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Production technologies recommended for Subtropical fruits
Dr.H.RavishankarDirector
(E-mail: drhravishankar@gmail.com)Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture,
Rehmankhera , LucknowTelephone: 0522 – 2841022‐24 (O); Fax: 0522 – 2841025
E‐mail: cish.lucknow@gmail.comWebsite: www.cishlko.org
Phone‐in‐live (Grower’s Help Line): 0522‐2841082 (Friday 10.30 AM to 4.00 PM)
MANDATE CROPS
Mango (Mangifera indica)
Guava (Psidium guajava)
Papaya (Carica papaya)
Grape (Vitis vinifera)
Banana (Musa spp.)
Bael (Aegle marmellos)
Aonla (Embilica officinalis)
Litchi (Litchi chinensis)
HRS
UNDERUTILIZED FRUIT CROPS
Jamun (Syzygium cuminii)
Wood Apple(Feronia limonia)
Khirnee (Manilkara hexandra)
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)
Mahua (Bassia latifolia )
Karonda (Carissa carandas )
Chironji (Buchanania lanzan )
HRS
Ambika : (Amrapali x Janaradhan Pasand) medium size fruit with slight sinus and beak broadly pointed apex, smooth and tough skin. Fruit is bright yellow with dark red blush, firm with scanty fibre, TSS is 210Brix ; regular bearer and late in maturity
Arunika : (Amrapali x Vanraj) attractive red‐blushed fruits, high TSS (240Brix), high carotenoids, firm flesh, regular bearer and dwarf in stature
TRAIT‐SPECIFIC VARIETIES
MANGO
HRS
LALIT
Lalit is guava variety with attractive saffron yellow colour with occasional red blush and are medium sized with an average weight. Pulp of fruit is firm and pink in colour. It has good blend of sugar and acid. It is suitable for both table and processing purposes. The pink colour in the beverage made from its pulp remains stable for more than a year during storage
Shweta is a half‐sib selection from Apple Colour with attractive fruits. Fruits of this selection are subglobose with few soft seeds, high TSS (140Brix) and attractive pink blush. It has good yield potential
GUAVA
HRS
CISHCISH--BB--11
CISHCISH--BB--22
CISH‐B ‐1 Plants are moderate in height and less spreading. Fruits are oval or oblong having size of 15‐17 x39‐41 cm spread, good in taste (35‐40.50Brix). The average weight of fruit is 0.8‐1.2 Kg. Rind of fruit is thin (0.10‐0.12 cm) and weight of fruit is 125 g per fruit. Fibre and seedsare found in fewer amounts and average yield per tree is 50‐60 Kg
CISH‐B–2 Plants are semi vigorous and more spreading. Fruits are big in size 14.8 –18 x52‐64 cm having round or oblong shape. The weight of fruit is 1.8‐2.7 Kg. Fruits of this variety are good in taste (37‐410Brix) and having thin rind. Fibre and seeds are less. The average yield per tree is 40‐50 Kg
BAEL
HRS
VARIETIES IN PIPELINEMango (H‐1084)
Developed from a cross between Amrapali and Janardhan PasandRegular bearing and matures late in the seasonAttractive peel colour
Guava (G‐1)Selection from half‐ sib population of ‘Apple Colour’High TSS (12 – 150Brix)Attractive red colouration of peel
Jamun (Seedless)Fruit Weight ranges between 8 – 10 gPulp content 96 – 98 per centTSS ranged from 14 –150BrixTotal sugar content of 6.48 per cent
HRS
Production of quality planting materialsCISH Nursery incorporates traceability
Sl.No.
Crop 2007‐08 2008‐09
2009‐10
2010‐11
2011‐12 2012‐13 2013‐14 (up to Sept. 2013)
1 Mango 20900 14341 13429 7850 7321 10000 35522
2 Guava 50665 55827 62404 57606 82345 100000 81492
3 Aonla 17315 16608 9056 5140 4903 7000 7554
4 Bael 3161 4887 5398 3311 4620 6000 6888
5 Pomegranate 3430
6 Litchi ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 3216
Total 92131 91663 90287 73907 99189 123000 138100
HRSCISH, Lucknow is a **** accredited nursery by the NHB, GOI
STANDARDIZATION OF WEDGE GRAFTING TECHNIQUE
After selection of the scion, rootstock is headed back by retaining 15‐18 cm long stem above the polyethene bag. The beheaded rootstock is split to about 4.0‐4.5 cm deep through the centre of the stem with a grafting knife. A wedge shaped cut, slanting from both the sides (4.0‐4.5 cm long) is made on the lower side of the scion shoot. The scion stick is then inserted into the split of the stock and pressed properly so that cambium tissues of root stock and scion stick come in contact with each other. Care must be exercised to match the cambium layer of the stock and scion along with full length of each component. The union is then tied firmly with the help of 150 gauge polyethene strip, 2 cm in wide and 25‐30 cm in length.
HRS
Immediately after grafting, the graft is covered by 2.5 x 18.0 cm long white polyethene cap
After 9 to 12 days, the scion starts sprouting
The cap is removed after 25 days
The grafts are transferred to net house for hardening
After five months, the plants that are 45 to 55 cm in height become ready for sale
continued…
HRS
MEDIUM DENSITY PLANTING IN MANGO(Semi-intensive system)
An important approach for improving productivity; high economic returns per unit areaSystem permits maximum utilization
of land, water, nutrients and solar energy
Conventionally, mango is planted at 10 x 10m (100 trees hectare‐1); medium density planting (MDP) accommodates 400 trees per hectare (5 x 5m)Canopy management involving
training and pruning are essential aspects right from orchard establishment; these need to continue through out the life of orchard With integration of fertigation
technology, productivity as high as 14‐15 tons could be achieved as against 6‐7 tones under traditional planting system
Fruit drop was found minimum (4.2 %) under MDP
HRS
ULTRA HIGH DENSITY PLANTING SYSTEM IN GUAVA
Plants spaced at 1x2 m accommodates 5000 plants per hectarePlants are topped 2 months of
planting in October for emergence of new shoots below the cut ends50 per cent length of each new shoot
, pruned again in December‐January for induction of more shoots ; flower buds differentiate; good spread is attained by MayProduction starts from very first year
of planting, 12.5 tonnes reaching up to 55 tones per hectareLalit performs very well in meadow
orchard systemThe technology of ultra high density planting system in guava developed at CISH, Lucknow has now covered more than 1500 ha in different parts of the country especially in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh
HRS
Management of irregular bearing in mango
Management of irregular bearing using paclobutrazol
Dose per tree : 3.2 ml meter‐1
canopy diameter
Recommended dose of cultar is dissolved in 10 – 15 litre water and applied in the manuring ring 1.0‐1.5m away from the trunk where the feeder roots density is high
Method of paclobutrazol use
Use of paclobutrazol in trees above 25 years of age
HRS
Time of application is 90‐100 days before flowering in the month of September
Adequate moisture needs to be maintained for 25‐30 days after application of paclobutrazolRecommonded dose of fertilizers are
required to be adopted and application of organic manure is essential
Use of paclobutrazol should be adopted in the Off years
Flowering in ‘Off’ year in paclobutrazol treated tree
Heavy fruiting in treated trees
In Uttar Pradesh alone , paclobutrazol is being used for the management of irregular bearing in more than 1500 ha. The yield increased by 25‐40 per cent depending upon the age and variety giving an additional income of Rs. 80,000 per hectare
HRS
Indiscriminate use of paclobutrazol -concern
Nutrient Management in mango
Application of 50 kg FYM tree‐1 and 1.0 kg each of N and K and 500 g P
have been recommended for mango cv. ‘Dashehari’ and ‘Chausa’
These fertilizers should be placed in 30 cm wide and 20 cm deep
trenches dug 2.0 m away around the trunk
Since the fertilizers are placed in the feeder root zone the availability
of nutrient improves resulting in increased fruit yield_ NUE
Multi‐micronutrients deficiencies especially Zn (36.6‐98.0%), Mn
(15.0‐67.6%), B (10.5‐42.8%) and Cu (3.0‐40.00%) have been observed in
the mango orchards in and around Lucknow, Rampur, Moradabad
Bareilly, Sitapur, Lakhimpur, Kheri, Barabanki and Baharaich districts o
Uttar Pradesh HRS
contd……Deficiencies could be corrected through foliar spray of ZnSO4(1%), MnSO4 (0.8%), borax (0.5%) and CuSO4 (0.5%). Alternatively, these can also be applied to soil @ 250 g ZnSO4, 200 g MnSO4, 50 g borax and 150 g CuSO4 along with 50 kg FYM tree‐1 in the month of July or August
Foliar sprays are found excellent supplements to soil application as they provide rapid absorption of nutrients for immediate utilization in metabolic activities besides ensuring economization of fertilizer use. The approach since is need based and addresses hidden hunger, it also improved size and quality of harvests.
HRSSite‐specific recommendations need to emerge
Nutrient recommendations for mango in UP
Doses of nutrients (g / tree)Age(Years)
FYM(kg/tree) N P2O5 K2O
1 10 100 50 100
2 20 200 100 200
3 30 300 150 300
4 40 400 200 400
5 50 500 250 500
6 60 600 300 600
7 70 700 350 700
8 80 800 400 800
9 90 900 450 900
10 100 1000 500 1000
In case of micronutrient deficiencies foliar spray of zinc sulphate (0.5%) and copper sulphate (0.25% ) and borax (0.2%)should be undertaken, twice after the fruit set at intervals of 15‐20 days
HRS
Water management in mango
Irrigation at the time of fruit setting (mustard size), marble size stage and fruit development ( before maturity) have been identified as the critical stages for optimizing fruit size and quality of mango
Drip irrigation irrespective of fertigation NPK and non‐fertigation gave significantly higher fruit yield (8.13 to 13.56 t ha‐1) over basin irrigation (6.40 to 8.34 t ha‐1)
Fertigation involving NPK at fruit setting and fruit development (marble size) gave maximum fruit yield (13.56 t ha‐1)
There is a saving of irrigation water of 15.0 to 45.20 per cent and an increase in fruit yield by 19.00‐57.50 % over basin irrigation
HRS
…contd……In fertigation, since the nutrients are applied at the time of crop needs, prevents loss of nutrients from leaching beyond the root zone or from accumulating near the surface thus increasing nutrient use efficiency, quality of fruits and economize fertilizer use by 25 to 50% as compared to normal application
Irrigation to ensure the replenishment of 60 per cent open pan
evaporation values gave the highest fruit yields in mango cvs. Dashehari
and Langra of 119.15kg, 78.84 kg tree‐1, respectively
In bearing orchards, three irrigations are recommended after fruit set.
First irrigation should be given just after fruit set (mustard size), second
at marble size stage and third in the second week of May prior to fruit
maturity. It is advisable to irrigate mango trees in basins HRS
Nutrient recommendations for guava in UP
Doses of nutrients (g / tree)Age(Years)
FYM(kg/tree) N P2O5 K2O
1 10 50 40 40
2 10 100 80 100
3 10 150 120 150
4 15 200 160 200
5 20 250 200 250
6 25 300 240 300
7 35 350 280 350
8 onwards 40 400 300 400
Half dose of N and full dose of P and K should be applied in the last week of June and remaining half dose of N should be given in the month of September. In case of micronutrient deficiencies foliar sprayof zinc sulphate (0.5%) and copper sulphate (0.25% ) and borax (0.2%)should be done twice July and in September
HRS
Water management in guava
Irrigation is frequently needed during initial establishment of plantation.
Weekly or bi‐weekly watering is essential during first few months after
planting
The daily water requirement of guava varies from 15.6 to 61.0 liter day
plant‐1 respectively in the months of December and April‐May
The annual water requirement of guava grown at the spacing of 5 m x 5.5
m is 3854 m 3 ha‐1
Drip irrigation on alternate or 2‐days interval is recommended during dry
periods of April‐May
Need based 1 or 2 irrigations during December‐ January is found beneficial
HRSWilt continues to be a challenge ; nematodes infestation
Production technology of AonlaCan tolerate high (up to 450C ) and relatively low temperate but frostduring winter is injurious
Suitable for various types of arid and semiarid , degraded lands including salt affected wastelands (pH 6‐9.5, ESP‐up to 35 and EC up to 9)
NA‐6, NA‐7, NA‐10, Krishna, Kanchan and Lakshmi‐52 are the commercial cultivars
Always plant two cultivars in alternate rows for ensuring proper pollination . Patch budding and soft wood grafting are the commercial methods of vegetative propagation
Mulching with various organic wastes help in conserving moisture, reducing fruit drop, increasing fruit size, yield and quality
Fertilizer doses of 1000 g N, 500 g P, 1000 g K, and 50 Kg FYM IS recommended for bearing tree (> 10 years age). Full dose to be applied in January‐ February
HRS
Internal necrosis problem in some Aonla cultivars i.e., Francis and Banarsi can be controlled by combined spray of zinc sulphate (0.4%), copper sulphate (0.4%) and borax (0.4%) in the month of September ‐October
Aonla rust and Penicillium fruit rot are the important diseases and can be controlled effectively by spraying wettabale sulphur (0.4%) and proper harvesting of fruits avoiding bruising
Bark eating caterpillar and shoot gall psylla are the important insects and can be controlled by inserting cotton swab dipped in0.025% dichlorovos solution in the hole and fortnightly spray with 0.0.5% monocrotophos after removal of gall portion
HRS
Production technology of BaelCan tolerate high (up to 48oC) and relatively low temperatures but frost
during winter is injurious
Suitable for various types of arid and semiarid degraded lands including salt affected wastelands (pH6.0 – 8.5, ESP up to 30 and EC up to 9 dsm‐1)
Narendra Bael‐5, Narendra Bael‐7 ,Narendra Bael‐9, Pant Shivani, Pant Aparna, Pant Urvashi, Pant Sujata, CISH B‐1, CISH B‐2 and Goma Yashi are the commercial cultivars
Patch budding and soft wood grafting are commercial methods of propagation
Mulching with various organic wastes help in conserving moisture, reducing fruit drop, increasing fruit size, yield and quality
Fertilizer dose : 500 g N, 250 g P, 500 g K and 50 kg FYM is recommended for bearing tree (10 years age). Full dose to be applied in July
HRS
Bark eating and leaf eating caterpillars are the most important insects which can be controlled by inserting cotton swab dipped in 0.025% dichlorovos solution in to the holes and fortnightly spray with 0.05% monocrotophos
Canker, black leaf spot, fruit drop, and internal rot are the important diseases which can be controlled by sprays of streptocyline (200 ppm), difolaton (0.2%) and Topsin‐M (0.1%) and soil application of borax (250 g / tree) respectively
Fruits must be picked individually with a small portion of stalk (approx. 2 cm) attached taking care to see that they do not fall on the ground and crack
Uniform ripening of fruits (> 1.0 kg) with dipping in ethrel solution (2000ppm for 10 minutes) is recommended
HRS
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN MANGO
Mango hopper
(Idioscopus clypealis; I.nitidulus; Amritodus atkinsoni )
Pruning of overcrowded and overlapping branches
Regular ploughing and removal of weeds
First spray of imidacloprid (0.005%) when panicles are 8‐10cm long followed by
second spray of thiomethoxam (0.008%) or profenophos (0.05%) after fruit set
HRS
Ploughing of orchards in November‐December Polyethylene (400 gauge) banding of tree trunk above
30cm from ground level and application of 1.5 per cent chlorpyriphos dust @ 250g/tree around tree trunk in DecemberNymphs if have climbed on to the trees, spray
carbosulfan (0.05%) or dimethoate (0.06%) before floweringFruit fly (Fruit fly (BactroceraBactrocera dorsalisdorsalis and and B.zonataB.zonata))Collection and disposal of infested and fallen fruitsPloughing of orchards in November‐December to
expose pupaeUse of methyl eugenol pheromone traps (wooden
blocks 5x5x1cm soaked in methyl eugenol, malathion and ethanol@ 6:4:1) are hung in trees during fruiting period from April‐August @10 traps per hectare traps should be replenished at 2 months interval
Mealy bug (Drosicha mangiferae)
HRSStem borer, shoot gall psylla, leaf webber, infl. gall midge, thrips , fruit borer‐
severity
INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN MANGO
HRSAnthracnose , Powdery mildew ,blossom blight , malformation continue
to be challenging ; Wilt , die back , shoulder browning concern jelly seed
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF POST‐HARVEST DISEASES OF MANGO
Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gleosporiodes), stem end rot(Lasiodiplodia theobromae) and Aspergillus rot (Aspergillus niger) are the major post‐harvest diseases
Pre‐harvest practices are very important to effectively manage post‐harvest diseases. They include integrated water and nutrient management, integrated pest and disease management and proper harvesting and handling
Two pre‐harvest sprays of thiophanate–methyl (0.1%) at 15 days intervals starting from 3rd week of May to reduce the incidence of post‐harvest diseases
Harvested fruits, free from bruises, are treated in hot water using electrically operated circulative water bath at 52 ± 10C for 20 minutes
HRS
Likely monsoon scenario (2014)
Mango Guava Aonla Bael Others Intercrops
1. Monsoon is delayed by 15 days
No adverse impact as fruits are already matured in early and mid season varieties ; fruit size and quality will be affected in late maturing varieties viz., Chausa, Mallika, and Amrapali Suggested Interventions: irrigation and mulching
Early winter crop will be affectedSuggested Interventions: Supplementary irrigation and mulching
Fruit size and development gets affected.Suggested Interventions: Supplementary irrigation and mulching
No adverse impact
In Jamun, fruit size and quality are affectedSuggested Interventions: Supplementary irrigation and mulching
Sowing of kharifcrops will be delayedSuggested Interventions: Irrigation and mulching
Contingency plans for ensuing drought challenges in respect of mandate crops of Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow
HRS
Likely monsoon scenario (2014)
Mango Guava Aonla Bael Others Intercrops
2. Monsoon is delayed by 30 days
No adverse impact as fruits are already matured in early and mid season varieties ; incidence of shoulder browning (fruit blemishes , tear stain ) and post‐harvest diseases will be minimum ; fruit quality will be good; fruit size and quality will be affected in late maturing varieties like ., Chausa , Mallika , and Amrapali etc., ; impact severity will increase. Further increased temperature , relative humidity during July‐September will lead to telescoped harvests, market gluts , increased incidence of jelly seed formation (internal breakdown of pulp matrix ) following rainfall.Suggested Interventions: irrigation and mulching
Rainy season crop will be affected (reduced fruit size and quality); prospects of winter crop gets affected / delayed winter crop but crop size and quality may improveSuggested Interventions: Supplementary irrigation and mulching
Fruit size and development gets affected. Fruit drop may occurSuggested Interventions: Supplementary irrigation and mulching
Fruit set and initial fruit growth gets affectedSuggested Interventions: Supplementary irrigation and mulching
In Karonda , fruit size and quality are affectedSuggested Interventions: Supplementary irrigation and mulching
Already sown rhizomatous (turmeric, ginger ), tuber (Amorphophallus), get affectedSuggested Interventions: Supplementary irrigation and mulching
HRS
Likely monsoon scenario (2014)
Mango Guava Aonla Bael Others Intercrops
3. Rainfall deficit at vegetative phase
Impacts adversely the production of vegetative shoots (potential fruiting wood of the ensuing season)Suggested Interventions: irrigation and mulching
Delayed winter crop Suggested Interventions: Supplementary irrigation and mulching
Gets affectedSuggested Interventions: Supplementary irrigation and mulching
Gets affectedSuggested Interventions: Supplementary irrigation and mulching
No effects ‐do‐
4. Rainfall deficit at reproductive stage
Favourable during fruit bud differentiation (FBD) stage
Rainy season crop will be affected; Delayed winter crop Suggested Interventions: Supplementary irrigation and mulching
Not applicable as it occurs during March‐April
Gets affected; fruit growth and development is impacted adversely ; fruit drop occurs impacting crop out put Suggested Interventions: Supplementary irrigation and mulching;
Not applicable
Not applicable
HRS
Likely monsoon scenario (2014)
Mango Guava Aonla Bael Others Intercrops
5. Terminal drought
Crop prospects of ensuing season will be affectedespecially in light soils ; recurrent droughts lead to crop failureSuggested Interventions: irrigation and mulching
Total crop output will be affectedSuggested Interventions: irrigation and mulching
Reduced yield arising from fruit drop, low fruit sizeSuggested Interventions: irrigation and mulching
Reduced fruit size ; increased fruit drop ; fruit crackingSuggested Interventions: irrigation and mulching
Crop output and quality will be affectedSuggested Interventions: protective irrigation during critical stages of fruit growth and development and mulching
Adversely affected
Inputs from: Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, LucknowHRS
CISH , Lucknow can offer to states‐Technological backstopping in subtropical horticultureQuality planting materials of improved varieties of major (mango, guava, Aonla) and important underutilized fruit crops like Jamun, karonda, bael, mahua , khirni etc.,Rejuvenation and canopy management technology for improving productivity of old and unproductive mango, guava, aonla orchards ; HDP systemsPackage of good horticultural practices for subtropical fruits productionCapacity building of extension level functionaries and farmers in crop production, crop protection, post harvest management and processing of fruits into value added productsValue chain management in subtropical fruits for enhanced profitability in domestic and export trade
HRS
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