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THE INFLUENCE OF PARENTING STYLE TOWARD JOSIE’S
CHARACTER AS SEEN THROUGH JODI PICOULT’S
NINETEEN MINUTES
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
RIZKY YUGA PERMANA
Student Number: 084214018
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2015
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THE INFLUENCE OF PARENTING STYLE TOWARD JOSIE’S
CHARACTER AS SEEN THROUGH JODI PICOULT’S
NINETEEN MINUTES
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
RIZKY YUGA PERMANA
Student Number: 084214018
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2015
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vii
When you walk through a storm
Hold your head up high
And don't be afraid of the dark
At the end of the storm
There's a golden sky
And the sweet silver song of a lark
Gerry And The Pacemakers - You´ll Never Walk Alone
And to the angel of the church in Philadelphia write; These things saith he that
is holy, he that is true, he that hath the key of David, he that openeth, and no
man shutteth; and shutteth, and no man openeth;
I know thy works: behold, I have set before thee an open door, and no man can
shut it: for thou hast a little strength, and hast kept my word, and hast not
denied my name.
Revelation 3: 7 – 8
Jika Satu Senar saja cukup kenapa harus memainkan banyak senar.
-DewaBudjana –
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This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to
My LORD JESUS CHRIST
My Beloved Father and Mother
My Sister
The Wolves
Bigreds Indonesia
And those who love me
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, my deepest gratitude goes to my Lord, Father, Best Friend and My
Creator, Jesus Christ, to whom I lay down all my dreams and hopes. When I walk
through a storm, you hold my head up high, You said ―Don't be afraid of the dark
because at the end of the storm, there is a golden sky‖. I thank Him for all the grace,
miracles, and joy in my life.
Special thanks go to my advisor, Hirmawan Wijanarka, M. Hum., for all the
helps, suggestions, patience, and guidance during my undergraduate thesis up the
end. I thank him so much for the hard work and being so patient in correcting my
thesis so that I could complete this thesis. Big thanks, for helping me to realize my
ideas. I would like to thank my Co Advisor, Dr. F.X. Siswadi, M.A. I thank all
lecturers in Sanata Dharma University for teaching me many things.
My greatest appreciation goes to my beloved parents, Iswahyu Nugroho
(Alm.) and Gandini, who always give me love, support, motivation, and challenge to
finish my study. I thank my sister Nanda Wahyu Sari for his love and support in
many ways. Much gratitude is also for my big family, I thank them.
My gratitude also goes to my best friends: Cahya Unggul Hartama, Rudi
Setyanto, Aditya Wisnu, Maria Rosari, Rizal Ahmed, Cynthia Budi Janto, Anton,
Sefti Ayu Wardhani, Icha Kristiani,Bernike, Oky, Edy, Septian, Bernadetha Kristiani,
Iman Wagiana, Antonius Yoga, Kurnia Putri, Yoga Adi, Gigih Indarko,Latifa
Romadhon, Christina Lavianie, Strigha Band, Guest from Ipanema Band, Kuetiaw
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band, Adyt and Friends Company Band, Deercoustic band, KKN crew, Heru Kost
Family who always makes me happy, 2008 classmates, and Senandung Senja
Management. Last but not the least is my gratitude for ―the wolves‖ Sylva
Haryosaputro, Andri Alghoni, Agustinus Damar, Diamantino Soares, and Artantya
Krispradipta for all of the crazy days and stories.
Rizky Yuga Permana
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………….. ii
APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………………… iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE …………………………………………….................. iv
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH …………….... v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ………………………………………….. vi
MOTTO PAGE ………………………………………………………………… vii
DEDICATION PAGE …………………………………………………………. viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………............ ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………...…. x
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………. xi
ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………………… xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………..... 1
A. Background of the Study………………...……….…………………. 1
B. Problem Formulation………………………………………………… 3
C. Objectives of the Study ……………………………………….……. 4
D. Definition of Terms …………………………………………….…… 4
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ……….…………………………. 6
A. Review of Related Studies …………………………………………... 6
B. Review of Related Theories ……………………………………….… 9
1. Theories on Character and Characterization ……………………... 9
2. Theories on Adolescence ………………………………………… 14
3. Theories on Parenting style ………………………………………. 15
C. Theoretical Framework ...………………………………….………... 19
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ……………………………………….…. 20
A. Object of the Study …………..……………………….………..…… 20
B. Approach of the Study ………………………………………….…... 21
C. Method of the Study ……………………………………..………….. 21
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS
A. The Presentation of Alex Cormier and Josie ………….…………….. 23
B. The Parenting Style that give influence to Josie…………..........……. 30
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION………………………………………….……… 44
BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………….………. 47
APPENDIX……………………………………………………………….……… 48
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ABSTRACT
Rizky Yuga Permana. The Influence of Parenting style toward Josie’s Character
as seen as Jodi Picoult’s Nineteen Minutes.Yogyakarta: Department of English
Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University. 2015.
Nineteen Minutes is one of the Jodi Picoult’s novels. This novel tells about a
relationship between a mother named Alex Cormier and her daughter named Josie
Cormier. As a mother, Alex wants to take care of and raise her child well. However,
the way she treats her from childhood to adolescences has changed her
characteristics.
This study aims to find out the characteristics of Josie Cormier and how the
parenting style influences Josie Cormier’s Characteristics.
Library research is held to support this study and some steps had been
arranged for answering the problem. The writer divided the sources into two types.
The first was primary source and the second was the secondary sources. The novel,
Nineteenth Minutes written by Jodi Picoult, is used as the primary data source to find
out the characteristics of Josie and Alex Cormier in the story. The secondary sources
were some books and sites from the internet. There are three theories that the writer
use in analyze this novel, those are theories on character and characterization,
theories on adolescence, and theories on parenting style. The approach which is
appropriate to be used in analyzing this novel is psychological approach because it
deals with the individual psychology. A psychological approach is an approach that
applies principles of modern psychology to characters or situations within a literary
work. As could be seen in the novel, there is a recurring pattern of parenting style
which is appropriately observed using the theory of psychology.
The Result of the study can be formulated as follows. There are two main
characters in this novel, those are Alex Cormier and Josie Cormier. There are six
characteristics of Alex Cormier as Josie Cormier’s Mother, those are wise, intelligent,
perfectionist, decisive, hard worker, and uncompromised. Josie has five
characteristics when she was child. Those are cheerful, confident, good-hearted,
intelligent and loyal. In Adolescences there are four characteristics of Josie Cormier.
Those are wise, rebel, not perfectionist, and loyal. After seeing the influence of
parenting style in Josie's character in child period, to reinforce how parenting style
gives big influence person's character, the writer also discusses the effect when the
parenting style changes. When Alex Cormier changes her parenting style to treat
Josie in adolescence period, it is lead the changes Josie Cormier's character. In
adolescence period, Alex Cormier uses different parenting styles to treat Josie
Cormier. In adolescence period Alex Cormier uses authoritarian parenting style to
treat Josie Cormier.
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ABSTRAK
Rizky Yuga Permana. The Influence of Parenting style toward Josie’s Character
as seen as Jodi Picoult’s Nineteen Minutes. Yogyakarta : Jurusan Sastra Inggris.
Fakultas Sastra. Universitas Sanata Dhama. 2015.
Nineteen Minutes adalah salah satu novel garapan Jodi Picoult. Novel ini
menceritakan tentang suatu hubungan antara seorang ibu yang bernama Alex Cormier
dan anaknya yang bernama Josie Cormier. Sebagai seorang ibu, Alex ingin merawat
dan membesarkan anaknya dengan baik. Namun, cara yang ia lakukan selama anak –
anak hingga remaja telah merubah karakter anaknya.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik Josie Cormier dan
bagaimana gaya pengasuhan mempengaruhi Karakteristik Josie Cormier
Penelitian kepustakaan diadakan untuk mendukung penelitian ini dan
beberapa langkah telah diatur untuk menjawab masalah. Penulis membagi sumber
menjadi dua jenis. Yang pertama adalah sumber utama dan yang kedua adalah
sumber sekunder. Novel, Nineteenth Menit ditulis oleh Jodi Picoult, digunakan
sebagai sumber data primer untuk mengetahui karakteristik Josie dan Alex Cormier
dalam cerita. Sumber sekunder beberapa buku dan situs dari internet. Ada tiga teori
yang penulis gunakan dalam menganalisis novel ini, yaitu teori tentang karakter dan
karakterisasi, teori tentang masa remaja, dan teori tentang gaya pengasuhan.
Pendekatan yang tepat untuk digunakan dalam menganalisis novel ini adalah
pendekatan psikologis karena berhubungan dengan psikologi individu. Pendekatan
psikologis adalah pendekatan yang menerapkan prinsip-prinsip psikologi modern
untuk karakter atau situasi dalam karya sastra. Seperti bisa dilihat dalam novel, ada
pola yang berulang dari gaya pengasuhan yang tepat diamati menggunakan teori
psikologi.
Hasil penelitian ini dapat dirumuskan sebagai berikut. Ada dua karakter utama
dalam novel ini, yaitu Alex Cormier dan Josie Cormier. Ada enam karakteristik yang
dimiliki oleh Alex Cormier sebagai ibu dari Josie Cormier, yaitu bijaksana, cerdas,
perfeksionis, tegas, pekerja keras, dan tanpa kompromi. Josie memiliki lima
karakteristik ketika ia masih kecil. yaitu ceria, percaya diri, baik hati, cerdas dan
setia. Dalam masa remaja ada empat karakteristik yang dimiliki Josie Cormier. Yaitu
bijaksana, pemberontak, tidak perfeksionis, dan setia. Setelah melihat pengaruh pola
asuh dalam karakter Josie pada periode anak, untuk memperkuat bagaimana
pengasuhan gaya memberikan karakter besar pengaruh seseorang, penulis juga
membahas efek ketika perubahan gaya pengasuhan. Ketika Alex Cormier merubah
gaya pengasuhannya untuk merawat Josie dalam periode masa remaja, itu membawa
perubahan karakter pada Josie Cormier. Pada saat remaja, Alex Cormier
menggunakan gaya pengasuhan yang berbeda untuk merawat Josie Cormier. Pada
periode remaja Alex Cormier menggunakan gaya asuh otoriter untuk merawat Josie
Cormier.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Literature is a study of human being experiences. The writer can see
experience of human in the literary works that people write. Literary works show us
how people faced some problem and solve it. Sylvain Barnet, Morton Berman, and
William Burto stated that
An author may share her or his feeling toward the social condition, life
experience and views of the issue which appear around her or him through
work of literature. Therefore, it can be said that literature portrays the reality
of life (1963:3-5).
The quotation means that the writer can find out about the author thought to
the social conditions that exist around us from literary works. It is because of the
literary works sometimes explaining the situation and social conditions in expressed
or implied. Except the social condition, through a beautiful packaging author also
invites us to be more critical about personal character around us.
There are many kinds of literary works. Those are novel, poem, and script of
the drama. In literary work there are many elements could be analyzed. Those are
theme, plot, setting, message, character, point of view, title, tone, and etc.
In this research the writer chooses one of Jodi Picoult’s novels entitled
Nineteen Minutes as an object in this study. The writer chooses Nineteen Minutes as
an object of his research because this novel is created by Jodi Picoult an American
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author who likes to write a novel about family life. Jodi Picoult is good author in
writing novel about family life because most of her novels that tell about family life
are becoming a best seller. Moreover, Jodi Picoult always makes character to make
the reader understand with her purpose why she writes a novel in this case in
Nineteen Minutes.
After reading clearly, the writer decided to uses character as the subject of his
research. It is very important to know about the character because there is a
relationship between character, author, and the reader. In the novel, the author
controls what character is like and the reader should try to respond to that character in
a way that is true to what the author has done.
Richard Gill says that characters in the book are not real people, but figures
who have been specially created by the author. Characters also may have all
sorts of link with the people we meet every day, or in some cases we feel
more strongly about them than real people (1995:127).
Richard Gill also said that character makes the reader easier to understand the
characteristic of the people in novels and sometimes character differentiates between
good stories and bad stories. Good stories, to begin with, are interesting; they present
characters you care about; however fantastic, they are yet somehow plausible; they
project a moral world you recognize.
Because of many reasons above the writer chooses two of the characters on
Jodi Picoult’s novel entitled Nineteen Minutes as the writer research subject in this
research. Then, the writer chooses Josie Cormier’s character and her mother Alex
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Cormier as an object of this research; it is because those characters represent the
relationship between mother and her daughter that is in the adolescence period.
Before the writer talks about the characters, the writer has to know about
adolescence period. Adolescence period is a transitional stage in our evoluntary
development from beast to human. Stanley Hall, the pioneer of theory of adolescence
said that being adolescence was something like being a fully grown animal in a cage,
an animal who sees freedom, but does not know quite when freedom will occur or
how to handle it. Adolescence is a very important period, much character that the
writer have as adult, formed when the writer are in adolescence period.
A psychologist Robert Havighurst also added his thought, the pattern of
development a particular adolescent display depends upon great many factors. The
most important of these include the individual’s adjustment in childhood, the level of
adjustment of his or her parents and peers, and the changes that occur during
adolescences.
In the other words, the writer has aims to show how important of parenting
style is and to make parents understand that the parenting style can influence their
children’s characteristics and their behavior.
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B. Problem Formulation
1. How are the characters of Alex and Josie Cormier described?
2. How do the parenting styles influence Josie Cormier characteristics?
C. Objectives of the Study
Based on the problem formulation, this study has several aims to be achieved.
First, the writer analyzes the description of the characters. The characterization of the
characters is connected to the influence of parenting style toward the character’s
behavior. The second aim is to find out how parenting style influences the character.
Those two objectives of the study give evidence about how parent influence their
children in their life.
D. Definition of Terms
To avoid different understanding during reading this thesis, some definitions
of important terms related to the analysis are provided.
1. Parenting Style
A clinical and developmental psychologist, Diana Baumrind says that
parenting style is a complex activity that includes many specific behaviors that work
individually and together to influence child outcomes. (2002:201)
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2. Character
M.H. Abrams stated characters are the persons represented in a dramatic or
narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular
moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say
and their distinctive ways of saying it the dialogue and from what they do—the
action. (1999:32-33).
In other character theory, Richard Gill added that characters in book are not
real person but person who have been specially created by the author. Characters also
may have all sorts of link with the people we meet every day, or in some cases the
writer feel more strongly about them than real people (1995:127).
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter focuses on some reviews related to the work of literature and also
some relevant theories to support the analysis on the topic discussed in this thesis.
There are two sections in this chapter. The First section is the review on related
studies of Nineteen Minutes. Second section consists of some theories used to
analyze the topic.
A. Review of Related Studies
The novel under discussion is relatively new, having only been published for
seven years at the time this thesis is written. Related studies in printed media (books,
magazines, etc.) are very rare. Therefore, the writer has to find alternative sources of
related studies from the internet.
―There’s a word we learned in social studies: schadenfreude,‖ one of this
book’s characters writes. ―It’s when you enjoy watching someone else suffer.‖
Schadenfreude surges through Ms. Picoult’s version of Peter’s life, although it
is not precisely his misery that the reader is meant to enjoy. It’s the sense that
the tragedy that has struck the Houghtons could happen to even the nicest
family — at least if the parents tolerate hunting, television and video games
and neglect to notice that their child has become bully bait. (nytimes.com,
2007, 5 September 2015)
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There are many topics and themes that can be discussed in the novel Nineteen
Minutes. In the above quotation the article by Janet Maslin focuses on the social
studies: schadenfreude. The author of the article makes one of the characters in the
novel becomes the focus of the writing of the article. The author discusses how Peter
faces a situation he experienced bullying in school.The duration of a high-school
shooting rampage perpetrated by Peter Houghton is the setting of the article. The
author tries to explain the development of Peter’s life Houghton from childhood until
teenage. Bullying earned by Peter from his friends when he was a child until teenager
form himself into a person who is create chaos in his high school. How the social life
affect a person's character is the theme of the author in writing his article.
It’s most convincing; "Nineteen Minutes" is less a narrative about a horrific
event than an insightful deconstruction of youthful alienation, of the shattering
repercussions of bullying, and the disturbing effects of benign neglect.
Seventeen-year-old Peter wasn't a bad kid. He came from a loving home; his
mother, Lacy, a warm and generous nurse/midwife; his father, a pleasant if
distracted scientist. They were all still reeling from the death of Peter's
brother, Joey, just the year before, but all were dealing in their own way.
(Boston.com, 2007, 4 September 2015)
Another articles by Karen Campbell that talks about Nineteen Minutes said
how one of the character in this novel, Peter, become the victim of bullying. The
author said that what Peter does in High School tragedy is a consequence that occurs
as a result of bullying acquired. The author said slow journey toward his desperate act
began years before, as early as kindergarten. On his very first day, he was tagged as
somehow different -- inferior, smaller, weaker, less socially comfortable. Karen
Campbell explains in her article that Peter came from a loving home. Actually, person
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8
who comes from loving have a better live than others, but the relationship between
Peter and his social life makes him become a person who are solitary person and not
comfortable with his social life. The article written by Karen Campbell discussed
about consequence that happened if there is a bullying in social life.
If we read the existing reviews and essays, the writers basically agree that
Nineteenth Minutes is a unique book and not easy to analyze. However, on the
subject of the novel’s strong points and weak points, what makes the novel special or
otherwise; their opinions often differ greatly and even contrast with each other.
In the official website of Jody Picoult, Jodipicoult.com, 24 June 2013 Jody Picoult
said that this book is hard to analyze. It is always hardest for Jodi Picoult to write a
book that has kids in it close to her kids’ ages and Nineteen Minutes does. She thinks
that every parent has probably experienced bullying in some form, either from the
point of view the bully or the victim. So it’s a pretty universal subject.
(http://www.jodipicoult.com/nineteen-minutes.html)
She knows that many of her readers are the age of the young characters in this
book, and over the years. But it wasn’t until she began to connect what kids
experience in school with how adults treat other adults who are somehow different
that she began to piece together the story. Discrimination and difference at the high
school level will never end until the adults running these schools can go about their
own lives without judging others for their race, religion, sexual orientation, etc.
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Jody said that it’s funny if the readers should compare Nineteen Minutes to
My Sister’s Keeper because she sees them as very similar books. They are both very
emotional, very gut-wrenching, and they’re situations that every parent dreads. And
like the moral and ethical complications of My Sister Keeper, we have a kid in
Nineteen Minutes who does something that, on the surface, is absolutely devastating
and destructive and will end the lives of others. But we can understand why a child
who’s been victimized might feel like he’s justified in fighting back. We also think
it’s fascinating to look at how two good parents might find themselves with a child
they do not recognize a child who does something they cannot swallow.
What makes this research different from the researches shown earlier is the topic that
the writer discussed in this research. The writer discusses about how parenting style
influence the changes the character of Josie Cormier.
B. Review of related Theories
There are several theories that the writer use to support the analysis.
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
First the theory that support for this research is the theory of character and
characterization, the writer uses theory from William Harmon, Hugh Holman, and
Richard Gill.
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William Harmon and Hugh Holman stated that character is a complicated
term that includes the idea of moral constitution of the human personality, the
presence of moral uprightness, and the simpler notion of the presence of creatures in
art that seem to be human beings of one sort another; character is also a term applied
to a literary form that flourished in England and France in the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries. It is a brief descriptive sketch of a personage who typifies some
definite quality. The person is described not as an individualized personality, but as
an example of some vice or virtue or type, such as a busybody, a glutton, a fop, a
bumpkin, a garrulous old man, or a happy milkmaid (2009:95).
William Harmon and Hugh Holman also stated that characterization is a
creation of imaginary persons so that they seem lifelike. There are three fundamental
methods of characterization. First, the explicit presentation by the author of the
character through direct exposition, either in an introductory block or more often
piecemeal throughout the work, illustrated by action. Second, the presentation of the
character in action, with little or no explicit comment by the author, in the expectation
that the reader can deduce the attributes of the actor from the action.Third, the
representation from within a character, without comment by the author, of the impact
of actions and emotions on the character’s inner self (2009:95).
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Regardless of the method by which a character is presented, the author may
concentrate on a dominant trait to the exclusion of the other aspects of personality, or
the author may attempt to present a fully rounded creation. If the presentation of a
single dominant trait is carried to an extreme, not a believable character but a
caricature will result. If this method is handled with skill, it can produce striking and
interesting two-dimensional characters that lack depth (2009:95-96).
Furthermore, a character may be either static or dynamic. A static character is
one who changes little if at all. Things happen to such a character without things
happening within. The pattern of action reveals the character rather than showing the
character changing in response to the actions. Sometimes a static character gives the
appearance of changing simply because our picture of the character is revealed bit by
bit. A dynamic character, on the other hand, is one who is modified by actions and
experiences, and one objective of the work in which the character appears is to reveal
the consequences of these actions (2009:95).
Character is a person in a literary work that has some sort of identity. Their
identity made up by appearance, conversation, action, name and (possibly) thoughts
going on in the head.
In other character theory, Richard Gill added that characters in book are not
real people but figures who have been specially created by the author. Characters also
may have all sorts of link with the people we meet every day, or in some cases we
feel more strongly about them than real people (1995:127).
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Richard Gill also divided characters based on their range into three. First, is
character that very lightly sketched in, the second is a character that is clear but
minimal. It means that in the story character is clearly but its minimal explanation.
There is no building up of resolution, no weighting of moral considerations. And the
third is complex character; it means that in this character we can see a lot of fully
developed character (1995:128-129).
According to Richard Gill, we do not just focus on the kind of characters we
find in a novel, but actually we also must give attention to the process of
characterization will be taken for granted in a good deal of what we say, and attention
will be taken by what the characters are like. In particular, we shall be looking at how
the identities of a character are present in the individual elements that make them
what they are. (1995:135).
Authors frequently make characters, distinctive by giving them recognizable
and memorable ways of speaking. A character might, for instance, speak in a very
complicated way, repeat certain words and phrases, use lots of illustrations, rely upon
common sayings and proverbs, and say a great deal or very little. You should always
look to see if a character speaks in a way which expresses his or her personality.
Sometimes it is useful to point to grammatical features which establish a particular
speaking style (1995:135-136).
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Of course, when a character speaks, that character is thinking. A character
might, for instance, use lots of vivid images; or might be given a vocabulary which is
laden with moral words. There is another way in which a character’s though can be
evident to the reader. This is undeclared thoughts. If an author chooses to have access
to the thoughts in character’s head, the reader can be aware not only of what he or
she is thinking, but can be acquainted with the manner of thought or how the
character’s mind is made up, and how they approach problems and challenges. Under
the influence of psychological ideas, they regarded these private. Undeclared
thoughts as being particularly expressive of what character is like (1995:136-137).
After we see the character speaks, then we also notice the character’s clothes.
Clothes are also something important to see character personality. Clothes are an
extension or expression of someone’s personality. Their plainness, not only sets off
someone beauty, but it is also expressive of their seriousness. Sometimes clothes are
used to indicate social status. Clothes can also help to create the atmosphere of the
book. Graham Greene, for instance, presents a world of seedy characters, whose
shabby, dirty and scruffy clothes enact the very strong feeling in his novels of
corruption, decay and failure.
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Music is important in the social and personal lives of adolescents. The typical
adolescents spends over 10,000 hours listening to music, an amount of time similar to
that spent in class by the time thay graduate from high school. (Mark, 1988) Many
researchers have examined why music is so important to adolescents and how
adolescents actively use music to satisfy particular social, emotional, and
developmental needs. (Arnett et al., 1995)
Researchers have been particularly interested in Adolescents and young adults
who are marginalized and/or experiencing major psychological issues and have found
that they prefer heavier forms of music such as heavy metal and rock.(Took and
Weiss,1994).
Researchers have suggested that these relationships occur because of the
match between characteristics of listeners and the themes in heavy music (e.g.,
rejection of authority, hyper individualism, acceptance of antisocial behavior; Klein
et al., 1993). It is also likely that heavy metal music matches the qualities and
intensity of their feelings (e.g., tough, wild, angry) associated with the themes
through its pounding rhythm, fast pace, and discordant sounds. (Arnett, 1996) suggest
that heavy music can serve a cathartic or calming effect, an effect that relieves
unhappiness, anger, or anxiety.
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2. Theory of Adolescence
In addition to the theory of character, there is the other that it is also important
that support this research, which is adolescence theory. According to the writer, the
adolescence theory is important because one of the main characters in novel that the
writer analyzes was in adolescence ages.
G. Stanley Hall is the pioneer of adolescence theory. Hall, who thought in
evolutionary terms, saw the adolescent as representing a transitional stage in our
evolutionary development from beast to human. Being adolescent for Hall was
something like being a fully grown animal in a cage, an animal who sees freedom, but
doesn’t know quite when freedom will occur or how to handle it. Thus, the adolescent
was portrayed as existing in a state of great ―storm and stress,‖ as a marginal being,
confused, troubled, and highly frustrated. (2002:222)
The other psychologist named Robert Havighurst adding to support Hall’s
theory. As psychologist Robert Havighurst has pointed out, every adolescent face
challenges, in the form of developmental tasks that must be mastered. Among the
tasks that Havighurst list are the following: Accepting one’s physical make – up and
acquiring a masculine or feminine sex role, Developing appropriate relations with age
mates of both sexes, Becoming emotionally independent of parents and other adults,
Achieving the assurance that one will become economically independent, Deciding
on, preparing for, and entering a vocation, Developing the cognitive skills and
concepts necessary for social competence, Understanding and achieving socially
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responsible behavior, Preparing marriage and family, and Acquiring values that are
harmonious with an appropriate scientific world picture.
The pattern of development a particular adolescent display depends upon a
great many factors. The most important of these include the individual’s adjustment
in childhood, the level of adjustment of his or her parents and peers, and the changes
that occur during adolescence. (2002:223)
3. Parenting style theory
The third theory that the writer use is parenting style theory. The writer use
this theory because the way in which adolescents seek independence and the ease
with which they resolve conflicts about becoming adults depends in large part on the
parent-child relationship.
Diana Baumrind (1971, 1973) observed and interviewed nursery school
children and their parents. The impact of three distinct parenting styles on children. In
authorities families parents are the ―bosses‖. They do not feel that they have to
explain their actions or demands. In fact, such parents may feel the child has no right
to question parental decisions.
In democratic or authoritative families adolescents participated in decisions
affecting their live. There is a great deal of discussion and negotiation in such
families. Parents listen to their children’s reasons for wanting to go somewhere or do
something, and make an effort to explain their rules and expectations. The
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adolescents make many decisions, but the parents retain the right to veto plans of
which they disapprove.
In permissive or laissez – faire families’ children have the final say. The
parents may attempt to guide the adolescents, but give in when the children insist on
having their own way. Or the parents may simply give up their demands, voicing no
expectations, virtually ignoring the young people in their house.
Maccoby and Martin (1983) later identified a fourth parenting style:
uninvolved parents were typically very self-centered in their child rearing, seemed
uncommitted to their role and quite distant from their child.
Numerous studies suggest that adolescents who have grown up in democratic or
authoritative families are more confident of their own values and goals than other
young people.
First of all, there are two dimensions of parenting by Vasta, Haith, and Miller.
They are parenting warmth and parenting control. Both dimensions should be best
applied equally in a family. Parenting warmth includes support, affection, love, care,
encouragement from parents to their children. Parenting control is the other side of
parenting dimensions which involves the monitoring of the children, the disciplined
and regulated behavior of the children (1995:476).
The combination of the two dimensions and research done by Diana
Baumrind resulted in four styles of parenting. There are authoritative parents,
authoritarian parents, permissive parents, and indifferent parents. Authoritative
parents are those parents who are high both in warmth and control over their children.
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They have the characteristics of caring, loving, and sensitive parents. At the
same time, they also set clear limits on the children behavior. Children of
authoritative parents have the most positive effects on their early social development.
Children become self-confident, independent, academically and socially successful.
Authoritarian parents are low in warmth, but high in control. They generally
have the characteristics of demanding with threats and punishment. They have a
strong control over their children’s behavior. As the result, children under the
authoritarian parents are moody, easily upset, aggressive and often creating problems.
Permissive parents are the opposite of the authoritarian parents. They set high
warmth, but low control. They are loving and sensitive parents, but set very few
limits on their children’s behavior. Because of the lack of control of the parents,
children become impulsive, immature and out of control. Indifferent parents are those
parents that are low both in warmth and control. They set few limits as well as little
attention, affection, and concern for their children. Children under indifferent parents
become very demanding, disobedient, and lack of social skills to deal with other
people (Vastaet al.1995:476).
Huffman and the Vernoys summarized the parenting styles of Baumrind’s
research into three broad patterns: authoritarian parents, permissive parents, and
authoritative parents. Huffman et al. added that authoritarian parents demand mature
awareness and responsibility of their children. No questions are needed to be asked
by the children under the authoritarian parents. This style of parenting makes the
children have poor communication skills in their social development.
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For the permissive parents, Huffman et al. divided into two types. They are
indifferent parents who set few limits as well as little attention, and indulgent parents
who provide high affection and concern but few controls on their children. Huffman
et al. also added that children under the indulgent parents have no respect to others.
The third style of parenting is authoritative parents who are caring, but also set firm
limits and encourage increased responsibility of the children. As the result, children
become self-reliant, self-controlled, high achieving, friendly and sociable (Huffman
et al.1997:316).
Almost similar to Huffman et al., Kasschau also divided Baumrinds’s research
into three patterns: authoritarian families,democratic/authoritative families, and
permissive/laissez-faire families. According to Kasschau, parents in authoritarian
families are considered as a boss. Meanwhile, in the democratic/authoritative
families, discussion and negotiation between parents and their children are highly
involved in the families. In the permissive/laissez-faire families, Kasschau found that
children have the final say.
Parents make no demands and rules about their children’s behavior. They
guide their children, but give up easily when children insist on having own way
(Kasschau, 1995:236-237).
From all the parenting styles, it can be concluded that the authoritative
parenting is the best one, as stated by Bukato and Daehler:
―It seems clear that authoritative parenting yields the best results. This seems
to come from two features – the establishment of limits on the child and
responding to the child with warmth and support‖ (Kasschau, 1995:237).
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C. Theoretical Framework
In analyzing the problem formulation, the writer uses several theories to
support the answers of the problem. Theories of character and characterization,
theories of adolescence, theory of parenting style are chosen in order to describe the
characteristics of the major and minor characters, Josie and Alex Cormier, in
Nineteenth Minutes, as well as the major character, Josie. Theory of parenting is used
to analyze how Alex Cormier applies the parenting style towards Josie. Parenting
style theory and adolescences theory are applied to show the success of the Alex’s
role as parents in fulfilling their parenting style by providing the physiological and
emotional needs of the main character as an adolescent.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The literary work that analyzed in this undergraduate thesis is a novel by Jodi
Picoult entitled Nineteenth Minutes. The Novel was published by Atria Book, New
York in 2007. This Novel consists of 642 pages, 2 parts, and 16 chapters. The author
of this novel got best seller in most of her novels, for example, My Sister’s Keeper.
Nineteen Minutes is a novel about story about children in adolescence era. In
this story there are many characters here. Josie Cormier and Alex Cormier are the
main character on this novel, Josie Cormier is a high school student and Alex
Cormier is her mother, she is a new superior judge in New Hampshire. The main
theme of this novel is about the relationship between a mother and her children, Alex
Cormier is representing parent and Josie Cormier represent children.
The story begins when Alex Cormier has relationship with Logan. One day
Alex Cormier is pregnant and following prenatal class, in this prenatal class Alex
Cormier begin to know about Lacy Houghton, Lacy Houghton is a mother of Peter
Houghton. Peter Houghton is Josie Cormier best friend when she was child. In this
story, Lacy and Peter Houghton have important role. It is because they are affecting
the parenting style changes of Alex Cormier through Josie Cormier.
The changes of Alex Cormier’s parenting style has important effect in this story
because of that things influence the story role.
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B. Approach of the Study
The approach which is appropriate to be used in analyzing this novel is
psychological approach because it deals with the individual psychology. Lewis Leary
states that:
A psychological approach is an approach that applies principles of modern
psychology to characters or situations within a literary work or to the person
who wrote that work (1976:57)
Rohrberger also sums up that the psychological approach involves certain
recurrent pattern. A psychological approach is an approach that applies principles of
modern psychology to characters or situations within a literary work. As could be
seen in the novel, there is a recurring pattern of parenting style which is appropriately
observed using the theory of psychology. This research is concerning in the main
characters in the novel. So, the writer applies principles of modern psychology to
characters within a literary work to analyze the novel. In the novel, there is a
recurring pattern of parenting style which is appropriately observed using the theory
of psychology. The theory parenting style help the writer to observe and to answer the
main problems formulated.
C. Method of Study
Library research is held to support this study and some steps had been
arranged for answering the problem. The writer divided the sources into two types.
The first was primary source and the second was the secondary sources.
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The novel, Nineteenth Minutes written by Jodi Picoult, is used as the primary
data source to find out the characteristics of Josie and Alex Cormier in the story. The
characteristics of Josie and Alex Cormier can be found by what they had said in the
dialogue and the actions they had done. The secondary sources were some books and
sites from the internet. The writer used those sources to find out the facts of parenting
style that influence the characteristic of Josie.
The steps in analyzing the novel were as follows: First, the writer reads the
novel and collected data to answer the first problem. The writer is trying to
understand the theory of character and characterization that are used. Then analyze
that data by using those theories.
Second, the writer collected data for answering the second problem. The writer
collected the additional sources theory’s book and articles from the internet. These
sources were used to complete the information about parenting style in the novel to
support the answer of the second problem.
Third, According to the theory of parenting style that the writer understood
from the second problem, the writer is analyzing how parenting style influences the
character of Josie.
After the analysis was completely done, it was the moment to make
conclusion about this research, what the parenting style that have big influence Josie
Cormier’s Character and how that parenting style influences her.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
In this chapter, the questions that appear in the problem formulation above are
answered. The Psychological approach that has been discussed in the previous
chapter is used to explore and analyze the problems formulated. The psychological
theory, parenting style theories and the theories of character and characterization are
the based to help analyze the problems.
There are two problems that discussed here. The first is about how the
character of Josie Cormier and Alex Cormier are presented in Nineteen Minutes. In
the novel there are two main characters. The first main character is Alex Cormier, and
the second character is Josie character. Alex Cormier have a static character. She is
static character because there are no changes from the beginning of the story until the
end of the story. Different from Alex Cormier, Josie Cormier is a character that has
many characteristics changes from her childhood until her adolescence. The second
problem is discussing about what parenting styles that give big influence to the Josie
as main character. The last is the main problem, how does the parenting style
influence Josie as the main character.
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A. The Presentation of the Main character Josie and Alex Cormier in
Nineteen Minutes
1. Alex Cormier
First, the writer is describing the character of Alex Cormier as a single parent
of Josie. Alex Cormier is a single parent of Josie, she is a new superior court judge,
and she had been a superior judge for thirty four days. She is a perfectionist person;
we can see it from the first time before she left her house.
She twisted her thick copper hair into a knot and anchored it at the base of her
neck with bobby pins, transforming herself into the person she needed to be
before she left her house. (p.6)
The quotation shows that Alex always prepares all of things before she leaves
her house. She wants all of thing to be well prepared. Alex Cormier is a perfectionist
who always cares about everything what she has done.
Alex glanced down at her skirt, blouse, and heels and frowned. ―Why? Is it
too Margaret Thatcher?‖
―No, I mean…why do you bother? No one knows what you have on under
your robe. You could wear, like, pajama pants. Or that sweater you have from
college that’s got holes in the elbows.‖
―Whether or not people see it, I’m still expected to dress…well, judiciously.‖
(p.9)
Alex Cormier’s perfectionist character is not only seen from the way the first
time she was preparing something, but we can also see it on how she is dressed;
Richard Gill says that clothes also something important to see character personality
and social status. Graham Greene also says in theory, in addition, we see from the
character speaks, and then we also must notice to the character’s clothes. Clothes are
something important to see character personality. That’s conversation above shows us
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that Alex Cormier is a perfectionist woman, she always concern about what she is
dressed. The way she is dressed up is like Margaret Thatcher, it is symbolized that
Alex is a perfectionist and decisive. Based www.biography.com, 2014, 24 August
2014 Margaret Thatcher was first women England prime minister. Margaret Thatcher
was a perfectionist, decisive and uncompromising in politics and leadership style,
until she called as the iron lady. That is why Alex Cormier dressed like Margaret
Thatcher; she wants to emphasize her identity as perfectionist, decisive and
uncompromising judge.
The quotation above also shows that Alex Cormier is a wise person. It is
showed in this conversation before Josie comments to Alex why she is dressed in a
skirt, blouse, and heels. Josie says that if no one knows what you have on under your
robe. Alex explained that in view of someone we should not judge someone without
actually seeing what is inside the person.
Alex didn’t necessarily think that Josie was hiding anything more than any
other teenager, but it was different: a normal parent might metaphorically
judge her child’s friends, whereas Alex could do it legally. (p.6)
Another evidence shows if Alex was a wise figure; it was shown from how
she faces her daughter. Alex does not necessarily think that Josie is hiding anything
more than any other teenager, but it is different; a normal parent might
metaphorically judge her child's friends, whereas Alex can do it legally. She is a wise
woman, she looks at what has happened to Josie doesn’t occurs because of the
influence of her friend.
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When Alex submitted her name years ago for the bench, it had been with the
sincere desire to make sure people in this legal system were innocent until
proven guilty. She just never anticipated that, as a judge, she might not be
given the same benefit of the doubt. (p.6)
Except she is a perfectionist person, perfectionist, decisive, uncompromising,
and wise, Alex Cormier also has dedication in her work, Before we are talking about
dedication, it is important if we know about the meaning of dedication. Longman
Dictionary and Contemporary English say that dedication is a hard work or effort that
someone puts into a particular activity because they care about it a lot. In that
quotation shows how Alex has dedication in her job because she doesn’t care about
something that she can receive but she is just care about the purpose and duty as a
judge in a best way. She also tries to be an objective judge. because she doesn’t
concern about the bad risk. She is forty years old, at forty; she is still the youngest
judge in the state. Many people are doubted with her ability, but her dedication make
people stigma change.
―You’d be good at it, Alex. You’re a fine decision maker. You’re even
tempered. You don’t let your emotions get in the way of your work. You have
a defense perspective, so you understand the litigants. And you’ve always
been an excellent trial attorney.‖ He hesitated. (p. 98)
In this story, before Alex Cormier become a superior judge her old boss when
she is a public defender said that Alex Cormier is an intelligent and hard worker. It
proved that before she is appointed as a judge, she gives some tasks to handle some
cases, at the age of which is relatively young as a public defender; she is able to
resolve cases until she is appointed as a judge.
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In Nineteen Minutes Alex Cormier is a static character because in this
storythere is no changes character. The writer concludes from many evident that Alex
Cormier is a mother who has some characteristic, those are wise, intelligent,
perfectionist, decisive, hard worker, and uncompromised.
2. Josie Cormier
After we discuss Alex Cormier’s characteristics, then we can discuss Josie Cormier
Characteristics. In this chapter, the writer was discussed two different characteristics
of Josie. The first, the writer talk about her character when she is child, and the
second one the writer when she is in adolescence period.
a. In her Childhood
Cheerful, Confident, good-hearted, Intelligent and loyal were characteristics that she
had as a child. First, we are discussing about her loyalty to her friends.
Peter sank back into his seat. His face felt cold, but his ears were burning. He
could hear the boy and his friends laughing, as loud as if it were happening in
his own head. Then he felt Josie’s hand slide into his. ―I’ve got peanut butter,‖
she whispered. ‖We can share.‖ (p.93)
Quotation above describes the first character of Josie. Good-hearted and
solidarity are the Josie’s character. We can see how Josie willing to share lunch with
friends. Peter is one of Josie’s kindergarten friends Josie who later became Josie’s
best friend. Peter is always bullied by his friends but Josie still wants to be his
friendand to share with him. Josie is not affected by her friends, but instead continues
to do well to Peter, that's why caused Peter considers Josie as best friends.
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―Come on,‖ Alex said, leading Josie upstairs to the bathroom. There, she
peeled off her daughter’s shirt, washed her cuts, and covered them with
Neosporin and Band-Aids. She sat down in front of Josie, on the bathmat that
looked like it was made of Cookie Monster skin. ―You want to talk about it?‖
Josie’s lower lip quivered and she started to cry. ―It’s Peter,‖ she said. ―Drew
picks on him all the time and Peter gets hurt, so today I wanted it to be the
other way around.‖(p.101)
One day Josie beats the crap out of a boy on the playground. She is fighting
because she feels irritated to see her friend, Peter, who always bullied by them. Josie
tries to give lessons to some friends who like to bully.The incident shows how Josie
has a good heart and solidarity towards the people around her. In addition to
solidarity and good heart character, in the incident also shows how Josie has self-
confident character because a woman usually does not dare to man, but in this case
Josie dared. Josie also dares to express her reason to the mother behind her actions.
Only people who have self-confident who is able to do this action.
b. In her Adolescence
The writer is trying to analyze the facts displayed in the novel. The Pioneer of
adolescence theory, G. Stanley Hall sees that adolescent representing transitional
stage in our evolutionary development from beast to human. Josie Cormier has some
distinct characteristics and reflections itself. Many evident show Josie as adolescent
in transitional stage.
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First, Josie is a pretty famous private school student as well as her boyfriend Matt,
but he is not too comfortable with the popularity in schools.
Sometimes Josie thought of her life as a room with no doors and no windows.
It was a sumptuous room, sure-a room half the kids in Sterling High would
have given their right arm to enter-but it was also a room from which there
really wasn’t an escape. Either Josie was someone she didn’t want to be, or
she was someone who nobody wanted. (p.10)
The quotation above shows how a Josie stressed to her situation. In the novel
Nineteen Minutes explain with some symbols. The situation also symbolize of the
restrained of Josie. In the situation the writer wants to describe how Josie felt
confined, she feels she could not do anything.
She wore her dark hair long and straight; she dressed in in Abercrombie &
Fitch; she listened to Dashboard Confessional and Death Cab for Cutie. She
liked the eyes of the other girl in the school when she sat in the cafeteria
borrowing Coutney’s makeup. (p.10)
The quotation above that says she hears the song of Dashboard Confessional
and Death Cab for Cutie with emo and alternative rock that reflects someone in
adolescence. Emo music reflects sadness and alternative rock reflects a spirit rebel
against something. And it is strengthening with how Josie dresses up; she dresses up
in Abercrombie & Fitch. Abercrombie & Fitch is an American retailer that focuses on
casual wear for young consumers, and is headquartered in New Albany, Ohio, a
suburb of Columbus. The way she dresses up and the songs she is heard symbolize a
young woman who wants to get out of the confined situation.
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Abercrombie & Fitch also symbolize that Josie is not a perfectionist person,
because Abercrombie & Fitch is designed to show how a teenager exploring how to
dress casual and unrestrained with a rule. It shows that Josie has different characters
with her mother who is very perfectionist.
Except rebel, an event described in Chapter 4 shows that Josie has a good
characteristics and wise in looking at something. She does not hate Peterdirectly
because she has not been proven legally.
Today, thanks to the superman binder, they’d started off the year with crisis.
With Josie’s help, he’d made a slip-cover of sorts from the tape and an old
newspaper they stole from the science lab. He could take it off when he was
home, she reasoned, so that his mother wouldn’t be offended. (p.198)
This quotation shows that good character of Josie, in that chapter tells that
Josie frustrated because of her mother as a judge. Josie's mother does not want to
close with Peter, but because Josie has thought he was a good friend. Then Josie still
helps Peter. The incident also shows the rebel side of a Josie. She ignores her
mother’s command, but instead of acting otherwise.
The writer concludes that in adolescence age Josie Cormier has some
characteristics those are wise, rebel, not perfectionist, and loyal.
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B. The Influence of Parenting Style changes toward Josie Cormier
This part is discussing the influence of parenting style toward the
characteristic of Josie. The writer compares the parenting style that Josie got when
she was a child and adolescence. The purpose of comparing parenting styles is to
determine the changes of Josie’s Character.
1. In Josie’s Childhood
First, the writer is discusses about what Josie Cormier gets in children period.
Josie is the daughter of Alex Cormier and Logan. Actually, Josie is an unwanted child
by her biological father. Her parents wants to aborted her but when her mother is
following pre-natal classes she is given advice by someone named Lacy Houghton to
dissuade the aborted of her daughter. Starting from that incident, Alex Cormier
intends to take care of her daughter by herself because Josie’s biological father still
does not want the birth of Josie.
In Josie childhood, Alex uses the method of parenting style called
authoritative parenting style to treat Josie. The characteristics of the authoritative
parenting style are caring, loving, and sensitive parents. At same time, they also set
clear limits on the behavior of children. Children of authoritative parents have the
most positive effects on their early social development. Children become self-
confident, independent, academically and socially successful.
Now we are look at some facts that indicate if Alex using the authoritative
parenting style to treat Josie.
Alex didn’t necessarily think that Josie was hiding anything more than any
other teenager, but it was different: Normal parent might metaphorically
judge her child’s friends, whereas Alex could do it legally. (p.7)
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Quotation above shows that Alex is a fair person, when Josie do some fault
she does not accuse her daughter’s friend influence Josie immediately. But she will
find some evidences in advance to know who is guilty in this case.
Josie’s eyelashes were spiked with tears. ―Are you mad at me?‖
Alex hesitated. ―I’m angry at the aides for not paying attention when Peter
was getting teased. And I’m not thrilled that you punched a boy in the nose.
But I’m proud of you for wanting to defend your friend.‖ She kissed Josie on
the forehead. ―Go get some clothes that don’t have holes in them, Wonder
Woman.‖ (p.102)
When Josie was child there was an incident. Josie defended his friend who
was bullied by their friend; she defended her friend by join a fight until her clothes
are damaged. Alex asked about the incident and refuse to listened to the explanation
of her daughter, even she still gave encouragement to their children. Listening about
the reasons why her child committed an act that made good or bad effects is a form of
caring and love.She also showed when she was still forgiving and encouraging Josie
for the actions that have been done.
Children of authoritative parents have the most positive effects on their early
social development. Children become self-confident, independent, academically and
socially successful. As evidence that Josie had positive effects, the writer is using
several evidences to prove that things.
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"So," Alex said, "you did what you thought was the best thing at the time?"
"Yeah.For Peter. "
"Imagine if you always did that. Let's say you Decided that you liked someone
else's coat better than yours, so you took it. "
"That would be stealing," Josie said.
"Exactly. That's why there are rules. You cannot break the rules, not even
when it seems like everyone else is doing it. Because if you do-if we all do-
then the whole world Becomes a very scary place. One where coats get stolen
and people get beat up on the playground. Instead of doing the best thing, we
sometimes have to settle for the rightest thing. "
"What's the difference?"
"The best thing is what you think should be done. The rightest thing is what
needs to be done-when you think not just of you and how you feel, but Also
the extra stuff-who else is Involved, and what's happened before, and what the
rules say. "She glanced at Josie. (p.101-102)
The quotation above is shows how Josie has a self-confident character. Josie
dares to convey the thought that she considers that’s a true thing to his mother. The
action of Peter’s defenses is regarded as another evidence of her self-confident. She
does what she thinks right, she isn’t influence by others. Josie does not care about the
bad effects that will be acquired as a result of the fight. She only does what she thinks
was right.
The Boldness to arguing with her mother about her attitude also proves that
Josie has very strong self-confident character. The character of self-confidence leads
her becoming an independent person. Has own thoughts about what her rightness and
does her right thought are examples of an independent person. The characteristics of
independent person aren’t doing anything because of influence of others because
independent person has her own thoughts. Children who do not have a self-confident
and independent character do not dare to do something based on her thoughts.
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Something that also associates with a self-confident character who becomes
the result of the character of the children under the authoritative parents is
socially successful.
Josie had once been so proud to have a mother as a judge. Alex could
remember Josie broadcasting her career to the tellers at the bank, the baggers
in the grocery store, and the flight attendants on planes. (p.7)
The quotation above shows how her self-confidence also leads her to be a
successful in social life. Parameter in assessing how she is successful in social life is
how she interacts with the people around her. When she was child she was not the
kind of a shy person and loved to greet peoples she met when she is traveling with
her mother. Josie always talked about the greatness of her mother as a judge. The fact
is an effect of authoritative parenting style method that her mother gives when she
was child.
She didn’t fit in with the popular crowd at school because she was a straight-A
student. Peter was different-he got B’s and C’s, and once a D. He didn’t fit in
either, but it wasn’t because he was a brain. It was because he was Peter. If
there was a totem pole of unpopularity, Josie knew she still ranked relatively
higher than some. Every now and then she wondered if she hung out with
Peter because she enjoyed his company or because being with him made her
feel better about herself. (p.203)
The last effect that proves a child under the authoritative parenting style is she
is good in academic. The quotation above describes how Josie at school, in addition
to being a popular person, she also became a smart academically. Josie always gets an
A and she always finishes the task assigned to her faster than her friends. In the
quotation it is described how Josie is different from Peter.
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Based on how Alex treats Josie and the effect after Alex using authoritative
parenting style to treat Josie, the writer can conclude that Josie is a child who is
educated in the authoritative parenting style.
2. In Josie’s Adolescence
Talking about Josie Cormier in her childhood, the writer will talk about Josie
Cormier get in her adolescence period. In, adolescence period, there are a lot of
changes in relationship between Alex Cormier and Josie Cormier. The tunnel of
communication between them slowly bricked shut. There is a factor that makes it
happened, that is the changes of parenting style that Alex Cormier give to Josie
Cormier. The changes in parenting styles are including several aspects in Josie’s
character. In this part the writer wants to show how Alex threats Josie as evidence
that Josie is under authoritarian parenting style.
Alex watched Lacy kneel beside her son and that was all it took to trip the
switch: Josie’s steadfast loyalty to peter suddenly seemed to only to be weight
dragging her down. Maybe it was best for Josie if she started making other
friends. Friends who did not get her called to the principal’s office and who
place rifles in her hand. (p.118)
The first character of a parent who uses authoritarian is having a bossy style in
controlling her children. The quotation above explains how Alex is so concern with
something that is related to her daughter, in that case is about her daughter’s social
intercourse. She does not want her daughter to have relation with Peter because Peter
give Josie bad Influence. Actually, Alex does not have any strong evidence that can
be explained to Josie how big the influence that Peter gives to Josie as a result of their
relationship.
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However, Alex is immediately decides that Peter will give a bad influence on
Josie. The evidence shows us how Alex starts to control the life of Josie, in this case
is in the Josie’s social intercourse. Alex ignores Josie's request to make a friend with
Peter. She uses bossy style to control Josie.
The character of bossy style is controlling something with no care for others
and thinks that her decision is the best decision. Bossy style is one of the
characteristics of parent under authoritarian parenting style.
―Tell me you haven’t been up all night,‖ she parroted.
Alex poured herself a cup of coffee and slid into the chair across from
her,‖Honestly?‖
―You asked me to tell you something,‖ Josie said. ―You didn’t ask for the
truth.‖ Alex frowned. ―You shouldn’t be drinking coffee.‖
―And you shouldn’t be smoking cigarettes.‖
Alex felt her face heat up. ―I don’t‖
―Mom,‖ Josie sighed, ―even when you open up the bathroom windows, I can
still smell it on the towels.‖ She glanced up, daring Alex to challenge her
other vices.(p.6)
The quotation above shows that Alex looks very attentive to her daughter,
Alex looks very bossy and has authority over what is done by his daughter.
Prohibition not to drink coffee and do not smoke show how Alex wants to establish
and prepares Josie to be as she wants, she is controlling her. The conversations in the
quotation above also shows how Alex Cormier’s attitude has changed, it can be seen
when Josie Cormier was a child, Alex Cormier always listened the explanation of
Josie when she was doing something, but in the quotation above Alex does not listen
to the Josie’s explanations but the question that she gives to Josie has purpose to
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bring Josie to an appropriate answer that Alex wants, it is not based on what actually
happened.
Actually, parent who is using authoritarian parenting style is a parent that very
attentive to their children but the excessive care makes them to be a very protective
parent. Matt shooting tragedy becomes one of examples that show how Alex is very
overprotective to her daughter. Alex wants Josie is not to have relationship to Peter
because Peter is alleged shooter of Matt as Josie’s boyfriend. She does not want Josie
to be influenced by Peter. Although Peter has not been proven guilty, Alex still wants
to protect Josie from anyone that can interfere Josie’s life.
She would liked to say that she knew with authority that Josie didn't that Josie
didn't have any vices, either, but she would only be making the same inference
the rest of the world did when they met Josie: a pretty, popular, straight-A
student who knew better than most the consequences of falling off the straight
and narrow. A girl who was destined for great things. A young woman who
was exactly what Alex had hoped her daughter would grow to become.(p.7)
The quotation above is another proof that Alex wants to control Josie. She
wants Josie to be a perfect woman like her. In this story, the author explains that Alex
is the youngest superior judge in her state. She has a good history as a public
defender. She is a perfectionist woman. She always prepares everything before she
does something. She always imposes whatever she wants.
―What’s on the docket today?‖ Alex said.
―Unit test. What about you?‖
―Arraignments,‖ Alex replied. She squinted across the table, trying to read
Josie’s textbook upside down.(p.7)
Alex is a parent who is very attentive to Josie, it can be seen from the way she
notices Josie. In this story she is attentive to every detail of what is done by Josie.
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Even though Alex is a person who has excessive authority to her daughter,
Alex is a mother who tries to communicate and take care of her child. All evidence
shows in the above conversation, Alex tries to find out what her child does and tries
to get close to her, Alex does not treats Josie in right ways.
In order to know how the parenting style influences Josie Cormier
characteristics, the writer also encloses the character of children under the
authoritarian parent. As the result, children under the authoritarian parents are moody,
easily upset, aggressive and often creating problems. Huffman et al. adds that
authoritarian parents demand mature awareness and responsibility of their children.
No questions are needed to be asked by the children under the authoritarian parents.
This style of parenting makes the children have poor communication skills in their
social development.
After seeing a theory that has been described in previous chapters and
parenting style are given by Alex Cormier in the previous part. In this part the writer
discusses how the parenting style influences the Josie’s characteristics. The
differences of parenting style that Alex used in the child and Adolescents period will
guide us to see how parenting style affects the characteristics of Josie Cormier. In this
part the writer discusses one by one the effects of parenting styles through the
character of Josie. So, in the end of this part it can be concluded how the parenting
style influences Josie’s characteristics.
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It can be seen that Josie had once been so proud to have a mother as a judge,
but all changes three years later when Josie entered high school; the communication
between them slowly bricked shut.
―I still don’t get why I have to eat breakfast if you don’t,‖ Josie muttered.
―Because you have to be a certain age to earn the right ruin your own life.‖
Alex pointed at the scrambled eggs Josie was mixing in the skillet. (p.8)
Actually, Josie has been implicitly indicated that she wants to be what she
wants. She has her own way for herself, but in the conversation above show that Alex
hears what Josie says, but she considers that Josie is not mature enough to determine
something that is good for her. Although Alex listens to the complaints of Josie, but
all of her daughter's decision remain in her hands.
Sometimes Josie though of her life as a room with no doors and no windows.
It was a sumptuous room, sure – a room half the kids in Sterling High would
have given their right arm to enter – but it was also a room from which there
really wasn’t an escape. Either Josie was someone she didn’t want to be, or
she was someone who nobody wanted. (p.10)
The quotation above explains how Josie Cormier feels so frustrated about her
life. Josie Cormier lifts her face to spray of the shower – water she’d made so hot it
raised red welts, stale breath, steamed windows. All situations show that Josie also
feels stressful with her life. She listens rock music such as Dashboard Confessional
and Death Cab Cutie at the same time. All take us into the deepest feelings of Josie,
that she feels very depressed. The effect of the authoritarian attitude of mother who
always wants to put her thoughts into a reference in Josie life makes her stressful and
become a person who wants to be alone. The cheerful characteristics of slowly
disappears from her life.
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All of these occur as a result of a sense of unfettered experienced by Josie
because she cannot do the things she wants continuously. If we see from the previous
discussion, in which she is not allowed to drink coffee and smoke, actually it was a
proof of a mother who is very attentive to her daughter. The way she displays this
affection may not always come off in an appropriate way. What Alex does is much
exaggerated because she always wants Josie to be what Alex wants her to be without
obeying about Josie's own desires.
In the parenting style theory states that parents who uses authoritarian
parenting style have "bosses" characteristic. "Bosses" characteristic is a character in
which people feel that they are the most correct and assumes her desire is the best.
The character always wants to control other people and wants to make it be like her.
In Nineteen Minutes story illustrated clearly in self-Alex Cormier. This is seen when
Alex wants her daughter to be like she wants, like a conversation when she forbids
her daughter not to have breakfast with coffee and cigarettes.
The ―bosses‖ characteristics influences her daughter’s characteristic’s very
much. It can be seen from some of the events in the story of Nineteen minutes.
Because Alex rarely speaks with her in two-way, and considers her daughter not to be
old enough to determine good and bad, her daughter has a rebel characteristics of
doing things.In adolescents theory discussed in the theoretical review, mention that in
adolescence, rebel teenage characteristics can be due to several factors, one of the
factors that influences is factors which restrain her parents.
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The examples that show how Josie rebels of doing something is when Alex
prohibit Josie to make friends with Peter because Peter may give bad influence to her,
but Josie still desperate to make friends with Peter. Peter convicts of the murder of
Matt in the shootings that occur at school. But Josie keeps a good relationship with
Peter, even helps Peter in some cases; this is because Peter has not proven to be a
killer of Matt. Indirectly characteristic that is shown by Josie arising from the attitude
of parenting style that carried by his mother. A rebel characteristic that she shows is
reinforced by the above theory which says that children under the authoritarian
parents have aggressive characteristics. Aggressive based on Longman dictionary
means very determined to succeed or get what you want, and aggressive has character
to attack something that is seen as the thing or situation that was disappointing,
obstruct, or impede;
―The arraignment,‖ Josie said.
―Sweetheart, there is no way you’re going near that courthouse today.‖
―I have to.‖
―You’re not going,‖ Alex said flatly.
Josie looked as if she were unraveling at the seams. ―Why not?‖ (P.150)
When Josie is in high school there is a tragedy in which her friend's named
Peter do a criminal cases, Peter shots on Josie Cormier’s boyfriends. In this case,
Alex Cormier become the judge who presides at the trial of Peter. A few hours before
the trial occurred, Alex Cormier tries to prohibit Josie to do not come to the court
today, but Josie tried to argue to that. There is a debate between Alex and Josie at that
time that lead Josie to her reckless to keep coming to the court, she argues that she
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should come because of Peter is her best friend and she is near her boyfriend, Matt,
when Peter shot him.
Actually, the goal of Alex prohibits her daughter to come to the trial is Alex
does not want Josie to be involved in the case, but Josie does not care about Alex’s
ban. The reason why Josie wants to come to the court is Josie was a vital piece in the
puzzle, the only one who had seen Peter killed Matthew Royston. But unlike those
victims, Josie has a mother who knows the intricacies of the legal system. She tries to
help Peter get reduction of punishment from her testimony.
The rebel’s character is very different from her characteristics when she was a
child, when Alex was very attentive; always hear anything said by Josie. Alex
authoritarian parenting style makes Josie becomes a teenager who has rebels
character.
―Why don’t you go upstairs and change, and we’ll make pancakes. You used
to like that.‖
―Yeah, when I was five…‖
―Chocolate chip cookies, then.‖
Josie blinked at Alex. ―Are you on crack?‖
Alex sounded ridiculous even to herself, but she was desperate to show Josie
that she could and would take care of her, and that her job came second. She
stood up, opening cabinets until she found a Scrabble game. ―Well, then, how
about this?‖ Alex said, holding out the box. ―I bet you can’t beat me.‖
Josie pushed past her. ―You win,‖ she said woodenly, and then she walked
away. (p.151)
The next characteristic that is formed from the influence of parenting style
that her mother gives to her was easily upset. In the theory of the parenting style tells
us that easily upset is one part of the result of children under the authoritarian parents.
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Quotation above shows how Josie is lazy chatting with her mother, when her
mother tries to chat with her about many things that they did when Josie was in the
child period to make better communication between them, Josie is offended and
leaves. In this part is telling how Josie feels a change in parenting style that her
mother does. The changes led Josie to be stressed, feeling alone, and cannot be what
she wanted. The entire effects make Josie has the characteristic of easily upset.
From the discussion above it can be concluded that parenting style is change
person’s characteristics. In the case of this research is Josie. Something that can be a
parameter of change is a comparison of two different things. This study explains how
parenting styles can change a person's character. In this study, Josie Cormier becomes
the main character who changes the characteristic as a result of parenting style which
she gets from her mother. The changing begins when she was child. When Josie
Cormier was child, Alex Cormier using Authoritative parenting style for treating
Josie Cormier.
A parent who uses Authoritative parenting style has characteristics of caring,
loving, and sensitive parents. At the same time, they also set clear limits on the
behavior of children. In the discussion above there are some evidences that explain
how Alex has a character that has been described in theory. The authoritative
parenting style also has effects to the child's characteristic. The authoritative parents
to a child's characteristics effects are become self-confident, independent,
academically and socially successful. Evidence described above have also been
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explained that the characteristics of Josie when she was child also influenced by
authoritative parenting style.
After seeing the influence of parenting style in Josie's character in child
period, to reinforce how parenting style gives big influence person's character, the
writer also discusses the effect when the parenting style changes. When Alex Cormier
changes her parenting style to treat Josie in adolescence period, it is lead the changes
Josie Cormier's character. In adolescence period, Alex Cormier uses different
parenting styles to treat Josie Cormier. In adolescence period Alex Cormier uses
authoritarian parenting style to treat Josie Cormier. A strong control over their
children's behavior is the way a parent treats their children. The characteristics of
parents using authoritarian parenting style is they not hear the opinion of their
children because they consider his opinion are the best for him. The effect of
authoritarian parenting style that is contained in the Josie’s characteristics are moody,
easily upset, and aggressive.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
Nineteen Minutes is one of Jodi Picoult’s novels.Nineteen Minutes is released
in 2007. Such as Jodi Picoult novel before that is my sister’s keeper, Novel Jodi
Picoult this time also still themed family. This novel tells the story of the relationship
between mother and her daughter.
In this novel there are two very influential character in the story. The first
main character is Alex Cormier. Alex Cormier is a single parent. She works as a
Judge. In the legal system Alex is not new person. She is a woman who is quite
accomplished in the field of law. Before becoming a prosecutor, she is a public
defender. Alex Cormier is judge that has characteristic perfectionist, decisive,
uncompromising, dedicated, intelligent, and hardwork.
The second character is Josie Cormier. Josie Cormier is the biological child of
Alex Cormier and Logan. Josie Cormier is the only child of the couple. She is
abandoned by his biological father when she still in Alex Cormier’s womb. Josie is
initially unwanted child by her father so that she is almost alone in aborted, but when
her mother meet a person's named Lacy Houghton then his mother thinks better not to
abort it.
In this study, Josie Cormier becomes a very important figure since she
became the object of this study. In the novel Josie has the characteristic changes
starting from when she was a child as well as when she is a teenager.
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47
She is changed due to several factors of parenting style that her mother give.
As a teenager that lives in adolescence ages, Josie Cormier wants to have freedom
about what she wants to do, but her mother Alex Cormier has different perspective
and thinking. Alex wants Josie to be what she wants. This complicated relationship is
the part that the writer is interested to discuss how Alex treats Josie influence Josie
characters.
The writer of this research starts the analysis on Josie Cormier’s and Alex
Cormier’s characterization by giving the visual image of Josie and Alex as first
problem. In this novel, Alex describes as static character because from the beginning
of the story until the end of the story always has the same characters. This is very
different from Josie; Josie has a very significant change in characters. Self-confident,
independent, academically, socially successful and Cheerful are the Josie's
Characteristics when she was child. In the adolescent period Josie’s characteristics
turn into a moody, easily upset, and aggressive.
After explaining the character of Alex Cormier and Josie Cormier, in the
second problem is about the parenting style that gives big influence to Josie Cormier
and how those parenting styles influence to Josie's character.
In this research the writer uses two kinds of parenting style. First is
authoritative parenting style. In Childhood Alex applies Authoritative parenting style
as a style of educating Josie when she was a child. In the discussion above Alex
describes herself as a mother who is caring, loving, and set clear limits on the
children behavior.
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48
The authoritative parenting style also has effects to the child's character. The
authoritative parents that Alex used lead Josie to be self-confident, independent,
academically and socially successful character.
Second style is Authoritarian parenting style. In Childhood Alex applies
Authoritative parenting style as a style of educating Josie in Adolescent period. In
Adolescences period there are many changes in Josie characters. In childhood Josie
has self-confident, independent, academically and socially successful character but in
adolescence period Josie become moody, easily upset, and aggressive. The changing
of the characters is the result of the changing in parenting style that Alex used; the
changes of the parent style that loving, and set clear limits on the behavior of children
to be a parent that has a low in warmth, but high in control. Generally they have the
characteristics of demanding with threats and punishment. They have a strong control
over Reviews their children's behavior. The research leads the writer to conclude that
parenting style changes children characteristics. The parenting style chosen in
educating children will shape a child into a character.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abrams, M.H. A Glossary Literary Term seventh edition. Boston: Earl McPeek,
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Campbell, Karen. ―Consequences of bullying erupt in Picoult's Nineteen Minutes‖.
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D. Schwartz, Kelly and Gregory T. Fouts. Music Preferences, Personality Style, and
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Plenum Publishers. 1995
Gill, Richard. Mastering English Literature: Second Edition. New York: Palgrave
Macmillan, 1995.
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Harmon, William and Clarence Hugh Holman.A Handbook to Literature eleventh
edition. New York: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009.
Kasschau, Richard A, Ph.D. Adolescence Sixth Edition. New York: The McGraw-Hill
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―Margaret Thatcher‖. September 23, 2010. (www.biography.com/people/margaret-
thatcher). 24 August 2014.
Maslin,Janet. ―After The Shooting is Over‖. March 16, 2007. (www.nytimes.com).
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minutes.html). 24 June 2013.
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2007.
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APPENDIX
Summary of Jody Picoult’s Nineteen Minutes
Alex Cormier, a judge at the Grafton County courthouse in New Hampshire,
has lived a pretty good life but Alex had her fair share of problems. Her daughter,
Josie, is now a junior at Sterling High School and has been facing more obstacles
then most kids her age. She is considered one of the ―popular‖ kids.
When Alex found out she was pregnant she took abortion into consideration.
She felt that she was not cut out to be a parent. Before making a final decision she
started taking parenting classes where she met Lacy Houghton. Alex began talking to
Lacy about her thoughts on whether or not to keep the baby and eventually they
became best friends. Since Alex found a person to confide in she made the decision to
keep they baby.
Alex and Lacy both raised their children together. Alex had Josie and Lacy
had Peter. As they were growing up Peter and Josie did everything together until the
one time their parent were talking and Peter took Josie to the basement to look at his
dad’s guns. When Alex and Lacy found them they started to fight. Alex felt that Lacy
was not careful enough because Peter knew where the key to the gun safe was.
After the gun incident, Peter and Josie were no longer allowed to go to each other’s
houses. They were still able to see each other at school though so they made the best
of it. School was hard for Peter because the other boys picked on him. Lacy and
Peter’s teachers just told him that he had to stick up for himself.
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When he did this the other kids just teased him even more so Josie stuck up
for him. Josie and Peter’s friendship eventually faded and they stopped talking. Peter
became an outcast and Josie became popular. Josie started dating Matt who bullied
Peter the most. Josie always felt like there was something wrong with her but she
never said anything to her friends about it because they might think she was weird
and then she’d be like Peter.
One day Peter and Josie ended up in an elevator together. Instead of ignoring
each other they started talking and that’s where Josie told Peter the truth about why
she had crutches. It was because Matt pushed her while they were having an
argument. She also told him that it wasn’t the first time Matt did something like this
to her. When Josie told him Peter was angry with Matt.
The last person he killed was Matt, Josie’s boyfriend. It was Peter, Josie and
Matt in the boy’s locker room. Matt tried tackling Peter and caused him to drop one
of the guns which Josie picked up and shot Matt in the stomach with. Then Peter
walked over and shot Matt in the head. After shooting Matt, Peter hit Josie in the
head with the gun so she’d forget what happened and wouldn’t be able to tell anyone
she killed Matt. The boy’s locker room is where Patrick, a cop, found Peter and
arrested him. Peter ended up receiving eight consecutive murder sentences after
spending many days in jail and court. Throughout the court sentencing Josie started to
remember what she did during the shooting. After being able to remember the whole
thing she told everyone the truth. After coming clean Josie received two years for
attempted murder.
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