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Preparing Home Fruit Plantings for Spring
John StrangDepartment of Horticulture
Ordering Fruit Plants(It’s getting a little late)
• Recommend disease resistant varieties for home growers
• Apples– Fire blight, – Scab– Cedar apple rust– Powdery mildew
• Pears– Fire blight
• Peaches– Bacterial canker – Hardier cv.
• Grapes– Black rot– Downy & Powdery mildew– Anthracnose– Botrytis– Phomopsis
• Blackberries & Black raspberries– Orange rust– Anthracnose
• Blueberries– Phytophthora
• Strawberries– Red stele– Leaf diseases
Assess Tree Damage
Rabbit
Vole
Collection of Scion Wood
• Collect when wood is completely dormant, Feb. -Mar.
• Previous seasons growth
• Disease free wood• Bundle up wood and
label• Wrap in moist towel,
sawdust etc. and place in a plastic bag
• Store in refrigerator
Bridge Graft
Inarching
Cleft Graft
Prune All Fruit Plants
Types of Cuts
Pruning Fruit Trees• Remove dead wood• Put in branch spreaders
(apples & pears)• Remove narrow angled or
weak scaffold limbs• Remove a few larger limbs
if needed back to another outwardly growing limb
• Thin out branches and shoots leaving plenty of flower buds – 20% max.
• Know the growth characteristics and where the flower buds are.
Pruning Videos
• Fruit Tree Pruning– http://video.ca.uky.edu/videos/video/491/
• Pruning Apple Trees to a Central Leader– http://video.ca.uky.edu/videos/video/492/
• Grapevine Pruning Demonstration• Blackberry Pruning Demonstration• Blueberry Pruning Demonstration – http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL09F15
FE61241AC38&feature=plcp
Extension Pruning Publications
• Training and Culture of Dwarf Apples Using the Vertical Axis System (HortFact-3501)– http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Horticulture/appletraining.p
df
• Kentucky Backyard Apple Integrated Pest Management (IPM-9)– http://www.uky.edu/Ag/IPM/manuals/ipm9hmap.pdf
Grower Questions
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker injury on apple
Mushrooms – trees life is limited
Burr knot or adventitious roots on apple
Fire Blight on Apples & Pears• Prune out as much as
possible• Prune out slightly before
canker• Not transferred on
pruners while dormant
Remove Black Knot on Plums
Avoid Leaving Branch Stubs
Removal of Larger Limbs
Remove Narrow Branch Angles
Strong Weak
Branch Spreading
• Opens tree up for sunlight and spray penetration
• Reduces shoot and limb vigor
• Encourages flowering
Excessive
Not enough
Apple Tree Training Central Leader System Second Growing Season
Photos courtesy: Ohio State University
Central Leader Apple Tree
Multiple Leader or Modified Central Leader
Apple
Pear
Plum
Cherry
VasePeach & Some Plums
Peach tree after 2 years growthbefore & after pruning
Photo courtesy: Ohio State University
Peach Pruning
Grape – High Cordon
1. Rough prune to 3 – bud spurs2. Prune to 4-5 buds/ft cordon on each
side of high wire cordon
Before After
Must have at least 1 lb of prunings to do this!
Dormant Oil Spray• Tree Fruit• When
temperatures are 45°F or higher for 2 days
San Jose Scale
Complete thorough coverage
Dormant Oil Spray
Thorough complete coverage
Rosy apple aphid
Two spot and European red mites
Fixed Copper SprayApples & Pears for Fire Blight
• Combine in dormant oil spray up to ¼ “ green stage
• Kills fire blight bacteria on surface of trees
* *
Fruit Insect & Disease Predictive Models
http://weather.uky.edu/plant_disease.html
Fire Blight Model
Fire Blight Model - 4/10/12
Fire Blight Model 4/15/12
Spray Streptomycin
Protected for 4 days
Winter Injury
• All fruit crops still have the potential for a full crop
• Peaches have some injury–Min. temp. Feb. 1
• UKREC 12.3 °F– 77% survival
Contender
• Lexington 6.6 °F– 65% survival Coral Star
Fruit Crop Fertilization
• Fertilize with N based on plant growth– May not be needed
on very fertile sites• Once the pre plant
fertilizer is applied usually only annual applications of N are needed.
Tree Fruit Fertilization Fruit
Desired New Terminal Growth (mature trees)*
Rate (Applied in Feb.)
Apples 12-15” ¼ lb ammonium nitrate/yr of age
Peaches & Plums
14-20” 1/6 lb ammonium nitrate/yr of age
Tart Cherries 8” 1/6 lb ammonium nitrate/yr of age
Pears Less than 12” 1/8 lb ammonium nitrate/yr of age
*1-3 year-old trees may double this amount of growth May substitute SS Superkicker 33% N fertilizer for ammonium nitrate (Ammonium sulfate + Urea)
(½ lb granular fertilizer is equal to approximately 1 cup)
Small Fruit Fertilization
FruitDesiredGrowth Rate
Strawberries Dark green, avoid leggy growth
5 lb 10-10-10/100’ row, L. Jun. after renovation
Blackberries & Raspberries
Dark green .75-1.5 lb ammonium nitrate/ 100 ft. row, Feb.
Grapes Dark brown, 3/8” diam. current seasons canes
0.2 lb 33-0-0/vine, Apr 10.2 lb 33-0-0/vine, Fruit set
Check for Borers
• Peach & Plum– Peachtree borers
• Apple– Dogwood borers
Tree Planting• Soil test and
adjust P, K, Mg & pH
• Soil not too wet• Large hole• Soak roots
overnight• Do not put
fertilizer in the hole!
• Put top soil back in bottom of hole
Tree Planting
• Cut off broken roots• Set tree with graft union 2-
4 inches above soil line• Spread roots out well• Place top soil in around
roots…Do not bring in good soil to fill hole
• Firm soil around tree• May make an above
ground basin – don’t leave over winter
• Water in well to settle soil around roots immediately after planting
Planting• Prune fruit crops
in the spring, not fall
• Rodent guard• Gravel to reduce
wallowing• Weed control
Planted on raised ridge with rodent guards
Figure courtesy: T. Roper & G. Frank, Univ. WI
Weed Control
• Increases tree growth & fruit size
• Mulching• Glyphosate– Keep off of tree– Peaches particularly
sensitive– Use generics
• Weed eater
Fruit Thinning
• Apple & Pear– Thin early– Larger fruit higher sugar content– Slightly lower yield–~ every 6-7”– Sevin at insecticide rate from bloom to
30 days after bloom
Bagging Apples
• Manage early season diseases and insects
• Thin fruit to one/cluster
• Apply bags at .5-.75” fruit diam. – Japanese bags– 3-lb paper bags, 6” in
length, with 1.5” slit cut at opening
• Bags must cover fruit and be tied shut over branch
Bagging Apples
• Improves fruit finish• Pesticide sprays not
needed after bagging• Controls
– Codling moth – Plum curculio – San Jose scale – Rosy apple aphid– Sooty blotch & flyspeck – Apple scab– Cork spot
http://video.ca.uky.edu/search/?q=bagging+apples&x=8&y=4
http://www.ca.uky.edu/entomology/entfacts/ef218.asp
Grapes• Rough prune when dormant
• Finish prune at 4” new growth– Delays growth – Frost protection
• Anthracnose – Dormant period on
susceptible varieties– Sulforix
• Flea beetle– Bud break if found– Sevin
• Black rot – 4” new growth
• Mancozeb, Captan or Fixed copper
– 10” new growth• Mancozeb, Captan or Fixed
copper + myclolbutanil
Bagging when grapes are pea size
Blackberries & Raspberries
• Prune out dead canes
• Remove Rednecked cane borer
• Look for Raspberry crown borer at cane bases - Blackberries
• Spray with liquid-lime sulfur or Sulforix at ½ inch new growth
Rednecked cane borer
Raspberry crown borer
Blueberries
• Mulch with sawdust or wood chips
• Leafroller & Plum curculio– Petal fall–Malathion or
Permethrin
Strawberries
• Remove straw mulch when new growth becomes a little yellow
• Cover with straw or cloth when freeze predicted
• Botrytis fruit rot– Bloom– Captan weekly
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
• 17 counties– Boyd, Lewis, Greenup,
Carter, Rowan, Lawrence– Pike, Floyd, Magoffin,
Johnson– Letcher, Bell, Whitley– Jefferson, Henry, Oldham– Fayette
• Feeds on a very wide range of fruit vegetable & ornamental crops
• Takes 2-3 years to become a production problem
• Overwinters in houses• Difficult to control
– Malathion
Photo courtesy: Bugwood UGA
Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD)Drosophila suzukii
• Found all across IL this summer
• Captured in KY traps in late summer– Bowling Green – Owensboro
• Female can puncture fruit and lay eggs– Serious problem in
soft fruit particularly later in season
Photo courtesy Martin Hauser, UC IPM
Photo courtesy G. ArakelianLos Angelis county Ag. Commissioner
Photo courtesy Patty Lucas
Spotted winged Drosophila
• Attack as fruits turn color– Raspberry– Blackberry– Blueberry– Cherry– Strawberry– Grape– Peach– Plum– Tomato (GH, Heirloom)
• Control with Entrust on some crops
Meetings
• Specifics - Fruit Facts Newsletter– Fruit Tree Grafting– Fruit Tree Pruning– Blueberry Production– Fruit Grower Orchard Tour
• Apr. 11, Shelbyville
– Small Fruit Production & IPM Short Course• Apr. 24, Ashland • Agent Training & Pesticide CEU credit
– KY Nut Growers Assoc. Meeting • Apr. 27, Elizabethtown
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