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Wahana dan Sensor Penginderaan Jauh
Mega L. Syamsuddin, Ph.DRemote sensing2013
Sub pokok bahasan Wahana & sensor penginderaan jauh Satelit penginderaan jauh
Tujuan Pembelajaran Khusus:
Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan wahana dan sensor yang digunakan dalam sistem penginderaan jauh
PLATFORM & SENSOR
Sensor adalah alat yang merekam dan mengukur energi elektromagnetik.
Sensor di pasang pada wahana (Platform) dan letaknya jauh dari obyek yang diindera.
Satellite image example:
Platform: Landsat (1, 5, 7 etc..)
Sensor: Multispectral Sensor (MSS) or Thematic Mapper (TM)
ORBIT
Geostationary orbit
Polar orbit
Lintasan Barat-timur Utara-selatanInklinasi 0, di bidang ekuator 90 (+)&(-)Altitude 36000 km 600-1500 kmLiputan Tetap pada posisi tertentu Timur ke baratSifat Geosynchronous (sinkron
thd bumi)Sunsynchronous (sinkron thd matahari)
Ascending and Descending passes
Geostationary orbit Polar orbit
-Weather images: GOES (Geostat. Operational Env. Satellite)
Geostationary
Sun-synchronous
Sensor1. Sensor Aktif: terdiri dari radiometer yang dilengkapi
dengan alat pemancar (u memancarkan gelombang mikro), alat perekam dan monitor; dikembangkan untuk menghilangkan kesalahan citra yang diakibatkan oleh awan dan kabut.
2. Sensor Pasif: dilengkapi dengan alat perekam dan monitor. Sensor ditempatkan di satelit yang secara alami dapat merekam gelombang pantul dan atau hambur dari objek.
ITC, 1999
Sensor groupsMulti-spectral sensors record bands in multiple wavelengths: Visible Near IR Mid IR Thermal Microwave
And at different spatial resolutions: Low Medium High Very high
Satellite remote sensing systems
NASA Visible Earth:
Wim Bakker's website http://members.home.nl/wim.h.bakker
LANDSAT • Swath Width: 185 km• Repeat Cycle 16 days • Orbit Altitude: 705 km• Equatorial Crossing: at around 10 a.m. local solar time
Spectral Bands of Landsat-7Band Spectral Range (mm) Ground Resolution1 (Blue) .450- .515 302 (Green) .525- .605 303 (Red) .630- .690 304 (Near IR) .750- .900 305 (Mid IR) 1.55- 1.75 306 (Thermal IR) 10.4- 12.5 607 (Mid IR) 2.09- 2.35 30Panchromatic .520-.900 15
USA, 1999
SPOT
Band (m) Spectral range (µm) Spatial resolution (m) B1 (Green) .500 - .590 20 B2 (Red) .610 - .680 10 and 20 B3 (Near IR) .790 - .890 20 SWIR (MIR) 1.58 - 1.75 20
Systeme Pour l’Observation de la Terre (France)
• SPOT-5 (2002)• Swath Width: 60 km• Repeat Cycle 26 days • Orbit Altitude: 832 km
Summary table: Landsat TM versus SPOT HRV (1980s)
LANDSAT TM SPOT HRV
Launch 1982 / 1984 1986Altitude 705 km 832 kmAttitude (polar) 8.2 degrees 8.7 degreesEquatorial time 10 am 10.30 amSwath width 185km 60km Repeat coverage 16 days 26 days
Sensor Thematic Mapper (TM)
High Resolution Visible (HRV)
Number of detectors 100 6000/3000
Advantages #bands, swath size higher resolution, #'looks'Bands 7 1 + 3
IKONOS
USA, September 1999
• Repeat Cycle 1-3 days • Orbit Altitude: 681 km
Band (m) Spectral range (µm) Spatial resolution (m)1 (Blue) 0.45-0.52 4
2 (Green) 0.51-0.60 4 3 (Red) 0.63-0.70 4 4 NIR 0.76-0.85 4 Pan (VNIR) 0.45-0.90 1
Quickbird
USA, 2001
• SPOT-5 (2002)• Swath Width: 16 km• Repeat Cycle 1-4 days • Orbit Altitude: 450 km
Sensor Spectral range (µm) Spatial resolution (m)EBM (Blue) 0.45-0.49 15
EBM (Red) 0.61-0.68 15 EBM (NIR) 0.79-0.89 15 EBP (VNIR) 0.45-0.80 3
GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites)
The GOES series of satellites is the primary weather observation platform for the United States.
The latest generation, GOES I-M, represent an advance in data products for weather forecasting and storm warnings over the previous series of geostationary satellites.
GOES I-M is a 3-axis stabilized system vs. the older spin-scan system, providing more accurate geo-location of earth images.
METEOSAT
Europe's geostationary weather observation satellite
Meteosat was launched in November 1993. The 4 channel, 3-spectral-band high resolution
radiometer constitutes the main payload on board Meteosat.
The radiometer scans in 3 spectral bands: Visible, Infrared, and Water Vapor.
The instrument allows continuous imaging of the Earth with images sent every half-hour.
SAR CharacteristicsFrequency / Wavelength 5.3GHz/C-band 5.6 cmRF Bandwidth 11.6, 17.3 or 30.0 MhzTransmitter Power (peak) 5 kWTransmitter Power (average) 300 WMaximum Data Rate 85 Mb/s (recorded) - 105 Mb/s (R/T)Antenna Size 15m x 1.5mAntenna Polarization HH
Orbit Characteristics Altitude 793-821 kilometresInclination 98.6 degreesPeriod 101 minutesAscending node 18:00 hoursSun-synchronous 14 orbits per day
Coverage Access Using Maximum Swath WidthNorth of 70 degrees N DailyNorth of 48 degrees N Every 4 daysThe Whole Earth Every 6 days
RADARSAT Canadian Space Agency
Japanese Satellite and Earth Observation SystemJERS-1
(Japanese Earth Resources Satellite)1. Objective: Gather data on global land masses while conducting observation for land surveys, agricultural-forestry-fisheries, environmental protection, disaster prevention and coastal surveillance, with emphasis on locating natural resources.2. Operation Time : 1992 - 19983. Sensors: • SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) which is an active
microwave sensor• OPS (Optical Sensor) that measures light reflected from
the earth's surface ranging from visible light to short-wave infrared light.
• ADEOS (Advanced Earth Observing Satellite)1. Goal: Monitoring global environmental changes such as maritime
meteorological conditions, atmospheric ozone, and gases that promote global warming
2. Operation Time : August 1996 - June 19973. Sensors: • AVNIR (Advanced Visible Near Infrared Radiometer) • OCTS (Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner)• NSCAT (NASA Scatterometer)• TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer)• POLDER (Polarization and Directionality of the Earth's
Reflectance)
• OCTS (Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner) • MOS (Marine Observation Satellite MOS-1 /
MOS-1b)
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