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Origins of ImagingScience
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
Images and our HumanIdentity
α The need to makeimages seems tobe an intrinsicattribute of thehuman species.
Australian Bush Man
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
The Classical Period -Roman
α Roman ideal of reality wasthat which one can seeand feel.
α Virtual Reality issomething that looks real,but is an idealization
α Mimetic Reality issomething that is a“mime” of the worldlyreality, or a 1-to-1mapping from the physicalworld.
Emperor Vespasian, Roman, 70 AD
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
The Classical Period - Greek
α Flat works from theclassical period showthe same technicalskill at portrayingreality.
Fresco (colorants in plaster)
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
The Classical Period -Egyptian
α Painting on asarcophagus.
α Mixture of mimeticand virtual reality.
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
Pre-contact Peruvian
α The skills and thetechnical knowledgerequired to controlimage makingmaterials was notunique to Europe.
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
The Camera Obscura
α Aristotle (384-322 BCE) described theprinciple of the Camera Obscura (Latin fordark room).
α Smaller holes produced sharper images.
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642)α Galileo helped
revolutionize science,during the earlyRenaissance
α He used some of thefirst telescopes to makefundamental discoveriesabout the nature of thesolar system.
α Many of his claims - forex., that the Earthorbited the Sun - werecontroversial, to thepoint where he wasexcommunicated fromthe Catholic Church
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
Galileo’s drawingsSunspots Phases of the Moon
Phases of Venus
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727)
α Newton is credited forinventing calculus,mechanics, and optics.
α His advances in opticsmade some of theearliest and mostevident advances inimaging science.
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
The Magic Mirror
α By Newton’s death in the early 18th century, image makers wereusing optical systems of lenses and mirrors to collect imagesand to cast them where desired.
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
Joseph Niepce
α Niepce was the first tocapture a permanentimage in a cameraobscura by usingchemistry.
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
First Successful Photograph:1826
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
“Moon”, 1851 Daguerreotype
α Astronomers could nowshow their colleagueswhat they had seen intheir telescopes, thanksto advances in imagingtechnology.
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
Daguerreotype of LouisDaguerre
α The photographicprocess developed byLouis Daguerre was thefirst commerciallysuccessful photographicprocess.
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
Lincoln Daguerreotype
α There are other formsof reality that areimportant to show,which may not show upin the mimetic image ofa photograph.
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
The Hand of Mrs. WilhelmConrad Roentgen, 1896
α Roentgen made the first X-ray images.
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
First aerostaticphotographyFelix Nadar
1858
Paris byBalloon
Arc d’Triumphe
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
October 13, 1860James Wallace Black
BostonbyBalloon
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
Cloud Motion
First operational electro-optical imaging satellite
TIROS 1960
Photographs frommanned space
program
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
Landsat: Imagingthe Earth Rochester area
true color visible light false color infrared
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
Astronomy: Ever-Bigger Ground-basedOptical Telescopes
α Largest telescopes inuse or underconstruction:λ 10 meter Keck (Mauna
Kea, Hawaii)λ 8 meter Subaru
(Mauna Kea)λ 8 meter Gemini
(Mauna Kea & CerroPachon, Chile)
λ 6.5 meter Mt. Hopkins(Arizona)
λ 5 meter Mt. Palomar(California)
λ 4 meter NOAO (KittPeak, AZ & CerroTololo, Chile)
Summit of Mauna Kea, with Maui in background
Kecktelescope
mirror(note
person)
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
Radio Telescopesα Since wavelength of interest is longer, must
increase telescope aperture to achieve goodangular resolutionλ alternative is to use an array of radio telescopes
VeryLargeArray,New
Mexico
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
IR Astronomy from Spaceα Helps to go into space, or at least above
the bulk of the atmosphere
SIRTF: NASA’s Space Infrared Telescope Facility
SOFIA: NASA’s Stratospheric Observatory for IR Astronomy
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceImaging Science Fundamentals
X-ray Telescopes
α Must go aboveatmosphere todetect celestial
objects! (X-rays are
absorbed byEarth’s
atmosphere)Chandra is in high
Earth orbit
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