebis saerTo koncefciaSi. mxatvrobisa da musikis Sinagani, organuli istoriis Seqmnis SesaZleblobaSi cota vinmes Tu epareba eWvi. Tu gavivliT romelime samxatvro galereaSi, romelSic eqsponatebi ganlagebulia qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT an `skolebis~ mixedviT, davinaxavT, rom aq ferweris xelovnebis istoria sruliad gansxvavdeba mxatvrebis istoriisagan, an calkeuli suraTis Sefasebisa da masze msjelobisagan. sakmarisia movisminoT koncerti, romelzec nawarmoebebi qronologiulad iqneba dalagebuli, rom davrwmundeT: arsebobs musikis istoria, romelsac saerTo TiTqmis araferi aqvs kompozitorTa biografiebTan, im socialur viTarebasTan, romlis drosac es nawarmoebebi Seiqmna da arc individualur qmnilebaTa SefasebasTan. ferwerisa da qandakebis istoriaTa Seqmnas Seecadnen mas Semdeg, rac C. bernim yuradReba gadaitana musikaluri formebis istoriaze.
literaturis istoriis winaSe dgas analogiuri problema, kerZod, literaturis istoria unda Camoyalibdes imgvarad, rom gamoeyos socialur istorias, mweralTa biografiebsa da calkeul nawarmoebTa Sefasebas. cxadia, literaturis istoriis Seqmna (amgvari SezRuduli gagebiT) Tavisebur dabrkolebebs waawydeba. ferwerasTan SedarebiT, romlis danaxva Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac
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SeiZleba, literaturuli nawarmoebis, rogorc xelovnebis qmnilebis aTviseba mxolod garkveuli drois gavlis Semdeg xerxdeba da amitomac ufro Zneldeba misi Sinagani wyobis mTlianobaSi Secnoba, magram musikalur formasTan analogia gviCvenebs, rom garkveuli modeli SesaZlebelia, da rom literaturuli nawarmoebia droiTi aRqma CixSi jer kidev ar gvaqcevs. arsebobs sxva specialuri problemebic. literaturaSi arsebobs gardamavali formebi martivi gamonaTqvamebidan xelovnebis maRalorganizebul na war moebebamde, radganac literaturis mediumi aris ena, romelic, amave dros, yoveldRiuri urTierTobis saSualebacaa da gansakuTrebiT, mecnierebis enac. amitomac gacilebiT ufro Znelia literaturuli nawarmoebis esTetikuri struqturis gamoyofa. Tumca, ilustracia samedicino saxelmZRvaneloebSi da samxedro marSi mow mobs, rom sxva xelovnebebsac aqvT gardamavali formebi. Sesabamisad, zRvris gavleba xelovnebasa da araxelovnebas Soris sityvier gamonaTqvamSi ufro rTuli amocanaa, magram, principulad, SesaZlebeli.
miuxedavad amisa, arseboben iseTi Teoretikosebic, romlebic, ubralod, martivad acxadeben, literaturas istoria ara aqvso. u. p. keri, magaliTad, irwmuneba, rom literaturis istoria ar gvWirdeba, radganac misi obieqtebi yovelTvis arseboben, `maradiulni~ arian da, amdenad, araviTari gansakuTrebuli istoria ara aqvT10. T. s. elioti, agreTve, uaryofda, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi warsuls ganekuTvneba. `homerosiT dawyebuli, mTeli evropis literatura, _ ambobs elioti, _ erTdroulad arsebobs da qmnis erTdroul mimdevrobas~11. SeiZleba, daveTanxmoT Sopenhaueris mosazrebas, rom xelovneba yovelTvis aRwevs Tavis mizans. arasodes SeiZleba misi gaumjobeseba, Senacvleba an ganmeoreba. xelovnebaSi ar unda veZioT, `rogor ityvian~ _ `wie es eigenthich gewesen~, Tumca swored amas miiCnevda ranke istoriografiis miznad. amitom, literaturis istoria ar aris istoria, am sityvis zusti mniSvnelobiT, radganac is warmoadgens awmyos codnas, saerTod awmyos, maradiuli
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awm yos codnas. cxadia, veravin uaryofs, rom namdvilad arsebobs sxvaoba politikis istoriasa da xelovnebis istorias Soris. is toriuli warsuli gansxvavdeba istoriisgan, romelic awm yos cocxal Sinaarss warmoadgens.
rogorc adre mogaxseneT, xelovnebis calkeuli nawarmoebi droTa ganmavlobaSi cvlilebebs ganicdis. ra Tqma un da, struqtura, garkveulwilad, ucvleli rCeba saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi. magram es struqtura dinamikuria da icvleba istoriis procesTan erTad, radganac is ganSualebulia mkiTxvelis, kritikosebis, xelovnebis muSakTa aRqmiT. interpretaciis procesi, kritika da Sefaseba arasdros Sewyvetila da Cans, dausrulebliv gagrZeldeba, an yovel SemTxvevaSi manamde, sanam ar Sewydeba TviT kulturuli tradicia. literaturis isto riis daniSnulebaa, aRweros es procesi, aCvenos mcire an SedarebiT mozrdil jgufebSi gaerTianebul xelovnebis im nawarmoebTa ganviTareba, romlebic SerCeul iqna saerTo wyaros, Janris, stilisturi tipis, anda lingvisturi tradiciis mixedviT da, zogadad, literaturis sqemis farglebSi.
magram, rogorc Cans, xelovnebis qmnilebaTa jgufis gan viTarebis koncefcia araCveulebrivad rTulia. yoveli mxatv ruli nawarmoebis struqtura, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos ar ukavSirdeba xelovnebis mezobel an momijnave nawarmoe bebs. SeiZleba, daiwyon mtkiceba, rom ar arsebobs ganviTareba erTi inidividualurobidan meoris mimarTulebiT. iseTi Sexedulebac gvxvdeba, romelic literaturis istoriasac ki uaryofs da Tvlis, rom is mweralTa istoriaa12. imave argumentis Tanaxmad, Cven uari unda ganvacxadoT enis istoriis daweraze, vinaidan mxolod adamianebi warmoTqvamen sityvebs, iseve, rogorc SeuZlebelia filosofiis istoriis Seqmna, radgan mxolod adamianebi azrovneben. amgvari ukiduresi ̀ per sonalizmi~ migviyvans im Sexedulebamde, rom xelovnebis yoveli individualuri nawarmoebi savsebiT izolirebulad ar sebobs, rac praqtikulad niSnavs, misi sazrisis miuwvdomlo bas da gaugebrobas. literatura ufro unda warmovidginoT, rogorc nawarmoebTa mTliani sistema, romelic mdidrdeba axali nimuSebiT, gamud
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mebiT cvlis urTierTobebs maT Soris, rogorc mzardi cvalebadi mTlianoba.
magram literaturuli situaciis cvlilebebi erTi aTwleulis Tu erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi jer kidev ar gansazRvravs moqmedi literaturuli evoluciis pro cess _ bunebriv movlenaTa mTeli samyaroc xom icvleba. es SeiZleba iyos yovel jerze axali gadaadgileba, romelic ganZarculia azrisa da kavSirebisgan. ase, f. j. tegartis mier `istoriis TeoriaSi~13 rekomendebuli Seswav la cvalebadobisa, ubralod, istoriul da bunebriv procese bs Soris arsebul yvela sxvaobaTa gauqmebas gulisxmobs. istorikosebs ki tegarti urCevs, isRa dagrCeniaT, saxelmZRvanelod sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi ga mo iyenoTo. Tu amgvari cvlilebebi absoluturad regu larulad meordeba, maSin gamoyenebuli unda iqnes kanonis imgvarive koncefcia, romelsac mimarTaven fizi kosebi. da mainc, Spenglerisa da toinbis brwyinvale hi poTezebis mixedviT, amgvari prognozirebadi cvlilebebi arasodes aRmouCeniaT arc erT istoriul procesSi.
ganviTareba niSnavs raRaca sxvasa da ufro metsac, vidre cvlilebaa, Tundac regularuli da winaswar nagulisxmevi cvlileba. aSkaraa, rom termini `ganviTareba~ im azriT unda iqnes gamoyenebuli, romelic biologiaSia miRebuli. Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, biologiaSi evo luciis ori sruliad gansxvavebuli koncefcia ar sebobs: pirvel SemTxvevaSi nimuSad moyvanilia kverc xis ganviTareba frinvelSi, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi evoluciis nimuSad iTvleba cvalebadoba Tevzis tvinidan adamianis tvinamde. aq araa ganviTareba tvinidan tvinamde, warmodgenilia mxolod koncefciuri abstraqcia _ `tvini~, romelic gansazRvrulia misi funqciis TvalsazrisiT. ganviTarebis indivi dualuri fazebi gaazrebulia, rogorc TandaTanobiTi miaxloeba ideal Tan, romelSic `adamianis tvini~ igulisxmeba.
SeiZleba Tu ara gamoviyenoT erTerTi zemoxsenebu li Tvalsazrisi literaturis evoluciis mimarT? ferdinand
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briunetieri da jon adington saimondsi varaudobd nen, rom SesaZlebelia orive maTganis gamoyeneba. isini Tvlidnen, rom literaturuli Janrebi biologiur saxeobaTa analogiuria14. rodesac literaturuli Jan rebi aRweven srulyofilebis garkveul dones, isini sust debian, Wknebian da, bolos, qrebian, _ gvaswavlis briunetieri. ufro metic, Janrebi gardaiqmneba ufro maRal da gansxvavebul saxecvlil Janrebad, zustad ise, rogorc, darvinis evoluciis koncefciis Tanaxmad, xdeba saxeobaTa transformireba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi termini `evolucia~, ra Tqma unda, mxolod maxvilgonivruli metaforaa. magaliTad, briunetieris mixedviT, franguli tragedia warmoiSva, gaizarda, dakninda da mokvda. magram tragediis warmoSobisTvis tez-tium comparationis ubra lod gaxlavT is faqti, rom frangul enaze tragediebi Jodelamde ar dawerila. tragedia mokvda im azriT, rom araviTari mniSvnelovani tragedia, romelic briunetieris ideals Seesabameboda, volteris Semdeg ar dawerila. mag ram yovelTvis arsebobs imis SesaZlebloba, rom momavalSi brwyinvale tragedia daiwereba swored frangulad. briunetieris Tanaxmad, rasinis `fedra~ qronologiurad tragediis dacemis dasawyiss emTxveva; es, SeiZleba iTqvas, Janris siberea. magram es tragedia gvaocebs Tavisi sinorCiT, renesansis Rrmaazrovan tragediebTan SedarebiT, romlebic, am Teoriis Tanaxmad, warmoadgens franguli tragediis `axalgazrdobas~. kidev ufro sakamaToa Janrebis sxva Janrebad gardaqmnis idea: magaliTad, briunetieris mixedviT, klasicisturi epoqis mWevrmetyveleba ga daizarda franguli romantizmis lirikaSi. da mainc, araviTari realuri `gardaqmna~ ar momxdara. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erTi da igive emociebi iyo gadmocemuli Tavdapirvelad ritorikaSi, Semdeg ki _ lirikul poeziaSi; dasaSvebia isic, rom orive maTgani emsaxureboda erTsa da imave, an msgavs socialur miznebs.
amgvarad, unda uarvyoT analogia literaturis ganviTarebasa da Caketil biologiur process _ dabadebidan sikvdilamde _ Soris (es idea jer kidev coc xalia da
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axlaxan aRadgines Spenglerma da toinbim). amasTan, ganviTarebis meore koncefcia, rogorc Cans, ufro uaxlovdeba WeSmaritad istoriuli ganviTarebis koncefcias. aq mTavari principia ara cvlilebaTa Tan mimdevruloba, aramed misi mizani. am rigis calkeuli Semadgenlebi procesis dasrulebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens. specialuri miznisken (Cvens SemTxvevaSi esaa `adamianis tvini~) mimarTuli evoluciis koncefcias Seaqvs cvalebadobaTa rigSi urTierTkavSiri, dasawyisi da dasasruli. da mainc, arsebobs mniSvnelovani sxvaoba biologiur evoluciasa (meore gagebiT) da `istoriul evo lucias~ Soris. imisTvis, raTa CavwvdeT biologiurisgan gansxvavebuli istoriuli evoluciis arss, unda gaviazroT calkeuli istoriuli movlenebi da, amasTan erTad, ar daviyvanoT istoriuli procesi Tanamimdevrul, magram urTierTdaukavSirebul movlenaTa krebulamde.
sakiTxis gadasawyvetad saWiroa ganvixiloT istoriuli procesi Sefasebis anu normis TvalsazrisiT. mxolod maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli movlenaTa garegnulad uazro rigis danawevreba arsebiT da ararsebiT elementebad. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi SevZlebT, vilaparakoT istoriul evoluciaze, romelic inarCunebs calkeuli movlenis individualobas. individualuri realobisa da saerTo Sefasebis urTierTmimarTebis dadgenisas Cven ar dagvyavs individua luri zogadi koncefciis upi rovno gamovlinebamde, _ piriqiT, individualurs vaniWebT mniSvnelobas, sazriss. istoria, zogadad, mTavar mniSv nelobebis ubralod individualizacias ar axdens (cxadia, es ar aris arc wyvetili uazro nakadi): istoriuli proce si mudam warmoSobs Sefasebis axal, ucnob formebs, romel Ta winaswarmetyveleba SeuZlebelia. xelovnebis indi vidualuri nawarmoebis amgvari Sefardeba faseulobaTa skalasTan sxva araferia, Tu ara misi individualobis aucilebeli korelati. ganviTarebis etapebi ganisazRvreba faseulobaTa, anu normaTa sqemebis mixedviT, magram es faseulobebi TavisTavad vlindeba mxolod am procesis ganxilvis Sedegad. simarTle
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rom vTqvaT, esaa logikuri wre: imisTvis, raTa vimsjeloT istoriuli procesis Sesaxeb, unda gvqondes garkveuli Sefasebebi; amasTan erTad, SefasebaTa skalis SemuSaveba SesaZlebelia mxolod istoriidan gamomdinare15 rogorc Cans, es gardauvalia. sxva SemTxvevaSi mogvixdeba imis aRiareba, rom istoriuli procesi warmoadgens cvalebadobis uazro nakads, an unda gamoviyenoT raime araliteraturuli standartebi _ vaRiaroT garkveuli absoluti, romelic literaturuli procesis mimarT gareSe fenomenia.
literaturis evoluciis problemis Cveneuli gan xilva ganyenebuli xasiaTisaa. SevecadeT dagvesabuTebina, rom literaturis evolucia gansxvavdeba biologiurisagan da rom mas araferi aqvs saerTo zogad warmodgenasTan erTiani zedrouli modelisken swrafvis Sesaxeb. istoria SeiZleba daiweros mxolod maSin, Tu gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba faseulobaTa cvalebadi skalebi, romlebic abst rahirebulia TviT istoriidan. am ideis sailustraciod SeiZleba mivmarToT zog iseT problemas, romlebic wa moiWreba literaturis istoriis winaSe.
aSkara kavSiri xelovnebis nawarmoebTa Soris _ maTi wyaroebi da gavlenebi _ yvelaze ufro xSirad ganixileba da Seadgens tradiciuli kvlevis Temas. mweralTa Soris literaturuli kavSirebis dadgena jer kidev araa literaturis istoria, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani mosamzadebeli etapia mis dasawerad. ase, magaliTad, Tu gvinda davweroT meTvramete saukunis inglisuri poeziis istoria, amisTvis zustad unda vicodeT, ra kavSiri aqvT meTvramete saukunis poetebs spenserTan, miltonTan da draidenTan. amgvari wignia reimond heivensis `miltonis gavlena inglisur poeziaze~16, wminda literaturuli gamokvleva, romelSic Tavmoyrilia friad STambeWdavi damadasturebeli masala miltonis gavlenis Sesaxeb, garda amisa, Sekrebilia ara marto meTvramete saukunis poet Ta Sexedulebani miltonis Sesaxeb, aramed Seswavlilia teqstebi da mocemulia msgavsebaTa da paralelTa ana lizic. am bolo dros paralelebis Zieba didi ndobiT aRar sargeblobs, xolo gamoucdeli mkv
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levrisTvis is saxifaTocaa. pirvel yovlisa, paralelebi unda iyos namdvili paralelebi da ara bundovani msgavsebani, romlebic, ubralod, simravlis gamo SeiZleba aRiarebul iqnan paralelebad. ormocjer ganmeorebuli sisulele sisuleled rCeba. Semdgom, isini namdvilad unda iyos paralelebi, ese igi, savsebiT darwmunebulni viyoT imaSi, rom saerTo wyaros arseboba aq gamoricxulia. mkvlevari moiZiebs WeSmarit paralels, Tu is aRWurvilia literaturis farTo codniT da Tu paraleli sakmarisad rTuli xasiaTisaa (anu Tu saubari araa calkeuli motivis an sityvis Sesaxeb). am elementaruli pirobebis darRvevis SemTxvevebi marTlac Zalze xSiria. zogjer es nakli axasiaTebT gamoCenil mecnierebsac, romlebic, ra Tqma unda, kargad unda icnobdnen epoqis enas _ kliSeebs, stereotipur metaforebs, erTi da imave Temis msgavsi xorcSesxmis magaliTebs.17
rogorc unda gavkicxoT es meTodi, is mainc legitimuri meTodia da misi in toto uaryofa SeuZlebelia. wyaroebis kritikuli Seswavlis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia dadgindes literaturuli urTierTkavSirebi. maT Soris naklebad sainteresoa citireba, plagiati, mibaZvebi. uke Tes SemTxvevaSi, isini amtkiceben urTierTobis Cveulebriv faqts, Tumca, arseboben sternisa da bertonis msgavsi mwerlebi, romlebic citatebs TavianTi mxatvruli amoca nebis gadasawyvetad iyenebdnen. magram literaturul kavSirTa sakiTxebis umravlesoba namdvilad bevrad ufro rTulia da maT gadasawyvetad kritikuli analizia saWiro _ amisTvis paralelebis Tavmoyra ubralod ar kmara. mravali amgvari gamokvlevis nakli aixsneba swored imiT, rom ugulebelyofilia mniSvnelovani ram: erTi calkeuli Stri xis gamoyofisas literaturul na warmoebs aqucmaceben patarpatara mozaikur nawilebad. literaturis ori an meti nawarmoebis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb nayofieri msjeloba SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, rodesac literaturis ganviTarebis sistemaSi maT saTanado adgili ukaviaT. literaturul nawarmoebTa urTierTkavSiri warmoadgens im ori mTlianobis, ori konfiguraciis Sedarebis sagans, romelTa danawevreba calkeul komponentebad dasaSvebia mxolod kvlevis sawyis etapebze.
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rodesac yuradRebis centrSi moeqceva ori dasrulebuli sistema, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom literaturis istoriis fundamentur problemas, originalurobis problemas vikvlevT. Cvens droSi, Cveu lebriv, arasworad esmiT, ras niSnavs originaluri. miaCniaT, rom origina luri niSnavs, ubralod, tradiciis darRvevas, an mas eZieben xelovnebis nawarmoebis masalaSi, an mis garegnul wyobaSi (tradiciuli siuJeti, tradi ciuli konstruqcia). adreul periodebSi literaturuli Semoqmedebis Taviseburebis saRi, jansaRi Sefaseba iyo miRebuli. originalur Sinaarss an siuJets didad rodi afasebdnen. renesansis da klasicizmis epoqaSi, sruliad marTebulad, udides mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen Targmans, gansakuTrebiT poeziis Targmans da `mibaZvas~, im azriT, rogorc houpi baZavda horaciusis satirebs, an doqtor jonsoni _ iuvenals18. ernest robert kurciusi Tavis `evropis literaturasa da laTinur Sua saukuneebSi~ (1948) damajereblad gviCvenebs literaturis istoriaSi banalurobis (topoi) uzarmazar rols, Temebisa Tu saxeebis ganmeorebas, imas, rom isini antikuri xanidan STamomavlobiT miiRo laTinizebulma Sua saukuneebma da, Semdeg, Tanamedrove literaturam. arc erTi mwerali ar Takilobda da Tavis Tavs ar Tvlida araoriginalur mwerlad `imis gamo, rom iyenebda, iTvisebda da Taviseburad cvlida Temebsa da saxeebs, romlebic tradiciulad memkvidreobiT gadmodioda da antikuri literaturis avtoritetiT iyo sanqcionirebuli. amgvari xa siaTis bevri nawarmoebis Sefasebas safuZvlad daedo mxatv ruli procesis mcdari gageba. aseTia, magaliTad, ser sidni lis naSromebi elisabedis droindeli sonetebis Sesaxeb, romlebic formis TvalsazrisiT, ra Tqma unda, tradiciulia, magram (sidni lis Tvalsazrisis sapirispirod) es ar niSnavs, rom maTSi araa asaxuli gulwrfeli grZnobebi, da rom isini mdare nawarmoebebia19. garkveuli tradiciisadmi erTguleba da misi nimuSebis mibaZva ar gamoricxavs sulieri ganwyobilebis gamoxatvas da nawarmoebis mxatvrul Rirebulebas. amgvari Seswavlis dros kritikuli problemebi wamoiWreba maSin, rodesac viwyebT Sedarebas da Sefasebas
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imis gamosavlenad, Tu rogor iyenebs erTi xelovani meore xelovanis miRwevebs, _ rodesac warmogvidgeba gardamqmneli SemoqmedebiTi Zalisxmeva. literaturis istoriis pirveli amocanaa, zustad daadginos yoveli nawarmoebis adgili ama Tu im tradiciaSi.
xelovnebis ori an meti nawarmoebis urTierTkavSiris Seswavlas mivyavarT literaturis istoriis Semdgom problemebamde.xelovnebis nawarmoebTa pirvel da yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino rigs miekuTvneba is qmnilebebi, romle bic dawerilia erTi avtoris mier. aq arc ise Znelia faseulobaTa skalis dadgena: Cven SegviZlia SevafasoT erTi an ramdeni me nawarmoebi, romlebic mwerlis saukeTeso, srulyofili qmnilebebia da am tipis nawarmoebebTan siaxlovis Tvalsaz risiT gavaanalizoT misi danarCeni nawarmoebebi. bevri monografiis avtorebi isaxavdnen amgvar mizans, Tumca mkafiod ver icnobierebdnen warmoSobil rTul problemebs da ufro uSedegod cdilobdnen mwerlis piradi cxovre bis problemebSi garkvevas.
evoluciuri rigis meore tipi SeiZleba Semdegnairi iyos: xelovnebis nawarmoebidan gamoyofen garkveul Tvisebas da akvirdebian idealisaken mis ganviTarebas idealisken (Tumca ideali aq pirobiTi, droebiTi cnebaa). es SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes erTi mwerlis nawarmoebTa Seswavlisas ise, rogorc magaliTad, klemenma20 gamoikv lia tropebi SeqspirTan; an SeiZleba Catardes erT periodis, an sulac mTeli erovnuli literaturis farglebSi. magaliTad, inglisuri prosodiisa da prozis ritmis21 Sesaxeb jorj sentsberis naSromebSi gamoyofilia struq turis garkveuli elementi da misi istoriis gezi, Tumca sentsberis pretenziuli wignebis naklovaneba isaa, rom maT safuZvlad udevT leqsis zomisa da ritmis Sesaxeb bundovani da dromoWmuli koncefciebi, rac cxadyofs, rom WeSmariti istoriis dawera SeuZlebelia adekvaturi mecnieruli Sromebis gamoyenebisa da miTiTebis gareSe. amave xasiaTis problemebi wamoiWreba inglisuri poeturi enis istoriasTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac mieZRvna mxolod jozefina
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mailzis statistikuri gamokvleva, rac Seexeba inglisuri poeziis mxatvrul saxeTa istorias, jer misi Seswavla aravis ucdia.
SesaZlebelia hamletTan, don JuanTan an agasferTan dakavSirebuli mravalricxovani motivebisa da Temebisadmi miZRvnili mravalricxovani istoriuli mimoxilvebis amgvari sistematizeba. sinamdvileSi es sruliad gansxvavebuli problemebia. siuJetis sxvadasxvagvari vari antebi ar gulisxmobs iseTive urTierTkavSirs da uw yvetobas, rogoric axasiaTebs sazomisa da poeturi enis istorias. mariam stiuartis Sesaxeb arsebuli yvela literaturuli siuJetis ganxilva, albaT, sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa istoriis TvalsazrisiT, saintereso iqneba da, albaT, gamoavlens gemovnebis cvalebadobas sxvadasxva epoqaSi, tragediis sxvadasxvagvar koncefciebs. magram aq araa Sinagani kavSiri da dialeqtika. ar wamoiWreba arc erTi problema da, miT umetes, literaturuli kritikis problema22. Stoffgeschichte (aq: legenda) yvelaze naklebadaa literaturis istoria.
literaturuli Janrebisa da tipebis istoria problemaTa sxva jgufs gvTavazobs, magram es problemebi ar aris gadauWreli; miuxedavad imisa, rom kroCe Seecada, mTeli koncefciis diskreditireba moexdina, arsebobs bevri gamokvleva, romlebic SeiZleba CaiTvalos amgvari koncefciis Seqmnis mosamzadebel etapad da romlebic TavisTavad Teoriulad sakmarisad safuZvliania imisTvis, raTa zustad moiniSnos istoriuli perspeqtiva. Janris istoriaSi arsebobs igive dilema, rac literaturis istoriaSi: imisTvis, raTa mivagnoT mecnierulad damuSavebul miTiTebas (am SemTxvevaSi Janris Sesaxeb), saWi roa istoriis Seswavla, magram istorias ver SeviswavliT, Tu gonebaSi ar gveqneba Camoyalibebuli SerCevis sqema. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs gamosavali am daxSuli wridan. zog SemTxvevaSi aucilebel amosaval wertils warmoadgens klasifikaciis garegnuli myari sqema (magaliTad, garkveuli wesis mixedviT gariTmuli ToTxmeti striqoni sonetSi). sapirispiro SemTxvevaa
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elegia an oda, rodesac SeiZ leba daveWvdeT, SeinarCuna Tu ara odam, saxelwodebis garda, raime niSan Tviseba, romelic Tanabrad axasiaTebs yvela odas. ben jonsonis `oda sakuTari Tavisadmi~, kolinzis `oda saRamosadmi~ da uordsvorTis `ukvdavebis wi naTgrZnoba~ TiTqos naklebad hgvanan erTmaneTs, magram maxvili Tvali imTaviTve daadgens horaciusis da pindares odebTan maT msgavsebas, SeniSnavs TiTqosda gansxvavebu li tradiciebisa da saukuneebis uwyvet erTobas. literatu ris istoriis Sesaswavlad Janrebis istoria, udavod, yvela ze mravlisaRmTqmeli sferoa.
SeiZleba da savaldebulocaa `morfologiuri~ midgoma farTod gamoviyenoT folkloris mimarT, radgan folklorSi Janrebi xSirad ufro mkafiodaa gaformebuli, vidre _ mogvianebiT Camoyalibebul sityvakazmul xelovnebaSi. folklorisadmi amgvari midgoma, bolos da bolos, iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc `motivebisa~ da siuJetebis migraciaTa Seswavla. safuZveli Caeyara karg wamowyebebs, gansakuTrebiT _ ruseTSi23. Tu ar SegviZlia rogorc klasikuri, aseve axali (Sua saukuneebSi warmoSobili) Janrebis cocxali aRqma, ver CavwvdebiT Tanamedrove literaturas _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, im li teraturas, romelic win uZRoda romantikul amboxs. ma Ti brZola Seadgens literaturis istoriis mniSvnelovan nawils 15001800 wlebs Soris. da marTlac, rogorc unda gaebundovnebina romantikul saukunes sxvaoba Janrebs Soris da rogori Sereuli formebic unda Semoetana, didi Secdoma iqneboda, saTanadod ar dagvefasebina Janrebis koncefciis avtoriteti da Zala Tundac uaxles literaturaSi. Janrebis pirveli istoriebis (romlebic Seqmnes briunetierma da saimonma) naklovanebad unda CaiTvalos biologiur paralelebze metismeti dayrdnoba. magram am bolo aTwleulebSi gamoCnda iseTi gamokvlevebi, romlebic meti gulisyuriTaa damuSavebuli. Tumca, maT emuqreba tipebis aRweriT Semofargvlisa da SemTxveviT diskusiebSi daxarjvis saSiSroeba, rogorc es mouvida mraval naSroms, romlebsac dramis an romanis istoriebad miiCneven. magram arsebobs wignebi, romlebSic
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dasmuli da gamokvleulia tipebis ganviTarebis problema. Seqspiramdeli inglisuri dramis istoriis daweris dros dauSvebelia imis ugulebelyofa, rom misteriebisa da moraliteebis memkvidreobisa da Tanadrouli aRmavali dramis gasaocrad Sereuli forma SeiniSneba, vTqvaT, beilis `mefe jonSi~. Janris kargi istoriis nimuSia u. u. gregis wigni `pastoraluri poezia da pastoraluri drama~, Tumca avtori masSi sxva mizans isaxavda;24 mogvianebiT k. s. luisma `siyvarulis alegoriaSi~25 Camoayaliba ganviTarebis mkafiod da kargad gaazrebuli sqema. germaniaSi, sxva rom ara iyos ra, ori kargi wigni arsebobs: karl vietoris `germanuli odis istoria~ da giunTer miuleris `germanuli simReris istoria~26. orive avtori mwvaved ayenebs im problemebs, romlebsac waawydnen27. vietori garkveviT aRiarebs daxSuli wris arsebobas, magram mainc ar epueba mas: vietoris SexedulebiT, istorikosi intuiciiT, magram mainc unda mixvdes, ra aris arsebiTi im JanrisaTvis, romelsac ikvlevs da mere gamoiyenos am Janris nimuSebi Tavisi hipoTezebis dasasabuTeblad an Sesasworeblad. Tumca Janri istoriaSi vlindeba calkeul nawarmoebTa saxiT, magram ar SeiZleba misi aRwera am nawarmoebTa yvela niSnis mixedviT. Cven gaviazrebT Janrs, rogorc `maregulirebel~ princips, rogorc fuZemdeblur models; pirobiTobas, romelic realuria, e. i. qmediTia, radganac ganapirobebs konkretuli nawarmoebebis Seqmnas. istorias ar esaWiroeba miRweva specialuri miznisa, romelic zRvars udebs Janris Semdgom gagrZelebas an diferenciacias; mag ram Tu miznad davisaxavT, davweroT WeSmariti istoria, maSin unda veyrdnobodeT garkveul droiT mizans an tips.
srulad analogiuri problemebi wamoiWreba perio disa da mimdinareobis istoriasTan dakavSirebiT. ganviTa re b is Sesaxeb diskusiam cxadyo, rom Cven ver daveTanxmebiT or ukidures Sexedulebas: erTia metafizikuri Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac, periodi aris garkveuli arsi da mis bunebas intuiciiT unda CavwvdeT; meore _ ukiduresad nominalisturi _ SexedulebiT ki, periodi yovel droSi,
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drois yovel monakveTSi, ubralod, aRweris mizniT gaTvaliswinebuli lingvisturi, stilisturi Ta viseburebaa. ukiduresi nominalizmis mixedviT, periodSi igulisxmeba TviTneburi Zaldataneba masalaze, romelic sinamdvileSi, mimarTulebis gareSe, uwyvet dinebad iqceva da amgvarad, gvrCeba, erTi mxriv, konkretul movlenaTa qaosi da meore mxriv, wminda subieqturi iarliyebi. Tu davemyarebiT am Sexedulebas, maSin aSkarad ar eqneba mniSvneloba, Tu sad gavatarebT gamyof xazs arsebiTad erTian, magram mravalferovan realobaSi. amitomac mniSvneloba ara aqvs, periodis romel sqemas miviRebT _ xelovnur pirobiTsa Tu meqanikurs. SeiZleba istoriografiuli wesiT davweroT literaturis istoria saukuneebis, aTwleulebis an wlebis mixedviT. SeiZleba miviRoT iseTi kriteriumi, rogoric gamoiyena arTur saimondsma Tavis wignSi `romantikuli mimarTuleba inglisur poeziaSi~.28 igi ganixilavs mxolod im avtorebs, romlebic 1800 wlamde daibadnen da 1800 wlis mere gardaicvalen. gamodis, rom periodi, ubralod, xelsayreli sityvaa savaldebulo wignis an SerCeuli Temis dasayofad. Tumca, xSirad es Sexeduleba gaucnobiereblad STaagonebs naSromebs, romlebic mowiwebiT ekidebian saukuneTa mijnebs an Tavs axveven sagans zust droiT (magaliTad, 170050 wlebi), rac verafriT aixsneba, garda imisa, rom erTgvari SemosazRvra praqtikulma saWiroebam gamoiwvia. kalendaruli TariRebisadmi aseTi pativiscema, rasakvirvelia, kanonieria bibliografiuli nusxebis Sedgenisas; aq is gvexmareba orientaciaSi, iseve, rogorc diuis mier biblioTekebisaTvis SeTavazebuli decimaluri sistema; amgvar periodizacias saerTo araferi aqvs literaturis istoriasTan.
miuxedavad amisa, literaturis istoriebis umetesoba periodebad aris dayofili politikur cvlilebaTa Sesabamisad. amgvarad, miCneulia, rom literatura mTlianad determinirebulia politikuri Tu socialuri revoluciebiT, xolo determinirebuli periodebis prob le mas wyveten istorikosebi. inglisuri literaturis SedarebiT
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Zvel istoriebs Tu CavxedavT, vnaxavT, rom isini dawerilia an kalendaruli principiT an erTi martivi politikuri kriteriumis mixedviT, inglisis monarqTa mefobis drois Sesabamisad. sulac araa saWiro imis Cveneba, Tu ra aRrevas gamoiwvevda, bolo drois ing lisuri literaturis istoria rom dagveyo monarqebis gardacvalebis TariRebis Sesabamisad. seriozulad aravis mo s vlia azrad, adreuli mecxramete saukunis literatura ga nesxvavebina erTimeorisgan georg mesamis, georg meo Txis an uiliam meoTxis mefobis droTa mixedviT; zogan jer kidev SemorCenilia literaturis aseTi xelovnuri dayofa elisabedis, jeimz pirvelisa da Carlz pirvelis mefobaTa droebis Sesabamisad.
inglisuri literaturis uaxles istoriebSi saukuneebis kalendris Tu mefeTa mmarTvelobis Sesabamisi dayofa TiTqmis mTlianad moispo da Seicvala axleburi periodizaciiT, romlis saxelwodebebi emyareba sulieri cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos movlenebs. Tumca, Cven kvlav vxmarobT terminebs `elisabedis droindeli~ da `viqtorianuli~, maT mefobaTa dros Seqmnili es ganmasxvavebeli terminebi ki SemogvrCa, magram maT axali mniSvneloba SeiZines inteleqtualuri istoriis sistemis farglebSi. Cven isini SevinarCuneT, radgan vgrZnobT, rom es ori dedofali, rogorc Cans, TavianTi drois simboloebi iyvnen. Cven kategoriulad aRar moviTxovT, rom drois monakveTi romelime monarqis taxtze asvlidan mis sikvdilamde gansazRvravdes literaturuli periodis qronologiuri mijnebs. rodesac viyenebT termins `eli sa bedis droindeli~, vgulisxmobT mwerlebs, romlebic moR vaweobdnen Teatrebis daxurvamde (1642), im droisTvis ki TiTq mis ormocma welma ganvlo dedoflis gardacvale bi dan. magram, meore mxriv, Cven iSviaTad vuwodebT oskar uai l ds `viqtorianels~, Tumca misi sicocxlis wlebi zustad emTxveva viqtorias mefobis qronologiur sazRvrebs. politikuri warmomavlobis terminebma inteleqtisa da literaturis istoriaSic ki miiRes gansazRvruli mniSvnelo ba. miuxedavad amisa, Cveni ax
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landeli dasa xelebebi maTi Seqmnis siWrelis gamo, cota ar iyos dama bnevelia. `reformacia~ momdinareobs saeklesio isto riidan, `humanizmi~, umTavresad, _ inteleqtualuri moZraobis istoriidan, `renesansi~ _ xelovnebis is toriidan, `respublikis literatura da `restavraciis literatura~ _ garkveuli politikuri movlenebidan. ter mini `meTvramete saukune~ Zveli qronologiuri terminia, romelic dazustebul iqna literaturuli movlenebis TvalsazrisiT: `avgustinelebis literatura~ da `klasicizmis literatura~, `preromantizmi~ da `romantizmi~ imTaviTve literaturuli terminebia, maSin, rodesac `viqtorianuli~, `edvardianuli~ da `georgianuli” momdinareobs monarqTa mefobidan. igive gan sacvifrebeli suraTi xSirad gvxvdeba sxva qveyne bis literaturaSi: magaliTad, `koloniuri periodi~ ameri kul literaturaSi politikuri terminia, xolo `romantiz mi~ da `realizmi~ literaturuli terminebia.
terminTa amgvari aRrevis gasamarTleblad unda aRvniSnoT, rom amis mizezi Tavad istoria gaxlavT. rogorc literaturis istorikosebma, Cven, pirvel yovlisa, unda gaviTvaliswinoT TviT mwerlebis mosazrebebi da koncefciebi, programebi da personaliebi, ese igi, unda gaviziaroT sakuTriv maTi Sexeduleba periodizaciis Sesaxeb. ra Tqma unda, literaturis istoriaSi ar SeiZleba gonivrulad Camoyalibebuli programebis, manifestebis, SemoqmedebiTi TviTanalizis mniSvnelobis ugulebelyofa. da safiqrebelia, rom moRvaweobas, romelic esoden kargad icnobierebs sakuTar sazrissa da daniSnulebas, yvelaze ukeT Seesabameba termini `mimdinareoba~ (`movement~); misi daxasiaTeba analogiuri iqneba ama Tu im movlenisa da dekretebis daxasiaTebisa. rac Seexeba literaturul periods, mis mimarT es programebi _ mxolod masalaa, iseve, rogorc kritikis istoria aris mxolod da mxolod literaturis istoriis Tanmxlebi komentari. epoqis literaturul dokumentebs CvenTvis damxmare mniSvneloba aqvT, maT ver vaRiarebT literaturis periodizaciis principebad. es imitom ki ar
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xdeba, rom CvenTvis damaxasiaTebelia ufro Rrma Sexeduleba movlenebis Taobaze: ubralod, Cven upiratesoba gvaqvs _ warsuls awmyos poziciidan ganvixilavT.
isic unda iTqvas, rom es sxvadasxva warmomavlobis terminebi Tavis droze ar gamoiyeneboda. termini `humanizmi~ pirvelad gamoCnda 1832 wels, `renesansi~ _ 1840 wels, `elisabedis epoqa~ _ 1817 wels, `avgustusis xana~ _ 1819 wels, xolo `romantizmi~ _ 1844 wels. es monacemebi moyvanilia `oqsfordis leqsikonSi~ da, albaT, sando araa, radganac termini `avgustusis xana~ sporadulad Cndeba ukve 1690 wels, karlaili ki termin `romantizms~ iyenebs 1831 wels29. yovelive es mxolod imas aRniSnavs, rom literaturuli periodi da misi saxelwodeba sinqronulad rodi warmoiSoba. cnobilia, rom romantikosebi TavianT Tavs ar uwodebdnen romantikosebs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, inglis Si. rogorc Cans, mxolod daaxloebiT 1849 wels daukavSi res kolriji da uordsvorTi romantikul mimdinareobebsa da Selis, kiTsisa da baironis jgufs30. misis olifanti Tavis `meTvramete saukunis dasasrulisa da mecxramete sauku nis dasawyisis inglisuri literaturis istoriaSi ~ (1882 w.) arsad xmarobs am termins da erTsa da imave mimdinareobas ar miakuTvnebs `tbis~ poetebs, `koknis~ skolasa da `satanur~ bairons. amgvarad, inglisuri literaturis amJamad arsebuli periodizacia araa istoriulad dasabuTebuli. aSkaraa, rom is sxva araferia, Tu ara politikuri, literaturuli da mxatvruli iarliyebis TviTneburad SerCeuli erToblioba.
kidec rom gvqondes adamianTa kulturis istoriis _ politikis, filosofiis, sxva xelovnebaTa srulyofili periodizacia, literaturis istoria mainc ver SeZlebda iseTi sqemis gamoyenebas, romelic SemuSavebulia, romelic sxva masalaze muSaobis meSveobiT, specifikuri amocanebis gadawyvetis procesSi. literatura ar SeiZleba gagebul iqnes, rogorc kacobriobis politikuri, socialuri an Tundac inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis pasiuri anarekli an asli. amdenad, literaturuli periodi unda dadgin des wminda literaturuli kriteriumis daxmarebiT.
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Tu Cveni Sedegebi daemTxveva politikis, sa zogadoebis, xelovnebisa da azrovnebis istoriebs, amis sawinaaRmdego araferi gveqneba. magram Cveni amosavali wertili iqneba literatura, rogorc literaturis ganviTareba. maSasadame, periodi aris sayovelTao evo luciis qvedanayofi. misi istoria SeiZleba daiweros mxo lod faseulobaTa cvalebad skalis gaTvaliswinebiT, xo lo es skala SemuSavebul unda iqnes Tavad istoriuli procesis gaazrebis safuZvelze. amgvarad, periodi aris drois monakveTi, romelSic dominirebs literaturuli normebi, standartebi da pirobiTobebi, romelTa Semota na, gavrceleba, danawevreba, integracia da gaqroba SeiZ leba davinaxoT, Tvali mivadevnoT.
cxadia, es ar niSnavs imas, rom aucileblad unda miviRoT esa Tu is normatiuli sistema. istoriidan is unda gamoviyvanoT istoriidan, aRmovaCinoT istoriaSi, rogorc realoba. magaliTad, `romantizmi~ ar aris erTia ni Tviseba, romelic vrceldeba gadamdebi seniviT an WiriviT, da is arc ubralo sityvieri iarliyia. es istoriuli kategoria, an, kantis terminologiiT, `maregulirebeli idea~ (ufro zustad ki, ideaTa mTeli sistema) gvexmareba movaxdinoT istoriuli procesis interpretacia. magram ideebis kompleqsi Cven TviT procesSi aRmovaCineT. termin `periodis~ amgvari koncefcia gansxvavdeba misi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli gagebisgan, romelSic cneba gadatanilia fsiqologiur planSi da ganZarculia is toriuli konteqstisgan. rodesac amgvari fsiqologiuri an mxatvruli tipebis saxelwodebaTa SemoReba xdeba is toriulad damkvidrebuli terminologiis zegavleniT, es araa sababi maTi upirobo dagmobisTvis; amasTan, kargad unda gavicnobieroT, rom literaturis aseTi tipologia Zalze Sorsaa Cveni ganxilvis sagnisgan _ is ar miekuTvneba literaturis istorias, viwro gagebiT.
amgvarad, periodi aris ara tipi an klasi, aramed _ drois monakveTi gansazRvruli normaTa sistemiT, romlebic ganuyofelia istoriuli procesisgan. ro mantizmis
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ganmartebis uSedego mcdelobebi mowmobs, rom `periodis~ cneba ar ar waagavs logikaSi miRebul `klasis~ cnebas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi moxdeboda nawarmoebis individualobis waSla, misi STanTqma kategoriis mier. magram es aSkarad SeuZlebelia. xelovnebis individualu ri qmnileba klasis warmomadgeneli rodia; esaa nawilia, romelic yvela sxva nawarmoebTan erTad warmoqmnis pe riodis cnebas. amgvarad, is TavisTavad gansazRvravs mTlianis koncefcias. `romantizmis~31 uamravi sxva das xvagvari ganmarteba Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, rogorc Cans, mcdaria, magram, miuxedavad amisa, maTSi mainc vlindeba im sqemis sirTule, romelsac Seesabameba TiToeuli amgvari definicia. kargad unda gavicnobieroT, rom periodi ar aris idealuri tipi, abstraqtuli modeli an cnebiTi kla sifikacia; esaa drois monakveTia normebis erTiani sis temiT, romlebic xelovnebis arc erT nawarmoebSi ar aris mTlianad realizebuli. periodis istoria mdgomareobs imaSi, rom daafiqsiros normaTa erTi sistemas Secvla meoriT. amgvarad, periodi aris drois monakveTi, romelic xasiaTdeba garkveuli erTianobiT; aSkaraa, rom es erTiano ba mxolod SefardebiTi xasiaTisaa. es niSnavs, ubralod, imas, rom drois garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi normebis esa Tu is sqema mTeli sisruliT iqna realizebuli. erTi romelime periodis erTianoba absoluturi rom iyos, maSin periodebi qvis blokebiviT erTimeoris gverdiT dalagdeba yovelgvari memkvidreobis gareSe. amitom yovel periodSi aucileblad monawileoben normaTa winamorbedi sistemas gadmonaSTebi da momavali sqemis Canasaxebi32.
periodis istoriis daweris problema, pirvel yovli sa, aris aRweris problema: saWiroa amovicnoT pirobiTobaTa erTi sistemisdacema da meoris Casaxva. ratom xdeba mimdinareobaTa aseTi Secvla garkveul momentSi? _ es aris istoriuli problema, romelic, zogadad, gadauWrelia. gamoiTqva varaudi, rom literaturis ganviTareba gamofitvis safexurs aRwevs da moiTxovs axali kanonebis SemoRebas. rusi formalistebi am process aRweren rogorc `avtomatizaciis~ process, e. i. poeturi ostatobis bevri
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xer xi, Tavis droze efeqturi iyo, iseTi Cveulebrivi da gac veTili xdeba, rom axali mkiTxveli maT veRar aRiqvams. mas sWirdeba raRac gansxvavebuli, raRac sruliad sapirispiro. aseT SemTxvevaSi ganviTarebis sqema waagas qanqaras rxevas: erTi ukiduresobidan meorisken moZraoba adre Tu gvian ganapirobebs axleburi poeturi metyvelebis, Temebisa da yovelgvari sxva mxatvruli xerxebis `aqtualizacias~. magram Teoria ver ganmartavs, Tu ratom miemarTeba ganviTareba konkretuli mimarTulebiT _ procesis mTeli sirTule namvilad ar daiyvaneba rxevaTa martiv sqemamde. arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, literaturis ganviTarebis mimarTuleba ganisazRvreba gareSe pirobebiT da sazogadoebrivi garemos moTxovnebiT. maSin yoveli cvlileba literaturul situaciaSi gamowveuli iqneba axali klasis an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebri vi dajgufebis warmoSobiT: magaliTad, ruseTSi 1917 wlam de yvelaze mkveTrad iyo gamoxatuli klasobrivi struq tura, amitom cvlilebebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi iq xSirad Seesabameboda literaturul evolucias. magram da savleTSi am urTierTmimarTebis gamovlena Zneldeba, da sruliad SeuZlebelic xdeba im epoqebis ganxilvisas, romlebic ar xasiaTdeba mkafiod gamokveTili socialuri dapirispirebebiT da istoriuli katastrofebiT.
literaturuli situaciis cvlilebebs ganmartavdnen agreTve axali Taobis SeWriT literaturaSi. kurnos wignis _ `mosazrebani ideaTa ganviTarebis Sesaxeb~ (1872) _ gavleniT am Teorias bevri mimdevari gamouCnda. is gulmodgined iqna damuSavebuli, gansakuTrebiT germaniaSi, petersenisa da veqsleris mier33. magram ver daveTanxmebiT imas, rom Taobis, rogorc biologiuri erTeulis cneba problemas gadaWris saSualebas gvaZlevs. Tu miviCnevT, rom erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTs enacvleba sami Taoba, magaliTad, 180033, 183469, 18701900, maSin dasaSvebia iseTi seriebis arsebobac, rogorebicaa 18011834, 183570, 18711901 da a. S. biologiuri TvalsazrisiT, es seriebi savsebiT Tanabaruflebiania da Tu adamianTa jgufebma, romlebic 1800iani wlebis periodSi daibadnen,
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ufro Rrma gavlena moaxdines literaturis ganviTarebaze, vidre 1815iani wlebis periodSi dabadebul adamianTa jgufebma, es unda mivaweroT ara wminda biologiur, aramed sxva mizezs. ra Tqma agaliTad,unda, zogjer literaturis istoriaSi cvlileba erTi da imave Taobis axalgazrdaTa jgufs Seaqvs, risi aSkara magaliTicaa germanuli `qariSxali da Seteva~ da, saerTod, romantizmis epoqa. TaobaTa erTianobas, rogorc Cans, ayalibebs iseTi istoriuli da socia luri faqtebi (magaliTad, safrangeTis revolucia an orive msoflio omi), romelTa srulad aRqma yoveli asakis adamianebs rodi ZaluZT da amas yvelaze ukeT gaarTves Tavi mgrZnobiare axalgazrdebma. magram es swored imis magaliTia, rom literaturisTvis zogjer gadamwyveti mniSv neloba aqvs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis zegavlenas. SeiZleba davasaxeloT sapirispiro xasiaTis uamravi movlena _ rodesac literaturis cvlilebaze Rrma da Zlieri gavlena moaxdina xandazmuli mwerlebis Se moqmedebam. saerTod ki, Taobebisa da socialuri klase bis cvla sakmarisi ar aris literaturul cvlilebaTa asaxsnelad. es aris kompleqsuri procesi, romelic yo velTvis erTnairad rodi mimdi nareobs; nawilobriv, es gamofitviTa da ganaxlebis surviliT gamowveuli Sinagani procesia, magram, nawilobriv, garegnulic, romelic ganpirobebulia cvlilebebiT socialur da kulturul cxovrebaSi, kulturaSi.
Tanamedrove literaturis istoriis mTavari periodebi dausrulebeli polemikis sagans warmoadgens. terminebi _ `renesansi~, `klasicizmi~, `romantizmi~, `simbolizmi~, bolo xanebSi ki `barokoc~ _ ganmartes, Semdeg daazustes, Semdeg gadaiazres.34 rogorc Cans, veraviTari SeTanxmeba ver miiRweva manamde, sanam Tavidan ar avicilebT bundovanebas zemoganxilul Teoriul sakiTxebSi, sanam opo nentebi daJinebiT cdiloben Tavs moaxvion definiciebs cnebiTi gvareobrivi Sinaarsi (logikis analogiiT), erTmaneTSi ureven `periodisa~ da `tipis~ terminebs, terminTa semantikur istorias da stilis realur istorias. savsebiT gasagebia, rom a. o. lavjoi da sxvebi gvTavazoben,
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uarvyoT iseTi termini, rogoricaa `romantizmi~. magram kamaTi periodis Sesaxeb, sxva rom ara iyos ra, wamoWris literaturis istoriis yvela iseT sakiTxs, romlebic exeba terminis istorias, kritikul programebs, iseve, rogorc realur stilistur cvlilebebs, literaturuli periodis urTi erTkavSirebs adamianis moRvaweobis sxva sferoebTan; saerTaSoriso literaturul kavSirebs gansaxilveli periodis farglebSi. `romantizmi~, rogorc termini, gvian Semovida inglisSi, magram ukve uordsvorTisa da kolrijis Teo riebSi arsebobda axali programa, romelic unda ganvixiloT uordsvorTisa da kolrijis, agreTve maTi Tanamedrove sxva poetebis SemoqmedebasTan mimarTebaSi. meTvramete saukunis dasawyisSi ukve SeiniSneboda axali stilis Canasaxebi. Cven SegviZlia SevadaroT inglisuri romantizmi romantikul moZraobas safrangeTsa da ger maniaSi, SeviswavloT paralelebi romantikuli mim dinareobis gamovlinebebTan saxviT xelovnebaSi. yo vel droSi da yovel adgilas sxvadasxva problema iCens Tavs, amitom SeuZlebelia zogadi wesebis Camoyalibeba. swori araa kazamianis mosazreba, rom periodebi mzardi siCqariT enacvleboda erTmaneTs vidre dRemde, rodesac maTi rxevebis stabilizacia moxda. aseve mcdaria imis dasabuTebis mcdelobebi, Tu xelovnebis romelma dargma (an romelma erma) aiTvisa pirvelad axali stili. ra Tqma unda, didi imedebi ar unda davamyaroT terminologiur garkveulobaze periodebis daxasiaTebisas, _ SeuZlebelia erTi sityva mravali konotaciis matarebeli iyos. magram aseve gaumarTlebelia skeptikuri damokidebuleba da problemis ugulebelyofa, radganac periodis cneba istoriuli Semecnebis erTerTi mTavari iaraRia.
kidev ufro rTulia iseTi farTo problemis ganxil va, rogoric aris erovnuli literaturis istoria. Znelia Tvali mivadevnoT erovnul literaturis istorias, Tuki gamokvlevis struqtura moiTxovs, arsebiTad, araliteraturuli orientirebis gamoyenebas, msjelobas erovnuli zneobisa da erovnuli xasiaTis Sesaxeb, rasac cota ram aqvT saerTo sityvakazmul xelovnebasTan. mravali
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problema warmoiqmneba, magaliTad, amerikul literaturasTan dakavSirebiT: vinaidan is iqmneba imave enaze, romelzedac _ sxva erovnuli literatura, amitom lite raturis ganviTareba amerikaSi absoluturad damoukideblad rodi mimdinareobs, is, nawilobriv, imarTeba ufro Zveli da Zlieri tradiciebiT. nebismieri erovnuli literaturis ganviTareba aSkarad warmoadgens problemas, romelsac istorikosi ver ugulebelyofs, Tumca is TiTqmis arc arasdros ar gamoukvleviaT sistematuri wesiT. zedmetia imis aRniSvna, rom literaturis jgufebis istoria, Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, kidev ufro Sorsaa idealisagan. arsebuli nimuSebi, rogoricaa ian maxalis `slavuri literaturebi~ an leonardo olSkis cda, daewera Sua saukuneebis yvela romanuli literaturis istoria, warmatebuli ar aRmoCnda35. msoflio literaturis isto riaTa umetesoba warmoadgens mcdelobas, gamovlenil iqnas mTavari tradicia evropis literaturisa, romelsac aerTianebs saerTo warmomavloba Zveli berZnuli da romauli literaturebidan, magram verc erTi ver gascda ideologiuri ganzogadebebisa da zerele kompilaciebis dones, garda Zmebi Slegelebis brwyinvale narkvevebisa, romlebic Tanamedrove problemebis gadawyvetisas, albaT, ar gamogvadgeba. bolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom literaturis zogadi istoria jer kidev metad Soreuli idealia. arsebuli mcdelobebi, magaliTad jon braunis `poeziis Casaxvisa da ganviTarebis istoria~, romelic 1763 wliT iwyeba, metismetad gonebaWvretiTi da sqematuria,xolo CaduikTa samtomeuli, `literaturis ganviTareba~TiTqmis mTlianad eZRvneba folklorSi asaxuli statikuri tipebis ganxilvas.36
yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, Cven mxolod axla viwyebT imis Seswavlas, Tu rogor unda gavaanalizoT xelovnebis nawarmoebi mTlianad. saamisod ki Cveni me Tode bi metismetad mouqnelia da arc maTi Teoriuli safuZvelia myari. amgvarad, bevri samuSao mogvelis. ar unda SegvaSinos iman, rom literaturis istorias, warsulis garda, aqvs momavali, romelic ver SeZlebs da arc unda ecados, rom ubralod amoavsos xarvezebi, romlebic Zveli meTodebis
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literaturis Teoria
`damsaxurebaa~. Cven unda veZioT literaturis istoriis axali ideali da meTodebi, romlebic am idealis realiza ciis SesaZleblobas mogvcems. SeiZleba aq SemoTavazebuli ideali zedmetad ̀ puristulad~ mogeCvenoT (radgan literaturis istoriaze rogorc xelovnebazea aqcenti gadatanili), magram, Cveni azriT, marTlzomieria ne bismieri sxva meTodis gamoyeneba. erTaderTi ram, raSic darwmunebuli varT, isaa, rom literaturis istoriisaTvis, romelmac ukanasknel dekadebSi eqspansionizmis Semoteva ganicada, sWirdeba koncentracia.sxvadasxva meTodis ur TierTmimarTebaTa gaazreba exmareba mkvlevars, Tavidan aicilos cnebaTa aRrevis safrTxe, _ im SemTxvevaSic ki, ro desac misi meTodologia moicavs gansxavebul meTodebs.
393
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394
395
SeniSvna
SeniSvna
*Tavi pirveli
literatura da literaturuli swavla
1. Advocated in Stephen Potter’s TheMuse inChains,London 1937.
2. ix. bibliografia. 19, section IV.3. I. A. Richards, PrinciplesofLiteraryCriticism,London 1924, pp.
120, 251.4. Wilhelm Dilthey, EinleitungindieGeisteswissenschaften,Berlin
1883.5. Wilhelm Windelband, Geschichte und Naturwissenschaft,
Strassburg 1894. Reprinted in Präludien,fourth ed., Tübingen 1907, Vol. II, pp. 136-60.
6. Heinrich Rickert, Die Grenzen der naturwissenschaftlichenBegriffsbildung,Tübingen 1913; also KulturwissenscbaftundNaturwis-senscbaft,Tübingen 1921.
7. A. D. Xénopol, LesPrincipes fondamentaux de l’histoire,Paris 1894; second ed., under title LaThioriedeI’histoire,Paris 1908; Bene-detto Croce, History,lisTheoryandPractice,New York 1921, and His-toryastheStoryofLiberty,New York 1940 (new ed., 1955).
8. Fuller discussions of these problems in Maurice Mandelbaum, TheProblemofHistoricalKnowledge,New York 1938; Raymond Aron, LaPhilosophiecritiquedeI’histoire,Paris 1938.
9. Louis Cazamian, L’Évolutionpsychologiquede la littérature enAngleterre,Paris 1920, and the second half of É. Legouis and L. Caza-mian, Histoiredelalittératureanglaise,Paris 1924 (English translation by H. D. Irvine and W. D. Maclnnes, two vols., London 1926-7).
10. See W. K. Wimsatt, Jun., ‘The Structure of the “Concrete Universal” in Literature’,PMLA,1x11(1947), pp. 262-80 (reprinted in TheVerbal Iton,Lexington Ky 1954, pp. 69-83); Scott Elledge, ‘The
396
SeniSvna
Background and Development in English Criticism of the Theories of Generality and Particularity’, ibid., pp. 147-82.
11. R. G. Collingwood, ‘Are History and Science Different Kinds of Know ledge?’, Mind,xxxi (1922), pp. 449-50, and Pitirim Sorokin, SocialandCulturalDynamics,Cincinnati 1937, Vol. 1, pp. 168-74, etc.
Tavi meore
literaturis buneba
1. Edwin Greenlaw, TheProvince of LiteraryHistory,Baltimore 1931, p. 174.
2. Mark van Doren, LiberalEducation,New York 1943.3. Thomas C. Pollock, TheNatureofLiterature,Princeton 1942.4. Most of the work of E. E. Stoll is relevant here. See also L.
L. Schücking CharakterproblemebeiShakespeare,Leipzig 1919 (English tr., London 1922 and L. C. Knights, HowManyChildrenHad LadyMacbeth?,Cambridge 1933 (reprinted in Explorations,London 1946, pp. 15-54). Recent treatments conventionalism v.naturalism in the drama are S. L. Bethell, ShakespeareandthePopularDramaticTradition,Durham, N. C. 1944, and Eric Bend ThePlaywrightasThinker,New York 1946.
5. SeniSvnebisTvis ix. Edwin Muir, TheStructureoftheNovel,London 1928. sxva Janrebis damuSavebisTvis, ix. T. Zielinski, ‘Die Behandlung gleichzeitiger Vorgänge im antiken Epos’ Philolo-gus,Supplementband,vii (1899-1901), pp. 405-99; Leo Spitzer’ ‘Über zeitliche Perspektive in der neueren französischen Lyrik’, Dieneuer-enSprachen,xxxi (1923), pp. 241-66 (reprinted, Stilstudien,ii, Munich 1928 pp. 50-83); Oskar Walzel, ‘Zeitform im lyrischen Gedicht’, DasWort-kunstwerk, Leipzig 1926, pp. 277-96. Tanamedrove wlebSi (partly owing to the influence of Existentialist philosophy) didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda drois problemas literaturaze. ix. Georges Poulet, Étudessurletempshumain,Paris, English tr. Bal-timore 1956, and LaDistanceintérieure,Paris 1952, English tr. Balti-more 1959; A. A. Mendilow, TimeandtheNovel,London 1952; Hans
397
SeniSvna
Meyerhoff, TimeinLiterature,Berkeley, Cal. 1955! agreTve ix. Emil Staiger, DieZeitalsEinbildungskraftdesDichters,Zürich 1939, second ed. 1953; Günther Müller, DieBedeutungderZeitinderErzählkunst,Bonn 1946.
6. Wordsworth‘s ‚We Are Seven‘ is an instance of a non-figura-tive poem. Robert Bridges‘s ‚I love all beauteous things, I seek and adore them‘ is an example of an imageless poem. The term ‚poetry of statement‘ was used first by Mark van Doren in defence of Dryden‘s poetry. (See JohnDryden,AStudyofhisPoetry,New York 1946, p. 67; originally published in 1920.) One can, however, argue that meta-phor in a broad sense is the principle of all poetry. See e.g. William K. Wimsatt and Cleanth Brooks, LiteraryCriticism.AShortHistory,New York 1957, pp. 749-50.
7. Adolf von Hildebrand, DasProblemderForminderbildendenKunst,third ed., Strassburg 1901 (English tr. New York 1907). See also Hermann Konnerth, DieKunsttheorieConrad Fiedlers,Munich 1909; Alois Riehl, ‘Bemerkungen zu dem Problem der Form in der Dich-tkunst’, VierteljahrschriftfürwissenschaftlichePhilosophie,xxi (1897), pp. 283-306, xxii (1898), pp. 96-114 (an application of the concept of pure visibility to literature); Benedetto Croce, ‘La teoria dell’arte come pura visibilità’, Nuovisaggidiestetica,Bari 1920, pp. 239-54.
8. Theodor A. Meyer, DasStilgesetzderPoesie,Leipzig 1901.9. ix. am Tavis bibliografia CamoTvlil wignebSi, rom
lebzec damyarebulia es diskusia.
Tavi mesame
literaturis funqcia
1. Horace (Arspoetica,lines 353-44): Horace faqtiurad, poeziis sam alternatiul variants gvawvdis:
Aut prodesse volunt aut delectare poetaeOmne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci, Lectorem delectando pariterque monendo ... The ‘polar heresies’ - erTerTi alternatiuli varian
398
SeniSvna
tis aReba TavisTavad _ uaryofilia R. G. Collingwood-is PrinciplesofArt-Si,Oxford 1938 (Tavebi ‘Art as Magic’ da ‘Art as Amusement’).
2.Mortimer Adler, ArtandPrudence,New York 1937, p. 35 and passim;K. Burke, Counterstatement,New York 1931, p.151
3. G. Boas, Primer forCritics,Baltimore 1937; T. S. Eliot, UseofPoetry,Cambridge, Mass. 1933, pp. 113, 155.
4. W. T. Stace, TheMeaningofBeauty,London 1929, p. 161.5. ‘Flat’ and ‘round’ are terms from Forster’s AspectsoftheNovel,
London 1927, pp. 103 ff.6. Karen Horney, Self-Analysis,New York 1942, pp. 38-9; Forster,
op. cit., p. 74.7. Max Eastman, TheLiteraryMind:ItsPlateinanAgeofStiente,
New York 1935, esp. p. 155 ff.8. ix. Bernard C. Heyl, NewbearingsinEstheticsandArtCriticism,
New Haven 1943, pp. 51-87.9. ix. Dorothy Walsh, ‘The Cognitive Content of Art’, Philosophi-
calRe-view,Lii (1943), pp. 433-51.10. Eliot, Selected Essays,New York 1932, pp. 115-17: poeti,
romelic ̀ fiqrobs~,’ wers elioti, ‘aris ubralod poeti, visac SeuZlia gamoxatos fiqris emocionaluri ekvivalenti,, diadi poezia gvaZlevs iluzias sicocxlis Sexedulebaze. rodesac SevdivarT homerosis, sofokles, an virgiliusis, an dantes, an Seqspiris samyaroSi, vijerebT, rom Cven vimecnebT raRacas, rac SeiZleba gamoxatuli iyos inteleqtualurad; yoveli zusti,namdvili emocia inteleqtualuri formulaciisaken ixreba.
11. Susanne K. Langer, Philosophy in a New Key, Cambridge, Mass. 1942, ‘Discursive Forms and Presentational Forms’, p. 79 ff.
12. op. cit., p. 288.13. faqti, rom biblioTekarebi iketebian da rom kri
tikosebi krZalaven zogierTi wignis gayidvas, ar amtkicebs imas rom is wignebi TavisTavad propagandistulia, popularulobis mxrivac ki. es ufro imas amtkicebs, rom akrZaluli wignebi propagandistulia im mizezebis gamo, romlebic ar moiwona wamyvanma sazogadoebam.
399
SeniSvna
14. Eliot, ‘Poetry and Propaganda’, in LiteraryOpinioninAmerica(ed. Zabel)New York 1937, p. 25 ff.
15. Stace, op. cit., p. 164 ft”.16. Goethe, DichtungundWahrheit,Bk xiii. Collingwood (op. cit.,
pp.121-4) ansxvavebs `emociis gamoxatvas~ (xelovneba) `emociis gamocemisagan~ nonartis erTi forma.
17. Plato, Republic,x, § 606 d; Augustine, Confessions,1, p. 21; A. Warren ‘Literature and Society’, Twentieth-CenturyEnglish(ed. W. S. Knickerbocker), New York 1946, pp. 304-14.
18. Spingarn’s History of Literary Criticism in the Renaissance(New York, rev ed., 1924) ikvlevs Cvens Temas poeziis `funqcionirebis~ da `safuZvlis~ terminebis saxelwodebiT.
19. A. C. Bradley, ‘Poetry for Poetry’s Sake’, OxfordLecturesonPoetryOxford 1909, pp. 3-34.
Tavi meoTxe
literaturuli Teoria, kritika da istoria
1. Philip August Boeckh, EncyklopädieundMetbodologiederphilo-gischenWissenschaften,Leipzig 1877 (second ed., 1886).
2. F. W. Bateson, ‚Correspondence‘, Scrutiny,iv (1935), pp. 181-5.3. Ernst Troeltsch, DerHistorismusundseineProbleme,Tübingen
1922; DerHistorismusundseineÜberwindung,Berlin 1924.4. Hardin Craig, LiteraryStudyandtheScholarlyProfession,Seat-
tle, Wash. 1944, p 70.ix. agreTve gv. 126-7: `bolo Taobam sakmaod moulodnelad gadawyvita, rom Tavad aRmoaCenda Zveli avtorebis mniSvnelobas da Rirebulebebs da es rwmena daukavSires ideas, magaliTad, rom Seqspiris sakuTari mniSv neloba aris udidesi Seqspiruli mniSvnelobebidan.”
5. e.g. in PoetsandPlaywrights,Minneapo is1930,p.217; and From Shekespeare to Joyce, New York 1944, p. ix
6. e.g. in Lily Campbell, Shakespeare’sTragicHeroes:SlavesofPas-sion,Cam bridge 1930; also Oscar J. Campbell, ‘What is the Matter with Hamlet?’ Yale Review, xxxii (1942), pp. 309-22. Stoll-i isto
400
SeniSvna
400
ricizmis sxva gansxvavebulobas uWers mxars, romelic daJinebiT moiTxovs scenuri Sekrebis rekonstruqcias, magram Tavs esxmis fsiqologiuri Teoriebis rekonstruqcias. ix. ‘Jaques and the Anti quaries’, FromShakespearetoJoyce,pp. 138-45.
7. ‘Imagery and Logic: Ramus and Metaphysical Poetics’, Jour-naloftheHistoryofIdeas,III (1942), pp. 363-400.
8. F. A. Pottle, TheIdiomofPoetry,Ithaca, N. Y. 1941 (second ed., 1946)
9. The example comes from Harold Cherniss, ‘The Biographical Fashion in Literary Criticism’, UniversityofCaliforniaPublicationsinClassicalPhilology,xii (1943). pp. 279-93.
10. R. G. Collingwood, PrinciplesofArt,Oxford 1938, p. 4. rogorc Allen Tate aRniSnavs `moswavle, romelic ambobs, rom igebs Drydens, magram Hopkins-isgan da Yeats-isgan verafers iRebs, imaze metyvelebs, rom mas ar esmis frideni~ in ‘Miss Emily and the Bibliographer’ (ReasoninMadness,New York 1941 p. 115).
11. Norman Foerster, TheAmericanScholar,Chapel Hill 1929, p. 36.
Tavi mexuTe
ZiriTadi, SedarebiTi da nacionaluri literatura
1. ix. Fernand Baldensperger, ‘Littérature comparée Le mot et la chose’, ‘Revuedelittératurecomparée,1 (1921), pp. 1-29.
2. F. C. Green, Minuet,London 1935.3. Hans Naumann, PrimitiveGemeinschaftskultur,Jena 1921. 4. sakmaod Seusabamo Seqspiris swavlaSi aris msoflio
maStabis paralelebi hamletis istoriaze, Tavmoyrili Schickis Corpus Hamleticum-Si, five vols.,Berlin 1912-38.
5. es aris simarTle Alexander Veselovsky-is Sromis Sesaxeb, daTariRebuli 1870iani wlebiT; mogvianebiT Sesrulebuli J.Polivka-s Sroma rusul zRaprebze; da Gerhard Gese-mann-is nawarmoebebi iugoslaviis eposze. ix. instruqciuli
401
SeniSvna
moxseneba e.g. StudienzursüdslavischenVolksepik,Reichenberg 1926). ixileT instruqciuli moxseneba Margaret Schlauch- is, ‘Folk-lore in the Soviet Union’, Science andSociety,vii (1944) pp. 203-22; Stith Thompson, TheFolktale,New York 1946; Vladimir I. Propp, Mor-phologyoftheFolk-Tale,tr. Laurence Scott, Bloomington Indiana 1958; Albert B. Lord, TheSingerofTales,Cambridge, Mass. 1960.
6. ix. P. Bogatyrev and Roman Jakobson, ‘Die Folklore als eine besondere Form des Schaffens’, DonumNataliciumSchrijnen,Nijmegen, Utrecht 1929, pp. 900-13. es narkvevi qmnis gansxvavebas folklorul literaturas da umaRles literaturas Soris.
7. ix. bibliografia.8. See Benedetto Groce’s ‘La letteratura comparata’ in Problemi
diEsteticaBari 1910, pp. 73-9, Tavdapirvelad gamowveuli iyo
George Woodberry’-is pirveli moklevadiani JurnaliT Jour-nalofComparativeLiterature,New York 1903 See R. Wellek, ‘The Cri-sis of Comparative Literature’ in ComparaLiterature.Proceedings oftheSecondCongressoftheInternationalComparaLiteratureAssociation,ed. W. P. Friederich, Chapel Hill 1959, Vol. I, 149-59.
9. Goethe’s GesprächemitEckermann,31 January 1827; KunstundAltertum(1827); Werke,Jubiläumsausgabe,Vol. xxxviii, p. 97 (a review of Duval’s LeTasse).
10. Paul Van Tieghem, ‘La Synthèse en histoire littéraire: littéra-ture comparée et littérature générale’, Revue de synthése historique,xxxi (1921) pp. 1-27; Robert Petsch, ‘Allgemeine Literaturwissen-schaft’, ZeitscbriftfurAstbelik,xxviii (1934), pp. 254-60.
11. August Wilhelm Schlegel, ÜberdramatischeKunstundLiter-atur, three vols., Heidelberg 1809-11; Friedrich Schlegel, GeschichtederaltenundneuenLiteratur,Vienna 1815; Friedrich Bouterwek, Ge-schichtederРоеsieundBeredsamkeitseitdemEndedesdrei’zehntenJahr-hunderts,thirteen vols., Göttingen 1801-19; Simonde de Sismondi, DelalittératuredumidideI’Europefour vols., Paris 1813; Henry Hallam, meTxuTmete, meTeqvsmete da meCvidmete saukuneebis literaturis Sesavali,four vols., London 1836-9.
12. germaniaSi H. Steinthal, damaarsebeli Zeitschrift fürVölkerpsychologie-is (1860 wlidan) rogorc Cans iyo pirveli, romelmac gamoiyena literaturis sistematuri swavlis
402
SeniSvna
evoluciuri principebi. A. Veselovsky, romelmac ruseTSi uzarmazari mecnieruli cda Caatara `evoluciur poetika~ze iyo Steinthalis moswavle. safrangeTSi, evoluciuri koncefciebi cnobilia. e.g. in Edelstand du Meril, Histoire dela comedie, two vols., 1864. Brunetièrem gamoiyena isini Tanamedrove literaturebze, rogorc es gaakeTa John Addington Symonds-ma inglisSi (see bibliography, chap. 19, section iv).
13. Europäische Literatur und LateinischesMittelalter,Bern, 1948 (English tr., New York 1953); Mimesis.DargestellteWirklichkeitinderabendländischenLiteratur,Bern 1946 (English tr., Princeton 1953). See review by René Wellek, in KenyonReview,xvi (1954), pp. 279-307, and E. Auerbach, ‘Epilegomena zu Mimesis’ in RomanischeForschun-gentxv (1953), pp. 1-18.
14. Leonardo Olschki, Die romanischen Literaturen desMittelal-ters,Wildpark-Potsdam 1928 (a volume of O. Walzel’s HandbuchderLiteraturwissenschaft).
15. Andreas Heusler, Die altgermanische Dichtung, Wildpark-Potsdam 1923 (also in Walzel’s Handbuch),is an excellent sketch.
16. Jan Máchal, Slovanské literatury, three vols., Prague 1922-9 (unfinished), aris yvela slavuri literaturis istoriis daweris yvelaze axali mcdeloba. SesaZlebloba, slavuri SedarebiTi literaturis istoriis ganxilulia SlavischeRundschau-Si, Vol. iv. slavuri literaturebis saerTo memkvidreobis damajerebeli mtkicebuleba warmodgenili iyo Roman Jakobson-is mier, “The Kernel of Comparative Slavic Lit-erature’, in HarvardSlavicStudies(ed. H. Lunt) Vol. 1, pp. 1-71, Cam-bridge, Mass. 1953 and by Dmitry Cizevsky, OutlineofComparativeSlavicLiteratures,Boston, Mass. 1952.
17. e.g. A. O. Lovejoy, ‘On the Discrimination of Romanticisms’ in PMLA,xxxix (1924), pp. 229-33. (Reprinted in Essays in theHis-toryofIdeal,Baltimore 1945, pp. 228-53.) Henri Peyre (LeClassicismefrançais,New York 1942) mtkiced asabuTebs franguli klasicizmis mkveTr gansxvavebas yvela sxva neoklasicizmisgan. Erwin Panofsky - ‘Renaissance and Renascences’, KenyonReview,vi (1944), pp. 201-36 - favours the traditional view of the Renaissance.
18. Josef Nadler, Literaturgeschichte der deutschen Stamme und
403
SeniSvna
LandschaftenRegensburg, three vols., 1912-18 (second ed., four vols., 1923-8; a fourth, and Nazi, edition under the title, LiteraturgeschichtedesdeutschenVolkesfourth vols., Berlin 1938-40). See BerlinerRoman-tik,Berlin 1921, and the theoretical discussion, ‚Die Wissenschaft-slehre der Literaturgeschichte‘ in Eupborion,xxi (1914), pp. 1-63. ix. aseve H. Gumbel, ‚Dichtung und (Dta‘,in PhilosophiederLiteraturwis-senschaft(ed. E. Ermatinger), 1930, РР- 43-9 - a foggy interpretation.
Tavi meeqvse
samxilis mowesrigeba da aRdgena
1, Henry Medwall, FulgensandLucrece(ed. Seymour de Ricci), Ney 1920 (Critical ed. by F. S. Boas and A. W. Reed, Oxford 1926); ThebookofMargeryKempe,1436 (modern version by W. Buder-Bow-den, I 1936. originali teqstis redaqtireba gaakeTa Sanford B. Meechma. Vol. I gamoica Zveli inglisuri teqstis sazogadoebis mier, London 1940); Chris Smart, RejoiceintheLamb(ed. W. F. Stead), London 1939.
2. Leslie Hotson, TheDeathofChristopherMarlowe,London 1925, Shakespeare versus Shallow,Boston 1931; ThePrivatePapers of JamesBoswellMalahideCastle(ed. Geoffrey Scott and F. A. Pottle), eighteen Oxford 1928-34; TheYaleEditionofthePrivatePapersofJamesBoswellF. A. Potte etal.)New York 1950 ff.
3. ixileT maxvilgonieri rCeva J. M. Osborn-is, ‘The Search for English Literary Documents’, EnglishInstituteAnnual,19)9,New York 1940, pp. 31-55.
4. yvelaze sasargeblo inglisuris studentebisTvis aris J. W. Spargo, ABibliogManualforStudents,Chicago 1939 (sec-ond ed., 1941); Arthur G. Kennedy, AConciseBibliography forStu-dentsofEnglish,third ed., Stanford Un Press 1954.
5. e.g. W. W. Greg, ABibliographyoftheEnglishPrintedDramtotheRestoration,Vol. 1, London 1939; F. R. Johnson, ACriticalBibliog-raphyof theWorksofEdmundSpenserPrintedbefore1770,Baltimore 1933 Macdonald, JohnDryden: A Bibliography of Early Editions andDrydeniamaOxford 1939; see James M. Osborn, ‘Macdonald’s Bib-
404
SeniSvna
liography of Dryden’, ModernPhilology,xxxix (1942), pp. 312-19; R. H. Griffith, APope:ABibliography,two parts, Austin, Texas 1922-7.
6. R. B. McKerrow, An Introduction to Bibliography for LiteraryStudents,Oxford 1927.
7. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1. 8. inglisuri literaturuli dokumentebis paleogra
fiaSi, ix.Wolfgang Angelsächsische Paleographie, two vols., Berlin 1906 (Palaestrat, 43a On Elizabethan handwriting, see Muriel St Clare Byrne, ‘Elizabethan Handwriting for Beginners’, Review ofEnglishStudies,1(1925), pp. 1 Hilary Jenkinson, ‘Elizabethan Hand-writings’, Library,fourth Se (•922), pp. 1-34; McKerrow, loc. cit. (for Appendix on Elizabethan handwriting); Samuel A. Tannenbaum, TheHandwritingoftheRenaissance,New York 1930. xelnawerebis gamokvlevis teqnikuri mowyobilobebi (microscopes, ultra-violet rays, etc.) aRwerilia R. B. Haselden-Si, Scientific Aids fortheStudyofManuscripts,Oxford 1935.
9. sabolood SemuSavebul genealogias vxvdebiT iseT wignebSi, rogorebicaa R. K. Root’s TheTextualTraditionofChau-cer’sTroilus,Chaucer Society, London 1916
10. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1.11. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1.12. W. S. MacCormick and J. Haseltine, TheMSS.oftheCanter-
burytales Oxford 1933; J. M. Manley, TheTextoftheCanterburyTales,eight Chicago 1940; R. W. Chambers and J. H. Grattan, ‘The Text of Piers Plowman:Critical Methods’, ModernLanguageReview,xi (1916), pp.257-75 and ‘The Text of PiersPlowman’,ibid., xxvi (1926), pp. 1-51.
13. ufro detalurad ganxiluli gansxvavebebisTvis ixileT Kantorowicz-i, mocemuli bibliografiaSi, nawili 1.
14. ix. Sculley Bradley, ‘The Problem of a Variorum Edition of Whitman’s LeavesofGrass’,EnglishInstituteAnnual,1941,New York 1942, pp.129-58; A. Pope, TheDunciad(ed. James Sutherland), Lon-don 1943.
15. Sigurd B. Hustvedt, Ballad Books and Ballad Men, Cam-bridge, Mass. 1930
16. ix. bibliografia, nawili II.17. Shakespeare’sHandinThePlayofSirThomasMore,Cambridge
405
SeniSvna
1923 (con tributions by A. W. Pollard, W. W. Greg, Sir E. M. Thomp-son, J. D. Wilson, and R. W. Chambers); S. A. Tannenbaum, TheBookeofSirThomasMore,New York 1927.
18. Тhe Tempest (ed. Sir A. Quiller-Couch and J. D. Wilson), Cambridge 1921, p. xxx.
19. E. K. Chambers,’ The Integrity of TheTempest’,ReviewofEng-lish Studies,1 (1923), pp. 129-50; S. A. Tannenbaum, ‘How Not to Edit Shakespeare: A Review’, PhilologicalQuarterly,x (1931), pp. 97-137; H. T. Price, ‘To wards a Scientific Method of Textual Criticism in the Elizabethan Drama’, JournalofEnglishandGermanicPhilology,xxxvi (1937), pp. 151-67 (namdvilad gatacebuli Dover WilsoniT, Robertson, etc.).
20. Michael Bernays, ZurKritik undGeschichte desGoetheschenTextes,Munich 1866, iyo dasawyisi ‘Goethe-philologie’-is. ixileT aseve R. W. Chapman, ‘The Textual Criticism of English Clas-sics’, ThePortraitofaScholar,Oxford 1922, pp. 65-79.
21. ix. bibliografia, nawili III.22. Michael Bernays, ‘Zur Lehre von den Zitaten und Noten’,
Schriften zurKritik und Literaturgeschichte,Berlin 1899, Vol. iv, pp. 253-347; Arthur Friedman, ‘Principles of Historical Annotation in Critical Editions of Modern Texts’, English Institute Annual, 1941,New York 1942, pp. 115-28.
23. Edmond Malone, ‘An Essay on the Chronological Order of Shakespeare’s Plays’, George Steevens-is Seqspiris piesebis gamocema (meore gamoc., 1788, Vol. I, pp. 269-346) iyo pirveli warmatebuli mcdeloba. sazomi tabulebi dafuZnebuli Sromaze Fleay, Furnivall, and König in Т. M. Parrott’s Shakespeare.Twenty-threePlaysandtheSonnets,New York 193 8, p. 94, and in E. K. Cham bers, WilliamShakespeare,Oxford 1930, Vol. 11, pp. 397-408.
24. James Hurdis, CursoryRemarksupon theArrangementof thePlaysofShakespeare,London 1792.
25. Wincenty Lutoslawski, TheOriginandGrowthofPlato’sLogicwithanAccountofPlato’sStyleandtheChronologyofHisWritings,Lon-don 1897; for comment see John Burnet, Platonism,Berkeley 1928, pp. 9-12.
26. Giles Dawson, ‘Authenticity and Attribution of Written Mat-
406
SeniSvna
ter’, EnglishInstituteAnnual,1942,New York 1943, pp. 77-100; G. E. Bentley, ‘Au thenticity and Attribution of the Jacobean and Caroline Drama’, ibid., pp.101-18; see E. H. C. Oliphant, ‘Problems of Au-thorship in Elizabethan Dramatic Literature’, ModernPhilology,vii (1911), pp. 411-59.
27. August Wilhelm Schlegel, ‚Anhang, über die angeblich Shakespeare‘n unterschobenen Stücke‘, ÜberdramatischeKunstundLiteratur,Heidelberg 1811, Zweiter Theil, Zweite Abtheilung, pp. 229-42.
28. J. M. Robertson, TheShakespeareCanon,four parts, London 1922-32; AnIntroductiontotheStudyoftheShakespeareCanon,London 1924; E. K. Cham bers, ‘ The Disintegration of Shakespeare’, Proceed-ingsoftheBritishAcademy,xi (1925), pp. 89-108 (reprinted in Shake-speareanGleanings,Oxford 1944, pp. 1-21).
29. E. N. S. Thompson, ‘Elizabethan Dramatic Collaboration’, EnglischeSttudien,xL (1908), pp. 30-46; W. J. Lawrence, ‘Early Dra-matic Collabora tion’, Pre-RestorationStageStudies,Cambridge, Mass. 1927; E. H. C. Oliphant, ‘Collaboration in Elizabethan Drama: Mr W. J. Lawrence’s Theory’, PhilologicalQuarterly,vii (1929), pp. 1-10. ganxilvis kargi magaliTebisTvis Diderot –ze da Pascal-ze ixileT André Morize, ProblemsandMethodsofLiteraryHistory,Bos-ton 1922, pp. 157-93.
30. E. H. C. Oliphant, ThePlaysofBeaumontandFletcher.AnAt-tempt to Determine Their Respective Shares and the Shares of Others,New Haven 1927; ‘The Authorship of TheRevenger’sTragedy’,Stud-iesinPhilology,xxiii (1926), pp. 157-68.
31. John Robert Moore, in Daniel Defoe: Citizen of theModernWorld,Chicago 1958, claims 541 titles for Defoe.
32. New Essays byOliver Goldsmith (ed. R. S. Crane), Chicago 1927.
33. G. Udny Yule, The Statistical Study of Literary Vocabulary,Cambridge 1944.
34.J. S. Smart, JamesMacpherson,London 1905; G. M. Fraser, ‘The Truth about Macpherson’s Ossian’,Quarterly Review, ccxLv (1925),
407
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pp. 331-45; Derick S. Thomson, TheGaelicSourcesofMacpherson’sOs-sian,Edinburgh 1952; W. W. Skeat (ed.), ThePoeticalWorksofThomasChattertonwithanEssayontheRowleyPoems,two vols., London 1871; Thomas Tyrwhitt, Appendix to Poemssupposedtohavebeenwritten...byThomasRowley,second ed., London 1778, and AVindicationoftheAppendixtothePoemscalledRowley’s,London 1782; Edmond Malone, CursoryObservationsonthePoemsatributedtoThomasRowley,London 1782; Thomas Warton, AnEnquiryintotheAuthenticityofthePoemsattributedtoThomasRowley,London 1782; J. Mair, TheFourthForger,London 1938; George Chalmers, AnApology for theBelievers in theShakespearePapers,London 1797.
35. Zoltán Haraszti, ‘The Works of Hroswitha’, MoreBooks,xx (1945) 87-119, pp. 139-73; Edwin H. Zeydel, ‘The Authenticity of Hroswitha’s Works’, Modern LanguageNotes, Lxi (1946), pp. 50-55; André Mazon, Le Slovo d’Igor,Paris 1940; Henri Grégoire, Roman Jakobson, etal.(ed.), LaGesteduPrinceIgor,New York 1948.
36. saukeTeso cnobebi inglisurad aris Paul Selveris Masaryk-Si: ABiographyLondon 1940.
37. John Carter and Graham Pollard, AnEnquiryintotheNatureofCertainNineteenth-CenturyPamphlets,London 1934; Wilfred Part-ington, ForgingAhead:TheTrueStoryof...T.J.Wise,New York 1939; LettersofThomasJ.WisetoJ.H.Wrenn(ed. Fannie E. Ratchford), New York 1944 (the introduction implicates H. Buxton Forman and, un-convincingly, Edmund Gosse).
38. am wignebis CamonaTvali aris bibliografiaSi, Tavi.19 nawili 1.
Tavi meSvide
literatura da bibliografia
1. S. T. Coleridge, in a letter to Thomas Poole, Feb. 1797, Letters(ed. E. H. Coleridge), London 1895, Vol. 1, p. 4.
2. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1.3. Georg Brandes, WilliamShakespeare, two vols., Copenhagen
1896 (Eng lish tr., two vols., London 1898); Frank Harris, TheMan
408
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Shakespeare,New York 1909.4. C. J. Sisson, TheMythicalSorrowsofShakespeare,British Acad-
emy Lecture, 1934; E. E. Stoll,’ The Tempest’, Shakespeare and otherMasters,Cambridge, Mass. 1940, pp. 281-316.
5. John Keats, Letter to Richard Woodhouse, 27 October 1818, Letters (ed. M. B. Forman), fourth ed., Oxford 1952, pp. 226-7. See W. J. Bate, NegativeCapability:TheIntuitiveApproachinKeats,Cam-bridge, Mass. 1939; T. S. Eliot, ‘Tradition and the Individual Talent’, TheSacredWood,London 1920, pp. 42-53.
6. Brandes, op. cit., p. 425; H. Kingsmill, MatthewArnold,Lon-don 1928, pp. 147-9.
7. Ramon Fernandez,’ L’Autobiographie et le roman: l’exemple de Stend hal’, Messages,Paris 1926, pp. 78-109 (English tr., London 1927, pp- 91” 136); George W. Meyer, Wordsworth’sFormativeYears,Ann Arbor, Mich.1943.
8. Wilhelm Dilthey, DasErlebnisunddieDichtung,Leipzig 1907; Friedricn Gundolf, Goethe,Berlin 1916 (a distinction is made between Urerlebnisand Bildugserlebnis).
9. V. Moore, TheLife andEagerDeath of EmilyBrontë,London 1936; Edith E. Kinsley, Pattern for Genius,New York 1939 ( biografia aerTianebs citirebebs Brontës-s novelebidan namdvili saxelebiT, romlebic anacvlebs gamogonil saxelebs) ; Romer Wilson, TheLifeandPrivateHistoryofEmilyJaneBrontë,New York 1928 (Wuthering Heights ganxilulia, rogorc namdvili avtobiografia).
10. The example is taken from С. B. Tinker, TheGoodEstateofPoetry,Boston 1929. p.30.
Tavi merve
literatura da fsiqologia
1. ix. Alfred Adler, Study of Organ Inferiority and Its PhysicalCompensation, 1907 (English tr. 1917); Wayland F. Vaughan, ‘The Psychology of Com pensation’, Psych.Review,xxxiii (1926), pp. 467-79; Edmund Wilson, TheWoundandtheBow,New York 1941; aseve L. MacNiece, ModernPoetry,London 1938, p. 76; L. Trilling, ‘Art and
409
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Neurosis’, PartisanReview,xn (1945), pp. 41-9 (xelaxla dabeWdili TheLiberalImagination,New York 1950, pp. 160-80).
2. ix. bibliografia.3. W. H. Auden, LettersfromIceland,London 1937, p. 193; see L.
MacNiece, ModernPoetry,London 1938, pp. 25-6; Karen Horney, TheNeuroticPersonalityofourTime,New York 1937; Eric Fromm, EscapefromFreedom,New York 1941, and ManforHimself,New York 1947.
4. ix. W. Silz, ‘Otto Ludwig and the Process of Poetic Creation’, PMLA,Lx (1945), pp. 860-78, romelic gamoscems Temebis umravlesobas mwerlis siqologiaSi, Seswavlili Tanamedrove germanul kvlevaSi; Erich Jaensch, Eidetic Imagery and Typologi-calMethods of Investigation,London 1930; also ‘Psycho logical and Psychophysical Investigations of Types . ..’ in FeelingsandEmotions,Worcester, Mass. 1928, p. 355 ff.
5. On synaesthesia, see Ottokar Fischer, ‘Über Verbindung von Farbe und Klang: Eine literar-psychologische Untersuchung’, Zeitschrift fur Asthetik, 11 (1907), pp. 501-34; Albert Wellek, ‚Das Doppelempfinden in der Geistesgeschichte‘, Zeitschrift fürÄsthetik,xxiii (1929), pp. 14-42; ‘Renaissance-und Barock-synasthesie’, Deut-scheVierteljahrschrift für Literaturwissenschaft, ix (1931), pp. 534-84; E. v. Erhardt-Siebold, ‘Har mony of the Senses in English, German, and French Romanticism’, PMLA,xLvii (1932), pp. 577-92; W. Silz, ‘Heine’s Synaesthesia’, PMLA,L v 11 (1942), pp. 469-8 8; S. de Ull-man,’ Romanticism and Synaes thesia’, PMLA,Lx (1945), pp. 811-27; A. G. Engstrom, ‘In Defense of Synaesthesia in Literature’, Philologi-calQuarterly,xxv (1946), pp.1-19.
6. ix. Richard Chase, ‘The Sense of the Present’, KenyanReview,vi (1945), p. 218 ff. citirebebi T. S. Eliot-is TheUseofPoetry aris on pp. 118-19,155,and 148 and n. narkvevi, romelsac Eliot-i exeba,’ Le Symbolisme et Fame primitive’, gamoCnda Revuedelit-tératurecomparées-Si, xii (1932), pp. 356-86. ix. aseve Émile Caillet’s Symbolismeetamtesprimitives,Paris 1936, the ‘conclusion’ of which reports a conversation with Eliot.
7. Carl G. Jung, ‘On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Po-etic Art’ ContributionstoAnalyticalPsychology,London 1928, and Psy-chologicalTypes(tr. H. G. Baynes), London 1926; and see J. Jacobi, The
410
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PsychologyofJung(tr. Bash), New Haven 1943. British philosophers, psychologists, and aestheticians publicly indebted to Jung include John M. Thorburn, ArtandtheUnconscious,1925; Maud Bodkin, Ar-chetypalPatterns inPoetryPsychologicalStudies of Imagination,1934; Herbert Read, ‘Myth, Dream, and Poem’, CollectedEssaysinLiteraryCriticism,London 1938, pp. iot-jg. H. G. Baynes, MythologyoftheSoul,London 1940; M. Esther Harding Women’sMysteries,London 1935.
8. xasiaTis tipologiebze, ixileT, istoriuli cnobebisTvis, A. A. Roback, ThePsychologyofCharacterwithaSurveyofTemperament,New York 1928-Eduard Spranger, TypesofMen:thePsychology...ofPersonality(tr. Pigors)] Halle 1928; Ernst Kretschmer, PhysiqueandCharacter...(tr. Sprott), London 1925; ThePsychologyofMenofGenius(tr. Cattell), London 1931. On the ‘maker’ and the ‘pos-sessed’, see W. H. Auden, ‘Psychology and Art’, TheArtsToday(ed. G. Grigson), London 1935, pp. 1-21.
9. F. W. Nietzsche, DieGeburtderTragödie,1872; Th. Ribot, Essaisurl’imaginationcréatrice,Paris 1900 (tr. Baron, London 1906); Liviu Rusu, Essaisurlacriationartistique,Paris 1935. The ‘daemonic’ modis Goethe-dan (first used in Urworte,1817) da aris cnobili koncefcia Tanamedrove germanul TeoriaSi; ix. M. Schutze, AcademicIllusionsintheFieldofLetters,Chicago 1933, p. 91 ff.
10. C. S. Lewis, ThePersonalHeresy..., London 1939, pp. 22-3; W. Dilthey, DasErlebnisunddieDichtung... , Leipzig 1906; see Schutze, op. cit., p. 96 ff.
11. Norah Chadwick, PoetryandProphecy,Cambridge 1942 (on shamanism);Ribot, CreativeImagination(tr., London 1906), p. 51.
12. Elisabeth Schneider, ‘The “Dream” of Kubla Khan’, PMLA,Lx (1945), pp. 784-801, detalurad damuSavebuli Coleridge,Opi-um,andKublaKhan,Chicago 1953. See also Jeanette Marks, GeniusandDisaster:StudiesinDrugsandGenius,New York 1925.
13. Aelfrida Tillyard, Spiritual Exercises and Their Results .. .,London 1927; R. van Gelder, Writers andWriting,New York 1946; Samuel Johnson, LivesofthePoets,‘Milton’.
14. On Hemingway and the typewriter: R. G. Berkelman, ‘How to Put Words on Paper’, SaturdayReviewofLiterature,29 Dec. 1945. On dictation and style: Theodora Bosanquet, Henry James atWork
411
SeniSvna
(Hogarth Essays), London 1924.15. germaneli esTetikisoebi umetesad Goethe da Otto
Ludwig-is citirebas akeTeben; the French, Flaubert (the corre-spondence) and Valery; American critics. Henry James (the pref-aces to the New York edition) and Eliot. An excellent. franguli Sexedulebis nimuSi aris Valéry on Рое (P. Valéry, ‘Situation de Baudelaire’, Variétéii, Paris 1937, pp. 155-60 - English tr., Variety,sec-ond series, New York 1938, pp. 79-98).
16. niSnebze da simboloebze, ix. S. K. Langer, PhilosophyinaNewKey,Cam bridge, Mass. 1942, pp. 53-78, and Helmut Hatzfeld, ‘The Language of the Poet’, Studies in Philology, xLiii (1946), pp. 93-120.
17. J. L. Lowes, TheRoad toXanadu:AStudy in tbeWaysof theImagination,Boston 1927.
18. W. Dibelius, CharlesDickens,Leipzig 1926, pp. 347-73.19. Albert R. Chandler, Beauty andHumanNature: Elements of
PsychologicalAesthetics,New York 1934, p. 328; A. Thibaudet, Gus-taveFlaubert,Paris 1935, pp. 93-102; Frederick H. Prescott, ‘The For-mation of Imaginary Characters’, ThePoeticMind,New York 1922, p. 187 ff.; A. H. Nethercot, ‘Oscar Wildeon His Subdividing Himself’, PMLA,Lx (1945), pp.616-17.
20. TheUttersofJohnKeats(ed. M. B. Forman), fourth ed., New York 1935, p. 227. momdevno teqstualuri Sesworeba rekomendirebulia Forman’sis SeniSvnaSi.
21. A. Feuillerat, CommentProustatomposisonroman,New Ha-ven 1934; ix. aseve naSromebi Karl Shapiro-sa da Rudolf Arnhe-im-is in PoetsatWork(ed. C. D. Abbott), New York 1948.
22. ix. James H. Smith, TheReadingofPoetry,Boston 1939 (saredaqcio variantebi ikavebs avtoris mier uaryofili variantebis adgils).
23. Lily B. Campbell, Shakespeare’sTragicHeroes: Slaves ofPas-sion,Cambridge 1930; Oscar J. Campbell, ‘What is the Matter with Hamlet?’, YaleReview,xxxii (1942), pp. 309-22; Henri Delacroix, LaPsychologiedeStendhal,Paris 1918; F. J. Hoffman, FreudianismandtheLiteraryMind,Baton Rouge 1945, pp. 256-88.
24. ix. L. С. T. Forest, ‘A Caveat for Critics against Invoking
412
SeniSvna
Elizabethan Psychology’, PMLA,Lxi (1946), pp. 651-72.25.ix. the writings of E. E. Stoll, passim,especially FromShake-
spearetoJoyce,New York 1944, p. 70 ff.
Tavi mecxre
literatura da sazogadoeba
1. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1.2. ix. Morris R. Cohen’s excellent discussion, ‘American Liter-
ary Criticism and Economic Forces’, JournaloftheHistoryofIdeas,1 (1940), pp. 369-74.
3. On De Bonald, see Horatio Smith, ‘Relativism in Bonald’s Lit-erary Doctrine’, ModernPhilology,xxxn (1934). pp. 193-210; B. Croce, ‘La letteratura come “espressione dclla società”’, Problemidiestetica,Bari 1910,pp. 56-60.
4. Introduction to Histoiredelalittiratureanglaise(1863):’ Si elles fournissent des documents, e’est qu’elles sont des monuments’, p. xlvii, Vol. 1 of second ed., Paris 1866.
5. ix. e.g. Havelock Ellis, AStudyofBritishGenius,London 1904 (rev. ed Boston 1926); Edwin L. Clarke, AmericanMenofLetters:TheirNatureandNurture,New York 1916 (‘Columbia Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law’, Vol. 72); A. Odin, Genése des grandshommes,two vols., Paris 1895.
6. Sakulin, N. P., DierussischeLiteratur,Wildpark-Potsdam 1927 (in Oskar Walzel’s HandbuchderLiteraturwissenschaff).
7. e.g. D. Blagoy, SotsiologiyatvorchestvaPushkina(The Sociology of Pushkin’s Creation), Moscow 1931.
8. Herbert Schoeffler, ProtestantismusundLiteratur,Leipzig 1922. socialuri warmoSobis sakiTxebi SesamCnevad axlo saa adreul STabeWdilebebTan, mwerlis adreul fizikur da socialur garemosTan. rogorc Schoeffleri GgviCvenebs, qveynis/soflis sasuliero pirebis Svilebma bevri iSromes, rom SeeqmnaT meTvramete saukunis britanuli preromantiuli literatura da gemovneba. sofelSi TiTqmis eklesiis ezoSi cxovrebam, ganawyo isini peizaJis da saflavis poeziisaken,
413
SeniSvna
sikvdilze da ukvdavobaze fiqrisTvis.9. L. C. Knights, DramaandSocietyintheAgeofJonson,London
1937 and Penguin Books 1962.10. Lily Campbell, Shakespeare’sHistories:MirrorsofElizabethan
Policy,San Marino 1947; Sir Charles Firth, ‘The Political Significance of Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels’, Essays:Historical and Literary,Oxford 1938, pp. 210-41.
11. Prosper de Barante, Dela littérature françaisependant ledix-huitiémesiécle,Paris, third ed., 1822, p. v. winasityvaoba ar aris pirvel gamocemaSi, 1809 wlis. Barante-is Teoria brwyinvaledaa SemuSavebuli Harry Levin –is mier in ‘Litera ture as an Institution’, Accent,vi (1946), pp. 159-68. Reprinted in Criticism(ed. Schorer, Miles, McKenzie), New York 1948, pp. 546-53.
12. Ashley H. Thorndike, LiteratureinaChangingAge,New York 1921, p. 36.
13. Q. D. Leavis, FictionandtheReadingPublic,London 1932.14. ramodenime namuSevari am sakiTxebze: Alfred A. Har-
bage, Shakespeare’sAudience,New York 1941; R. J. Allen, TheClubsofAugustanLondon,Cambridge, Mass. 1933; Chauncey B. Tinker, TheSalonandEnglishLetters,New York 1915; Albert Parry, GarretsandPretenders:aHistoryofBobemianisminAmerica,New York 1933.
15. ix. Grace Overmeyer, Government and theArts,New York 1939. On Russia, see the writings of Freeman, Max Eastman, W. Frank, etc.
16. Georgi V. Plekhanov, ArtandSociety,New York 1936, pp. 43, 63. umTavresi ideologiuri msjelobebi aris: A. Cassagne, LaThéoriedeI’artpourl’artenFrance,Paris 1906, reprinted 1959; Rose R. Egan, TheGenesisoftheTheoryofArtforArt’sSakeinGermanyandEngland,two parts, Northamp ton 1921-4; Louise Rosenblatt, L’ldiedeI’artpourI’artdanslalittératureanglaise,Paris 1931.
17. L. L. Schücking, DieSoziologiederliterarischenGeschmacksbil-dung,Munich 1923 (second ed., Leipzig 1931. English tr., TheSoci-ologyofLiteraryTaste,London 1941); ix. Schücking, DieFamilie imPuritanismus,Leipzig 1929.
18. ix. T. A. Jackson, CharlesDickens,TheProgress of aRadical,London 1937.
19. Mrs Leavis, quoted in note 13; К. C. Link and H. Hopf, People
414
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andBooks,New York 1946; F. Baldensperger, LaLittérature:création,succés,durée,Paris 1913; P. Stapfer, Desréputations littéraires,Paris, 1893; Gaston Rageot, LeSuccés:auteursetpublic-essaidecritiqueso-ciologique,Paris 1906; Émile Hennequin, LaCritiquescientifique,Paris 1882. socialuri Sedegebi sxva xelovnebis, moZravi naxatebi, gonivruladaa Seswavlili Adler-is mier in Art andPrudence,New York 1937. brwyinvale dialeqtikuri proeqti ‘aesthetic function, norm and value as social facts’ gvxvdeba Jan Mukarovský-is, Estetickàfunkce,normaahodnotajakosociàlnifakt-Si,Prague 1936.
20. Thomas Warton, HistoryofEnglishPoetry,London 1774, Vol. 1, p. 1.
21. E. Kohn-Bramstedt, AristocracyandtheMiddleClassesinGer-many,London 1937, p.4.
22.ix. André Monglond, LeHérospréromantique,LePréromant-ismefrançais,Vol. 1, Grenoble 1930; R. P. Utter and G. B. Needham, Pamela’sDaughters,New Yorit 1937. aseve E. E. Stoll-is nawermoebebi, e.g.’ Heroes and Villains: Shakespeare, Middle ton, Byron, Dickens’, in FromShakespearetoJoyce,Garden City 1944, pp. 307-27.
23.Charles Lamb, ‘On the Artificial Comedy’, Essays of Elia,1821; Т. B. Macaulay, ‘The Dramatic Works of Wycherley, Congreve, Vanbrugh, and Farquhar’, EdinburghReview, Lxii (1841); J. Palmer, TheComedyofManners,London 1913; К. M. Lynch, TheSocialModeofRestorationComedy,New York 1926.
24. E. E. Stoll, ’Literature and Life’, Shakespeare Studies,New York 1927, and several papers in FromShakespearetoJoyce,Garden City 1944.
25. John Maynard Keynes, ATreatiseonMoney,New York 1930, Vol. 11, p.154.
26. A. V. Lunacharsky, quoted by L. C. Knights, loc. cit., p. 10, from the Listener,27 December 1934.
27. Einführung zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie (1857, xelnaweri, romelic Marx-ma miatova da romelic gamoica ucnob recenziaSi/periodul JurnalSi 1903 wels. xelaxla daibeWda Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels-Si, ÜberKunstundLiteratur,ed. M. Lipschitz, Berlin 1948, pp. 21-2. es pasaJi srulad ambobs uars marqsistul pozociaze. recenziaSi aris sxva frTxili
415
SeniSvna
cnobebi, , e.g. Engels’-is mier miwerili werili Starkenburg-isadmi, 1894 wlis 25 ianvari. ‘politikuri, legaluri, filosofiuri, religiuri, literaturuli, artistuli da a.S. ganviTareba efuZneba ekonomikur ganviTarebas. magram yvela maTgani gavlenas axdens, erToblivad da calcalke, erTi meoreze, da ekonomikur principebze’ (Marx-Engels, Se-lectedWorks,Vol. 1, p. 391) . werilSi Joseph Bloch-is mimarT, 1890 wlis 21 seqtembers, Engels eTanxmeba, rom man da Marx-ma zedmeti yuradReba miaqcies ekonomikis faqtors da Seamcires sapirispiro qmedebis roli; da werilSi Mehring-isadmi, 1893 wlis 14 ivliss, is ambobs rom maT ‘ignorireba gaukeTes’ formalur mxares, gza, romelSic ideebi viTardeba (See Marx-Engels, SelectedWorks,Vol pp. 383, 390.) saguldagulo swavlisaTvis ixileT Peter Demetz, Marx,EngelsunddieDichter,Stuttgart 1959.
28. From Die Deutsche Ideologie (1845-6), in Karl Marx and F. Engels, Historisch-kritischeGesamtausgabe(ed. V. Adoratskij), Berlin 1932, Vol. v, pp. 21, 373.
29. A. A. Smirnov, Shakespeare: AMarxist Interpretation,New York 1936 p. 93.
30. Max Scheler, ‘Probleme einer Soziologie des Wissens’, Ver-such zu einer Soziologie desWissens (ed. Max Scheler), Munich and Leipzig 1924, Vol. 1 pp. 1-146, and ‘Probleme einer Soziologie des Wissens’, DieWissensformen und die Gesellschaft,Leipzig 1926, pp. 1-226; Karl Mannheim, IdeologyandUtopia(tr. L. Wirth and Z. Shils), London 1936 (xelaxla dabeWdili New York 1955). aris zogierTi ganxilva: H. Otto Dahlke, “The Sociology of Know ledge’, in H. E. Barnes, Howard Becker, and F. B. Becker, ContemporarySocialTheory,New York 1940, pp. 64-99; Robert K. Merton, ‘The Soci ology of Knowledge’, Twentieth-Century Sociology (ed. Georges Gurvitch and Wilbert E. Moore), New York 1945, pp. 366-405; Gerard L. De Gre, Society and Ideology: an Inquiry into theSociology ofKnowledge,New York 1943; Ernst Gruenwald, Das Problem der Soziologie desWissens,Vienna 1934; Thelma Z. Lavine, ‘Naturalism and the So-ciological Analysis of Know ledge’, NaturalismandtheHumanSpirit(ed. Yervant H. Krikorian), New York 1944, pp. 183-209; Alexander
416
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C. Kern, ‘The Sociology of Know ledge in the Study of Literature’, SewaneeReview,L (1942), pp. 505-14.
31. Max Weber, GesammelteAufsätzezurReligionssoziologie,three vols., Tübingen 1920-21 (partially translated as TheProtestantEthicandtheSpiritofCapitalism,London 1930); R. H. Tawney, ReligionandtheRiseofCapitalism,London 1926 and Penguin Books 1938 (new ed. with Preface, 1937)» Joachim Wach, TheSociologyofReligion,Chicago 1944.
32. ix. kritika Pitirim A. Sorokin-is, ContemporarySociologicalTheories,New York 1928, p. 710.
33. P. A. Sorokin, FluctuationsofFormsofArt,SocialandCulturalDynamic,Vol. 1, New York 1937, especially chapter 1.
34. Edwin Berry Burgum, ‘Literary Form: Social Forces and In-novations’, TheNovelandtheWorld’sDilemma,New York 1947, pp. 3-18.
35. Fritz Bruggemann, ‘Der Kampf um die bürgerliche Welt und Lebensauf-fassung in der deutschen Literatur des 18. Jahrhunderts’, DeutscheVierteljahrschriftfürLiteraturwissenschaftundGeistesgeschich-te,111 (1925),pp. 94-127.
36. Karl Bücher, ArbeitundRhythmus,Leipzig 1896; J. E. Harri-son, AncientArtandRitual,New York 1913; Themis,Cambridge 1912; George Thom son, AeschylusandAthens,AStudyintheSocialOriginsoftheDrama,London 1941, and MarxismandPoetry,London 1945 (a small pamphlet of great interest, with application to Irish materials); Christopher Caudwell, Illusion andReality,London 1937; Kenneth Burke, Attitudes towardHistory,New York 1937; Robert R. Marett (ed.), AnthropologyandtheClassics,Oxford 1908.
Tavi meaTe
literatura da ideebi
1. Hermann Ulrici, ÜberShakespearesdramatischeKunst,1839.2.George Boas, PhilosophyandPoetry,Wheaton College, Mass.
1932, p. 9.
417
SeniSvna
3. T. S. Eliot, SelectedEssays,New York 1932, pp. 115-16.4. e.g. `RmerTi~ samoTxeSia; samyaroSi yvelaferi kar
gadaa’ aris mtkicebuleba, rom RmerTma Seqmna yvelaze ukeTesi samyaro yvela SesaZlebeli samyaroebidan.’ dedamiwaze damsxvreuli rkali; samoTxeSi, srulyofili wre aris argumenti limitirebulidan usasrulobamde, arasrulyofilebis codnidan srulyofilebis SesaZleblobamde, da a.S.
5. ix. bibliografia.6. ix. bibliografia.7. Leo Spitzer, ‘Milieuand Ambiance:An Essay in Historical Se-
mantics’, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 111 (1942), pp. 1-42, pp. 169-218 (reprinted in Essays inHistorical Semantics,New York 1948, pp. 179-316); ‘Classical and Christian Ideas of World Har-mony: Prolegomena to an Interpretation of the Word “Stimmung”,’ Traditio:StudiesinAncientandMedievalHistory,ThoughtandReligion,11 (1944), pp. 409-64, and in (1945), pp. 307-64. Expanded version, Baltimore 1963.
8. Etienne Henri Gilson, LesIdéesetleslettres,Paris 1932.9. Paul Hazard, LaCrisedelaconscienceeuropéenne,three vols.,
Paris 1934; LaPenséeeuropéenneauXVIII’siècledeMontesquieuàLess-ing,three vols..Paris 1946 (English translations: TheEuropeanMind:TheCriticalYears,1680-1715, New Haven 1953; EuropeanThoughtintheEighteenthCentury,New Haven 1954).
10. M. O. Gershenzon, MudrostPushkina (Pushkin’s Wisdom), Moscow 1919.
11. For ‘metaphysical’ studies of Dostoyevsky, see V. Rozanov, LegendaoVelikominkvizitore,St Petersburg 1894; D. Merezhkovsky, TolstoyiDostoyevsky,two vols., St Petersburg 1912 (incomplete Eng-lish tr. as TolstoiasManandArtist,withanEssayonDostoyevsky,New York 1902); Leo Shestov, DostoyevskyiNietzsche,St Petersburg 1905 (German tr. Berlin 1931); Nikolay Berdyaev, Mirosozertsanie Dos-toevskovo (Dostoyevsky’sWorld-view),Prague 1923 (English tr. from French, New York 1934), Vyacheslav Ivanov, FreedomandtheTragicLife:AStudyinDostoyevsky,New York 1952.
12. Hermann Glockner, ‘Philosophie und Dichtung: Typen ihrer
418
SeniSvna
Wechsel-wirkung von den Griechen bis auf Hegel’, ZeitschriftfurÄs-thetik,xv (1920-21), pp. 187-204.
13. ix. René Wellek, ‘Literary Criticism and Philosophy: A Note on Revaluation”.Scrutiny,v (1937), pp.375-83 and F. R. Leavis, ‘Lit-erary Criticism and Philosophy: A Reply’, ibid., vi (1937), pp. 59-70 (xelaxla dabeWdili TheImportanceofScrutiny,ed. E. Bentley, New York 1948, pp. 23-40).
14. Rudolf Unger, Philosophische Probleme in der neueren Liter-aturwissenshaft,Munich 1908; WeltanschauungundDichtung,Zurich 1917; Literaturgeschichte’alsProblemgeschichte,Berlin 1924; ‘Literatur-geschichte und Geistesgeschichte’, DeutscheVierteljahrschriftfürLit-eraturwissenschaftundGeistesgeschichte,iv (1925), pp. 177-92. yvela wina dokumentebi Segrovebulia AufsätzezurPrinzipienlehrederLiteraturgeschichte-Si,two vols., Berlin 1929.
15. Rudolf Unger, Herder, Novalis, Kleist: Studien über die En-twicklung des Todesproblem, Frankfurt 1922; Walther Rehm, DerTodesgedankeinderdeutschenDichtung,Halle 1928; Paul Kluckholn, DieAuffassungderLiebe inderLiteraturdesachtzehnten JahrhundertsundinderRomantik,Halle 1922
16. Mario Praz, Lacarne, lamortee ildiavolonella letteraturaro-mantica,Milano 1930 (English tr. by Angus Davidson, TheRomanticAgony,London 1933)
17. C. S. Lewis, The Allegory of Love,Oxford 1936; Theodore Spencer, DeathandElizabethanTragedy,Cambridge, Mass. 1936.
18. Hoxie Neale Fairchild, ReligiousTrendsinEnglishPoetry,four vols. New York 1939-57.
19. André Monglond, LePréromantismefrançais,two vols., Gre-noble 1930; Pierre Trahard, LesMaltres de la sensibilité française auXVIII’siècle,four vols., Paris 1931-3.
20. ix. kvlevis brwyinvale gegma ‘The Use of Color in Litera-ture’ by Sigmund Skard, in ProceedingsoftheAmericanPhilosophicalSocietyxc (No. 3, July 1946), pp. 163-249. 1183 Temebis bibliografia aseve vrceli literaturis CamonaTvals akeTebs peizaJis grZnobaze.
21. Balzac, CousineBette,ch. ix.22. Gellert, Letter to Count Hans Moritz von Brühl, 3 April 1755
(in Yale University Library).
419
SeniSvna
23. Dr Johnson, Prayers and Meditations, Letters to Miss Booth-by, etc.
24. ix. Dilthey’is pirveli versia misi Teoriis ‘Die drei Grundformen der Systeme in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts’, ArchivfürGeschichtederPhilosophie,xi(iSg8),p. 557-86 (reprinte din GesammelteSchriften,Leipzig 1925, Vol. iv, pp. 528-54). mogvianebiTi versiebi ‘Das Wesen der Philosophie’ in Paul Hinneberg’s DieKulturder Gegenwart (Teil 1, Abteilung vi, ‘Systematische Philoso-phie’, Berlin 1907, pp. 1-72, reprinted in GesammelteSchriften,loc. cit., Vol. v, Part 1, pp. 339-416), and ‘Die Typen der Weltanschauung und ihre Ausbildung in den philosophischen Syste-men’, Weltanschau-ung,Philosophie,Religion (ed. Max Frischeisen-Kohler) Berlin 1911, pp. 3-54 (reprinted loc. cit., Vol. vm, pp. 75-120).
25. Herman Nohl, DieWeltanschauungenderMalerei,Jena 1908; TypischeKunststileinDichtungundMusik,Jena 1915.
26. Unger in’ Weltanschauung und Dichtung’, Aufsätze...,op. cit., p. 77 ff.
27. O. Walzel, GehaltundGestaltimdichterischenKunstwerk,Ber-lin-Babelsberg 1923,p.77.ff
28. H. W. Eppelsheimer, ‚Das Renaissanceproblem‘, DeutscheVierteljahrschrif für Literaturwissensc haft und Geistesgeschichte, 11 (1933), p. 497.
29. H. A. Korff, GeistderGoethezeit:VersucheinerideellenEntwick-lungderklassisch-romantischenLiteraturgeschichte,four vols., Leipzig 1923-53; Her bert Cysarz, ErfahrungundIdee,Vienna 1921; DeutscheBarockdichtung, Leipzig 1924; Literaturgeschichte als Geisteswissen-schaft,Halle 1926; VonSchillerbisNietzsche,Halle 1928; Schiller,Halle 1934; Max Deutschbein, DasWesendesRomantischen,Coethen 1921; George Stefansky, DasWesenderdeutschenRomantik,Stuttgart 1923; Paul Meissner, DiegeisteswissenschaftlichenGrundlagendesenglischenLiteraturbarocks,Berlin 1934.
30. Ernst Cassirer, FreiheitundForm,Berlin 1922;IdeeundGestalt,Berlin 1921. ix. Cysarz, op. cit.
31. B. Croce, LapoesiadiDante,Bari 1920.31 B. Croce, Goethe, Bari 1919 (English tr. London 1923, pp.
185-6).
420
SeniSvna
Tavi meTerTmete
literatura da sxva xelovneba
1. Émile Legouis, EdmundSpenser,Paris 1923; Elizabeth W. Man-waring, ItalianLandscape inEighteenth-CenturyEngland,New York 1925; Sir Sidney Colvin, JohnKeats,London 1917.
2. Stephen A. Larrabee, EnglishBards andGrecianMarbles:TheRelationshipbetweenSculptureandPoetryespeciallyintheRomanticPe-riod,New York 1943.
3. Albert Thibaudet, LaPoésiedeStéphaneMallarmé,Paris 1926.4. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1.5. ix. Bruce Pattison, MusicandPoetryoftheEnglishRenaissance,
London 1948; Germaine Bontoux, LaChansonenAngleterreautempsd’Elizabeth,Paris 1938; Miles M. Kastendieck, England’sMusicalPoet:ThomasCampion,New York 1938; John Hollander, TheUntuningoftheSky,Princeton 1961.
6. Erwin Panofsky, StudiesinIconology,New York 1939, xelaxla daibeWda 1962 wels, and Meaning in theVisualArts,Garden City, N. Y. 1955. ixileT aseve the Warburg Institute-is gamocema, of Fritz Saxl-is, Edgar Wind-is, da sxvebis nawarmoebebi. ufro meti samuSaoa warmodgenili ilustrirebul gamosaxulebebze (vazebze) Homer-is da the Greek tragedies, e.g. Carl Robert, BildundLied,Berlin 1881; Louis Sechan, Étudessurlatragédiegrecquedanssesrapportsaveclacéramique,Paris 1926.
7. Larrabee, loc. cit., p. 87. A fuller discussion by R. Wellek in a review, PhilologicalQuarterly,xxni (1944), pp. 382-3.
8. W. G. Howard, ‘Ut Pictura Poesis’, PMLA,xxiv (1909), pp. 40-123,Cicely Davies, ‘Ut Pictura Poesis’, ModernLanguageReview,xxx (1935), pp. 159-69; Rensselaer W. Lee, ‘Ut Pictura Poesis: The Humanistic Theory of Painting’, ArtBulletin,xxu (1940), pp. 197-269; Jean H. Hagstrum, TheSisterArts:TheTraditionofLiteraryPictorialismandEnglishPoetryfromDrydentoGray,Chicago 1958.
9. mis Una Ellis-Former gvaZlevs iseT detalurad damuSavebul ‘musical analysis’ of Jonson’s Volponein her JacobeanDra-
421
SeniSvna
ma,London 1936; and George R. Kernodle tried to find’ The Sym-phonic Form of KingLear’in ElizabethanStudiesandOtherEssaysinHonorofGeorgeC.Reynolds,Boulder, Colorado, 1945 pp. 185-91.
10. ix. Erwin Panofsky, The Neoplatonic Movement and Michelangelo’ StudiesinIconology,New York 1939, p. 171 ff.
11. Charles de Tolnay, PierreBruegel I’Ancien, two vols., Brux-elles 1935; see also DieZeichnungenPeterBreugels,Munich 1925; Carl Neumann’s criticism in DeutscheVierteljabrscbrift,iv (1926), p. 308 ff.
12. ix. winamdebare Tavi, ‘Literature and Ideas’.13. Benedetto Croce, Aesthetic(tr. D. Ainslie), London 1029, pp.
62,110, 188, etpassim.14. John Dewey, ArtAsExperience,New York 1934, p. 212.15. Т. M. Greene, TheArtsandtheArtofCriticism,Princeton 1940,
p. 213 ff., especially pp. 221-6; John Dewey, op. cit., pp. 175 ff., 218 ff. argumentebi plastikur xelovnebaSi ritmis gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg gvxvdeba in Ernst Neu mann, UntersuchungenzurPsy-chologieundAesthetikdesRhythmus,Leipzig 1894; and in Fritz Medi-cus,’ Das Problem einer vergleichenden Geschichte der Künste’, in PhilosophiederLiteraturwissenschaft(ed. E. Ermatinger), Berlin 1930, p. 195 ff.
16. George David Birkhoff, AestheticMeasure,Cambridge, Mass. 1933.
17. e.g. in John Hughes’s Preface to his edition of the FaerieQueene(1715) and in Richard Hurd’s LettersonChivalryandRomance(1762).
18. Oswald Spengler, Der Untergang des Abendlandes,Munich 1923, Vol. 1, pp. 151,297,299,322,339.
19. ix. R. Wellek-is statia mocemuli bibliografiaSi, seqcia r , da misi ‘The Con cept of Baroque in Literary Scholarship’, JournalofAestheticsandArtCriticism,v (1946), pp. 77-108. There are many concrete examples and further references.
20. H. Wölfflin, KunstgeschichtlicheGrundbegriffe,Munich 1915 (English tr. by M. D. Hottinger, New York 1932).
21. ix. Hanna Lévy, HenriWöllfflin,Sathéorie.Seeprédécesseurs,Rottweil 1936 (a Paris thése).
22. H. Wölfflin, ‘Kunstgeschichtliche Grundbegriffe: Eine Revi-
422
SeniSvna
sion’, Logos,xxii (1933), pp. 210-24 (reprinted in GedankenzurKunst-geschichte,Basel 1941), pp. 18-24.
23. O. Walzel, ‘Shakespeares dramatische Baukunst’, Jahrbuchder Shakes-pearegesellschaft, LII(1916), pp. 3-35 (reprinted in DasWortkunstwerk,MittelseinerErforschung,Leipzig 1926, pp. 302-25).
24. ibid. (Berlin 1917), esp. GehaltundGestalt imKunstwerkdesDichters,Wildpark-Potsdam 1923, pp. 265 ff. and 282 ff.
25. Fritz Strich, DeutscheKlassikundRomantik, oderVollendungundUnendlichkeit,Munich 1922. ix. also the criticism in Martin Schi-itze, Academic Illusions, Chicago 1933, reprinted Hamden, Conn. 1962, pp. 13,16.
26. ix. Christopher Hussey, ThePicturesque:StudiesinaPointofView,London 1927, p.5.
27. Jakob Burckhardt, DieKulturderRenaissanceinItalien(ed. W. W. Kaegi) Bern 1943, p. 370.
28. am Teoriebis kargi ganxilva mocemulia in Pitirim Sorokin’s Social andCulturalDynamics,Vol. 1, Cincinnati 1937. ix. aseve W. Passarge, DiephilosophiederKunstgeschichte inderGegen-wart,Berlin 1930.
29. É. Legouis and L. Cazamian, Histoiredelalittératureanglaise,Paris 1924, p. 279.
ivaaaaaaaaaaaaa Taaaavis Sesavali
1. Sir Sidney Lee, The Place of English Literature in theModernUniversity,London 1913 (reprinted in ElizabethanandOtherEssays,London 1929, p. 7)
2. ix. bibliografia, nawili III.3. e.g. Oskar Walzel, WechselseitigeErhellungderKünste,Berlin
1917; GehaltundGestaltimKunstwerkdesDichters,Potsdam 1923; DasWortkunstwerkLeipzig 1926.
4. rusuli moZraobisaTvis ixileT Victor Erlich, RussianFormalism,The Hague 1955.
5. ix. esp. William Empson, SevenTypesofAmbiguity,London 1930 and Penguin Books 1962; F. R. Leavis, NewBearingsinEnglish
423
SeniSvna
Poetry,London 1932; Geoffrey Tillotson, OnthePoetryofPope,1938.6. ix. bibliografia, nawili IV.7. L. C. Knights, Howmany Children had LadyMacbeth?,Lon-
don 1933, pp 15-54 (xelaxla dabeWdili ExplorationsSi,London 1946, pp. 15-54) ayenebs faqts dramis da cxovrebis uwesrigobis winaaRmdeg. E. E. Stoll, L. L. Schücking-is da sxvebis naSromebma nawilobriv gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWes tradiciebis rols da distancias, romelic arsebobs sicocxlesa da dramas Soris.
8. nawarmoebebi Joseph Warren Beach-is and Percy Lubbock’s TheCraftofFiction,London 1921, cnobilia. In Russia, Viktor Shk-lovsky’s O Teoriyiprozy(TheTheoryofProse),1925, da bevri nawarmoebi V. V. Vinogradov da В. M. Eikhenbaum iyeneben sformalistur midgomas.
9. Jan Mukarovský, winasityvaoba MáchúvMáj(Mácha’sMay)is,Pragu 1928, pp. iv-vi.
10. ix. `romanis faqtiuri siuJeti Tavs aridebs the epitomist-s iseve srulad, rogorc xasiaTs mxolod rogorc mexsierebis grafikebi aris Sinaarsi an realuri xasiaTi; mxolod gadawyvetilebaSi aqvT maT emociuri valenturoba~ valency’ (С. H. Rid word, ‘A Note on Fiction’, TowardStandardsofCriticism,ed. F. R. Leavis, London 1935, p. 33).
Tavi meTormete
xelovnebis literaturuli namuSevris arsebobis forma
1. ixileT bibliografiis nawili I.2.Ernest Fenollosa, TheChineseWrittenCharacterataMediumfor
Poetry, New York 1936; Margaret Church, ‘The First English Pattern Poems’,PMLA,lxi (1946), pp. 636-50; A. L. Korn, ‘Puttenham and the Oriental Pattern Poem’, ComparativeLiterature,iv(1954),PP-289-303.
3. ix. Alfred Einstein, ‘Augenmusik im Madrigal’, Zeitschriftder
424
SeniSvna
internationalenMusikgesellschaft,xiv (1912), pp. 8-21.4. I. A. Richards, PrinciplesofLiteraryCriticism,London 1924, pp.
125, 248. ixileT PracticalCriticism,London1929,p.349.5. Richards, Principles, pp. 225-7.6. ix. bibliografiis nawili V.7. magaliTebi Walzel’s statiidan CamoTvlilia biblio
grafiis V nawilSi. 8. spingarnis sityvebiT, `poetis mizanze SeiZleba vim
sjeloT Tavad Semoqmedebis momentidan gamomdinare, anu TviT poemis mxatvrulobis aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT~ (`axali kritika~, Criticism and America, New York, 1924, gv. 24-5.
9. E. M. Tillyard and C. S. Lewis, ThePersonalHeresy:AContro-versy,Lon don 1934; Tillyard’s Milton,London 1930, p. 237.
10. parizSi, 1925 wels gamocemul, Tavis Biographie de láuvre littéraire-Si, pPier Audiati amtkicebda, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi `ganasaxierebs mwerlis cxovrebis monakveTs”, da Sesabamisad, CarTuli aRmoCndeba savsebiT SeuZlebel da savsebiT zedmet, arasaWiro dilemebSi.
11. Jan Mukarovský, ‘L’art comme fait sémiologique’, ActesdebuitèmecongrèsinternationaldephilosophieàPrague, Prague 1936, pp. 1065-72.
12. Roman Ingarden, DasliterarischeKunstwerk, Halle 1931.13. Esp. in De Saussure’s Cours de linguistique générale, Paris
1916.14. ix. E. Husserl’s Méditations cartésiennes, Paris 1931, pp.
38- 915. ix. SeniSvna 7 IV nawilis SesavalSi. 16. ix. bibliografiis II nawili. 17. ix. Louis Teeter, ‘Scholarship and the Art of Criticism’, ELH,
v (1938), pp. 173-93.18. ix. Ernst Troeltsch’s ‘Historiography’, in Hastings’s Encyclo-
paediaofReligionandEthics, Edinburgh 1913, Vol. vr, p. 722.19. Ortega y Gaseti agreTve iyenebs am termins, Tumca ki
gansxvavebulad.
425
SeniSvna
Tavi mecamete
hangebi, riTmi da zoma
1. Birkhoff, AestheticMeasure,Cambridge, Mass., 1933.2. rusuli instrumentovka iTargmneba instrumentation-dan
rene gilis mier mis Traité du verbe (Paris 1886)-Si, sadac igi upiratesobas aniWebs mis poeziis ganacxads (ix. gv. 18). gili mogvianebiT SeuTanxmda valeri briusovs, rus simbolist poets (ix. LettresdeRenéGhil,Paris 1935, pp..13-16, 18-20.)
3. ix. Carl Stumpf, Die Sprachlaute-is eqsperimentuli namuSevrebi Berlin 1926, esp. p. 38 ff.
4. W. J. Bate, TheStylisticDevelopmentofJohnKeats,New York 1945.
5. Osip Brik,’ Zvukovie povtory’ (Sound-figures), in Poetika,St Petersburg 1919.
6. Henry Lanz, ThePhysicalBasisofRime,Palo Alto 1931.7. W. K. Wimsatt, ‘One Relation of Rhyme to Reason’, Modern
LanguageQuarterly,v (1944)» PP- 323—38 (reprinted in TheVerbalIcon,Lexington, Ky. 1954, pp-153-66).
8. H. C. Wyld, StudiesinEnglishRhymesfromSurreytoPope,Lon-don 1923. ixileT aseveFrederickNess,TheUseofRhymeinShake-speare’sPlays,New Haven 1941.
9. V. Zhirmunsky, Rifma,eeistoriaiteoriya (Rhyme, Its History and Theory), Petrograd 1923; Valery Bryusov, ‘O rifme’ (On Rhyme), Pachat i revolutsiya1924 (I, pp. 144-23)reviews Zhirmunsky’s book and suggests many further problems for the investigation of rhyme. Charles F. Richardson,A study of EnglishRhyme,Honover, N. H., 1909, is a modest beginning in the right direction.
10. Wolfgang Kayser, Die Klangmalerei bei Harsdörffer,Leipzig 1932 (Palaestra, vol. 179); I. A. Richards, PracticalCriticism,London 1929, pp. 232-3.
11. j. k. rensomi, The World’s Body, New York, 1938, gv. 957. aq SeiZleba imaze vidavoT, rom Mr rensomis Semotanili cvlileba, mxolod Cans, rom odnavi da mcirea. ‘d’- Ti ‘m’is Senacvleba murmuringSi, arRvevs bgeraTa ‘m-m’ saxes, ris
426
SeniSvna
gamoc sityva innumerable amovardnili aRmoCndeba im bgeraTa saxidan, romelSic is iyo Setanili. cxadia, rom calke, gamoyofilad aRebuli es sityva – innumerable, onomatopoetikis TvalsazrisiT, araefeqturi warmogvidgeba.
12. M. Grammont, LеVers français, sesmoyensd’expression, sonharmonie,Paris 1913.
13. René Etiemble, ‘Le Sonnet des Voyelles’, Revuedelittératurecomparée,xix (1939), pp. 235-61, discusses the many anticipations in A. W. Schlegel and others.
14. Albert Wellek, ‘Der Sprachgeist als Doppelempfinder’, ZeitschriftfürÄsthetik,xxv (1931), pp. 226-62.
15. ix. Stumfvi da volfgang kioleris `Akustische Unter-suchungen, Zeitsschrifrt für Psychologie, LIV (1910), pp. 24189, LVIII (1911), pp. 59140, LXIV (1913), pp. 92105, LXXII (1915), pp. 1192. am Sedegebs mxars uWers roman iakobsoni im magaliTebiT da dasabuTebiT, rac man amoiRo bavSvTa enidan da afaziis SemTxvevidan da gamoaqveyna Tavis KIndersprache, Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze, Upsala, 1941.
16. ix. e.g. E. M. Hornbostel, ‚Laut und Sinn‘, in FestschriftMeinhof,Ham burg 1927, pp. 329-48; Heinz Werner, GrundfragenderSprachphysiognomik,Leipzig 1932. Katherine M. Wilson, Sound andMeaninginEnglishPoetry,London 1930, is rather a general book on metrics and sound-patterns.
17. Sesabamisi wina mimoxilva aris A. W. de Groot, ‘Der Rhythmus’, Neophilologus, xvii (1932), pp. 81-100, 177-97, 241-65; and Dietrich SeckeL HölderlinsSprachrhythmus,Leipzig 1937 (Palaes-tra 207), wigni, romelic moicavs riTmisa da sruli bibliografiis zogad diskusias.
18. e.g. in W. K. Wimsatt’s TheProseStyleofSamuelJohnson,New Haven I941, pp. 5-8.
19. Joshua Steele, ProsodiaRationalis,oranEssaytowardsEstab-lishingtheMelodyandMeasureofSpeech,London 1775.
20. Eduard Sievers, Rhythmisch-melodische Studien,Heidelberg 1912; Ottmar Rutz, Musik, Wort und Körper als Gemütsausdruck,Leipzig 1911, Sprache,GesangundKörperhaltung,Munich 1911, Men-schheitstypen undKunst, Jena 1921; Gunther Ipsen and Fritz Karg,
427
SeniSvna
SchallanalytischeVersuche,Heidelberg 1938, lists the literature on this question.
21. O. Walzel, Gehalt und Gestalt im dichterischen Kunstwerk,Potsdam 1923, pp. 96-105, 391-94. Gustav Becking, DermusikalischeRhythmus als Erkenntnis-quelle,Augsburg 1923, is an admired, but fantastic attempt to use Sievers’s theories.
22. W. M. Patterson, TheRhythmofProse,New York 1916.23. G. Saintsbury, AHistory of English Prose Rhythm,London
1913.24. Oliver Elton, ‘English Prose Numbers’, A Sheaf of Papers,
London 1922; Morris W. Croll, ‘The Cadence of English Oratorical Prose’, StudiesinPhilology,xvi (1919), pp. 1-55.
25. B. Tomashevsky, ‘Ritm prozy (po Pikovey Dame)’ (Prose Rhythm, according to TheQueenofSpades),ОStikhe.Statyi.(Essays on Verse), Leningrad 1929.
26. Eduard Norden, DieantikeKunstprosa,Leipzig 1898, standartuli ortomeuli. aseve ixileT Albert de Groot, AHandbookofAntiqueProseRhythm,Groningen 1919.
27. ix. William K. Wimsatt’s TheProseStyleofSamuel Johnson,New Haven 1941.
28. G. Saintsbury, HistoryofEnglishProsody,three vols., London 1906-10.
29. Bliss Perry, AStudyofPoetry,London 1920, p. 145.30. T. S. Omond, EnglishMetrists,Oxford 1921; Pallister Barkas,
ACritique ofModern English Prosody,Halle 1934 (Studien zur eng-lischenPhilologie,cd. Morsbach and Hecht, Lxxxii).
31. ix. esp. M. W. Croll, ‘Music and Metrics’, StudiesinPhilology,xx (1923), pp. 388-94; G. R. Stewart, Jun., The Technique of EnglishVerse,New York 1930.
32. moxseniebuli notacia momdinareobs moris v. krolis statiidan `inglisuri leqsis ritmi~ (mimeografiuli werili, prinstoni, 1929) gv. 8, romelic imdenad xelovnur STabeWdilebas tovebs, rom ver Secvlis danarCen publikaciebs pirveladi aqcentis sakiTxze.
33. The most elaborate theoretical book, with hundrets of exam-
428
SeniSvna
ples, is William Thomson’s TheRhythmofSpeech,Glasgow 1923. A recent subtle exponent is John C. Pope, TheRhythmofBeowulf,New Haven 1942.
34. e.g. Donald Stauffer, TheNatureof“Poetry,New York 1946, pp. 203-4.
35. George R. Stewart, Jun., ModernMetricalTechniqueas Illus-tratedbyballadMeter(1700-1920), New York 1922.
36. ix. bibliogragis nawili III, 2.37. W. L. Schramm, University of Iowa Studies, Series on Aims
and Progress of Research, No. 46, Iowa City, la. 1935.38. ixileT The title-page of Henry Lanz, ThePhysicalBasisof
Rime,Stanford Press 1931.39. Vittorio Benussi, Psychologie derZeitauffassung,Heidelberg
1913, pp. 215 ff.40. G. R. Stewart, TheTechniqueofEnglishVerse,New York 1930,
p. 3.41. Saran, DeutscheVerslehre,loc. cit., p. 1; Verrier, Essai. .., Vol.
1, p. ix.42. stiuartma SemoiRo termini `fraza~, rac mniSvnelo
bis gagebas niSnavs.43. ix. bibliografia da Victor Erlich, RussianFormalism,The
Hague 1955. 44. Jan Mukarovský, ‘Intonation comme facteur de rythme poé-
tique’, Archivesnéerlandaisesdephonétiqueexpérimentale,viii-ix (1933), pp. 153-65.
45. Eduard Fraenkel, IktusundAkzentimlateinischenSprechvers,Berlin 1928.
46. zogierTi sawyisi nanaxia Albert H. Licklider, ChaptersontheMetricoftheChaucerianTradition,Baltimore 1910.
47. A. Meillet, LesOriginesindo-européennesdesmétresgrecs,Paris 1923.
48. Roman Jakobson, ‘Über den Versbau der serbokroatischen Volksepen’, Archives néerlandaises de phonétique expérimentale, viii-ix (1933), pp. 135—53.
429
SeniSvna
49. Thomas MacDonagh (ThomasCampionandtheArtofEnglishPoetry,Dublin 1913) distinguishes between song, speech, and chant verse.
50. Boris E. Eikhenbaum, Melodikalyricheskovostikha(TheMelodyofLyricalVerse),St Petersburg 1922.
51. ix. the criticism of Eikhenbaum in Viktor Zhirmunsky’s Vo-prosyteorii literatury(QuestionsoftheTheoryofLiterature),Leningrad 1928.
Tavi meToTxmete
stili da stilistika
1. F. W. Bateson, EnglishPoetryandtheEnglishLanguage,Oxford 1934, p. vi.
2. K. Vossler, GesammelteAufsätzezurSprachphilosophie,Munich 1923, p. 37.
3. Vossler, FrankreichsKulturimSpiegelseinerSprachentwicklung,Heidelberg 1913 (new cd., 1929, as FrankreichsKultur undSprache);Viktor Vinogradov, Yazyk Pushkina (Pushkin‘s Language),Moscow 1935.
4. aq aris Sedegebi P. Verrieris mier mocemuli eqsperimentebis Essaisurlesprincipesdelamétriqueanglaise,Paris 1909-10, Vol. i, p. 113.
5. a.h. kingi, The Language of Satirized Characters in Poetaster: a Socio-Stylistic Analysis, 1597-1602, LundStudiesinEnglish, Vol. X, Lund, 1941; viliam franci, `Seqspiris gramatika~, halle, 18981900 (axali gamocema – haidelbergi, 1924), lazar seneani, `rables ena~, or tomad, parizi, 19223. ufro sruli bibliografia motanilia gerlen de geris `mwerlis enaSi~: Qu’en sont les études de Français?, parizi 1935, gv. 227337.
6. ix. bibliografiis nawili I.7. From Tennyson’s ‘Edwin Morris’, drawn from H. C. Wyld,
SomeAspectsoftheDictionofEnglishPoetry,Oxford 1933. There is a highly historical discussion of the problem in the Preface to Geoffrey Tillotson’s EssaysinCriticismandResearch,Cambridge 1942.
430
SeniSvna
8. Marvell’s ‘To His Coy Mistress’.9. Louis Teeter, ‘Scholarship and the Art of Criticism’, ELH,v
(1938), p. 183.10. 1909 w. Sarl balis mier haidelbergSi gamocemul
gamokvlevaSi, `mimdinareobebi frangul stilistikaSi”, agreTve, leo spitceris mier dawerili adreuli periodis kvlevebSi, stilistika sintaqsTn aris gaigivebuli: ix. `Über syntaktische Methoden auf romanischen Gebiet”, Die neueren Sprachen, XXV (1919) p. 338.
11. On ‘Grand Style’, see Matthew Arnold’s On TranslatingHomerand G. Saintsbury’s ‘Shakespeare and the Grand Style’, ‘Mil-ton and the Grand Style’, and ‘Dante and the Grand Style’, CollectedEssaysandPapers,Lon don 1923, Vol. iii.
12. Friedrich Kainz, ‘Höhere Wirkungsgestalten des sprach-lichen Ausdrucks im Deutschen’, ZeitschriftfürÄsthetik,xxviii (1934), pp. 305-57.
13. Wimsatt, op. cit., p. 12.14. Wilhelm Schneider, Ausdruckswerte der deutschen Sprache:
EineStilkunde,Leipzig I931,p. 21.15. ix. bibliografiis V nawili.16. ix. Morris W. Croll’s Introduction to Harry Clemons’s edi-
tion of Lyly’s Euphues,London 1916.17. ix. Henry C. Wyld, Spenser’sDictionandStyle,London 1930;
B. R. McElderry, Jun., ‘Archaism and Innovation in Spenser’s Po-etic Diction’, PMLA,xlvii (1932), pp. 144-70; Herbert W. Sugden, TheGrammarofSpenser’sFairieQueene,Philadelphia 1936.
18. Austin Warren, ‘Instress of Inscape’, GerardManleyHopkins,BytheKenyanCritics,Norfolk, Conn., 1945, pp. 72-88, and in RageforOrder,Chicago 1948, pp. 52-65.
19. J. M. Robertson, TheShakespeareCanon, four vols., London 1922-32.
20. ix. bibliografiis II nawili.21. Josephine Miles, ‘The Sweet and Lovely Language’, Gerard
Manley Hop-kins, By the Kenyon Critics, Norfolk, Conn. 1945, pp. 55-71.
22. Geoffrey Tillotson, Essays in Criticism and Research,Cam-
431
SeniSvna
bridge 1942, p. 84.23. Friedrich Gundolf, Goethe,Berlin 1915.24. Herman Nohl, DieKunst stile inDichtungundMusik, Jena
1915, and StilundWeltanschauung,Jena 1920.25. MotivundWort,StudienzurLiteratur-undSprachpsychologie,
Hans Sperber, MotivundWortbeiGustavMeyrink,Leo Spitzer, DiegroteskeGestaltungs-undSprachkunstChristianMorgensterns,Leipzig 1918; Josef Кöгпег, ArthurSchnitzlersGestaltenundProbleme,Munich, 1921. ix. aseve Josef Korner, ‘Erlebnis-Motiv-Stoff’, VomGeistene-tierLiteraturforschung.FestchriftfurOskarWalzel,Wildpark-Potsdam 1924, pp. 80-9; Leo Spitzer, SfudienzuHenriBarbusse,Bonn 1920.
26. Leo Spitzer, ‘Zu Charles Péguys Stil’, VomGeisteneuerLifer-aturforsthung: Festschrift fürOskarWalzel,Wildpark-Potsdam 1924, pp. 162-83 (reprinted in Stilstudien,loc. cit., Vol. 11, pp. 301-64); ‘Dcr Unanimismus Jules Romains’ im Spiegel seiner Sprache’, ArchivumKomanicum,viii 1924), pp. 59-123 (reprinted in Stilstudien,loc. cit., 11, pp. 208-300). On Morgenstern, sec note 25.
27. Spitzer, DieWortbildung als stilistischesMittel (beiRabelais),Halle 1910; ‘Pseudo-objektive Motivierung bei Charles-Louis Philippe’, ZeitschriftfűrfranzosischeSpracheundLiteratur,xLvi (1923), pp. 659-85 (reprinted in Stilstudien,loc. cit., Vol. n, pp. 166-207).
28. Spitzer, ‘Zur sprachlichen Interpretation von Wortkunst-wereken’, Neue Jahrhbücher für Wissenschaft und Jugendbildung, vi (1930), pp. 632-51 (re printed in RomanischeStilundLiteraturstudien,Marburg 1931, Vol. 1); ix. aseve ‘Wortkunst und Sprachwissen-schaft’, Germanisch-romanischeMonatsschrift, xiii (1925), pp. 169-86 (reprinted in Stilstudien, loc. cit., Vol. n, pp. 498-536); ‘Linguistics and Literary History’, LinguisticsandLiteraryHistory,Princeton 1948, pp. 1-40.
29. From ComparativeLiteratureX(1958), 371. See my article ‘Leo Spitzer (1887-1960)’ in ComparativeLiterature,xn (i960), 310-34. With full bibliography of Spitzer’s numerous writings.
30. e.g. Fritz Strich, ‘Der lyrische Stil des siebzehnten Jahrhun-derts’, AbhandlungenzurdeutschenLiteraturgeschichte,FranzMuncker...dargebracht,Munich 1916, pp. 21-53, esp.p. 37.
31. ix. Morris W. Croll’s excellent essay, ‘The Baroque Style in
432
SeniSvna
Prose’, StudiesinEnglishPhilology:AMiscellanyinHonorofF.Klaeber,Minneapolis 1929, pp. 427-56; also George Williamson, TheSenecanAmble,Chicago 1951.
32. ix. bibliografiis IV nawili.33. ix. bibliografiis IV nawili.
Tavi meTxuTmete
gamosaxuleba, metafora, simbolo, miTi
1. maqs istmani, `literaturuli Segneba mecnierebis xanaSi~, niu iorki 1931, gv. 165.
2. `diskursis tipebTan~ dakavSirebuli Tematika ix. Carlz morisis wignSi, `niSnebi, enebi da qceva~, niu iorki 1946, gv. 123. morisi asaxelebs `diskursis~ Tormet tips, romelTagan am Tavs da Cven mier dasaxelebul oTx pirobas epasuxeba Semdegi: `mxatvruli~, anu `romanis samyaro~, `miTologiuri~ da `poeturi~.
3. 1940 wels dabeWdil statiaSi, `poeziis semantika~, filip uilraiti xmarobs terminebs: `mononiSani~ da `pluraniSani~, Kenyon Review, II, gv. 26383. pluraniSani `semantikurad refleqsuria, rameTu igi aris nawili imisa, rasac is Tavad aRniSnavs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pluraniSani, poetikuri simbolo, garda imisa, rom gamoiyeneba, kidev siamovnebis momgvrelad unda viguloT; xolo misi Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba ara misi qmediTobiT, aramed misi esTetikuri, organuli aspeqtiT~.
4. ix. G. Boring, SensationandPerceptionintheHistoryofExperi-mentalPsychology,New York 1942; June Downey, CreativeImagina-tion:StudiesinthePsychologyofLiterature,New York 1929; Jean-Paul Sartre, L’Imagination,Paris 1936.
5.I. A. Richards, Principles of Literary Criticism, London 1924, Chapter xvi, ‘The Analysis of a Poem’.
6. Ezra Pound, PavannesandDivisions,New York 1918; T. S. Eliot, ‘Dante’, SelectedEssays,New York 1932, p. 204; Eliot, ‘A Note on the Verse of John Milton’, EssaysandStudiesbyMembersoftbeEnglishAs-
433
SeniSvna
sociation,xxi, Oxford 1936, p. 34.7. Tanamedrove fsiqologiam gvaswavla, rom `saxis~,
rogorc terminis, es ori mniSvneloba erTimeoreze gadadis; SeiZleba iTqvas, rom spontanurad gaCenili yoveli azrobrivi saxe garkveulwilad simboluria. Sarl boduini, `fsiqoanalizi da esTetika~, niu iorki, 1924, gv. 28.
8. J. M. Murry, ‘Metaphor’, CountriesoftheMind,second series, London 1931, pp. 1-16; L. MacNiece, ModernPoetry,New York 1938, p. 113.
9. An admirable study of one literary movement and its influ-ence upon an other is René Taupin’s L’Influencedusymbolismefrançaissurlapoésieaméricaine..., Paris 1929.
10. terminologia mocemulia , ixileT Craig la Driére, TheAmericanBookman,1 (1944), pp. 103-4.
11. s. t. kolriji, `saxelmwifo moRvawis saxelmZRvanelo: TxzulebaTa krebuli~ (red. Sedi), niu iorki 1853, t. I, gv. 4278. es sxvaoba simbolosa da alegorias Soris pirvelad goeTem warmoaCina. ix. kurt rixard miuleris `Die ges-chichtlichen Voraussetzungen des Symbolbegriffs in Goethes Kun-stanschauung’, Leipzig 1937.
12. j. h. vikstidi, bleikis `umankoeba da gamocdileba~, londoni 1928, gv. 23; v. b. ieitsi, Essays, londoni 1924, gv. 95, Selis `warmmarTvel simboloebze~. rodis iqcevian metaforebi simboloebad? (a) rodesac metaforis `matarebeli~ aris konkretulgrZnobieri, rogorc magaliTad, kravi. jva ri metafora ki ar aris, aramed metonimuri simbolo (rac ganasaxierebs mas, vinc jvarcmaze gardaicvala, rogorc wminda lorensis gridironi da wminda katarinas borbali (orive sawamebeli iaraRia), an tanjvis gamomxatvelia da am SemTxvevaSi TviT iaraRi aRniSnavs imas, rasac akeTebs, anu Tavis moqmedebis Sedegs. (b) Tu metafora meordeba da centraluria, rogorc amas vxvdebiT kreSousTan, ieitsTan da eliotTan, Cveulebrivi sqema gulisxmobs saxeTa gadaqce vas metaforebad, xolo metaforebisa – simboloebad, rogorc amas vxvdebiT henri jeimsTan.
13. m.o. persivalis sityvebiT, rasac vxvdebiT mis
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SeniSvna
`bleikiseul bedisweris wreSi~ (niu iorki 1938, gv. 1), `bleikis heterodoqsia iseve tradiciuli iyo, rogorc dantes orTodoqsia~. xolo niu iorkSi 1946 wels gamocemul wignSi, `viliam bleiki~, mark Soreri wers: `ieitsis msgavsad, bleikic poulobs im metaforul sayrdens, romelsac emyareba misi dialeqtikuri TvalTaxedva. es aris svedenborgisa da boemes Sesabamisobis sistema, kabalistebis Sesatyvisi Ziebani da paracelsusis da agripas alqimia~.
14. ix.komentarebi Frost of Cleanth Brooks, ModernPoetryandtheTradition,Chapel Hill 1939, p. 110 ff.
15. ix. Nietzsche, DieGeburtderTragödie,Leipzig 1872.16. gansazRvrebis mocemuli jgufisTvis ixileT Lord
Raglan’s TheHero...,London 1937.17. ix. Fritz Strich, DieMythologieinderdeutschenLiteraturvon
KlopstockbisWagner, ortomeuli, Berlin 1910. 18. S. H. Hooke, MythandRitual,Oxford 1933; J. A. Stewart, The
Mythsof Plato,London 1905 ; Ernst Cassirer, Philosophiedersymbol-ischenFormen,Vol. ii, ‚Das mythische Denken‘, Berlin 1925, p. 271 ff. (English tr. NewHaven 1955).
19. Georges Sorel, ReflexionsonViolence(tr. Т. E. Hulme), New York 1914; Reinhold Niebuhr, ‘The Truth Value of Myths’, TheNa-tureofReligiousExperience. . . , New York 1937.
20. gansakuTrebiT ix. R. M. Guastalla, LeMytheetlelivre:essaisurI’originedela litterature,Paris 1940.
21. ix. Donald Davidson, ‘Yeats and the Centaur’, SouthernRe-view,vil (1941), pp. 510-16.
22. artur meiCenis `ieroglifika~, londoni 1923, qmediTad icavs (SeiZleba arateqnikurad, magram Zalze romantiulad) im Tvalsazriss, rom religia (e.i. miTi da rituali) SigniT qmnis ufro did klimats, romlis gulSi mxolod poezias (e.i. simbolizms, esTetikur mWvretelobas) ZaluZs isunTqos da ganviTardes.
23. kvintilianes `oratorobis institutebSi” warmodgenilia Zveli standartuli klasifikacia sqemebisa da tropebis. yvelaze ufro daxvewil, dedofal elisabedis xanis midgomis gasacnobad, ixileT putenhemiseuli `ing
435
SeniSvna
lisuri poeziis xelovneba” (red. uilkoki da uokeri), kembriji 1936.
24. Karl Bühler, Sprachtheorie, Jena 1934, p. 343; Stephen J. Brown, TheWorldofImagery,p. 149 ff.; Roman Jakobson, ‘Randbe-merkungen zur Prosa des Dichters Pasternak’, SlavischeRundschau,vii (1935), pp. 357-73.
25. D. S. Mitsky, ‘Walt Whitman: Poet of American Democracy’, CriticsGroupDialectics,No. 1, 1937, pp. 11-29.
26. G. Campbell, Philosophy ofRhetoric,London 1776, pp. 321, 326.
27. i. a. riCardsis `ritorikis filosofiaSi~ (londoni 1936, gv. 117), kempbelis pirveli tipi moixsenieba rogorc `verbaluri metafora~, vinaidan avtors miaCnia, rom literaturuli metafora verbalur kavSirs ki ar warmoadgens, aramed is aris erTgvari SeTanxmeba konteqstebs Soris, obi eqtebs Soris gavlebuli analogia.
28. ix. milmen paris ̀ tradiciuli metafora ho me rosTan~ klasikuri filologia, XXVIII, 1933, gv 3043. pari miuTiTebs homerosis metaforizmis aristoteleseul araistoriul identifikaciaze ufro gviandeli poemebis konteqstSi, da adarebs homerosis `dafiqsirebul metaforebs~ imas, rasac gviCvenebs Sedareba Zveli inglisis poetebTan da (ufro SezRudulad) – XVIII saukunis augustinelebTan.
29. ix. k. balis `mimdinareobebi frangul stilistikaSi~ /haidelbergi 1909, t. 1, gv. 184/, `figuratiuli ena~ /gv. 1945/: bali msjelobs ara rogorc literaturis Teoretikosi, aramed rogorc lingvisti, da ase axdens metaforebis klasifikacias: `konkretuli saxeebi, rasac warmosaxva `itacebs~, da afeqtiT ganpirobebuli saxeebi, rasac win uZRvis erTgvari inteleqtualuri operacia~. mis sam kategorias me vuwodebdi: (1) poetur metaforas, (2) ritualis (anu fiqsirebul metaforas) da (3) lingvistur (anu etimologiur, anda damarxul) metaforas.
30. For a defence of ritual metaphor and guild images in the style of Milton, sec C. S. Lewis, PrefacetoParadiseLost,London 1942, pp. 39 ff.
436
SeniSvna
31. ix. Heinz Werner, DieUrsprüngederMetapher,Leipzig 1919.32. Hermann Pongs, DasBild in derDichtung.1: Versuch einer
MorphologiedermetaphorischenFormen,Marburg 1927. 11: Vorutersu-chungenzumSymbol,Marburg 1939.
33. L. B. Osborn (ed.), The...WritingsofJohnHoskyns,New Ha-ven 1937, p. 125 ; George Campbell, PhilosophyofRhetoric,pp. 335-7; A. Pope, TheArtofSinking;A. Dion, L’Artd’écrire,Quebec 1911, pp. 111-12.
34. Thomas Gibbons, Rhetoric..., London 1767, pp. 15-16.35. John Dryden, Essays(ed. W. P. Ker), Oxford 1900, Vol. 1, p.
247 (‘Dedi cation of TheSpanishFriar’).36. ix. i. a. riCardsis `ritorikis filosofia~/londoni
1936. gv. 11718/: `is metaforebsa, romelTa moqmedeba eyrdnoba raRac uSualo msgavsebas or sagans Soris, tenorsa da matarebels Soris Zalian farTod gansxvavdeba im metaforebisgan, romelTa zemoqmedeba emyareba raRac saerTo damokidebulebas, rac SeiZleba gagviCndes orives mimarT~.
37. gviandeli periodis Seqspiris nawarmoebebSi Warbadaa swrafad moZravi figurebi, rasac ufrosi Taobis maswavleblebi moixseniebdnen, rogorc `narev metaforas~. volfgang klemenis azriT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Seqspiri ufro swrafad fiqrobs, vidre metyvelebs /`Seqspiris saxeebis ganviTareba~, kembriji, masaCuzeTsi, 1951/.
38. h. j. uelsi, `poeturi saxovaneba~, niu iorki 1924, gv. 127: pasaJi citirebulia donis Txzulebidan: `pirveli wlisTavi: qveynis anatomia~, 40912.
radikaluri saxovanebis tipur gamomyeneblebad, uelsi
asaxelebs (savaraudo citatebi – gv. 1367) dons, vebsters,
merstons, turners da Seqspirs, xolo XIX sis gviandeli
periodidan – jorj meredits (romlis `Tanamedrove siyva
ruls~ is uwodebs `simboluri azrovnebis araCveu lebrivad
SekumSul da saintereso magaliTs~) da frensis tompsons. 39. The imagery of Macbethis brilliandy considered by Cleanth
Brooks in ‘The Naked Babe and the Cloak of Manliness’, TheWellWroughtUrn,New York 1947, pp. 21-46.
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SeniSvna
40. jer kidev kvintilianes (`institutebis~, wign. VIII,
Tavi 6.) xanidan, igrZnoboda, rom sxvaoba metaforebis
tipebs Soris uTanabrdeba sxvaobas organulsa da
araorganuls Soris. kvintilianiseuli oTxi kategoria
moi cavs: erTi tipis cocxali arsebis miCneva meore tipad,
erTi tipis usulo sagnis meore usulo saganTan gaigiveba,
usulo sagnis gamoyeneba sulieris nacvlad, xolo cocxali
sagnis gamoyeneba usulos nacvlad.pirvel am tips pongi Beseeltypus-s uwodebs, xolo meores
– Erfühltypuss; pirvelis funqcia gulisxmobs `sulis Cadgmas~ an anTropomorfias, xolo meorisa – empathizes.
41. raskinis TvalsazrisSi gasarkvevad `paTetikur Secdomaze~, ix. `Tanamedrove mxatvrebi~, londoni 1856, T. III, 4, moyvanili magaliTebi xsnian erTgvar `braldebas~ similesagan, vinaidan igi gamohyofs bunebriv faqtebs grZnobieri, emociluri varaudisagan.
anTropomorfizmis da simbolizmis sapirispiro ere
sis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, ix. m. t. l. penidos SesaniSnavi
wigni: `analogiis roli dogmatur TeologiaSi~, parizi
1931, gv. 197.
42. M. A. Ewer, SurveyofMysticalSymbolism,London 1933, p. 164-6.
43. Vossler, Spengler, Т. E. Hulme {Speculations,London 1924), and Yeats, as well as Pongs, have been stimulated by Wilhelm Worringer’s Abstrak-tionundEinfühlung,Berlin 1908 (English tr., AbstractionandEmpathy,New York 1953).
Our first quotation comes from Joseph Frank’s admirable study of’Spatial Form in Modern Literature’, SewaneeReview,liii (1945), p. 645; our second from Spengler, who quotes Worringer in his discus-sion of the Magian culture, DeclineoftheWest,New York 1926, Vol. 1, pp. 183 ff.,192.
44. ix. Ernest Kris, ‘Approaches to Art’, in PsychoanalysisToday(ed. S. Lorand), New York 1944, pp. 360-2.
438
SeniSvna
45. W. B. Yeats, Autobiography,New York 1938, pp. 161, 219-25.46. k. vosleris `enis suli civilizaciaSi~ (londoni
1932), gv. 4. karl vosleri aRniSnavs, rom magebi da mistikosebi warmoadgenen maradiul sapirispiro tipebs. `magiursa da misticizms Soris mudmivi brZola mimdinareobs: magiuri iaraRad iyenebs enas da amitom cdilobs, rom Tavis kontrolis qveS rac ASeiZleba meti moiqcios, RmerTic ki, xolo misticizmi arRvevs da texs formas, arTmevs mas Rirebulebas da saerTod uaryofs~.
47. H. Pongs, DasBild,Vol. 1, p. 296. 48. Emily Dickinson, Collected Poems, Boston 1937, pp. 192,
161; see also p. 58 (‘ I laughed a woodenlaugh’) and p. 215 (‘A clock stopped - not the man-tel’s’)
49. For the significance of Byzantium, see Yeats’ AVision,Lon-don 1938, pp. 279-81.
50. Herman Nohl, StilundWeltanschauung,Jena 1920.51. ix. emil kaies `simbolizmi da primitiuli suli~,
parizi 1936; wigni saocrad gabedulad atarebs paralels da aRiarebs igeveobas – erTi mxriv, primitiuli xalxebis `logikamdel~ azrovnebasa da meore mxriv, simbolisti poetebis miznebs Soris.
52. MacNiece, op. cit., p. III.53. ix. Harold Rosenberg,’ Myth and Poem’, Symposium,
11(1931), pp. 179 ff.54. Gladys Wade, Thomas Traherne,Princeton 1944, pp. 26-37.
See the critical review of the book by E. N. S. Thompson, PhilologicalQuarterly,xxiu (1944),pp. 383-4.
55. Dr Johnson, LivesofthePoels,‘Thomson’.On the argument from imagistic silence, including the exam-
ples we cite, ix. L. H. Hornstein’s penetrating ‘Analysis of Imagery’, PMLA,lvii (1942), pp. 638-53.
56. Mario Praz, English Studies, xviii (1936), pp. 177-81, wittily reviews Caroline Spurgcon’s Shakespeare’sImageryandWhatItTellsUs (Cambridge 1935), gansakuTrebiT pirveli nawili, ‘The Revelation of the Man’, with its ‘fallacy of trying to read . . . into Shakespeare’s images his senses, tastes, and interests’, and rightly
439
SeniSvna
praises Clemen (whose book appeared in 1936) for thinking that ‘Shakespeare’s use and choice of images is not so much con ditioned by his own personal tastes as by what are in each case his artistic intentions....’.
57. Caroline Spurgeon’s essay is reprinted in Anne Bradby’s ShakespeareCriticism,1919-35, London 1936, pp. 18-61.
On autobiography and Hamlet,see C. J. Sisson, TheMythicalSor-rowsofShakespeare,London 1936.
58. T. S. Eliot, ‘Hamlet’, SelectedEssays,London 1932, pp. 141-6.59. G. Wilson Knight: Myth andMiracle:AnEssay on theMys-
ticSymbolismofShakespeare,London 1929; TheWheelofFire,London 1930; The Imperial Theme, London 1931; The Christian Renaissance,Toronto 193 3; TheBurningOracle,London 1939; TheStarlitDome,London 1941.
60. Wolfgang Clemen, ShakespearesBilder,Bonn 1936 (English tr. Cambridge, Mass. 1951).
Tavi meTeqvsmeTe
naturaluri mxatvruliprozis Tavisebureba da nairsaxeobani
1. sidnei: ̀ rac Seexeba poets, is arafers asabuTebs da amdenad arasodes tyuis~.
2. Wilson Follett, TheModernNovel,New York 1918, p. 29.3. mkiTxvelis rwmena, rom romanists `cxovreba gaegeba~,
xSirad aris Segoneba, raTa mecxramete saukunis mxavruli prozis zogierTi pirobiToba iyos Semonaxuli~.
4. D. McCarthy, Portraits,London 1931, pp. 75, 156.5. J. Frank,’ Spatial Form in Modern Literature’, SewaneeReview,
Liii (1945), pp. 221-40, 433-56. Reprinted in Criticism(Schorer, Miles, McKenzie), New York 1948, pp. 379-92.
6. `siamaye da crurwmenis~ pirveli ori Tavi TiTqmis mTlianad gansakuTrebul dialogs warmoadgens, im dros, rodesac mesame Tavi iwyeba Sejamebuli TxrobiT, mere
440
SeniSvna
ubrundeba `scenur~ meTods. 7. Clara Reeve, ProgressofRomance,London 1785.8. houTornis `Svidfrontoniani saxlisa~ da `marmari
los favnis~ winasityveobebi. 9. pos `kompoziciis filosofia~ iwyeba citatiT diken
sidan: `iciT Tu ara Tqven, rom godvinma `kaleb uiliamsi~ dawera ukuRma?~ ufro adre `barnebi rejis~ mimoxilvaSi, pom magaliTad moiyvana godvinis romani, rogorc mWidrod Sekruli ostaturi Sinaarsis nawarmoebi.
10. Wkvianurad asabuTebs, rom Cven inglisurad vxmarobT `motivs~ nacvlad franguli formisa, romelmac Tavis mxriv mniSvneloba SeiZina germanuli `motivis~ gavleniT. `motivi~, Cveulebriv, ixmareba inglisur kritikul literaturaSi.
11. ix. Aarne -Thompson, TypesoftheFolk-Tale,Helsinki 1928.12. ix. G. Polti, Thirty-sixDramaticSituations,New York 1916; P.
Van Tieghem, LaLittératurecomparée,Paris 1931, p. 87 ff.13. mohyavs ser uolter skotis sityvebi da ̀ motivacias~
uwodebs teqnikur termins, romelic gulixmobs Sinaarsis moZraobis mizezobriobas, gansakuTrebiT aRniSnavs, rom igi Segnebulad da ostaturad aris dalagebuli.
`siamaye da crurwmenis~ pirveli winadadeba `motivaciis~ eqsplicituri gamoxatvis kargi magaliTia: `es saerTod aRiarebuli WeSmaritebaa, rom karga didi qonebis patron martoxela kacs usaTuod esaWiroeba coli~.
14. Dibelius, Dickens,second ed., Leipzig 1926, p. 383.15. Cven aq gansakuTrebiT mivmarTavaT16. ix. diskusia ‘tempo’ in Carl Grabo’s TechniqueoftheNovel,
New York 1928, pp. 214-36, and ‘Zeit’ in Petsch’s WesenundFormenderErzählkunst, Halle 1934, p. 92 ff.
17. ix. e. berendi, ‘Die Namengeburg bei Jean Paul’, PMLA,LVII (1942), pp. 820-50; E.H. Gordon, ‘The Naming of Characters in the Works of Dickens’, UniversityofNebraskaStudiesinLanguage, etc., 1917; also John Forster’s LifeofDickens, Bk ix, Ch. 7, mocemulia saxelebis sia mwerlis /dikensis/ memorandumidan.
henri jeimzi Tavisi daumTavrebeli romanebis `spilos
441
SeniSvna
Zvlis koSkisa~ da `warsulis gancdis~ dasasrulSi, romelic dabeWdilia memorandumSi, yveba, Tu rogor arqmevda saxelebs Tavis gmirebs. ix. balzakis xasiaTTa saxelebis Sesaxeb ix. gogolis xasiaTTa Sesaxeb ix. nabokovis Sesaxeb.
18. brtyeli da mrgvali daxasiaTebani: ix.E. M. Forser, As-pectsoftheNovel, London 1927, pp. 103-4.
19. ingliseli gmiri qalebis tipurobis Sesaxeb ix. R.P. Utter and G. B Needham,Pamela’sDaughters, New York 1936. qera da Savgvremani gmirTa qalebis Sesaxeb ix. F. Carpenter, ‘Puri-tans Preferred Blondes’, NewEnglandQuarterly, ix (1936), pp. 253-72; Philip Rahv, ‘The Dark Lady of Salem’, PartisanReview,viii (1941), pp. 362-81.
20. Dibelius, Dickens,Leipzig 1916.21. Mario Praz, TheRomanticAgony,London 1933.22. ix. Arthur Sewell, ‘Place and Time in Shakespeare’s Plays’,
StudiesinPhilology,xlii (1945), pp.205-24.23. ix. P. Lubbock, CraftofFiction,London 1921, pp. 205-35.24. Otto Ludwig, ‘Romanstudien’, Gesammelte Schriften, vi
(1891), p. 59 ff.; Maupassant, Introduction to PierreetJean(1887); H. James, Prefaces to the New York Edition (collected as TheArtoftheNovel,New York 1934). aseve ix. Oskar Walzel’s ‘Objektive Erzäh-lung’, in DasWortkunstwerk,Leipzig 1926, p. 182 ff., and J. W. Beach, TheTwentieth-CenturyNovel,New York 1932.
25. iqve, ludvigi gv. 6667: dikensis romanebis struqtura piesebis analogiuria. jeimzisa da ibsenis ix. Francis Fer-gusson, ‘James’ Idea of Dramatic Form’, Kenyon Review, v(1943), pp. 495-507.
26. jeimzis `suraTisa~ da `scenis~ Sesaxeb ixile jeimzis `romanis ostatoba~ ix.
27. iqve, jeimzi uaryofs Txrobas pirvel pirSi, iseve rogorc `ubralod abdaubdobis upasuxismgeblo Tavxedobas~ /yovlismcodne mTxrobelsa/
28. R. Fernandez, ‘La Méthode de Balzac: le réckit et l’esthétique du roman’, Messages,Paris 1926, p. 59 ff. (English tr. London 1927, pp. 59-88).
29. Oskar Walzel, ‘Von “erlebter Rede”,’ Das Wortkunstwerk,
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Leipzig 1926, p. 207 ff.; Albert Thibaudet, Flaubert,Paris 1935, pp. 229-32; E. Dujardin, LeMonologue intérieur ..., Paris 1931; Albrecht Neubert, Die Stilformen der ‘erlebtenRede’ in neueren englischenRo-man,Halle 1957 (with bibliography); William James, Principles ofPsychology,New York 1890, Vol. 1, p. 243: chap, ix, in which the phrase appears, is called ‘The Stream of Thought’ uiliam jeimzis `fsiqologiis principebSi~ IX TavSi Cndeba fraza `fiqris nakadi~
30. laboki ambobs, ix. roca streTeris goneba daZabulia, araferi araa naCvenebi, mxolod saxeTa dineba, rasac yvela SeniSnavs, roca dainaxavs, rom goneba TandaTanobiT SesamCnevi xdeba.
31. ixileT L. E. Bowling, ‘What Is the Stream of Conscious-ness Technique?’ PMLA,lxv (1950), pp. 337-45, Robert Humphrey, Stream of Consciousness in theModernNovel,Berkeley, Calif., 1954, and Melvin Friedman, Stream ofConsciousness:A Study in LiteraryMethod,New Haven 1955.
Tavi meCvidmete
literaturis Janrebi
1. Croce, Aesthetic(tr. Ainslie), London 1922. See Chs. ix and xv.2. N. H. Pearson, ‘Literary Forms and Types ...’, EnglishInstitute
Annual,1940 (1941), p. 59 ff., especially p. 70.3. W. P. Ker, FormandStyleinPoetry,London 1928, p. 141.4. Harry Levin, ‘Literature as an Institution’, Accent,vi (1946),
pp. 159-68 (reprinted in Criticism,New York 1948, pp. 546-53).5. A. Thibaudet, Physiologie de la critique, Paris 1930, p. 184 ff.6. But see С. E. Whitmore, ‘The Validity of Literary Definitions’,
PMLA, xxxix (1924), pp. 722-36, especially pp. 734-5.7. Karl Viötor, ‘Probleme der literaischen Gattungsgeschichte’,
Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift fürLiteraturwissenschaft ... , ix (1931), pp. 42J-47 (re printed in Geist undForm, Bern 1952, pp. 292-309): an ad-mirable discussion which avoids positivism on the one hand and
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‘metaphysicalism’ on the other.8. odas, baladas da msgavs formebs, goeTe Dichtarten-s
uwodebs, xolo eposs, lirikas da dramas Naturformen der Dichtung: inglisur terminologias gaugebroba Semoaqvs: Cven Tavisuflad SegviZlia `tipi~ vuwodoT mTavar kategoriebs (rogorc amas akeTebs n. h. parsoni), xolo kategoriis `Janrs~ – tragedia, komedia, oda da a.S.
sityva `Janri~ gvian damkvidrda inglisurSi. misi literaturuli aspeqti ar aris Setanili `axal inglisur leqsikonSi~ (iseve rogorc kind); `literaturuli tipis~, rogorc terminis gamosaxatavad, XVIII sis mwerlebi ZiriTadad xmarobdnen `jiSs~a da `kategorias~. 1910 w. irving bebitma moixsenia `Janri~ (`axali laokoonis~ winasityvaoba) rogorc inglisur kritikul enaSi damkvidrebuli termini.
9. `platons mSvenivrad esmis, Tu ra eTikur xifaTs Seicavs gansaxiereba, radgan kaci sakuTar mowodebas avnebs, Tuki mas darTes sxvaTa mowodebis imitirebis neba~. jeims j. donahiu, `literaturuli tipebis Teoria~, diubuki, aiova, 1943, gv. 88; aristoteles azri – iqve, gv. 99.
10. Hobbes, in Critical Essays of the Seventeenth Century (ed. J. E. Spingarn), Oxford 1908, pp. 54-5.
11. E. S. Dallas, Poetics: An Essay on Poetry, London 1852, pp. 81, 91,105.
12. John Erskine, TheKindsofPoetry, New York 1920, p. 12.13. Roman Jakobson,’Randbemerkungen zur Prosa des Dichters
Pasternak’, SlavischeRundschau,vii (1935), pp. 357—73.14. poeziis zepir wakiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT, jon er
skini miuTiTebs (`elisabedis xanis lirika~, niu iorki, 1903, gv. 3), rom am tradiciam lamis vordsvortamde gaZlo, romelmac Tavisi leqsebis winasityvaobaSi aRniSna: `zogi es leqsi arsebiTad lirikulia da amis gamo maT ver eqnebaT kuTvnili Zala, Tuki moklebulni iqnebian savaraudo musikalur akompanements; magram umTavresad, me mainc arafers sxvas ar viTxov, garda cocxali anda auRelvebeli deklamciisa, rac sagangebod iqneba gaTvlili aseTi TemisaTvis,
444
SeniSvna
rogorc klasikuri qnaris an lirikuli arfis erTgvari Sesanacvlebeli.
15. maSin rodesac Soum da barim, faqtobrivad, gazardes mayurebelTa auditoria TavianTi winasityvaobebiT da iseTi sasceno remarkebiT, romelTa detaluroba ufro romanis Janrs Seesabameba da amave dros aCvenebs mdidar warmosaxvas, dResdReobiT, mTeli dramaturgiuli doqtrina ewinaaRmdegeba piesis nebismier Sefasebas, rac ganxiluli iqneba saTeatro da sasceno xelovnebisTan erTad, da ara gancalkevebulad: franguli tradicia – kokleni da sarsi; xolo rusebi amas eTanxmebian (stanislavski da moskovis samxatvro Teatri).
16. Veit Valentin (‘Poetische Gattungen’, Zeitschrift für ver-gleichendeLitteraturgeschichte,Vol. v, 1892, p. 34 ff.) also, on different grounds, questions the canonical three. One should, he says, distin-guish ‘die epische, die lyrischce, und die reflektierende Gattung . . . die Dramatik ist keine poetisehe Gattung, sondern eine poetische Form.’
17. Thibaudet, op. cit., p. 186.18. Aristotle, Poetics,Chap. 14: ‘One should not seek every pleas-
ure from tragedy but only that proper to it.’19. ufro davazustoT: XVIII ss hqonda ori rvamarcv
lovani Tanamimdevroba: komikuri (misi fesvebi `hudibrass” swvdeba, xolo Semdeg – sviftsa da greis da meditaciuraRweriTi (igulisxmeba `Allegro” da `Ïl Penseroso”).
20. Not till 1849, apparently, were the ‘Lake Poets’ first definite-ly grouped with Shelley, Keats, and Byron as English Romantics. See Wellek, ‘The Concept of Romanticism in Literary History’, Compara-tiveLiterature,Vol. 1 (1949), csp. p. 16.
21. Paul Van Tieghem, ‘La Question des genres littéraires’, Heli-con,1 (1938), p. 95 ff.
22. There are already many monographs on the Gothic genre - e.g. Edith Birkhead, TheTaleofTerror . . . , London 1921; A. Kil-len, LeRomanterrifiantonromannoir...,Paris 1923; Eino Railo, TheHauntedCastle,London 1927; Montague Summers, TheGothicQuest...,London 1938.
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23. Poetics,Chap. 24.24. ix. Arthur Mizener’s reply to Ransom: ‘The Structure of
Figurative Language in Shakespeare’s Sonnets’, SouthernReview,v (1940), pp. 730-47.
25. ix. Irving Babbitt, The New Laokoön, 1910. André Chénier (1762-94) held the distinction between genres to be a phenomenon of nature. In ‘L’ivention’, he writes:
La nature dicta vingt genres opposés D’un fil léger entre cux chez les Grecs divisés;Nul genre, s’échappant de ses bornes prescrites, N’aurait osé d’un autre envahir les limites.
26. The social implications of the Renaissance genre hierarchy, long familiar, are specifically studied in Vernon Hall’s RenaissanceLiteraryCriticism,New York 1945.
27. Van Tieghem, op. cit., p. 99.28. ix. e.g. Warner F. Patterson’s ThreeCenturiesofFrenchPoetic
Theory...,Ann Arbor 1935, Part 111, for a list of medieval verse gen-res and sub-genres.
29. ix. bibliografia.30. For the ‘rebarbarization’ of literature, see the brilliant article,
‘Literature’ by Max Lerner and Edwin Mims, Jun., EncyclopaediaoftheSocialSciences,ix(1933). pp. 523-43.
31. André Jolles, Einfache Formen,Halle 1930. Jolles’s list cor-responds roughly to the list of folk-types, or ‘forms of popular lit-erature’, studied by Alexander H. Krappe in his ScienceofFolk-Lore,London 1930: the Fairy Tale, the Merry Tale (or Fabliau), the Animal Tale, the Local Legend, the Migratory Legend, the Prose Saga, the Proverb, the Folk-Song, the Popular Ballad, Charms, Rhymes, and Riddles.
32. Ferdinand Brunetiére, L’ÉvolutiondesgenresdansI’histoiredelalittérature. . . , Paris 1890.
33. Van Tieghem, Helicon,1 (1938), p. 99.34. Viëtor has held both positions in turn: see his Geschichte
derdeutschenOde(Munich 1923) and essay cited in note 7; sec also
446
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Günther Müller, ‘Bemer-kungen zur Gattungspoetik’, PhilosophischerAnzeiger,111 (1929), pp. 129-47.
Tavi meTvramete
Sefaseba
1. s. k. peperi, `kritikis safuZvlebi~, kembriji, masaCusetsi, 1945, gv. 33: `gansazRvreba, rogorc esTetikuri gansjis xarisxobrivi kriteriumi, romelic wyvets, ra aris, da ra ar aris esTetikuri Rirebuleba, da dadebiTia Tu uaryofiTi misi Rirebuleba. arsebiTi standartebi, rogorc raodenobrivi kriteriumi, romelic gansazRvravs esTetikuri Rirebulebis odenobas... Sesabamisad, standartebi gansazRvrebidan, definiciidan iwarmoeba da raodenobrivi kriteriumi – xarisxobrividan momdinareobs.
2. Cven axla `literaturaze~ vlaparakobT da am sityvas viyenebT `xarisxobriv kriteriumad~ (Tu ramdenad aris is literaturuli Tavisi bunebiT – literatura, da ara mecniereba an socialuri mecniereba an filosofia); am sityvas Cven ar viyenebT `didi literaturis~ honorifuli, SedarebiTi mniSvnelobiT.
3. pepers ase Semoaqvs paraleluri sakiTxi (cit. gv. 87) `sawinaaRmdegod ganwyobil avtors SeuZlia wamoayenos dilema: an unda iyos kargad Camoyalibebuli praqtikuli mizani, rasac Tan sdevs konceptualuri mizani, anda pasiuri umizno siamovneba. kantis antinomia da bertran moris paradoqsi esTetikur mizanze, romelic ar warmoadgens dasmul mizans, `texavs~ am dilemas da warmoaCens mentaluri meobis mesame tipis STambeWdav suraTs, romelic ar aris arc konecia (anu nebelobiTi moZraobis unari) da SegrZneba, aramed aris specifikuri esTetikuri moqmedeba.~
4. Tu vaRiarebT bevris momcvel warmodgenas, amiT ki ar uarvyofT literaturaSi esTetikur Rirebulebas, aramed vamtkicebT sxva Rirebulebebs, romlebic masTan Tanaarseboben; literaturaze aseTi gansja imas iwvevs, rom an erTmaneTSi vurevT eTikurpolitikursa da esTetikurs, anda ormagi daskvnis mowmeni vxdebiT. ix. n. forsteri, `esTeti
447
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kuri da eTikuri gansja~, `kritikosis survili~, prinstoni, 1941, gv. 85.
5. Т. M. Greene, TheArtsandtheArtofCriticism,Princeton 1940, p. 389.
6. literaturis `sidiades~ ver davadgenT mxolod da mxolod literaturuli standartebiT, Tumc ki unda gvaxsovdes, rom mxolod literaturuli standartebiT vxelmZRvanelobT, rodesac vadgenT, aris Tu ara is literatura, `Zveli da axali esseebi~, niu iorki, 1936, gv. 93.
7. cnobisTvis ixileT W. P. Ker, FormandStyleinPoetry,Lon-don 1928, gansakuTrebiT pp. 95-104 and pp. 137-45; C. La Driére, ‘Form’, DictionaryofWorldLiterature,p. 250 ff.; R. Ingarden, DasIit-erarischeKunstwerk,Halle 1931; ‘Das Form-Inhalt Problem im litera-rischen Kunstwerk’, Helicon,1 (1938), pp. 51-67.
8. Emil Lucka’s brilliant essay, ‘Das Grundproblem der Dich-tkunst’, Zeitschrift fürÄsthetik,xxn (1928), pp. 129-46, studies ‘wie sich Welt in Sprache verwandelt...’. In an unsuccessful poem or nov-el, says Lucka, ‘fehlt die Identität von Welt und Sprache’.
9. ix. Dorothy Walsh, ‘The Poetic Use of Language’, JournalofPhilosophy,xxxv (1938), pp. 73-81.
10. J. Mukarovský, AestheticFunction,Norm,andValueasSocialFacts,Prague 1936, in Czech.
11. aq upriani iqneba gavixsenoT peperis konteqstualisturi kritika, sadac sicxovele pirvelad cdad aris naxsenebi, xolo misi aqcenti Tanamedrove xelovnebaze aucileblad Seesabameba aseTi gamocdis pirobebs: `Tu adrindeli xanis xelovneba misaRebia gviandel xanaSi, es xSirad im mizezebiT rodi xdeba, ris gamoc es xelovneba warmatebuli iyo Tavis droze, amitom kritikosebs moeTxovebaT, rom aRniSnon sakuTari xanis esTetikuri Tvalsazrisi. (cit. gv. 68).
12. George Boas, APrimerforCritics,Baltimore 1937, p. 136 and passim.
13. T. S. Eliot, UseofPoetry,Cambridge, Mass. 1933, p. 153.14. This is Pepper’s ‘organistic criticism’ (op. cit., esp. p. 79), ear-
lier repre sented by Bosanquet’s ThreeLecturesonAesthetic,London 1915.
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15. ix. Lascelles Abercrombie’s TheoryofPoetry(1924) and his IdeaofGreatPoetry(1925).
16. L. A. Reid, AStudyinAesthetics,London 1931, p. 225 if., ‘Sub-ject-matter, Greatness, and the Problem of Standards’.
17. Т. M. Greene, TheArtsandtheArtofCriticism,Princeton 1940, pp. 374 ff., 461 ff.
18. ix. gansakuTrebiT E. E. Stoll’s ‘Milton a Romantic’, FromShakespearetoJoyce,New York 1944, and Mario Praz’s TheRomanticAgony,London 1933.
19. Eliot, op. cit., p. 96.20. ix. Jacques Barzun, ‘Our Non-Fiction Novelists’, Atlantic
Monthly,clxxviii (1946), pp. 129-32, and J. E. Baker, ‘The Science of Man’, CollegeEnglish,vi (1945), pp. 395-401.
21. Tate, ReasoninMadness,New York 194т, pp. 114-16.22. E. E. Kellett, TheWhirligigofTaste,London 1929, and Fash-
ioninLiterature,London 1931; F. P. Chambers, CyclesofTaste,Cam-bridge, Mass. 1928, and TheHistoryofTaste,New York 1932; Henri Peyre, Writers andTheirCritics: aStudyofMisunderstanding, Ithaca 1944.
23. ‘Multivalence’: ix. George Boas, APrimer forCritics,Balti-more 1937.
24. F. Pottle, TheIdiomofPoetry,Ithaca 1941; new ed., 1947.25. maTvramete saukunis kritikosebi uZlurebi iyvnen
aexsnaT adreuli periodis poeziis virtuozebisa da sakuTari periodis arsic.
26. doqtor jonsonma scada aRewera donis poezia misi naklidan gamomdinare: `yvelaze kargi da samarTliani msjeloba maT (metafizikos poetebis) naklovanebebze maSin iqneba, Tu Cven vimsjelebT kargi poeziis normatiuli standartebiT, da ar vecdebiT vapatioT maT raRac ucnauroba an inteleqtualuri zedapiruloba. de, jonsoni iyos aseTi standarti da aRmoCndeba, rom donis tradicia Seicavs leqsis sagulisxmo Sres, romelic mTlianad pasuxobs inglisuri leqsis Cveulebriv moTxovnebs, xolo zogjer ki Segvxvdeba saukeTeso nimuSebi.~ (jorj viliamsoni, `donis tradicia~, kembriji, mas. 1930, gv. 21, 211.)
449
SeniSvna
27. F. R. Leavis, Revaluation:TraditionandDevelopmentinEnglishPoetry,London 1936, p. 68 ff.
28. e. vivasi, `esTetikuri msjeloba”, `filosofiis Jurnali~ XXXIII (1936), gv. 5769. `axali poza esTetikasa da xelovnebis kritikaSi~, niu heiveni 1943, gv. 91, gansakuTrebiT – 123: heili gamoricxavs `obieqtivizmis~ da (gacilebiT ufro advilad) `subieqtivizmis~ ukiduresobebs, raTa Camoayalibos relativizmi, rac gaazrebulia rogorc gonivruli via media.
29. ‘Ériger en lois ses impressions personnelles, c’est le grand effort d’un homme s’il est sincère.’ Eliot quotes this, from de Gour-mont’s LettresàL’amazon,as epigraph to his essay, ‘The Perfect Crit-ic’, TheSacredWood,1920.
30. As does Mr Heyl (NewBearings,p. 91).
Tavi mecxrameteme
literaturuli istoria
1. Thomas Warton, History of English Poetry,1 (1774), p. ii. A fuller discus sion may be found in René Wellek’s RiseofEnglishLiter-aryHistory,Chapel Hill 1941, pp. 166-201.
2. Henry Morley, Preface to EnglishWriters,1, London 1864.3. Leslie Stephen, EnglishLiteratureandSocietyintheEighteenth
CenturytLondon 1904, pp. 14, 22.4. W. J. Courthope, AHistoryofEnglishPoetry,London 1895, Vol.
1, p. xv.5. Edmund Gosse, AShortHistory ofModernEnglishLiterature
(London 1897), Preface.6. ix. werili F. C. Roe, 19 March 1924, quoted by Evan Char-
teris, TheLifeandLettersofSirEdmundGosse,London 1931, p. 477.7. ix. citata Oliver Elton’s lecture on Saintsbury, Proceedings
oftheBritishAcademy,xix (1933), and Dorothy Richardson, ‘Saints-bury and Art for Art’s Sake’, PMLA,lix (1944), pp. 243-60.
8. Oliver Elton, ASurveyofEnglishLiterature,1780-1830, London
450
SeniSvna
1912, Vol. 1, p. vii.9. L. Cazamian, L’ÉvolutionpsychologiquedelalittératureenAngl-
eterre,Paris 3” 1920, and the second half of É. Legouis and L. Caza-mian, Histoiredelalittératureanglaise,Paris 1924.
10. W. P. Ker, ‘Thomas Warton’ (1910), Essays,London 1922, Vol. i, p. 100.
11. T. S. Eliot, ‘Tradition and the Individual Talent’, TheSacredWood,Lon don 1920, p. 42.
12. R. S. Crane, ‘History Versus Criticism in the University Study of Litera ture’, TheEnglishJournal,College Edition, xxiv (1935), pp. 645-67.
13. F. J. Teggart, TheoryofHistory,New Haven 1925.14. ix. bibliografia, nawili IV.15. ix. bibliografia, nawili IV.16. R. D. Havens, Milton’sInfluenceonEnglishPoetry,Cambridge,
Mass. 1922.17. ix. es diskusiebi: R. N. E. Dodge, ‘A Sermon on Source-
hunting’, ModernPhilology, ix (1911-12), pp. 211-23; Louis Cazami-an, ‘Goethe en Angleterre. Quelques réflexions sur les problèmes d’influence’, Revue Germanique, xn (1921), 371-8; Hardin Craig, ‘Shakespeare and Wilson’s Arte of Rhetorique:An Inquiry into the Criteria for Determining Sources’, Studies inPhilology,xxviii (1931), pp. 86-98; George C. Taylor, ‘Mon taigne-Shakespeare and the Dead-ly Parallel’, PhilologicalQuarterly, xxn (1943), pp. 330-37 (giving a curious list of the seventy-five types of evi dence actually used in such studies); David Lee Clark,’ What was Shelley’s Indebtedness to Keats?’ PMLA,lvi (1941), pp. 479-97 (an interesting refutation of parallels drawn by J. L. Lowes); Ihab H. Hassan, ‘The Problem of In-fluence in Literary History’, JournalofAestheticsandArtCriticism,xiv (1955), 66-76; Haskell M. Block, ‘The Concept of Influence in Com-parative Literature’, YearbookofComparativeandGeneralLiterature,vii (1958), 30-36; Claudio Guillén, ‘The Aesthetics of Influence Studies in Comparative Literature’ in ComparativeLiterature:Proceedings oftheSecondCongressoftheInternationalComparativeLiteratureAssocia-tion,ed. W. P. Fricdcrich, Chapel Hill, N. C, 1959, Vol. 1, pp. 175-92.
18. ix. H. O. White, Plagiarismand Imitationduring theEnglish
451
SeniSvna
Renaissance,Cambridge, Mass. 1935; Elizabeth M. Mann, ‘The Prob-lem of Originality in English Literary Criticism, 1750-1800’, Philologi-calQuarterly,xvni (1939), pp. 97-118; Harold S. Wilson, ‘Imitation’, DictionaryofWorldLiterature(cd. J. T. Shipley), New York 1943, pp. 315-17.
19. Sidney Lee, ElizabethanSonnets,two vols., London 1904.20. Wolfgang Clemen, ShakespearesBilder, ihreEntwicklungund
ihreFunktionen imdramatischenWerk,Bonn 1936 (English tr. Cam-bridge, Mass. 1951).
21.George Saintsbury, AHistoryofEnglishProsody,three vols., 1906-10; AHistoryofEnglishProseRhythm,Edinburgh 1912.
22. Benedetto Croce, ‘Storia di temi e storia letteraria’, ProblemidiEstetica,Bari 1910, pp. 80-93.
23. e.g. André Jolles, Einfache Formen,Halle 1930; A. N. Ves-elovsky, Istoricheskaya Poetika (cd. V. M. Zhirmunsky), Leningrad 1940 (a selection from writings dating back, in part, to the 1870s); J. Jarcho, ‘Organische Struktur des russischen Schnaderhüpfels (caS-tuska)’, Germano-Slavica,iii (1937), pp. 31-64 (an elaborate attempt to state the correlation between style and theme by statistical methods, drawing the evidence from a popular genre).
24. W. W. Greg, PastoralPoetryandPastoralDrama,London 1906.25. C. S. Lewis, TheAllegoryofLove,Oxford 1936.26. Karl Viëtor, Geschichte der deutschen Ode, Munich 1923;
Günther Müller, GeschichtedesdeutschenLiedes,Munich 1925.27. ix. bibliografia. Tavi 17.28. Arthur Symons, The RomanticMovement in English Poetry,
London 1909.29. ix. J. Isaacs in TheTimesLiterarySupplement,9 May 1935, p.
301.30. rogorc Cans, pirveli iyo Thomas Shaw in Outlines of
EnglishLiterature,London 1849.31. ix. bibiliografia nawili III. 4.32. ix. bibliografia nawili I.33. Wilhelm Pinder, DasProblemderGeneration,Berlin 1926; Ju-
lius Petersen, ‘Die literarischen Generationen’, PhilosophiederLiter-aturwissenschaft(ed. Emil Ermatinger), Berlin 1930, pp. 130-87; Edu-
452
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ard Wechssler, DieGeneration als Jugendreihe und ihrKampf umdieDenkform,Leipzig 1930; Detlev W. Schumann,’ The Problem of Cul-tural Age-Groups in German Thought: a Critical Review’, PMLA,li (1936), pp. 1180-1207, and ‘The Problem of Age-Groups: A Statistical Approach’, PMLA,lii (1937), pp. 596-608; H. Peyre, LesGénérationslittéraires,Paris 1948.
34. ix. bibiliografia nawili II.35. Jan Máchal, Slovanskéliteratury,three vols., Prague 1922-9,
and Leonardo Olschki, Die romanischen Literaturen desMittelalters,Wildpark-Potsdam 1928 (in Handbuch der Literaturwissenschaft, ed. Oskar Walzel).
36. H. M. and N. K. Chadwick, TheGrowthofLiterature, three vols., London 1932, 1936.1940.
453
bibliografia
454
455
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1911, New York 1952 ames, van meter, AestheticsoftheNovel, Chicago 1928 Beach, Joseph Warren, TheTwentieth-CenturyNovel:Studies in
Technique, New York 1932Bonnet, h., Romanetpoésie.EssaisurI’esthétiquedesgenres, Paris
1951 Booth, Wayne C., TheRhetoricofFiction, Chicago 1961 Brooks, cLeanth, and Warren, r. P., UnderstandingFiction, New
York 1943caiLLois, roger, Sociologiadelanovela, Buenos Aires 1942 diBeLius, WiLheLm, Englische Romankunst: Die Technik des eng-
lischenRomans imachtzehntenundAnfangdesneunzehnten Jahrhun-derts, Vols. I and II (Palaestra, Nos. 92 and 98), Berlin and Leipzig 1922
Charles Dickens, Leipzig 1916 (second ed. 1926), Chap. 12, ‘Erzählungskunst und Lebensbild’; Chap. II, ‘Dickens als Menschendarsteller’
FoLLett, WiLson, TheModernNovel:AStudyof thePurposeandMeaningofFiction, New York 1918
Forster, E. M., AspectsoftheNovel, London 1927Frank, Joseph, ‘Spatial Form in Modern Literature (esp. the nov-
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1934 keiter, heinrich, and keLLer, tony, DerRoman:Geschichte,Theo-
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ten, vi, Leipzig 1891LukÄcs, georg, Die Theorie des Romans: Eingeschichtsphiloso-
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intheBritishNovel, Chicago 1927 o’connor, WiLLiam V. (ed.), FormsofModernFiction, Minneapo-
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Beissner, Friedrich, GeschichtederdeutschenElegie, Berlin 1941 ВÖнм, Franz J., ‘Begriff und Wesen des Genre’, Zeitschrift für
Ästhetik, xxii (1928), pp. 186-91 Bond, richmond p., EnglishburlesquePoetry, Cambridge, Mass.
1932 Brie, Friedrich, EnglischeRokoko-Epik(1710-30), Munich 1927 Brunetiere, Ferdinand, L’EvolutiondesgenresdansI’histoiredela
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ehrenpreis, irWin, The’Types’ApproachtoLiterature, New York 1945
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hankiss, Jean, ‘Les Genres littéraires et leur base psychologique’, Helicon. II (1939), pp. 117-29
hartL, roBert, Versuch einer psychologischen Grundlegung derDichtungsgattungen, Vienna 1923
JoLLes, andrÉ, Einfache For men: Legende, Sage, Mythe, Rätsel,Spiel,Kasus,Memorabile,Märchen,Witz, Halle 1930
kayser, WoLFgang, GeschichtederdeutschenBallade, Berlin 1936 kohLer, pierre, ‘Contribution à une philosophie des genres’,
Helicon, i (1938), pp. 233-44; 11 (1940), pp. 135-47 kridL, manFred, ‘Observations sur les genres de la poésie
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erteljahrschriftfürUteraturwissenschaftundGeistesgeschichte, ix (1931), pp. 425-47 (re printed in GeistundForm, Bern 1952, pp. 292-309
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aLexander, samueL, Beauty andOther Forms of Value, London 1933
Beriger, Leonhard, DieliterarischeWertung, Halle 1938Boas, george, APrimer forCritics, Baltimore 1937 (revised ed.
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1926 heyL, Bernard C., NewBearingsinEstheticsandArtCriticism:A
StudyinSemanticsandEvaluation, New Haven 1943 Laird, John,TheIdeaofValue, Cambridge 1929 osBorne, haroLd, AestheticsandCriticism, London 1955peLL, orLie a., Value-TheoryandCriticism, New York 1930 pepper, stephen С., TheBasisofCriticismintheArts, Cambridge,
Mass., 1945perry, raLph В., GeneralTheoryofValue, New York 1926praLL, david W., AStudy in theTheoryofValue (University of
California Publications in Philosophy, Vol. in, No. 2), 1921 reid, John r., ATheoryofValue, New York 1938rice, phiLip BLair, ‘Quality and Value’, JournalofPhilosophy, xL
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6), pp. 568-75 ‘The Esthetic Judgment’, Journal of Philosophy, xxxiii (i936),
pp. 57-69 urBan, WiLBur, Valuation:ItsNatureandLaws, New York 1909 WaLsh, dorothy, ‘Literature and the Literary Judgment’, Uni-
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Lex ington, Ky, 1954, pp. 235-52 Wutz, herBert, ZurTheoriederliterarischenWertung, Tübingen
1957
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literaturis istoria
I. zogadi msjeloba literaturis istoriis Sesaxeb
curtius, ernst roBert, EuropäischeLiteraturundlateinischesMit-telalter, Bern 1948 (English tr. EuropeanLiteratureandtheLatinMiddleAges, New York 1953).
cysarz, herBert, LiteraturgeschichtealsGeisteswissenschaft, Halle 1926
Greenlaw, Edwin, The Province of Literary History, Baltimore 1931
LacomBe, pauL, IntroductionaI’histoirelittéraire, Paris 1898 Lanson, gustave, ‘Histoire littéraire’, Delaméthodedanslessci-
ences, Paris (second scries, 1911), pp. 221-64 MéthodesdeI’histoirelittéraire, Paris 1925 morize, andre, ProblemsandMethodsofLiteraryHistory, Boston
1922
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rudLer, gustave, LesTechniquesdelacritiqueetd’histoirelittéraireenlittératurefrançaisemoderne, Oxford 1923
sanders, chauncey,AnIntroductiontoResearchinEnglishLiter-aryHistory, New York 1952
WeLLek, renÉ, ‘The Theory of Literary History’, TravauxduCer-clelinguistiquedePrague, iv (1936), pp. 173-91
II. Teoriuli msjeloba periodizaciis Sesaxeb
cazamian, Louis, ‘La Notion de retours périodiques dans l’histoire littéraire’, Essaisendeuxlangues, Paris 1938, pp. 3-10
‘Les Périodes dans l’histoire de la littérature anglaise mod-erne’, Ibid., pp. 11-22
cysarz, herBert, ‘Das Periodenprinzip in der Literaturwissen-schaft’, PhilosophiederUteraturwissenschaft(ed. E. Ermatinger), Ber-lin 1930, pp. 92-129
Friedrich, h., ‘Der Epochebegriff im Lichte der französischen Préromantismeforschung’, Neue Jahrbücher fürWissenschaftund Ju-gendbildung, X (1934), pp. 124-40
meter, richard moritz, ‘Prinzipien der wissenschaftlichen Periodenbildung’, Euphorion, viii (1901), pp. 1-42
miLes, Josephine, ‘Eras in English Poetry’, PMLA, Lxx (1955), pp. 853-75
‘Le Second Congrés international d’histoire littéraire, Amster-dam 1935: Les Périodes dans l’histoire littéraire depuis la Renais-sance’, bulletinoftheInternationalCommitteeoftheHistoricalSciences, ix (1937), pp. 255-398
teesing, h. P. h., DasProblemderPerioden in der Literaturges-chichte, Groningen 1949
WeLLek, renÉ, ‘Periods and Movements in Literary History’, EnglishInstituteAnnual, 1940, New York 1941, pp. 73-93
Wiese, Benno von, ‘Zur Kritik des geisteswissenschaftlichen
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III. ramdenime Sexeduleba ZiriTadi periodebis Sesaxeb
1. renesansi
Borinski, karL, DieWeltwiedergeburtsideeindenneuerenZeiten. 1: DerStreitumdieRenaissanceunddieEntstehungsgeschichtederhistor-ischenBeziehungsbegriffe‘Renaissance’und‘Mittelalter’, Munich 1919
Burdach, konrad, ‘Sinn und Ursprung der Worte Renaissance und Re formation’, Reformation, Renaissance, Humanismus, Berlin 1926, pp. 1-84
eppeLsheimer, h. W., ‘Das Renaissanceproblem’, DeutscheVierteljahrschrift für L.iteraturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, II (1933), pp. 477-500
Ferguson, WaLLace K., The Renaissance in Historical Thought, Boston 1948
FiFe, R. H., ‘The Renaissance in a Changing World’, GermanicReview, ix (1934), PP-73-95
Huizinga, J., ‘Das Problem der Renaissance’, WegederKulturge-schichte (tr. Werner Kaegi), Munich 1930, pp. 89-139
panoFsky, ErWin, ‘Renaissance and Renascences’, Kenyon Re-view, vi (i944), PP- 201-36
phiLippi, a., DerBegriffderRenaissance:DatenzuseinerGeschichte, Leipzig 1912
2. klasicizmi
:Levin, harry, ‘Contexts of the Classical’, ContextsofCriticism,
Cambridge, Mass. 1957, pp. 38-54 Luck, georg, ‘Scriptor classicus’, Comparative Literature, x
(1958), pp, 150-58moreau, pierre, ‘Qu’est-ce qu’un classique? Qu’est-ce qu’un ro-
mantique?’ LeClassicismedesRomantiques, Paris 1932, pp. 1-22
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peyre, henri, LeClassicisme français, New York 1942 (contains chapter ‘Le Mot classicisme’ and annotated bibliography)
van tieghem, pauL, ‘Classique’, Revuedesynthséehistorique, xLi (1931), pp.238-41
3. baroko:
СaLcaterra, С., 'II problema del barocco', Questioniecorrentidistorialetteraria (a volume of Problemiedorientamenticriticidilinguaediletteraturaitaliana, ed. a. Momigliano), Milano 1948, pp. 405-501
coutinho, aFrÂnio, Aspectosdeliteraturabarroca, Rio de Janeiro 1950
getto, giovanni, ‘La polemica sul Barocco’, Letteraturaecriticaneltempo, Milano 1954, pp. 131-218
hatzFeLd, heLmut, ‘a Clarification of the Baroque Problem in the Ro mance Literatures’, ComparativeLiterature I (1949), pp. 113-39
DergegenwärtigeStandderromanistischenBarockforschung, Mu-nich 1961
‘The Baroque from the Viewpoint of the Literary Historian’, JournalofAestheticsandArtCriticism, xiv (1955), pp. 156-64
kurz, otto, ‘Barocco: storia di una parola’, Lettere italiane, xn (1960), pp 414-44
macri, oreste, La historiografia del barroco literario español, Bogota, 1961
migLiorini, Bruno, ‘Etimologia e storia del termine Barocco’, in Manierismo,Barocco,Rococò:Concettietermini. ConvegnoInternation-ale, Accade mia dei Lincei, Rome 1962, pp. 39-49
mourgues, odette de, Metaphysical,Baroque,andPrécieuxPoetry, Oxford 1953
neLson, LoWry, Jun., ‘Baroque: Word and Concept’, BaroqueLyricPoetry, New Haven 1961, pp. 1-17
Sayce, R. A., ‘The Use of the Term “Baroque” in French Literary History’, ComparativeLiterature, x (1958), pp. 246-53
WeLLek, renÉ, ‘The Concept of Baroque in Literary Scholarship’, JournalofAesthetics, v (1946), pp. 77--109 (with full bibliography)
4. romantizmi:
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BaLdensperger, Fernand, ‘ Romantique - ses analogues et équi valents’, Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature, xiv (1937), pp. 13-105
BarrÈre, Jean-Bertrand, ‘Sur quelques définitions du Roman-tisme’, Revuedesscienceshumaines, Lxii-Lxiii (1951), pp. 93-110
Peckham, Morse, ‘Toward a Theory of Romanticism’, PMLA, Lxvi (1951), pp. 5-23; ‘Toward a Theory of Romanticism: II. Reconsidera tions’, StudiesinRomanticism, I (1961), 1-6
petersen, JuLius, DieWesensbestimmungderdeutschenRomantik, Leipzig 1926
remak, henry h. h., ‘West European Romanticism: Definition and Scope’, ComparativeLiterature:MethodandPerspective (ed. New-ton P. Stallknecht and Horst Frenz), Carbondale, III. 1961, pp. 223-59
schuLtz, Franz, ‘Romantik und Romantisch als literaturges-chichtliche Terminologie und Begriffsbildungen’, DeutscheViertel-jahrschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, II (1924), pp. 349-66
smith, Logan P., FourWords:Romantic,Originality,Creative,Ge-nius (Society for Pure English, Tract No. 17), Oxford 1924 (reprinted in WordsandIdioms, Boston 1925)
uLLmann, richard, and gotthard, heLene, GeschichtedesBegriffs‘Romantisch’inDeutschland, Berlin 1927
WeLLek, renÉ, ‘The Concept of Romanticism in Literary Scho-larship’, ComparativeLiterature i (1949), pp. 1-23, 147-72
5. realizmi
BorgerhoFF, E. В. O., ‘Réalisme and Kindred Words: Their Use as a Term of Literary Criticism in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century’, PublicationsoftheModernLanguageAssociation, Liii (1938), pp. 837-43
Brinkmann, richard, Wirklichkeitund Illusion:StudienüberGe-haltundGrenzendesBegriffsRealismus, Tübingen 1957
Levin, harry (ed.), ‘A Symposium on Realism’, Comparative Lit-
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StudiesinDefoe,RichardsonandFielding, London 1960, pp. 9-34 WeinBerg, Bernard, FrenchRealism:TheCriticalReaction, 1830-70,
Chicago 1937WeLLek, renÉ, ‘The Concept of Realism in Literary Scholarship’,
Neophilologus, xL (1960), pp. 1-20
6. simbolizmi
Barre, andrÉ, LeSymbolisme, Paris 1911Lehmann, a. g., TheSymbolistAestheticinFrance 1885-1895, Ox-
ford 1950 martino, pierre, Parnasse et symbolisme:1850-1900, Paris 1925,
pp. 150- 55
IV. msjeloba ganviTarebis Sesaxeb literaturasa da istoriaSi
aBercromBie, LasceLLes, ProgressinLiterature, London 1929 BrunetiÈre, Ferdinand, L’ÉvolutiondesgenresdansI’histoiredela
littérature, Paris 1890cazamian, Louis, L’ÉvolutionpsychologiquedelalittératureenAn-
gleterre, Paris 1920croce, Benedetto, ‘Categorismo e psicologismo nella storia
della poesia’, Ultimisaggi, Bari 1935, pp. 373-79 ‘La riforma della storia artistica e letteraria', Nuovisaggidieste-
tica, second ed., Bari 1927, pp. 157-80curtius, ernst roBert, FerdinandBrunetière, Strassburg 1914 driesch, hans, Logische Studien über Entwicklung (Sitzungs-
berichte der Heidelberger Akademie, Philosophisch-historische Klasse, 1918, No. 3)
kantoroWicz, hermann, ‘ Grundbegriffe der Literaturgeschich-te’, Logos, xviii (1929), pp. 102-21
kautzsch, rudoLF, DerBegriffderEntwicklunginderKunstgesc-
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bichte (Frank furter Universitätsreden, No. 7), Frankfurt 1917 manLy, John mattheWs, ‘Literary Forms and the New Theory of
the Origin of Species’, ModernPhilology, iv (1907), pp. 577-95 mannheim, karL, ‘Historismus’, Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft
undSozialpolitik, Lii (1925), pp. 1-60 (English tr. in EssaysontheSoci-ologyofKnowledge, New York 1952, pp. 84-133)
meinecke, Friedrich, ‘Kausalitäten und Werte in dcr Geschich-te’, HistorischeZeitschrift, cxxxvii (1918), pp. 1-27 (reprinted in StoatundPersönlichkeit, Berlin 1933, pp. 28-53)
rickert, heinrich, Die Grenzen der naturwissenschaftlichenBegriffsbildung, Tübingen 1902 (fifth ed., 1929)
KulturwissenschaftundNaturwissenschaft, Tübingen 1921 riezLer, kurt, Über den Begriff der historischcn Entwicklung’,
Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesges-chichte, iv (1926), pp.193-225
symonds, John addington, ‘On the Application of Evolutionary Principles to Art and Literature’, EssaysSpeculativeandSuggestive, London 1890, Vol. 1, pp. 42-84
troeLtsch, ernst, DerHistorismusundseineProbleme, Tübingen 1922, new ed 1961
WeLLek, renÉ, ‘The Concept of Evolution in Literary History’ Fo. Roman Jakobson, The Hague 1956, pp. 653-61
510
511
indeqsi
512
513
aarne, anti, 441aberkrombi, daSelesi, 448aboti, Carlzi d., 412agripa, korneliusi, 299, 435adisoni, jozefi, 143, 145, 282adleri, alfredi, 409adleri, mortimeri, 39, 398, 414adoracki, v., 415avgustine, wmida, 49, 399avTenturoba, 778, 88, 93avtoroba, 78azari, poli, 162, 418aikeni, konradi, 128aixendorfi, Josef von, 175ainli, duglasi, 429, 451ainStaini, alberti, 424aleni, r. j., 413alonso, amado, 264alonso, damaso, 264amerikuli literatura, 134amieli, henri frederiki, 322ampere, j.j., 63apelesi, 186apolineri, giliomi, 207ariosto, ludoviko, 182aristotele, 20, 41, 48, 53, 193, 276, 284, 310, 331, 333, 336, 340, 436, 444arnhaimi, rudolfi, 412arnoldi, meTiu, 40, 63, 88, 107, 259, 280, 309, 408, 431aroni, reimondi, 395asociacia, 1234
auerbaxi, erixi, 69, 402
baironi, jorj gordoni, lordi, 105, 109, 112, 139, 232, 306, 338, 358, 385, 414, 445baldenspergeri, fernani, 65, 400, 414balzaki, onore de, 31, 32, 43, 118, 120, 136, 1456, 168, 169, 311, 319, 322, 356, 419, 441, 442 banzuni, Jaki, 457bara, emili, 269baranti, prosper de, 139, 413barbiusi, anri, 266, 432 bari, jeimsi, 452barkasi, palisteri, 240, 428barneti, joni, 414barnsi, h. e., 424baroko, 1734, 1914, 207, 214, 260, 268, 28890bartasi, diu, 290basano, jakopo, 195batleri, samueli, 162batleri, josefi, 24batlerboudeni, v., 403bebiti, irvingi, 181, 444, 446bede, Janalberti, 116bedie, jozefi, 81beTeli, s. l., 396beThoveni, ludvig van, 169beikeri, j. e., 449beiti, uolter jeqsoni, 235,
indeqsi
514
indeqsi
416, 434beitsoni, f. v., 54, 2524, 399, 430beili, joni, 381beinsi, h. g., 418bekeri, f. b., 416bekeri, hovardi, 416bekingi, gustavi, 427bekoni, frensisi, 294, 296beli, andrei, 239beli, Sarli, 264, 438, 444beljioni, montgomeri, 47beneti, arnoldi, 145beniani, joni, 325bentli, eriki, 406bentli, jeraldi e., 418benusi, vitorio, 429bergsoni, henri, 25, 41, 266berdiaevi, nikolai, 163, 426berendi, e., 441berkelmani, r. g., 411berkli, jorji, 24, 162, 279, 296berliozi, heqtori, 169bernai, maikli, 405bernei, fani, 321bernini, jiovani, 215bernsi, roberti, 136, 299bertoni, roberti, 376bexi, filip augusti, 512, 399birkhedi, ediTi, 445birkhofi, g. d., 190, 229, 422, 425birni, muriel st. kleri, 404biuleri, karli, 284, 435biuheri, karli, 155, 424biCi, jozef uoreni, 423, 442blagoi, d., 413bleiki, uiliami, 33, 171, 186,
253, 2756, 299, 300, 358, 363, 434bleri, hiu, 335, 336bleqmuri, r. p., 53bloki, aleqsandre, 344bloxi, jozefi, 415bogatirevi, petre, 401bodleri, Carlzi, 66, 86, 116, 287, 411bodkini, maudi, 410boduini, Sarli, 433boeme, iakobi, 171, 435boesi, f. s., 403boesi, jorji, 40, 1578, 354, 398, 417, 4489bomonti, 55, 92, 305, 406bonaldi, lui g. a., 132, 412bonto, jermeini, 421boringi, e. g., 433bosanke, bernardi, 355, 356, 448bosanke, Teodora, 411 bosiue, Jakbeni, 32, 239bosueli, jeimsi, 78, 403boulingi, lorensi, 443bouterveki, fridrixi, 69, 401braiti, timoTi, 42brandesi, jorji, 104, 408brauni, stiven j., 435brauni, ser tomasi, 237, 239, 294, 296brauni, joni, 391brauningi, roberti, 158, 162, 213, 230, 232, 243 bredbi, eni, 439bredli, a. s., 50, 399bredli, skali, 404breigeli, piteri, ufrosi,
515
indeqsi
188, 429bremoni, abati henri, 167brehti, berToldi, 344briki, osipi, 230, 426briuli, grafi hans moritci, 419briusovi, valeri, 425brijesi, roberti, 177bronte, emili, 108, 273, 408bronte, patriki, 108bronte, Sarlota, 108, 150bruge, pieri. ix. breigelibrugemani, fritci, 416brunetieri, ferdinandi, 344, 402, 446bruno, jordano, 162, 164bruqsi, klinT, juni, 33, 363, 397, 435, 437bualo, nikolasi, 3345buTbi, hili, 419burgumi, edvini b., 1545, 416burki, edmundi, 24burki, keneti, 39, 398, 417burkhardti, iakobi, 195, 423buSe, fransua, 180
galtoni, frensisi, 271gariki, devidi, 87gaskeli, elizabed kleghorni, 150gelderi, r. van, 411gelerti, iohan fiurxtegoti, 168, 419george, stefani, 300geri, gerlen de, 430gerSenzoni, m. o., 418gesemani, gerhardi, 401giboni, edvardi, 24, 239
gibonsi, Tomasi, 289, 437gilbi, Tomasi, 41gisingi, jorji, 315glokneri, hermani, 164, 418gogoli, nikolai, 1356, 215, 239, 319, 325, 349, 441godvini, uiliami, 162, 165, 316, 441goeTe, iohan volfgang von, 48, 65, 67, 85, 105, 106, 113, 118, 121, 125, 139, 143, 163, 164, 169, 170, 171, 178, 184, 188, 194, 264, 266, 399, 401, 405, 408, 410, 420, 431, 434, 443, 451goldsmiti, oliveri, 73, 92, 407golzuorTi, joni, 145gongora, luis de, 264gonCarovi, aleqsandre, 135gordoni, e. h., 441gose, edmundi, 407, 450gotie, Teofile, 1801gurmoni, remi de, 365, 450grabo, karli, 441gramoni, morisi, 234, 426gratani, j. h., 404gregi, u. u., 79, 81, 84, 85, 381, 404, 452greguari, anri, 415grei, Tomasi, 161, 282, 338, 445gribi, v., 152grigsoni, jefri, 410grini, Teodor meieri, 189, 351, 356, 422, 448, 449grini, roberti, 91, 263grini, f. s., 63, 400grinlou, edvini, 22, 51, 396grifiti, r. h., 79, 404grifiusi, andreasi, 360
516
indeqsi
gruenvaldi, ernsti, 416gruti, alberti de, 4278guastala, r. m., 435gumbeli, hermani, 403gundolfi, fridrixi, 266, 408, 431
davenanti, ser uiliami, 332dalasi, e. s., 332, 444 dalke, h. oto, 416 dans skotusi, 162dante, 32, 45, 48, 58, 67, 118, 157, 162, 164, 186, 259, 267, 273, 293, 357, 398, 420, 431, 433, 434darvini, Carlzi r., 25, 373dauni, juni, 433de gre, jerard l., 416de quinsi, Tomasi, 119, 242devidsoni, angusi, 419devidsoni, donaldi, 435devisi, siseli, 421dekeri, Tomasi, 18delakrua, anri, 412deloni, Tomasi, 145demokrite, 169denieli, semiueli, 294denisi, joni, 280denhemi, joni, 335, 361destiu, antuani, de trasi, 128defo, denieli, 92, 310, 322, 353, 4067dibeliusi, vilhelmi, 317, 411, 441, 442didro, denisi, 113, 414dikensi, Carlzi, 114, 118, 124, 143, 145, 237, 312, 316, 318, 319,
321, 326, 343, 359, 360, 411, 414, 441, 442dikinsoni, emili, 300, 439dilTai, vilhelmi, 16, 17, 118, 165, 169, 266, 395, 408, 410, 419dioni, a., 437diuvali, aleqsandre, 409diui, joni, 189, 382, 421, 422diuma, aleqsandre, 143diuJardeni, eduardi, 3278doiCbaini, maqsi, 172, 261, 420donahiu, jeimsi j., 444doni, joni, 56, 161, 296, 302, 303, 360, 362, 437, 449dostoevski, Tedore, 33, 43, 112, 117, 118, 125, 135, 163, 177, 178, 343, 418dousoni, jailsi, 406doji, n. i., 451draideni, joni, 54, 66, 79, 161, 290, 336, 361, 375, 397, 400, 404, 437draizeri, teodore, 123, 228
egani, rouzi f., 414evripide, 58, 137eixenbaumi, borisi, 251, 424, 429eleji, skoti, 396elioti, Tomas stirnsi, 40, 45, 47, 48, 106, 115, 116, 117, 118, 121, 157, 162, 273, 290, 305, 338, 343, 352, 355, 359, 361, 363, 366, 370, 3989, 408, 41011, 417, 425, 4334, 440, 4489, 450, 451elioti, jorji, 164, 177elisabedi, dedofali, 13, 18,
517
indeqsi
20, 42, 556, 79, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, 91,93, 103, 1278, 160elisi, haveloki, 412elisformeri, una, 421eltoni, oliveri, 368, 427, 450emersoni, ralfi u., 32, 49, 51, 160, 239, 277, 314empedokle, 164empsoni, uiliami, 331, 423engelsi, fridrixi, 415engstromi, a. g., 409epelSaimeri, h. u., 420erlixi, viqtori, 423, 429ermatingeri, emili, 403, 422, 453erskine, joni, 332, 444erhardtsiboldi, erika von, 409esqile, 36, 137, 155, 277, 417etimbli, rene, 426
vageri, riCardi, 187, 443valentini, viti, 445valeri, poli, 121, 287, 411valceli, oskari, 170, 191, 193, 202, 396, 402, 413, 420, 422, 423, 424, 427, 432, 442, 453van deiki, antuani, 191van doreni, marki, 396, 397van tigemi, poli, 68, 339, 342, 344, 401, 441, 445, 446vanbruxi, ser joni, 415vato, antuani, 185vaxi, ioakime, 416veberi, maqsi, 147, 153, 416vebleni, Torstaini, 141
vebsteri, joni, 92, 437velaskesi, diego, 169veltmani, a., 325verdi, juzepe, 184verie, poli, 243, 251, 437, 438verleni, poli, 1834verneri, hainci, 286, 427, 436veroneze, paolo, 196veselovski, aleqsandre n., 400, 402, 452veqsleri, eduardi, 261, 388vietori, karli, 331, 337, 381, 454vivasi, elizeo, 364, 450viko, jiambatista, 162, 277viliamsoni, jorji, 355, 432, 449vindelbandi, vilhelmi, 17, 159, 395virgiliusi, 46, 108, 138, 234, 362, 398vitruviusi, 215voeni, veilend f., 417voeni, henri, 288volteri, 139, 346, 373vulfi, tomasi, 112volflini, hainrixi, 170, 191, 422vreni, j. h., 407vudberi, jorji, 401vudhausi, riCardi, 408vundti, vilhelmi, 285
zabeli, morton d., 399zeidel, edvin h., 407zilinski, t., 396zola, emili, 215, 322
518
indeqsi
Tauni, r. h., 416Tekerei, uiliam meiqfisi, 33, 145, 186, 331Teobaldi. luisi, 84Toma aqvineli, 162Toma kempieli, 92Torberni, jon m., 410Torndaiki, eSli, 413Toro, henri, 294
iaenSi, erihi, 114, 409ibseni, henriki, 32, 43, 320, 326, 345, 442ieitsi, 33, 162, 275, 276, 279, 299, 300, 301, 400, 434, 435, 438, 439ivanovi, viaCeslavi, 163, 418iveri, m. a., 438ingardeni, romani, 2189, 226, 425, 448ipseni, giunTeri, 427iraseki, aloisi, 144irvingi, vaSingtoni, 323irvini, h. d., 395istmeni, maqsi, 434, 398, 413iuli, adni, 92, 407iume, devidi, 24iungi, karli j., 112, 116, 162, 410
kazamiani, luisi, 18, 368, 390, 395, 403, 423, 451kaie, emili, 116, 439kainzi, fridrixi, 431kaiseri, volfgangi, 426kanti, imanueli, 25, 38, 1613, 169, 175, 223, 351, 386, 447kantoroviCi, hermani, 404kargi, fritci, 427kardineri, abrami, 114karlaili, Tomasi, 66, 134, 135, 263, 385karpenteri, f. i., 442karteri, joni, 94, 407kasani, a., 414kasireri, ernsti, 174, 420, 435kastendieki, mailsi m., 421kauli, abrahami, 361kafka, franci, 112, 312, 317, 343, 359, 360keinsi, jon meinardi, 150, 415keleri, gotfridi, 311keleri, volfgangi, 235keleti, e. e., 449kempbeli, lili, 127, 399, 412, 413kempbeli, luisi, 90kempbeli, oskari, 127, 400, 412kempbeli, jorji, 285, 289, 436, 437kempi, marjeris wigni, 78, 403kempioni, Tomasi, 421, 429kenedi, arturi g., 403keri, v. p., 329, 370, 437, 443, 448, 451kerni, aleqsandre k., 416kernodli, jorji r., 421keroli, luisi, 266
519
indeqsi
keTeri, vila, 312kvintiliane, 297, 435, 437kidi, Tomasi, 91, 263, 292kileni, a., 445kilmeri, joisi, 19kingi, a. h., 256, 430kingsli, Carlzi, 150kingsmili, hiu, 107, 408kinsli, editi e., 408kioleri, volfgangi, 427kionigi, gosvini, 413kiorneri, iosebi, 266, 431kitsi, joni, 32, 86, 106, 108, 112, 125, 127, 158, 180, 230, 361, 363, 385, 408, 411, 420, 426, 445, 451kiuvie, jorji, baroni, 63klaisti, hainrix von, 163, 175, 418klarki, devid li, 451klarki, edvin l., 412kleberi, f., 440klemeni, volfgangi, 3078, 378, 437, 439, 440, 452klemons, hari, 431klodeli, poli, 238klopstoki, fridrix gotlibi, 435klukhoni, pauli, 166, 418knikerbokeri, v. s., 399koeni, moris r., 412koldueli, kristoferi, 155, 417kolvini, ser sidnei, 420kolingvudi, r. g., 60, 396, 398, 399, 400kolinzi, uiliami, 182, 358, 380kolinzi, uilki, 316
kolriji, ernest hartli, 408kolriji, samuel teilori, 103, 116, 119, 124, 143, 1612, 270, 274, 332, 353, 385, 390, 334, 408, 411kongrevi uiliami, 414konerTi, hermani, 397konradi, jozefi, 312, 397konradi, hedvigi, 285konbramsteti, ernsti, 146, 414korneli, pieri, 193korni, a. l., 424korthoupi, uiliami, j., 367, 450korfi, herman avgusti, 172, 173, 420krape, aleqsandre h., 446kreigi, hardini, 55, 399, 451kreini, ronaldi s., 407, 451kreSo, riCardi, 431kreCmeri, ernsti, 116, 410krikoriani, iervant h., 416krisi, ernsti, 438kroli, morisi u., 427, 431, 432kroCe, benedeto, 17, 118, 178, 179, 189, 268, 329, 357, 379, 395, 397, 412, 420, 421, 443, 452kuzaneli, nikolausi, 188kuperi, jeimsi f., 123kurno, a. a., 388 kurciusi, ernst roberti, 69, 377
520
indeqsi
la drieri, kreigi j., 434, 448laboki, persi, 219, 326, 328, 423, 4423, lavjoi, arturi o., 1589, 160, 174, 389, 402laibnici, gotfridi, 27, 169langer, siuzan k., 46, 398, 411landori, uolter seveji, 181lanci, henri, 231, 426, 429larabi, stiven a., 180, 420, 421le bosiu, rene, 38, 239legua, emili, 196, 395, 420, 423, 451levi, hana, 430levini, Telma z., 416levini, hari, 144, 413, 443lemi, Carlzi, 148, 414lenglendi, uiliami, 145, 360lenieri, sidni, 241lerneri, maqsi, 446lesingi, gothold efraimi, 181, 182, 418li, renseler v., 421li, ser sidni, 201, 377, 423, 452 lidgeiti, joni, 250livisi, frenk reimondi, 418, 423, 424, 449livisi, q. d., 139, 413liklideri, alberti h., 429lili, joni, 262, 431lindzi, veiCeli, 279linki, k. s., 414linCi, k. m., 415loki, joni, 128, 161, 328longinusi, 259loreni, klodi, 180
lorenco, magnifiko, 195loueli, jeimsi r., 309louisi, jon livingstoni, 124, 419, 459lourensi, v. j., 406ludvigi, oto, 3256, 409, 411, 442luisi, k. s., 118, 166, 216, 381, 410, 419, 425, 436, 452luisi, sinkleri, 145, 323luka, emili, 448lukreciusi, 48, 169lunaCarski, anatoli v., 415lutoslavski, vinsenti, 90, 406
mazerueli, uiliami, 83mazoni, andre, 407maiakovski, vladimiri, 344mailsi, jozefina, 264, 378, 413, 431, 440maisneri, poli, 1723, 420makarTi, desmondi, 312, 440makdonaldi, hiu, 79, 404makdonaxi, Tomasi, 429makelderi, b. r., jun., 431makenzi, gordoni, 413, 440makenzi, komftoni, 339makinesi, v. d., 395makleiSi, arCibaldi, 46maknisi, luisi, 301, 409, 434, 439makolei, Tomas bebingtoni, 148, 206, 414makormiki, v. s., 404
521
indeqsi
makfersoni, jeimsi, 93, 407makqerou, ronald b., 85, 404maxali, iani, 391, 402, 453malarme, stefani, 180, 207, 279, 420malouni, edmundi, 90, 93, 405, 407mandelbaumi, morisi, 395manveringi, elisabed v., 420mani, Tomasi, 33, 178manhaimi, karli, 153, 416 mareti, roberti r., 417marveli, endriu, 2578, 430marksi, janeti, 411marlo, kristoferi, 78, 91, 161, 263, 292, 403marstoni, joni, 92marqsi, karli, 59, 114, 132, 135, 149, 1504, 415, 417masariki, tomaS gariga. 94, 407matisi, anri, 353mautneri, fritci, 266maSo, giliomi, 303medikusi, fritci, 422meduoli, henri, 78, 403meie, antuani, 250, 429meieri, g. v., 107, 408meieri, Teodor a., 397meieri, konrad ferdinandi, 86, 172meierhofi, hansi, 32, 397meiri, j., 407meirinki, gustavi, 431meiCeni, arturi, 280, 435melvili, hermani, 177, 239, 319mendilou, a. a., 32, 397merediti, jorji, 88, 243,
263, 312, 437mereJkovski, dimitri, 163, 418meri, jon midltoni, 273, 306merili, edelstand du, 402meringi, franci, 415mertoni, robert k., 416midltoni, Tomasi, 92mizeneri, arturi, 445miltoni, joni, 60, 105, 108, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 139, 161, 167, 216, 255, 259, 262, 264, 265, 273, 2823, 290, 293, 306, 314, 329, 3301, 336, 3569, 361, 362, 375, 411, 425, 431, 433, 436, 449, 451 mimsi, edvini, 446mitski, dimitri s., 284, 436miuleri, giunTeri, 381, 397, 446, 452miuleri, vilhelmi, 184miuleri, kurt rixardi, 434miunkeri, franci, 432miqelanjelo, buonarati, 169, 186, 421miCi, senfordi b., 403molieri, 42, 147, 311, 321, 343mongloni, andre, 167, 414, 419monteni, miSel de, 32, 161, 166, 267, 451monteski, 418mopasani, gi de, 325, 442morgenSterni, kristiani, 266, 4312mori, pol elmeri, 109morizi, andre, 94, 406morike, eduardi, 170morisi, bertrani, 447morisi, Carlzi, 433
522
indeqsi
morli, henri, 367, 450morsbaxi. lorenci, 428mocarti, volfgang amadeusi, 185muiri, edvini, 31, 396mukarovski, iani, 414, 424, 425, 429, 448muri, virjinia, 108, 408muri, Tomasi, 110muri, meriani, 310muri, uilbert e., 416
nabokovi, vladimeri, 441nadleri, iosefi, 72, 403naiTsi, l. s., 136, 396, 413, 415, 423naiti, g. uilsoni, 306, 361, 440naumani, hansi, 64, 400nezerkoti, a. h., 411neruda, pablo, 264nesi, frederiki, 426neSi, Tomasi, 256niburi, reinholdi, 278, 435nidhemi, g. b., 414, 442nicSe, fridrixi, 117, 153, 160, 162, 239, 277, 279, 410, 418, 420, 435novalisi (fridrix von hardenbergi), 1745, 418noimani, ernsti, 422noimani, karli, 421noli, hermani, 169, 266, 419, 431, 436, 439nordeni, eduardi, 428
odeni, v. h., 114, 338, 3434, 409, 410odini, s., 412overmeieri, greisi, 413ovidiusi, 138olifanti, e. h. k., 406olifanti, margreti, 385olSki, leonardo, 70, 391, 402, 453omondi, t. s., 240, 428ortega i gaseti, xose, 425osborni, l. b., 436 osborni, jeims marSali, 403, 404osiani, 66, 68, 93, 238, 407ostini, jeini, 85, 116, 1456, 315, 322
palmeri, j., 415panofski, ervini, 181, 403, 421paracelsusi vn hohenhaimi, 188, 299, 435pareto, vilfredo, 153paroti, Tomas marki, 405partingtoni, vilfredi, 407pasarJi, v., 423paskali, blezi, 85, 160, 162, 406pasternaki, borisi, 435, 444patersoni, v. m., 237, 427
523
indeqsi
patersoni, uorner f., 446patisoni, briusi, 420paundi, ezra, 272, 433pegui, Carlzi, 432peiri, henri, 402, 449, 453peiteri, uolteri, 14, 263, 353, 368 penido, m. t. l., 438peperi, s. k., 447, 448pepvelmani, daniel adami, 215peri, alberti, 413peri, blisi, 428persi, Tomasi, 83persivali, m. o., 434peterseni, iuliusi, 388, 452petrarka, franCesko, 138petSi, roberti, 401, 441pili, jorji, 91, 263pindare, 137, 263, 380pinderi, vilhelmi, 452pirsoni, norman h., 443plavte, 321platoni, 32, 36, 44, 49, 90, 159, 161, 162, 165, 169, 187, 221, 310, 331, 364, 399, 406, 421, 435, 444plexanovi, giorgi, 142, 414plotini, 163, 203po, edgar alani, 37, 66, 116, 117, 118, 122, 190, 193, 232, 273, 306, 322, 324, 330, 328, 449polardi, a. v., 84, 85, 94, 405polardi, grehemi, 94, 407polivka, jiri, 401poloki, Tomas klarki, 26, 396polti, jorji, 441pongsi, hermani, 297, 300, 301, 436, 438, 439poteri, stiveni, 395
potli, frederik a., 56, 400, 403, 449poupi, aleqsandre, 13, 54, 57, 60, 66, 79, 83, 105, 112, 139, 161, 165, 232, 233, 242, 265, 289, 290, 306, 360, 361, 363, 4045, 423, 426, 437poupi, jon s., 428praiori, meTiu, 362praisi, herevard t., 405praci, mario, 166, 304, 321, 419, 439, 442, 449preskoti, frederik h., 411prusti, marseli, 112, 120, 126, 128, 146, 182, 266, 343, 360pule, jorji, 396puli, Tomasi, 408putenhami, jorji, 424puSkini, aleqsandre, 135, 163, 238, 253, 264, 413, 418, 430
Jidi, andre, 325Jilsoni, etieni, 162, 417Jirmunski, viqtori, 233, 426, 429, 452Jiuserani, Jan Jaki, 368Jodeli, etieni, 346, 373Joli, andre, 344, 446, 452
rable, fransua, 162, 256, 2667, 430, 432raglani, fitsroi riCard somerseti, lordi, 435ravi, filipi, 442
524
indeqsi
railo, eino, 445ranke, leopoldi, 370ranki, oto, 112raJo, gastoni, 414rasini, jini, 116, 193, 320, 343, 346, 373redklifi, eni, 315, 322reinoldsi, jorji j., 421rembo, arturi, 235, 287rembranti, van rini, 196remi, valteri, 166, 418rensomi, jon krou, 41, 234, 426, 445reskini, joni, 167, 237, 239, 297reCfordi, feni, 407ribo, Teodul armani, 1178, 410, 411ridi, a. v., 403ridi, l. a., 3568, 449ridi, ser herberti, 424rivi, klara, 315, 440rikerti, hainrixi, 17, 395rikvordi, k. h., 432rili, aloisi, 33, 397riCardsi, ivor armstrongi, 16, 202, 212, 213, 234, 272, 280, 2845, 363, 395, 424, 433, 436, 437riCardsoni, doroTi, 450riCardsoni, samueli, 168riCardsoni, Carlzi f., 426riCi, seimori, 403rixteri, Janpoli, 175, 325ro, f. s., 450robaki, a. a., 410roberti, karli, 421robertsoni, jeims makkinoni, 91, 263, 405, 406, 431
robinsoni, f. n., 80rozanovi, vasili, 163, 418rozenblati, lui, 414romeni, Jiuli, 266, 432rosa, salvatore, 180rosenbergi, haroldi, 439roseti, dante gabrieli, 186rubensi, piter pauli, 169, 196rugofi, miltoni, 302rudleri, gustavi, 94rusu, liviu, 118, 410ruti, robert kilberni, 404ruci, otmari, 236, 427
sazerlendi, jeimsi, 405saimondsi, jon adingtoni, 14, 373, 382, 402saimonsi, arturi, 14, 382sakulini, p. n., 135, 413samersi, montegi, 445sandersi, Consi, 94sandi, JorJi, 177sarani, franci, 243, 246, 429sarsi, franciski, 445sartre, Janpoli, 433sauTi, roberti, 233saqsli, frici, 181, 421sevi, morisi, 360seviji, riCardi, 303sekeli, ditrixi, 427selveri, poli, 407selinkuri, ernest de, 87seneani, lazare, 256, 430senkeviCi, henriki, 144sentbevi, avgusti, 53, 368
525
indeqsi
sentsberi, jorji, 237, 240, 259, 368, 378, 427, 428, 431, 450, 452ser Tomas mori, 84, 405servantesi, migel de saavedra, 67seSani, lui, 421svedenborgi, emanueli, 434svinborni, alJernoni, 88, 162svifti, jonaTani, 138, 279, 322, 413, 445sidni, ser filipi, 167, 250, 289, 292siversi, eduardi, 236, 243, 427silvesteri, joSua, 290silci, uolteri, 409sismondi, JanCarlzleonard simon de, 69, 401sisoni, k. j., 408, 440sora, denisi, 358siueli, arturi, 442skaligeri, iulius keisari, 333skardi, sigmundi, 419skeltoni, joni, 250, 256, 361skiti, u. u., 93, 407skoti, ser uolteri, 68, 83, 121, 123, 139, 144, 315, 317, 319, 321, 344, 441skoti, jefri, 403skripCeri, e. v., 244smarti, kristoferi, 78, 253, 292, 403smarti, j. s., 407smirnovi, a. a., 152, 415smiti, adami, 24smiti, logen perseli, 357smiti, jeimsi h., 412
smiti, horacio, 412smoleti, tobiasi, 145, 322sokrate, 164, 277, 279soreli, jorji, 128, 278, 435sorokini, pitirimi, 154, 396, 416, 423sosiuri, ferdinand de, 220sofokle, 46, 356, 398spargo, jon vebsteri, 403spenseri, edmundi, 161, 180, 190, 196, 250, 262, 282, 290, 293, 319, 331, 361, 375, 404, 420spenseri, Teodore, 166, 431spenseri, herberti, 79sperberi, hansi, 431sperjeni, qerolaini, 104, 304, 305, 306, 439spingarni, j. e., 50, 399, 424, 444spinoza, baruxi, 162, 163, 169, 188, 355spiri, m. e., 339sprangeri, eduardi, 410staini, hertruda, 60, 239stanislavski, konstantin s., 445stedi, u. f., 403steinbeki, joni, 146steisi, u. t., 41, 398, 399stendali, 107, 128, 169, 408, 412sterni, lorensi, 73, 128, 161, 207, 325, 328, 376stiveni, lesli, 367, 450stivensi, jorji, 405stivensoni, r. l., 88stili, joSua, 236, 427stiuarti, j. a., 435stiuarti, jorj ripli, 246,
526
indeqsi
428, 429stoli, edgar elmeri, 55, 148, 305, 396, 400, 408, 412, 414, 415, 423, 449stou, hariet biCeri, 143, 145sugdeni, herbert w., 431surei, henri hovardi, 426
tanenbaumi, samuel a., 404, 405tegarti, f. j., 372, 451teilori, jeremi, 239teilori, jorj s., 451teiti, aleni, 3601, 400, 449teni, ipolite, 133, 148, 149, 368tenisoni, alfredi, lordi, 162, 234, 257, 361, 430terenciusi, 321teri, eleni, 108tveni, marki, 120tibode, alberi, 180, 327, 411, 420, 442, 443, 445tiki, ludvigi, 118, 180, 183, 325tiliardi, aelfrida, 411tiliardi, e. m., 216, 425tilotsoni, jefri, 265, 423, 430, 431tinkeri, Consi briusteri, 408, 413tirviti, Tomasi, 90, 93, 407titeri, lui, 257, 258, 425, 430ticiani (ticiano veCeli), 191, 196toinbi, arnoldi, 372, 374
tolnei, Carlz de, 188, 421tolstoi, levi, 33, 118, 135, 146, 163, 264, 359, 418tomarsi, adolf sigfridi, 131tomaSevski, borisi, 238, 428tompsoni, e. n. s., 405, 406, 439tompsoni, ser e. m., 413tompsoni, frensisi, 437tomsoni, uiliami, 271, 428tomsoni, jeimsi, 161, 167, 265, 303, 336tomsoni, jorji, 155, 425, 439toni, luisi, 269toskanini, arturo, 210trari, pieri, 167, 419traherni, Tomasi, 108, 303, 439trilingi, lioneli, 409trolopi, ertoni, 85, 116, 145, 312, 313, 315troltSi, ernsti, 55, 399, 425tuvi, rozmondi, 56tupini, rene, 434turgenevi, ivani, 135, 145, 146, 239turneri, sirili, 92, 437
uaizi, t. j., 94, 407uaiTi, h. o., 451uaildi, oskari, 44, 391, 411uatsi, isaaki, 289udiati, pieri, 425ueidi, gledis i., 303, 439ueleki, alberti, 409, 426ueleki, rene, 401, 402, 418, 421, 422, 445, 450
527
indeqsi
ueleri, edmundi, 361uelsi, h. j., 145, 437uelsi, henri, v., 2913, 296, 307, 343uikstidi, j. h., 275, 434uildi, henri sesili, 426, 430, 431uilkoki, gledis doiji, 435uilraiti, filipi, 280, 466uilsoni, edmundi, 409uilsoni, romeri, 408uilsoni, qeTrin m., 427uilsoni, j. doveri, 84, 85, 405uilsoni, harold s., 452uimsati, uiliam kurci, 395, 397, 426, 427, 428, 431uindi, edgari, 421uirTi, l., 418uistleri, jeims abot maknili, 44, 183uitmeni, uolti, 82, 284, 405, 436uitmori, k. e., 443uiCerli, uiliami, 414ulmani, s. de, 409ulrici, hermani, 157, 417ungeri, rudolfi, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 418, 419uokeri, elisi, 435uoltoni, isaaki, 303uolSi, doroTi, 398, 448uordsuorTi, uiliami, 58, 86, 87, 106, 107, 120, 162, 171, 264, 397, 408, 444 uoreni, ostini, 399, 431uoreni, robert, peni, 363uoringeri, vilhelmi, 298,
438uortoni, tomasi, 93, 145, 367, 407, 414, 450, 451uotsdantoni, Teodori, 353uteri, r. p., 411, 414, 442
fareli, jeimsi t., 145farquhari, jorji, 415fearCaildi, hoqsi n., 186, 419fenoloza, ernesti, 207, 424 fergiusoni, frencisi, 442fernandesi, ramoni, 107, 327, 408, 442fidleri, konradi, 33, 192, 397fildingi, henri, 145, 319, 322filipi, Sarllui, 266, 432firTi, ser Carlzi, 413forsteri, joni, 441fiSeri, otokari, 409fiSeri, fridrix Teodori, 33fiCino, marsilio, 164fixte, iohan gotlibi, 163, 168, 1745fletCeri, joni, 55, 92, 305, 406fli, frederik garti, 405floberi, gustavi, 121, 125, 316, 325, 411, 442foiera, alberti, 126foierbaxi, ludvigi, 162foleti, uilsoni, 440folkneri, uiliami, 129, 144, 318foresti, l. k. t., 412formani, baqstoni h., 407,
528
indeqsi
408, 411forsteri, edvard morgani, 43, 398forsteri, normani, 398, 447fosleri, karli, 253, 261, 430, 438franki, valdo, 413franki, jozefi, 31, 313, 438, 440franci, vilhelmi, 430freizeri, g. m., 407frenkeli, eduardi, 429fridmeni, arturi, 405fridmeni, melvini, 443frimeni, josefi, 413friSaisenkioleri, maqsi, 419froidi, zigmundi, 1124, 128, 153, 162, 281, 412fromi, erixi, 114, 409frosti, roberti, 276, 435furnivali, frederiki j., 405
qvorelzi, frensisi, 283qsenopoli, 17, 395quentini, dom henri, 81quilerkauCi, ser arturi, 405
Sapiro, karli, 412Satobriani, fransuarene, 167, 182, 239
Saftsberi, entoni eSli kuperi, lordi, 161Sekstouni, uiliami, 338Seleri, maqsi, 153, 416Seli, persi biSi, 45, 87, 116, 135, 162, 165, 171, 275, 338, 358, 361, 385, 434, 445, 451Selingi, f. v., 159, 161, 163, 169, 171, 174, 194Senie, andre, 446Separdi, uiliam p., 81Seridani, riCard b., 73Sestovi, leo, 163, 418Seqspiri, 18, 31, 32, 41, 43, 45, 58, 60, 66, 67, 84, 85, 87, 8990, 91, 93, 104, 105, 107, 108, 113, 117, 118, 125, 136, 140, 145, 147, 150, 151, 152, 157, 161, 163, 164, 184, 193, 214, 256, 259, 273, 281, 294, 296, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 322, 328, 343, 345, 354, 356, 361, 362, 378, 381, 396, 398, 399, 400, 403, 405, 406, 407, 408, 412, 413, 414, 415, 417, 420, 422, 426, 430, 431, 439, 440, 442, 445, 449, 451, 452Siki, iosebi, 400Sileri, fridrixi, 66, 120, 121, 163, 169, 194, 420Silsi, z., 416Sipli, j. t., 452Sirli, jeimsi, 282Sklovski, viqtori, 343, 353, 424Slauxi, margareti, 401Slegeli, avgust vilhelmi, 69, 91, 172, 174, 194, 332, 391, 401, 406, 426Slegeli, fridrixi, 69, 172,
529
indeqsi
175, 194, 391, 401Snaideri, elizabeTi, 119, 411Snaideri, vilhelmi, 260, 431Snicleri, arturi, 266, 431So, Tomasi, 452So, jorj bernardi, 162Soefleri, herberti, 413Soloxovi, mixeili, 146Sopenhaueri, arturi, 370Soreri, marki, 413, 434, 440Spitceri, leo, 160, 2667, 396, 417, 430, 431, 432Srami, uilbur l., 244, 428Staigeri, emili, 397StainTali, h., 402Starkenburgi, hansi, 415Stauferi, donaldi, 428Stafveri, p., 414Stefanski, georgi, 172, 420Strausi, david fridrixi, 162Strixi, fritci, 1934, 422, 432, 435Stumpfi, karli, 235, 425Suberti, franci, 169, 184Sukingi, levin l., 143, 396, 414, 423Sumani, detlevi v., 453Sumani, roberti, 184Sutse, martini, 410
Caildi, frensisi, 83Calmersi, jorji, 93, 407Carteri, evani, 450Cedviki, nora k., 411, 453Cedviki, h. m., 453
Ceizi, riCardi, 410Cembersi, edmund k., 405Cembersi, r. v., 404, 405Cembersi, f. p., 449Cendleri, albert r., 411Cepmani, r. v., 405Cerni, haroldi, 400CerCi, margareti, 424CerCili, Carlzi, 362Cesterfildi, lordi (filip dormer stenhoufi), 139Cetertoni, Tomasi, 93, 94, 407Cexovi, antoni, 135, 146, 316, 340, 345Coseri, jefri, 58, 62, 80, 90, 145, 250, 263, 361, 404, 429
celtesi, konradi, 93cimermani, roberti, 192cisarJi, herberti, 172, 174, 420ciceroni, 32, 259
jakobi, j., 410jakobsoni, romani, 401, 402, 407, 429, 435, 444jeims I, Sotlandiis mefe, 138jeimsi, uiliami, 442jeimsi, henri, 33, 121, 124, 219,
530
indeqsi
263, 275, 411, 434, 442jenkinsoni, hilari, 404jeqsoni, t. a., 414jonsoni, f. r., 404joisi, jeimsi, 69, 73, 129, 162, 239, 399, 400, 412, 414, 415, 449jonsoni, beni, 125, 136, 145, 256, 259, 262, 380, 421, 429jonsoni, samueli, 20, 41, 42, 79, 84, 120, 138, 168, 239, 303, 310, 319, 321, 335, 343, 355, 377, 411, 419, 427, 428, 439
havensi, reimond d., 451haine, hainrixi, 184, 409halami, henri, 69, 401halsi, fransi, 169hamondi, jeimsi, 338haraJti, zoltani, 407harbage, alfredi a., 140, 413hardi, riCardi, 422hardi, tomasi, 162, 312, 316, 323hardingi, m. esTeri., 410hardisi, jeimsi, 89, 406harvi, gebrieli, 250harisi, frenki, 104, 408harisoni, j. e., 4167harsdiorferi, georg filipi, 426hartli, devidi, 162hartmani, eduard fon, 33haseldeni, r. b., 404haseltini, j., 404hastingsi, jeimsi, 425hatsfeldi, helmuti, 411hausmeni, a. e., 212
haqsli, aldo, 325haqsli, Tomas henri, 25hebeli, fridrixi, 163hegeli, georg vilhelm fridrixi, 33, 38, 101, 104, 133, 149, 151, 159, 163, 169, 170, 171, 172, 418hezliti, uiliami, 104heivudi, Tomasi, 18heili, bernard k., 398, 450heminguei, ernesti, 121, 144, 326, 333, 411hendeli, frederiki, 208henekini, emili, 414henkinsi, Tomasi, 334henri, o., 340heraklite, 169herberti, jorji, 207herderi, iohan gotfridi, 418heredia, xosemaria de, 181hesiode, 36hexti, hansi, 428hildebrandi, adolfi von, 33, 192, 397hinebergi, poli, 419hiugo, viqtori, 180, 289hiusi, joni, 422hobsi, Tomasi, 169, 252, 332, 336hovardi, v. g., 421hoTorni, naTanieli, 315, 316, 320holderlini, fridrixi, 163, 427holi, vernoni, 446holci, arno, 207homerosi, 32, 38, 67, 69, 139, 225, 239, 265, 285, 286, 331, 333,
531
indeqsi
344, 354, 362, 370, 398, 421, 431, 436 hopkinsi, jerard menli, 162, 230, 255, 262, 265, 355, 400, 431 hopfi, h., 414horaciusi, 37, 38, 42, 138, 182, 331, 336, 347, 377, 380, 397hornbosteli, e. m., 427horni, kareni, 43, 114, 398, 409hornstaini, liliani h., 304, 439hoskinsi, joni, 288, 436hotsoni, lesli, 78, 79, 403hotingeri, m. d., 422houelsi, uiliam dini, 145, 146, 311, 327housi, stiveni, 250hofmani, e. T. a., 118, 175, 323hofmani, frederiki j., 12hrosvita ganderSaimidan, 93, 407huki, s. h., 435hulme, t. e., 435, 438huserli, edmundi, 219, 425husleri, andreasi, 402hustveti, zigurdi b., 405
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