Old" Culture "New" Culture Emphasized Production Emphasized Consumption...

Old" Culture

"New" Culture

Emphasized Production

Emphasized Consumption

Character Personality

Scarcity Abundance

Religion Science

Idealized the Past

Looked to the Future

Local Culture

Mass Culture

Substance Image

Decade notable for obsessive interest in celebrities

Sex becomes an all-consuming topic of interest in popular entertainment

Eat, drink & be merry, for tomorrow we die

Return to normalcy US turned inward---isolationism Jazz Age first modern era in the U.S.

The Second Industrial Revolution

U.S. develops the highest standard of living in the world

The twenties and the second revolution– electricity replaces steam – Henry Ford’s modern assembly line

introduced Rise of the airline industry Modern appliances and

conveniences begin to change American society

The Automobile Industry Auto makers stimulate sales

through model changes, advertising

Auto industry fostered the growth of other businesses

Autos encourage movement and more individual freedom.

Glenwood Stove and Washing Machine

Rural Americans identify urban culture with Communism, crime, immorality

Sex becomes an all-consuming topic of interest in popular entertainmentCommunities of home, church, and school are absent in the cities

Conflict: Traditional values vs new ideas found in the cities.

Rural Americans identify urban culture with Communism, crime, immorality

Sex becomes an all-consuming topic of interest in popular entertainmentCommunities of home, church, and school are absent in the cities

Conflict: Traditional values vs new ideas found in the cities.

• Red Scare, 1919 to 1921, was a time of great

upheaval…U.S. “scared out of their wits".

• "Reds” as they were called, "Anarchists” or "Outside

Foreign-Born Radical Agitators” (Communists). • Anti-red hysteria came about after WWI

and the Russian Revolution. • 6,000 immigrants the government suspected of being Communists were arrested (Palmer Raids) and 600 were

deported or expelled from the U.S. • No due process was followed

Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer

at this time, W. Wilson was gravely ill following a stroke

his Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer, wanted to take a shot at the presidency - he used fears of both immigrants and communism to his advantage

he had J. Edgar Hoover round up suspected radicals, many of which were deported (Palmer Raids)

•The U.S. Government began to restrict certain “undesirable” immigrants from entering the

U.S.•Congress passed the

Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and Immigration Act of 1924• Kept out immigrants from

southeastern Europe.

• The U.S. Government began to restrict certain “undesirable” immigrants from entering the U.S.

• Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act of 1921, in which newcomers from Europe were

restricted at any year to a quota, which was set at 3% of the people of their nationality who lived

in the U.S. in 1910.

• Immigration Act of 1924, the quota down to 2% and the origins base was shifted to that of

1890, when few southeastern Europeans lived in America.

Cartoon from 1919: “Put them out and

keep them out”

• Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

were Italian immigrants charged

with murdering a guard and robbing a

shoe factory in Braintree, Mass.

• The trial lasted 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had

been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

• In this time period, anti-foreignism was high as well.

• Liberals and radicals rallied around the two men, but they would be executed.

•Goal: was to reduce crime and poverty and improve the quality of life by

making it impossible for people to get their hands on alcohol.

•This "Noble Experiment" was a failure.

•Midnight, January 16th, 1920, US went dry.

•The 18th Amendment, known as the Volstead Act, prohibited the

manufacture, sale and possession of alcohol in America. Prohibition lasted

for thirteen years. •So was born the industry of

bootlegging, speakeasies and Bathtub Gin.

men open cases of liquor from the Blue Valley Distillery Company

Anti-Saloon League Flyer, “How Drink Leads to Immorality”

• People drank more than ever during Prohibition, and there were more deaths

related to alcohol.

• No other law in America has been violated so flagrantly by so many "decent law-

abiding" people.

• Overnight, many became criminals.

• Mobsters controlled liquor created a booming black market economy.

• Gangsters owned speakeasies and by 1925 there were over 100,000 speakeasies in

New York City alone.

Detroit police inspecting equipment

found in a hidden underground brewery during the prohibition

era.

Agent with the U.S. Treasury Department's

Prohibition Bureau during a time when

bootlegging was rampant throughout the

nation.

Chicago gangster during Prohibition who controlled the

“bootlegging” industry.

Al CaponeAl Capone Elliot Ness, part of the

Untouchables

Elliot Ness, part of the

Untouchables

“Prohibition is an awful flop.We like it.

It can't stop what it's meant to stop.We like it.

It's left a trail of graft and slime,It's filled our land with vice and crime,

It can't prohibit worth a dime,Nevertheless we're for it.”

Franklin Pierce Adams, New York World

“It is impossible to stop liquor trickling through a dotted line”

A Prohibition agent

Edwin T. Hunt

"My dad thought that prohibition was an immoral law. So he had no compunction about breaking that law. And dad’s particular job was the bagman for the police department. He decided that patrolmen would get so much and no more per week; sergeants would get so much; lieutenants, captains and so on. So he was the paymaster for the Olmstead Gang."

PROHIBITION - on manuf. and sale of alcohol

adopted in 1919 - 18th AMENDMENT

an outgrowth of the long-time temperance movement

in WWI, temperance became a patriotic mvmt. - drunkenness caused low productivity & inefficiency, and alcohol needed to treat the wounded

a difficult law to enforce... organized crime, speakeasies, bootleggers were on the rise

Al Capone virtually controlled Chicago in this period - capitalism at its zenith…

Prohibition finally ended in 1933 w/ the 21st Amendment

forced organized crime to pursue other interests…

“Flappers” sought individual freedom

Ongoing crusade for equal rights

Most women remain in the “cult of domesticity”

sphereDiscovery of adolescence

Teenaged children no longer needed to work

and indulged their craving for excitement

The Playful flapper here we see,The fairest of the fair.

She's not what Grandma used to be,You might say, au contraire.

Her girlish ways may make a stir,Her manners cause a scene,

But there is no more harm in herThan in a submarine.

She nightly knocks for many a goalThe usual dancing men.

Her speed is great, but her controlIs something else again.

All spotlights focus on her pranks.All tongues her prowess herald.

For which she well may render thanksTo God and Scott Fitzgerald.

Her golden rule is plain enough -Just get them young and treat them

rough.

by Dorothy Parker

1925

The first conflict between religion vs. science being

taught in school was in 1925 in Dayton, Tennessee.

John T. Scopes

Respected high school biology

teacher arrested in Dayton,

Tennessee for teaching

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution.

Clarence Darrow

Famous trial lawyer who represented

Scopes

William J. BryanSec. of State for

President Wilson, ran for president three times, turned evangelical

leader. Represented the

prosecution.

Dayton, Tennessee

Small town in the south became

protective against the

encroachment of modern times and secular teachings.

The trial is conducted in a carnival-like atmosphere. The

people of Dayton are seen as ‘backward’ by

the country.

The right to teach and protect Biblical

teachings in schools.

The acceptance of science and that all

species have evolved from lower forms of

beings over billions of years.

• Westinghouse Radio Station KDKA was a world pioneer

of commercial radio broadcasting.

• Transmitted 100 watts on a wavelength of 360 meters.

• KDKA first broadcast was the Harding-Cox

Presidential election returns on November 2, 1920.

• 220 stations eighteen months after KDKA took the plunge. • $50 to $150 for first radios

• 3,000,000 homes had them by 1922.

• Radio sets, parts and accessories brought in $60

million in 1922…

• $136 million in 1923

• $852 million in 1929

• Radio reached into every third home

in its first decade.

• Listening audience was 50,000,000 by 1925

CelebritiesBabe Ruth &Ty Cobb

Jack Dempsey

Charles Lindbergh The Spirit of St. Louis

The 1920 ElectionThe 1920 Election

The 1920 ElectionThe 1920 Election

Wilson’s idealism and Treaty of Versailles led many

Americans to vote for the Republican, Warren

Harding…

US turned inward and feared anything that was

European…

Wilson’s idealism and Treaty of Versailles led many

Americans to vote for the Republican, Warren

Harding…

US turned inward and feared anything that was

European…

The Ohio Gang: President Warren Harding (front row, third from right), Vice-President Calvin Coolidge (front row,

second from right), and members of the cabinet.

The Ohio Gang: President Warren Harding (front row, third from right), Vice-President Calvin Coolidge (front row,

second from right), and members of the cabinet.

The 1920 ElectionThe 1920 Election

Harding and CoolidgeHarding and Coolidge

• Republican presidents appeal to traditional American values

• Harding dies in office after 2 years.• Scandals break after his death

–Teapot Dome Scandal• Calvin Coolidge becomes President after

Harding’s death in 1923.

• Republican presidents appeal to traditional American values

• Harding dies in office after 2 years.• Scandals break after his death

–Teapot Dome Scandal• Calvin Coolidge becomes President after

Harding’s death in 1923.

Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall leased naval reserve oil land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny

Fall had received a bribe of $100,000 from Doheny and about three times that amount from Sinclair.

Fall found guilty of taking a bribe.

+ + = $$REPUBLICAN ECONOMY SUPPORTED LAISSEZ FAIRE

AND BIG BUSINESS……….

Lower Taxes Less Federal Higher Strong Spending Tariffs National

Economy

Fordney-McCumber Tariff---1923Hawley-Smoot Tariff ---1930

raised the tariff to an unbelievable 60%!!!

Art, Music and Literature during the 1920’s

Literature during the 1920’s

Literature- The Lost Generation – term by Stein discussing AM and European Artists disenchanted by WWI, only applied to survivors of the war who had been unable or unwilling to settle back into the routines of peacetime life

Harlem Renaissance- literature directed toward the plight and problems of African-Americans

"That's not it at all, that's not what I meant at all"--from "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," by T.S. Eliot

Writers after World War I

The era following World War I, – social upheaval and economic and political

devastation, gave rise to modernism. Because modernism was an international

movement, it was seen by some to conflict with American literary traditions.

Women writers also contributed in vital ways to the difference of the literature during the interwar period.

F. Scott Fitzgerald – The Great Gatsby, Tender is the Night Ernest Hemingway – The Old Man and the Sea, The Sun Also Rises Gertrude Stein – tutored Lost Generation, coined the term, lived in

Paris as an ex-pat., cubism paintings, The Making of Americans 27, Rue de Fleurus

T.S. Elliot – Wrote “The Wasteland”, “Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock

Amy Lowell, poet, Imagism, wrote free verse and were devoted to "clarity of

expression through the use of precise visual images”., “Patterns” concept of New Woman- independent of a man, in her case inherited wealth

Ezra Pound , Imagist, wrote “In a Station of the Metro” Edna St. Vincent Millay, lyric poet William Faulkner – Southern Author, As I Lay Dying Eudora Welty, , topics about rural south, Delta South

F. Scott Fitzgerald William Faulkner Ernest Hemingway Gertrude Stein

T.S. Elliot Amy Lowell Edna St. Vincent Millay Ezra Pound                    

Common Themes

the journey of the human soul searching for redemption. – T.S. Elliot, Wasteland

Tin Pan Alley American popular

music comprised the commercial music of songwriters– Ballads– Dance music– Vaudeville

Famous Performers– Scott Joplin– Ira Gershwin– Irving Berlin

Irving Berlin

Ira Gershwin

Scott Joplin – Maple Leaf Rag

Harlem Renaissance Authors

Langston Hughes, , various poems, poet, “The Negro Speaks of Rivers”

Zora Neale Hurston Their Eyes Were Watching God

Countee Cullen, poet — “The Black Christ and Other Poems”

Left – Zora N. Hurston,

Right Countee Cullen

Bottom – Langston Hughes

Jazz Jazz music influenced all aspects of

society. Jazz poetry, fashion, and industry were

effected by the "basement" music. Jazz music also exacerbated the racial

tensions in the post war period– New Orleans- Birthplace– Chicago- moved as part of Great Migration– New York – part of Harlem Renaissance

•Beginning of the Jazz Age in New York City

•Acceptance of African American culture

•African American literature and music

Jazz as a part of the women’s movement?????

Lift Every Voice and Sing

Written by James Weldon Johnson

From Jacksonville, FL Former Principal of

Stanton School This song is considered

the Black National Anthem

Art of the Harlem Renaissance Period

W. E. B. Du Bois – “all Art is propaganda…”

Art of the Harlem Renaissance

Aaron Douglas “Into Bondage” African

sculptures, jazz music, dance and geometric forms

Ellis Wilson

“Summer Magic Everyday scenes depicted a young

woman leaning against a tree, possibly resting from farm work and day dreaming, while horses graze in the background.

James Van Der Zee- Photography

Photos of Marcus Garvey

Countee Cullen

Famous A-A Events