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LECTURE 2
VITAMINSVitamins are substances that your bodyneeds to grow and develop normally.There are 13 vitamins your body needs.
They are vitamins A, C, D, E, K and the Bvitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin,pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6,vitamin B-12 and folate). You can usuallyget all your vitamins from the foods youeat. Your body can also make vitamins Dand K. People who eat a vegetarian
diet may need to take a vitamin B12supplement.
Each vitamin has specific jobs. If youhave low levels of certain vitamins, youmay develop a deficiency disease. Forexample, if you don't get enough vitamin
D, you could develop rickets. Somevitamins may help prevent medicalproblems. Vitamin A prevents nightblindness.
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The best way to get enough vitamins isto eat a balanced diet with a variety offoods. In some cases, you may need to
take a daily multivitamin for optimalhealth. However, high doses of somevitamins can make you sick.
What are vitamins?
Vitamins are natural substances found inplants and animals. Your body uses thesesubstances to stay healthy and support its
many functions. There are two types ofvitamins: water-soluble and fat-soluble.
What are water-soluble vitamins?
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Water-soluble vitamins are easily absorbed byyour body. Unlike fat-soluble vitamins, theydont have to be absorbed using bile acids
(fluids used to digest fats). Your body doesntstore large amounts of water-solublevitamins. The water-soluble vitamins youdont need are removed by your kidneys andcome out in your urine. Download the PDF filebelow for more about water-soluble vitamins.
What are fat-soluble vitamins?
Your body has to use bile acids to absorb fat-soluble vitamins. Once these vitamins areabsorbed, your body stores them in body fat.When you need them, your body takes them
out of storage to be used. Download the PDFfile below for more information about fat-soluble vitamins. Eating fats or oils that arenot digested can cause shortages of fat-soluble vitamins. This includes using mineraloil frequently to treat constipation or eating
the fat substitute Olestra.
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Vitamins are classified by their biologicaland chemical activity, not their structure.
Thus, each "vitamin" may refer to
severalvitamercompounds that all show thebiological activity associated with a particularvitamin. Such a set of chemicals are groupedunder an alphabetized vitamin "genericdescriptor" title, such as "vitamin A," whichincludes the compounds retinal,retinol, andmany carotenoids.[4] Vitamers are often inter-converted in the body.
Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions,including function as hormones (e.g. vitaminD), antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E), andmediators of cell signaling and regulators ofcell and tissue growth and differentiation (e.g.
vitamin A).[5] The largest number of vitamins(e.g. B complex vitamins) function asprecursors for enzyme cofactorbio-molecules (coenzymes), that help actas catalysts and substrates in metabolism.When acting as part of a catalyst, vitamins
are bound to enzymes and arecalled prosthetic groups. Forexample, biotin is part of enzymes involved inmaking fatty acids. Vitamins also actascoenzymes to carry chemical groups
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomoleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomoleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthetic_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzymeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomoleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomoleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthetic_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzymes8/6/2019 phytotherapy 3
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between enzymes. For example, folicacid carries various forms of carbon group methyl, formyl and methylene - in the cell.
Although these roles in assisting enzymereactions are vitamins' best-known function,the other vitamin functions are equallyimportant.[6]
Until the 1900s, vitamins were obtained solelythrough food intake, and changes in diet
(which, for example, could occur during aparticular growing season) can alter the typesand amounts of vitamins ingested. Vitaminshave been produced ascommodity chemicals and made widelyavailable as inexpensive pills for severaldecades,[7] allowing supplementation of the
dietary intake.
History
The Ancient Egyptians knew that feeding a
patient liver (back, right) would help cure night
blindness.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin#cite_note-Kirk-Othmer-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctalopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctalopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ARS_copper_rich_foods.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin#cite_note-Kirk-Othmer-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctalopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctalopia8/6/2019 phytotherapy 3
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The value of eating a certain food to maintain
health was recognized long before vitamins
were identified. The ancientEgyptians knewthat feeding a patient liver would help
cure night blindness, an illness now known to be
caused by a vitamin A deficiency.[8] The
advancement of ocean voyage during
the Renaissance resulted in prolonged periods
without access to fresh fruits and vegetables,and made illnesses from vitamin deficiency
common among ship's crew.
In 1749, the ScottishsurgeonJames
Lind discovered that citrus foods helped
prevent scurvy, a particularly deadly disease inwhich collagen is not properly formed, causing
poor wound healing, bleeding of the gums,
severe pain, and death.[8] In 1753, Lind
published his Treatise on the Scurvy, which
recommended using lemons and limes to avoid
scurvy, which was adopted by the British Royal
Navy. This led to the nickname Limey for
sailors of that organization. Lind's discovery,
however, was not widely accepted by individuals
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_blindnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin#cite_note-Challem-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lind_(physician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lind_(physician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scurvyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin#cite_note-Challem-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_blindnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin#cite_note-Challem-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lind_(physician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lind_(physician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scurvyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin#cite_note-Challem-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limey8/6/2019 phytotherapy 3
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in the Royal Navy's Arctic expeditions in the
19th century, where it was widely believed
that scurvy could be prevented by practicinggood hygiene, regular exercise, and by
maintaining the moraleof the crew while on
board, rather than by a diet of fresh food.[8] As a result, Arctic expeditions continued to
be plagued by scurvy and other deficiency
diseases. In the early 20th century,when Robert Falcon Scott made his two
expeditions to theAntarctic, the prevailing
medical theory was that scurvy was caused by
"tainted" canned food.[8]
In 1881, Russian surgeon Nikolai Lunin studiedthe effects of scurvy while at the University
of Tartu in present-day Estonia.[9] He
fed mice an artificial mixture of all the
separate constituents of milk known at that
time, namely the proteins,fats, carbohydrates,
and salts. The mice that received only the
individual constituents died, while the mice fed
by milk itself developed normally. He made a
conclusion that "a natural food such as milk
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygienehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moralehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin#cite_note-Challem-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scotthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin#cite_note-Challem-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin#cite_note-nobel-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygienehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moralehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin#cite_note-Challem-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scotthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin#cite_note-Challem-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin#cite_note-nobel-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt8/6/2019 phytotherapy 3
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must therefore contain, besides these known
principal ingredients, small quantities of
unknown substances essential tolife."[9] However, his conclusions were rejected
by other researchers when they were unable to
reproduce his results. One difference was that
he had used table sugar (sucrose), while other
researchers had used milk sugar (lactose) that
still contained small amounts of vitamin B.
The discovery of vitamins and theirsources
Year ofdiscove
ryVitamin Source
1909Vitamin A(Retinol)
Cod liver oil
1912VitaminB1 (Thiamine)
Rice bran
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin#cite_note-nobel-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod_liver_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_branhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin#cite_note-nobel-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod_liver_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_bran8/6/2019 phytotherapy 3
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1912Vitamin C(Ascorbic acid)
Lemons
1918Vitamin D(Calciferol)
Cod liver oil
1920VitaminB2 (Riboflavin)
Eggs
1922Vitamin E(Tocopherol)
Wheat germoil, Cosmetic and Liver
1926
Vitamin
B12 (Cyanocobalamin) Liver
1929VitaminK(Phylloquinone)
Alfalfa
1931 VitaminB5 (Pantothenicacid)
Liver
1931 Vitamin B7 (Biotin) Liver
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascorbic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciferolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod_liver_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocopherolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_germ_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_germ_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Khttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Khttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascorbic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciferolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod_liver_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocopherolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_germ_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_germ_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Khttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Khttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver8/6/2019 phytotherapy 3
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1934VitaminB6 (Pyridoxine) Rice bran
1936VitaminB3 (Niacin)
Liver
1941Vitamin B9 (Folicacid) Liver
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VITAMIN B6
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Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions,including function as hormones (e.g. vitamin
D), antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E), andmediators of cell signaling and regulators ofcell and tissue growth and differentiation (e.g.vitamin A).[5] The largest number of vitamins(e.g. B complex vitamins) function asprecursors for enzyme cofactorbio-
molecules (coenzymes), that help actas catalysts and substrates in metabolism.When acting as part of a catalyst, vitaminsare bound to enzymes and arecalled prosthetic groups. For
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomoleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomoleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthetic_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomoleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomoleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthetic_group8/6/2019 phytotherapy 3
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example, biotin is part of enzymes involved inmaking fatty acids. Vitamins also actascoenzymes to carry chemical groups
between enzymes. For example, folicacid carries various forms of carbon group methyl, formyl and methylene - in the cell.Although these roles in assisting enzymereactions are vitamins' best-known function,the other vitamin functions are equallyimportant.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzymeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzymeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MethyleneRecommended