Tai History - Ancient

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‘‘ပုိꨓ္းတꨯးꨟူဝ္တီး’’

IF I AM NOT FOR MYSELF,

THEN WHO WILL BE FOR ME ?

barbara Tuchman's

"The Bible and the sword"

ꨕုိꨓ္ပပ္ꨵလိꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤး ꨡꨓ္ꨀပ္းꨀꨯꨤꨲလြင္ꨳပိုꨓ္းမူိင္းတꨯးꨓꨯꨵေꨀဳꨵတꨰမ္ꨳမꨓ္းမီးမဳးလꨯꨤꨅဝ္ꨳလꨯꨤေꨀဳꨵ ယူꨲ။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳပꨯꨲတြꨓ္ꨵလꨯꨳꨟꨓ္လြင္ꨳꨡꨓ္တꨰပ္းတတ္းမꨀ္းမꨓ္ꨳေသတꨰမ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ပပ္ꨵꨟꨱꨓ္းတဳꨲ ꨡဝ္သြင္ꨓ္ꨮးꨟူင္းꨟꨱꨓ္းꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းတꨯးꨟဝ္းမဳး။

ပုိꨓ္းမူိင္းꨡꨓ္ပိူꨓ္ꨳတꨰမ္ꨳမဳးသြꨓ္ပꨓ္ꨟဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬတꨵ ꨟူꨵပူိꨓ္ꨳသꨓူ္ꨅ္ꨮသ္ꨮꨲꨅ္ꨮဝꨯꨵꨓမ္ꨵꨓꨀ္း လြင္ꨳပိုꨓ္းꨁြင္ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨓမ္လူိဝ္ꨁြင္ꨟဝ္းေသတꨰမ္ꨳမဳးပꨓ္ꨡမ္ꨲꨟꨤင္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ပꨱꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းမဳးဳံေꨀဳꨵ၊ဳံꨅꨤတꨳ္၊ဳꨁံူိဝ္းꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳꨟူꨵမီꨳပိုꨓ္းꨕ္ꨮပိုꨓ္းမꨓ္းယူꨲ။ ေꨀဳꨵꨡꨓ္လုိမ္း‘‘ꨡတိတ္ꨳ’’ ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္ပူꨓ္ꨵမဳးꨓꨓ္ꨵ ေတꨁပ္းသꨤင္ꨳꨁုိင္ပြင္တဳꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳꨕဝဳꨵ ꨅူဝ္ꨳပꨤꨓ္တူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ - သမ္ꨵေပဳး တင္ꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳꨀꨮဳ ꨲမူိဝ္းꨓဳꨳလꨯꨳꨅူိင္ꨵꨟူိဝ္?။ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတꨳ္ꨅꨤတꨳ္ꨁူိဝ္းꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ ꨟူꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨓꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲꨀဝ္ꨲ။ တုိꨓ္းမီးဝꨯꨵပုိꨓ္းမူိင္းꨕ္ꨮမꨓ္း။ ေပဳးဝဳꨳလူင္လုိမ္းပုိꨓ္ꨵပꨰတ္ꨳ‘‘ပိုꨓ္းမူိင္း’’ ေꨀဳꨳꨟူꨵတꨀ္းေတလꨯꨳꨀꨮင္မဝ္းငမ္းငဝ္းေသꨅꨤင္ꨳꨡဝ္သꨱꨓ္ꨳတꨤင္းꨟꨯꨤလꨯ။ ꨀဳꨳေတလꨯꨳꨡဝ္ပူိꨓ္ꨳ ဝဳꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨟꨤင္ꨵ။ ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨡြꨓ္လီꨅင္ꨲေတလꨯꨳလီ၊ ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨅဳꨵေꨀဳꨳꨟူꨵေတလꨯꨳꨅဳꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨅင္ꨲ ဝဳꨳပုိꨓ္းမူိင္းꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨯꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲလီပꨓ္ꨟꨯꨤလꨯꨤꨓꨯေသ ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨅင္ꨲꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္တꨰမ္ꨳမဳး။

ꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨓမ္း

ပပ္ꨵပုိꨓ္းတꨯးꨟူဝ္တီးꨡꨓ္တꨰမ္ꨳဝꨯꨵꨓꨯꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨳဝဳꨳꨀုမ္ꨲထူꨓ္ꨳꨁꨰမ္ꨵလꨰပ္ꨳ။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳေတꨅꨤင္ꨳ ပꨱꨓ္ပုိꨓ္းလင္ (background) ꨀꨮဳꨲပုꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲေတသုိပ္ꨲလꨱပ္ꨳꨟꨱꨓ္းꨟူဝ္ယꨯြꨳတီꨳလပ္းသိင္ꨲမိုတ္း တꨓ္မꨓ္းတင္းသꨱင္ꨳꨓ္ꨮးပုိꨓ္းမူိင္းꨟဝ္းယူꨲ - ယုမ္ꨲယမ္မုင္ꨳမြင္းဝꨯꨵꨓင္ꨲꨓꨯ။ ေပဳးꨟူꨵပုိꨓ္းတꨤင္း လင္ꨟဝ္းလီꨅင္ꨲꨟဝ္းေꨀဳꨳေတꨟူꨵတူဝ္ꨟဝ္းလီ။ ေပဳးꨟူꨵꨅꨀ္းတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲလီꨀြꨓ္ꨲ ꨟဝ္းꨅင္ꨲေတ ꨅꨤင္ꨳꨁတ္းꨅ္ꨮꨁပ္းꨁိုင္ꨟင္းꨀူꨉ္း၊ ꨅင္ꨲေတꨅꨤင္ꨳထတ္းသꨤငꨟ္ူꨵꨟꨓ္ꨅꨰꨀ္ꨲꨬꨕလꨯꨳလြင္ꨳꨕိတ္း- ထုꨀ္ꨲ၊ လီ-ꨅဳꨵေသꨅုꨀ္းမꨓ္ꨳတူဝ္းတြꨓ္းꨀꨮဳꨲပဳꨳꨓဳꨳလꨯꨳလူိဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ။

လꨯꨳယြꨓ္းꨁြပ္ꨳꨅ္ꨮတꨤင္ꨲမုꨓ္ ယူိင္းꨅူးတီꨳꨅဝ္ꨳလုင္းယꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵသꨰꨓ္ဝီꨬလꨳပီꨓꨓ္ꨲတဳꨲသꨟီ (မူိင္းꨓြင္)ꨡိတ္ꨲတင္းꨅဝ္ꨳပꨯꨤးပုိꨓ္းꨁဝ္ꨀူꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳ ꨡꨓ္ပꨤꨀ္းလြင္ꨳꨬꨓတꨤင္းပꨓ္ပုꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲ ေꨁဳꨳမုꨓ္း facts မီးပဳးꨓ္ꨮးပပ္ꨵ‘‘ပုိꨓ္းတꨯးꨟူဝ္တီး’’ꨕုိꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵယ္ꨮꨲယ္ꨮꨲꨓမ္ꨓမ္ေꨡဳꨳ။

ေꨀဳပြင္ꨀꨤꨓ္ပပ္ꨵꨟꨱꨓ္း

ꨁြမ္ꨲမတီꨲပꨯꨤးပꨓ္ꨲꨉဳꨲꨅုိင္ꨳတꨯး

ꨀꨓ္ꨓုိင္ꨳ

ꨟူဝ္ငဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨵꨀူꨓ္း ꨓ္ꨮးꨀꨰꨓ္ꨀꨤင္ꨀုꨓ္လူင္ေꨡးသ်ဴိဝ္း -တမ္ꨳတီꨳပꨤင္ꨲတီꨳပꨱင္းတီꨳသုင္ꨡꨓ္တီꨳလိꨓ္ေꨀဳꨳမီꨳꨘုꨓ္ꨲ၊ ꨓ္ꨮးꨓမ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳမီးင္ꨮꨳ၊ တီယူꨲေꨀဳꨳꨅ္ꨮꨳတီꨳꨀိꨓ္ေꨀဳꨳထုꨀ္ꨲꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵပꨱꨓ္တီꨳꨟူဝ္ငဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨵꨀူꨓ္းꨟဝ္း ယူꨲသဝ္းꨬလꨳ ꨟꨱတ္းသꨤင္းꨟဳꨀိꨓ္မဳးသုိဝ္ꨳꨕ္ꨮတꨓ္းမꨓ္းꨅꨱမ္မူိဝ္ꨳမိုꨓ္ꨵသုိꨓ္းꨀြꨓ္ꨲꨟုိင္ꨟီးꨬတꨵ ꨬတꨵ။ ꨅြမ္းလူꨉ္ꨳꨓမ္ꨵတီꨳꨀိꨓ္ လိꨓ္တီꨳယူꨲꨡမ္ꨲမူိꨓ္ꨀꨓ္၊ ꨡုတုꨘဳꨵꨘူꨓ္ပꨰꨀ္ꨲပိူင္ꨳꨀꨓ္ ꨓꨓ္ꨵေသ ꨅူိဝ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨟူဝ္ငဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨵꨀူꨓ္းꨟဝ္းꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳလꨯꨳတꨰꨀ္ꨲꨬꨕꨀꨓ္ꨀꨮဳꨲပꨱꨓ္ 3 ꨀဝ္ꨵ 3 သꨰꨓ္း။

သꨰꨓ္း 1။ ပꨱꨓ္ꨁူိဝ္းꨕိဝ္ꨓင္ꨁꨤဝ္၊ ꨟြင္ꨵ ဝဳꨳꨡဳꨲရိယꨓ္ꨲ (ARYAN)

ယူꨲ သဝ္းꨀိꨓ္သꨤင္ꨳꨅြမ္းတူꨓ္းလꨯြ ‘ေꨀဳးေꨀးသတ္ꨵ’ (CAUCASUS)။

သꨰꨓ္း 2။ ပꨱꨓ္ꨁူိဝ္းꨕိဝ္ꨓင္မုိတ္းလမ္၊ ꨟြင္ꨵဝဳꨳ ‘ꨓီးꨀရိတ္ꨵတူဝ္း’ (NEGRITO)

ယူꨲ သဝ္းꨅြမ္းထုင္ꨵꨀုꨓ္လူင္ေꨡးသ်ဴိဝ္းꨓဳꨳပဳꨳꨅꨤꨓ္း။

သꨰꨓ္း 3။ ပꨱꨓ္ꨁူိဝ္းꨕိဝ္ꨓင္လူိင္၊ ꨟြင္ꨵဝဳꨳ ‘မြင္ꨶꨀူဝ္း’ (MONGOLIAN)

ယူꨲ သဝ္းꨅြမ္းထုင္ꨵꨀꨰꨓ္ꨀꨤင္ꨀုꨓ္လူင္ေꨡးသ်ဴိဝ္း။

ꨓ္ꨮးꨀဳꨳꨀဝ္ꨵသꨰꨓ္းꨀူꨓ္းမြင္ꨶꨀူဝ္း လူင္းမဳးꨓ္ꨮးꨀုꨓ္လူင္ေꨡးသ်ဴိဝ္းꨀြꨓ္ꨅꨱင္ꨲꨅꨤꨓ္းဝꨓ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲ ꨓꨯꨵ ေမဳပိုꨓ္း(ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨯꨤးပုိꨓ္း)ꨁဝ္လꨯꨳꨅꨰꨀ္ꨲꨬꨕဝꨯꨵ သꨤမ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵသꨯꨤ (STOCK)။

(1)ꨅူိဝ္ꨵသꨯꨤမြꨓ္း-ꨁမꨱꨓ္ (MON-KHMER) ꨡꨓ္မီးမြꨓ္း၊ ꨁမꨱꨓ္၊ ပလြင္ꨳ၊ ဝဳꨵ ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ။

(2)ꨅူိဝ္ꨵသꨯꨤတိပꨰတ္ꨵ -မꨤꨓ္ꨳ (TIBETO-BURMAN) ꨡꨓ္မီးမꨤꨓ္ꨳ၊ ꨁꨤင္၊ လဳꨳꨟူꨲ ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ။

(3)ꨅူိဝ္ꨵသꨯꨤꨬꨁꨲ-တꨯး (SINO-THAI) မီꨳꨬꨁꨲတင္းတꨯး၊ ထꨯး၊ လꨤဝ္း၊ ယꨤင္းꨕူိꨀ္ꨲ ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ။

ꨡိင္ꨓူိဝ္ပꨱꨓ္ဝꨯꨵလꨯꨤꨅူိဝ္ꨵလꨯꨤꨁူိဝ္းေသတဳꨵ ꨅြမ္းလူꨉ္ꨳꨡꨓ္ယꨤမ္ꨳလꨯꨳꨟူမ္ꨳတꨀု္ꨵꨟူမ္ꨳလီ၊ ꨟူမ္ꨳꨁီ ꨟူမ္ꨳꨅꨤမ္ꨲမဳးꨅြမ္းꨀꨓ္ꨬလꨳ၊ သမ္ꨵဝဳꨳꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨀꨓ္လူꨉ္ꨳသꨯꨤလူိတ္ꨳꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ၊ ꨡꨓ္

လꨯꨳꨟꨀ္ꨵꨟူမ္ꨅူမ္းပꨰင္းꨀꨓ္လူꨉ္ꨳသꨯꨤꨅ္ꨮဝꨯꨵေသ ꨟူမ္ꨳꨀꨓ္ပူꨀ္းတင္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳꨡꨓ္ဳံလꨱဝ္ (NATION) မဳးꨓꨓ္ꨵꨓ္ꨮးꨀမ္ꨲꨕဳꨲꨓꨯꨵ မီးဝꨯꨵတင္းꨓမ္။

တီꨳတꨰꨀ္ꨳꨘꨤင္ꨟꨤင္ꨳလီယူိင္း (တူဝ္ယꨤင္ꨲ) လူင္မꨓ္းꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨓင္ꨲꨅူိင္ꨳမူိင္းꨟူမ္ꨳတုမ္ꨡေမꨲရိꨀ (USA) ꨓꨯꨵ မီးꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨁူိဝ္းꨀူꨓ္းꨓမ္လူိဝ္ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨓ္ꨮးလုမ္ꨳꨘဳꨵ။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳပူိꨓ္ꨳယူꨲ ꨟူမ္ꨳꨅြမ္းꨀꨓ္ ပꨱꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းလꨱဝ္ꨀꨓ္လꨯꨳ။ ယြမ္းတုꨀ္ꨵ ယြမ္းတꨯꨤတꨤင္ꨀꨓ္လꨯꨳ။ ꨅင္ꨲဝဳꨳꨓ္ꨮးꨁꨤဝ္းတꨤင္းပီꨶမူိင္း ꨟုိင္မြꨀ္ꨳ 100 ပီꨶပꨯꨤ၊ ꨓꨯꨵꨀူꨉ္းပူိꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳꨡꨓ္ဳံꨡꨓ္လꨱဝ္ꨀꨓ္မဳး။

ꨀြပ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ေသꨅင္ꨲမီးꨀꨮꨤမ္းဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨁူိဝ္းꨡမ္ꨲမိူꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ေꨀဳꨳသင္ဝဳꨳမီးတꨤင္းပꨱင္းေပဳးꨟꨤꨓ္ꨵ ꨅ္ꨮꨓူိဝ္ꨀꨓ္ꨅုိင္ ꨟူမ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳလꨱဝ္ꨀꨓ္လꨯꨳ။ သမ္ꨵဝဳꨳꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨁူိဝ္းꨀူꨓ္းမူိꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ယူꨲေသ တဳꨵေꨀဳꨳ သင္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵဝဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲမီးတꨤင္းပꨱင္းေပဳးꨟꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅ္ꨮꨓူိဝ္ꨀꨓ္ꨬတꨵ ꨟူꨵꨀဳꨳေတလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵ ꨕ္ꨮꨅꨤတꨳ္မꨓ္း ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨕ္ꨮမူိင္းမꨓ္း မူိꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲမူိင္းꨬꨁꨲꨬလꨳထꨯꨵဝꨓ္၊ မူိင္းꨁူဝ္းရီးယူိဝ္းပြတ္းꨟြင္ꨲ တင္းပြတ္းꨅꨤꨓ္းယꨤမ္းလꨱဝ္။

ꨓ္ꨮးꨀဳꨳလꨯꨤသꨯꨤသꨯꨤꨓꨯꨵ သမ္ꨵဝဳꨳငဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨵသꨯꨤလူိတ္ꨳသꨰꨓ္းꨀူꨓ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨡꨓ္လꨱဝ္မဳးꨅꨱမ္ပုိင္းေသ တဳꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨅြမ္းလꨉ္ꨳတီꨳယူꨲတီꨀိꨓ္ꨡမ္ꨲမူိꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ေသသုိပ္ꨲတꨰꨀ္ꨲꨬꨕꨳပꨱꨓ္လꨯꨤꨅူိဝ္ꨵလꨯꨤလꨯꨤ မဳးထꨰင္ꨳ။ မူိꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲꨅူိဝ္ꨵသꨯꨤတꨯးꨓꨯꨵ ꨓြꨀ္ꨳေသꨅူိဝ္ꨵသꨯꨤꨬꨁꨲယဝ္ꨵ မီꨳဝꨯꨵꨅြတ္ꨲတူဝ္ꨳꨓမ္လူိဝ္ ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨓ္ꨮးꨀုꨓ္ꨀꨤင္ေꨡးသ်ဴိဝ္း။

-မူိꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲတꨯးလꨤဝ္း၊ တꨯးယူꨓ္း၊ တꨯးထꨯး ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨯꨵꨟြင္ꨵဝဳꨳ - ꨁူိဝ္းတꨯးꨓြꨯꨵ။

-မူိꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲတꨯးꨓူိဝ္၊ တꨯးတိင္၊ တꨯးမꨤဝ္း၊ တꨯးတ္ꨮꨳ၊ တꨯးလိုဝ္ꨵ၊ တꨯးꨁုိꨓ္ ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨯꨵꨟြင္ꨵဝဳꨳ-ꨁူိဝ္းတꨯး ယ္ꨮꨲ(တꨯးလူင္)။

-ꨅူိဝ္းမီးတီꨳေꨅꨶဝꨱင္းꨡဳꨲသမ္ꨲ (ASSAM) ꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းꨡိꨓ္ꨲတိယꨬတꨵꨟြင္ꨵဝဳꨳ - တꨯးꨡဳꨟူမ္ (AHOM)။

-ꨅူိဝ္းမီꨳတꨳီꨓ္ꨮးꨓဳꨳလꨓိ္ပြတ္းꨟြင္ꨲမိူင္းဝꨰတ္ꨵꨓꨤမ္းꨟိမ္းလꨰꨓ္လိꨓ္မူိင္းꨬꨁꨲ ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵသမ္ꨵ ꨟြင္ꨵဝဳꨳ - တꨯးလမ္၊ တꨯးꨁꨤဝ္။

ေꨁဳꨳထꨤမ္ (1) ꨟူဝ္ငဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨵꨀူꨓ္းꨓꨯꨵမီးလꨯꨤသꨰꨓ္း၊ မိူဝ္ꨳမုိꨓ္ꨵသုိꨓ္းꨀြꨓ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨀဝ္ꨵသꨰꨓ္းꨅူိဝ္းလ္ꨮသမ္ꨵယူꨲ သꨤင္ꨳမဳးတီꨳလ္ꨮꨅူိင္ꨵꨟူိဝ္လꨯꨤလꨯꨤ?။

(2) ꨀဝ္ꨵသꨰꨓ္းꨀူꨓ္းꨓꨯꨵ ꨀြပ္ꨳသင္ꨬလꨳလꨯꨳꨬꨕꨳတူိꨓ္းတꨰꨀ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္လꨯꨤꨅူိဝ္ꨵလꨯꨤသꨯꨤꨀꨮဳꨲထꨰင္ꨳ?။

(3) ꨀဝ္ꨵသꨰꨓ္းမြင္ꨶꨀူဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ လꨯꨳꨅꨰꨀ္ꨲꨬꨕဝꨯꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵသꨯꨤꨅူိင္ꨵꨟူိဝ္?။ ꨓ္ꨮးꨀဳꨳꨅူိဝ္ꨵသꨯꨤꨅူိဝ္း ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲလꨯꨳလꨱပ္းꨟꨱꨓ္ꨟူꨵဝဳꨳပဳးꨁူိဝ္းလ္ꨮလꨯꨤလꨯꨤ?။

(4) ꨓ္ꨮးꨀဳꨳꨅူိဝ္ꨵသꨯꨤꨀူꨓ္းꨡꨓ္မီးဝꨯꨵꨓꨯꨵ လꨯꨳတꨰꨀ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္လꨯꨤꨅူိဝ္ꨵလꨯꨤꨁုိဝ္း?။ ꨅူိင္ꨵꨟူိဝ္လꨯꨤလꨯꨤ?၊ တꨰမ္ꨳꨬꨓတီꨳတꨰꨀ္ꨳတူဝ္ယꨤင္ꨲမꨓ္း?။

(5) ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨁူိဝ္းꨡꨓ္လꨱဝ္ေသ ꨅြင္ꨲ ပꨱꨓ္လꨯꨳꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳꨡꨓ္လꨱဝ္?၊ ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨁူိဝ္းတင္းꨅူိဝ္ꨵ ꨅꨤတ္ꨳပꨰꨀ္ꨲပူိင္ꨳꨀꨓ္ꨅူိင္ꨵꨟူိဝ္?၊ သပ္းလꨰင္းꨬꨓတဳꨵ?။

ꨀꨓ္သြင္

ꨁိူဝ္းတꨯးꨓ္ꨮးꨅိုင္ꨳတꨯး The origins of the Shan, like that of the Chinese, is lost in the mists of antiquity. (Amongst the Shan, Archebald Ross Colquloun, 1885)

ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨁူိဝ္းတꨯးလုꨀ္ꨵတီꨳလ္ꨮပꨱꨓ္မဳး၊ ꨬတꨲပꨱꨓ္မဳးꨅူိင္ꨵꨟူိဝ္ မိူဝ္ꨳလ္ꨮꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵꨓြꨀ္ꨳလူိဝ္ေသ ꨅူိဝ္းꨡꨓ္ယုမ္ꨲယမ္ ‘ꨁိူဝ္းတꨯးꨁꨯးသူိဝ္လူးလꨯꨤး၊ ꨁꨯးသꨤင္ယꨱꨓ္းမဳး’ ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ လꨰပ္ꨳေတꨡမ္ꨲ ꨁ္ꨮꨳမီꨳꨕ္ꨮꨟူꨵထိုင္တꨰတꨳ္ꨓꨰတ္ꨳတꨱမ္ထူꨓ္ꨳ။ ꨡꨓ္ꨟူꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬတꨵꨀူꨉ္းꨟူꨵဝဳꨳတꨯးပꨱꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨁူိဝ္းꨀဝ္ꨲ ꨬꨀꨲꨟိင္ꨟီးလူိဝ္ပိူꨓ္ꨳသုတ္းꨓူိဝ္ꨀမ္ꨲꨕဳꨲꨁိူဝ္းဳံပꨱင္းꨀꨓ္တင္းꨬꨁꨲ၊ ꨡီးꨀ်ိပ္ꨵ၊ ꨀရိꨀ္ꨵꨁဝ္ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨀူꨉ္း။

ေꨁဳꨳꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳတꨯးꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ လုꨀ္ꨵတီꨳလ္ꨮꨬတꨲပꨱꨓ္မဳး၊ ပြင္ꨲဝဳꨳသင္ꨅူိင္ꨵꨟူိဝ္ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵ ေꨀဳꨳယင္းတုိꨀ္ꨵပꨱꨓ္တီꨳꨕိတ္းထꨱင္ꨀꨓ္ပꨯꨲယဝ္ꨵပꨯꨲဝꨯꨤး။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳတင္းꨕꨯꨤꨲတꨯး - ထꨯးꨁဝ္ပုိတ္ꨲ ꨬꨓတီꨳပြင္ꨲမꨓ္းဝꨯꨵဝဳꨳ - ‘‘လြတ္ꨳလꨰဝ္း’’ ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵ၊ သင္ဝဳꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨁူꨓ္ꨵသြꨀ္းꨟဳꨟꨓ္လꨯꨳတꨳီပြင္ꨲ တꨤင္ꨲꨡꨓ္ꨅုိင္ လꨟီပ္ꨵတုင္းယူꨲ။ ꨀြပ္ꨳပိူဝ္ꨳမꨓ္းꨅိꨬꨓငဝ္းလꨯꨤးꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳ - ေပဳးꨀူိတ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ ꨀူꨓ္းမဳးဳံꨅꨤတ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵတုိꨓ္းထုꨀ္ꨲလီမီးလီလꨯꨳ ‘‘လြင္ꨳလြတ္ꨳလꨰဝ္း’’ ယူꨲ ꨬလꨳတꨯးေꨀဳꨳလူဝ္ꨲလꨯꨳ မီးꨅူိင္ꨵꨓင္ꨲꨀူꨓ္းꨁူင္းꨀꨤင္ꨓ္ꨮးလုမ္ꨳꨘဳꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨡꨓ္ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨬလꨲꨟြင္ꨵတꨯးဝဳꨳ - သယꨤမ္(သ်ွꨤမ္)(SIAM or SYAM)၊ သ်ွꨤꨓ္း (SHAN) ꨅူိဝ္း ꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳလꨁီူꨓ္ꨵꨁꨯꨳဝဳꨳ - လုꨀ္ꨵတီꨳလ္ꨮပꨱꨓ္မဳးꨓꨓ္ꨵယူꨲ။ ေမဳလိꨀ္ꨳလူင္တꨤင္းမူိင္းထꨯး‘ꨀ်ိတ္ꨲ ꨕူးမိသꨀ္ꨲ’ (JIT PHUMISAK) ꨬတꨵဝဳꨳမꨓ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨀꨮꨤမ္းမြꨓ္း - ꨁမꨱꨓ္။ ပြင္ꨲဝဳꨳ‘‘ꨕူꨳထꨀု္ꨲတ ိꨀမ္ဝꨯꨵꨓ္ꨮးသုိꨀ္း’’ ꨡမ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ ‘ꨟꨯꨤးသုိꨀ္း’ (PRISONER OF WAR)။ ꨀြပ္ꨳပိူဝ္ꨳဝဳꨳ ꨬတꨲꨅꨱမ္မူိဝ္ꨳ ꨀူꨓ္းꨅူိဝ္ꨵသꨯꨤတꨯးလူင္းမဳးꨓ္ꨮးꨀုꨓ္ꨅꨱင္ꨲꨅꨤꨓ္းဝꨓ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲေꨡးသ်ဴိဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ လꨯꨳထုꨀ္ꨲမြꨓ္း - ꨁ မꨱꨓ္ꨁဝ္ꨅူိဝ္းꨡꨓ္မဳးယူꨲဝꨯꨵꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္းꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ တိꨉြပ္းꨅ္ꨮꨵꨟꨱတ္းꨀꨤꨓ္ꨓꨀ္းꨀꨤꨓ္ꨓဳ။ ꨓꨯꨵ ေꨀဳꨳလီလꨯꨳꨡဝ္သ္ꨮꨲꨅ္ꨮတြင္းꨀုိမ္းဝꨯꨵ ေတဳꨲေပဳးꨁူꨓ္ꨵꨁꨯꨳꨟဳလꨯꨳတꨤင္ꨲꨡꨓ္ယူꨲ။

ꨀꨱဝ္ꨲလူꨉ္ꨳတꨯးꨓꨯꨵ ေမဳပꨯꨤးပုိꨓ္းꨁြင္မꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁဝ္ ‘ꨡူးပဳꨵတꨤꨓ္း’ ယꨤမ္ꨳတꨰမ္ꨳဝꨯꨵဝဳꨳ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳယꨤမ္ꨳ လꨯꨳꨟꨓ္ꨓ္ꨮးလိꨀ္ꨳꨕုိꨓ္ꨁꨤဝ္ꨲ (RANGOON GAZETTE, 24.08.1932) လြင္ꨳꨀူꨓ္းꨓဳꨳꨁꨤဝ္

ꨡꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨵတꨳီမူိင္းသꨯꨤးꨖရီးယူိဝ္း (SIBERIA)ပꨯꨤꨳလြတ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲမဳးꨓꨓ္ꨵ၊ မဳးꨕꨰဝ္မူိင္းတꨯးေသ လꨯꨳꨟꨓ္ꨘꨤင္ꨟꨤင္ꨳꨓဳꨳတဳတꨯး၊ လြင္ꨳတုိင္ꨳတြꨯသꨱင္ꨟꨯꨲꨀꨮꨤမ္းတꨯး၊ ထြမ္ꨲငိꨓ္းꨡပုမ္ꨲꨀဝ္ꨲတꨯးꨅူိဝ္း ꨓ္ꨵꨬလꨳဝူꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨳ - ꨅုိင္ꨲေပꨵမူိꨓ္ꨁိူဝ္ꨳ ‘မꨰꨀ္ꨵယူိဝ္း’ (MAGYAR) ꨓ္ꨮးꨅုိင္ꨳမိူင္း ‘ꨟင္ꨲꨀူိဝ္းရီꨲ’ (HUNGARY)ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။ မꨓ္းꨅင္ꨲမူိဝ္းꨁူꨓ္ꨵꨁꨯꨳပြတ္းတင္းမူိင္းဝꨓ္းတူꨀ္းꨬလꨳလꨯꨳꨟူꨵꨟꨓ္ဝဳꨳ - ꨁူိဝ္း‘ꨁဳꨲꨀ်ီꨲ’ (KHAJI)ꨬလꨳ ‘မꨰꨀ္ꨵယူိဝ္း’ꨁဝ္ꨓꨯꨵ မူိဝ္ꨳꨟူဝ္ပꨤꨀ္ꨲပီꨶ 12(12th. century) ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨁဝ္ လြꨀ္းထြꨀ္ꨲတꨳီေသပꨯꨤꨳယꨯꨤꨵꨕꨰဝ္မဳး ꨅူိဝ္းထုင္ꨵလိꨓ္ꨓမ္ꨵꨁူင္းꨬလꨳꨓမ္ꨵꨁြင္ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯ။ လြင္ꨁူိဝ္း ꨁꨤဝ္ꨲꨡꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵေꨀဳꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨡꨓ္လီသ္ꨮꨲꨅ္ꨮသူꨓ္ꨅ္ꨮေသလီလꨱပꨳ္ꨟꨱꨓ္းတိတ္းတꨤမ္ (followup) ꨅြမ္းယူꨲꨓꨓ္ꨲꨀဝ္ꨲ။

ပꨱꨓ္ꨟုိဝ္ေꨀဳꨳꨡꨓ္ေမဳပုိꨓ္းꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨀဳꨵလ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳꨡမ္ꨲထꨱင္လꨯꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬတꨵ လြင္ꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳတꨯး ꨓꨯꨵꨕꨰဝ္တီꨳလ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳ ယူꨲꨅြမ္းထုင္ꨵꨬꨀးꨬမꨳꨓမ္ꨵေသ တင္ꨳဝꨤꨓ္း ꨬတꨲသꨓူ္ꨡမ္ꨲꨀဳꨳꨬတꨲ တင္ꨳပဳးဝꨱင္းပဳးမူိင္းꨡိတ္ꨲပဳး ꨁုꨓ္မူိင္း ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္း ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳသꨰင္ ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨯꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨁူိဝ္းတꨯးꨟဝ္းꨓ္ꨮးꨅိုင္ꨳတꨯးယꨤမ္းလꨱဝ္ꨓꨯꨵ မꨤင္ꨅဝ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - ꨬတꨲမဳးꨅꨱမ္မိူဝ္ပီꨶꨁရိတ္ꨵ BC-523။ မꨤင္ꨅဝ္ꨳဝဳꨳ BC-94။ မꨤင္ꨅဝ္ꨳဝဳꨳ AD-78။

ပꨱꨓ္ꨟုိဝ္ေꨀဳꨳလီ၊ ꨅဝ္ꨳေမဳပိုꨓ္းꨀမ္ꨳꨕြင္ꨳဝဳꨳ - မူိဝ္ꨳ AD-568 ꨓꨓ္ꨵတꨯးꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨯꨵ ꨟူꨵတုိꨓ္း မီးဝꨯꨵတꨰတ္ꨳေတဳးꨬꨓꨵꨓြꨓ္းယူꨲယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳꨡꨓ္ေမဳပိုꨓ္းလူင္ꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳလꨯꨤꨕꨯꨤꨲ - ယြမ္း ꨟပ္ꨵမꨀ္းမꨓ္ꨳဝꨯꨵꨓꨯꨵꨬတꨵ၊ တင္ꨳꨬတꨲပီꨶꨁရိတ္ꨵ AD-764-မိူဝ္ꨳꨡꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္တုိင္းꨁမ္းမူိင္းမꨤဝ္းလꨯꨳ ꨀꨮဳꨳပꨱꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳꨁူꨉ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္လူꨘူင္းမူိင္းꨬသ (လꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳ)ေသမဳးပူꨀ္းတင္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္ꨳ‘ဝꨱင္းတူိင္း ေꨁဳ’ယဝ္ꨵမူိင္းမꨤဝ္းꨅင္ꨲꨀြꨯꨳꨟူိင္းမဳးꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵထုင္ꨵမꨤဝ္းꨓꨯꨵမꨰꨓꨓ္ꨳꨅြမ္းသꨯꨤ တꨤင္းꨀဳꨵꨬꨕးလꨯꨤꨳ (SILK ROAD) ꨡꨓ္မူိင္းဝꨓ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲဝꨓ္းတူꨀ္းꨁဝ္ꨀဳꨵꨁꨯꨤꨅူးꨀꨓ္ေသ ပꨱꨓ္ ꨡꨓ္ယ္ꨮꨲꨀꨮꨤင္ꨳꨁုိꨓ္းꨁြꨓ္းꨟူိဝ္းꨟူိင္းမဳးတိꨀ္းတိꨀ္း။

လꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳ တီꨳꨓꨯꨳတꨀ္းေတလꨯꨳတတ္းတြꨓ္ꨳေသꨁꨯꨳꨬꨓလြင္ꨳꨅုိင္ꨳတုမ္ꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲေꨟဳသꨰင္လꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳ ꨡꨓ္ တုိꨀ္ꨵပꨱꨓ္လြင္ꨳထꨱင္ꨀꨓ္ယူꨲဝဳꨳ - ပꨱꨓ္ꨁြင္တꨯးꨬꨓꨲ ပꨱꨓ္ꨁြင္ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵယူꨲ ။ ပဳးꨅꨱမ္လꨤꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨡꨓ္တူꨀ္းမီးꨓ္ꨮးေꨅꨶမိူင္းယူꨓꨤꨓ္ ꨅုိင္ꨳမိူင္းꨬꨁꨲယꨤမ္းလꨱဝ္။

ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳ - ꨀဳꨳꨅူဝ္ꨳပꨯꨲမီးလꨀ္းထꨤꨓ္သꨤꨀ္ꨳေသꨲꨁူိင္ꨲꨁမ္ꨵလူိဝ္ေသꨡꨓ္ꨬꨓဝꨯꨵယူꨲ ယꨤမ္းလꨱဝ္ ꨓꨯꨵꨅုိင္ ꨟူꨵꨀဳꨳေတလꨯꨳယိပ္းမꨓ္ꨳꨀမ္ꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲဝꨯꨵေꨁဳꨳꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨡꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨅꨤင္ꨵယြင္ꨟူꨉ္ꨳတꨰမ္ꨳဝꨯꨵဝဳꨳ- ‘‘ေပဳးဝဳꨳလꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨳꨁြင္တꨯးꨓꨯꨅုိင္ ꨀြပꨳ္သင္ꨬလꨳꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္မူိင္းꨀုိတ္း ေတဳꨲယꨤမ္းလꨱဝ္ꨓꨯꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨳတꨯး၊ ပꨱꨓ္တꨯးယူꨲဝꨯꨵလြꨓ္ꨵလြꨓ္ꨵလဳꨲ?’’။ (THE SHAN OF BURMA, TZANG YAWNG HWE)ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵေသသုိပ္ꨲꨟပ္ꨵꨟြင္းတုိဝ္းꨀမ္ဝꨯꨵဝဳꨳ - ပꨱꨓ္ꨅုိင္ꨳ တꨯးꨓ္ꨮးပꨤꨓ္ꨀြꨓ္ꨲ မူိဝ္ꨳမုိꨓ္ꨵသုိꨓ္းမဳးယူꨲ။

လꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵတꨯးꨓူိဝ္ꨟဝ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲသꨱင္ဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨓꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳ’’၊ ꨀြပ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨡꨓ္မဳးပုိတ္ꨲ ေꨁဳꨳမꨯꨤပြင္ꨲꨀꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨤꨓꨵ္(ꨓꨤꨓ္)ပꨱꨓ္ꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨬꨁꨲ၊ ပြင္ꨲဝဳꨳꨓဳꨳတꨤင္းꨅꨤꨓ္း။ ‘ꨓꨤꨓ္ꨅꨤဝ္း (NAN-CHAO) ꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳပြင္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ꨅဝ္ꨳတꨤင္းꨅꨤꨓ္းꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵꨀုိင္ꨲလီꨁꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮꨁုိꨓ္းလီလီ။ ပူိင္ဳံ-ꨓ္ꨮးꨕဝ္ꨲ ꨓꨓ္ꨵပိူꨓ္ꨳꨟြင္ꨵမူိင္းလꨤဝ္းဝဳꨳ - ‘‘လꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅꨤင္ꨵ’’၊ မူိင္းထꨯးပြတ္းꨓူိဝ္(တꨤင္းꨟြင္ꨲ)ေꨀဳꨳပူိꨓ္ꨳꨟြင္ꨵ ‘‘လꨤꨓ္ꨵꨓဳး’’ ဝꨯꨵꨬလꨳယိင္ꨳꨁꨰꨓ္းမီးꨓမ္ꨵꨓꨀ္းꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨓꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨓꨓ္(ꨓꨤꨓ္ ꨅꨤဝ္း)ꨓꨯꨵပꨱꨓ္ ‘‘လꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳ’’ꨬလꨳ ပꨱꨓ္ꨁြင္တꨯး။

လꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳꨬတꨲတင္ꨳမဳးမိူဝ္ꨳပီꨶလ္ꨮꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵ ေမဳပုိꨓ္းꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨓ္ဝꨯꨵလꨀ္းꨓီꨳပီꨶမူိင္းပꨰꨀ္ꨲ ပူိင္ꨳꨀꨓ္ꨟင္းꨕ္ꨮꨟင္းမꨓ္းဝဳꨳ - လုိꨓ္းလင္ပီꨶꨁရိတ္ꨵ AD-226 ဝꨯꨤးေသ လꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳꨀꨤꨓ္ꨵသိုꨀ္း ေတဳꨲꨁုꨓ္ပြင္ꨀꨤꨓ္သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲ(ပꨤꨓ္သꨤမ္မူိင္း)‘ꨀ်ဴးꨀူိဝ္ꨲလꨰ်င္’ ေသꨁꨯꨤꨵလူင္းမဳးꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬလꨳသင္၊ မူိဝ္ꨳ AD-629 ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬလꨳသင္ယဝ္ꨵ။ မီးဝꨯꨵငဝ္ꨳဝꨱင္းတီꨳꨓြင္ꨬသ ꨡမ္ꨲꨓꨓ္မူိင္းꨬသလူင္၊ ꨡꨓ္ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨯꨵ ꨟြင္ꨵဝဳꨳ - တဳꨳလီ(တဳꨵလိ) (TALI)။

ꨓ္ꨮးပꨤꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္လူင္ꨘူင္း (748-780)ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလꨓိ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵယြꨓ္ꨵပူိဝ္ꨳလꨯꨳ ထုꨀ္ꨲꨁုꨓ္ꨬꨁꨲꨁဝ္ꨁီꨲꨓꨱꨀ္းတꨱꨀ္းတꨱင္ꨓဳꨲꨬလꨳလꨯꨳꨟူမ္ꨳမိုဝ္းꨀꨓ္တင္း ‘တꨯး 6 မူိင္း’ ꨡိꨀ္ꨲပဳးမိူင္း တိပꨰတ္ꨵေသ တုိꨀ္းေတဳးေꨟဳꨳလုိပ္ꨳပꨰတ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨬꨁꨲꨁဝ္ယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨟꨱတ္းꨓꨓ္ေသ ꨅင္ꨲမဳးပူꨀ္းတင္ꨳပꨱꨓ္မူိင္းသဝ္းေꨁဳမဳး။ ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵတင္ꨳꨬတꨲပီꨶ AD-888 မဳး မူိင္းꨬꨁꨲေꨀဳꨳ ပꨱꨓ္ꨡꨓ္ယုင္ꨳယꨤင္ꨳေသ ꨟꨰင္းယူပ္ꨳယြမ္းꨀꨮဳꨲꨬလꨳ ꨅုိင္ꨳတုမ္ꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲလꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳ လꨯꨳယူꨲလြတ္ꨳလꨰဝ္းမဳးတဳꨲ 500 ပီꨶပꨯꨤ။ ꨕူိဝ္ꨲထုိင္ပꨤꨓ္မြင္ꨶꨀူဝ္းꨡꨓ္ꨀုပ္းလꨯꨤးꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲ (KUBLAI-KHAN) ꨡြꨓ္ꨟူဝ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵပူꨓ္ꨵပꨰꨓ္ꨁꨮꨤꨀ္ꨳမူိင္းꨟိမ္းꨟြမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅင္ꨲမဳးတုိꨀ္းသိမ္းꨡဝ္ ‘လꨤꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳ’ မူိဝ္ꨳပီꨶ - 1253။

ꨅိုင္ꨳတꨯးပꨤꨓ္မိူင္းမꨤဝ္း

ꨓမ္ꨵလိꨓ္ꨟိꨓ္ꨘဳꨓဳꨳꨘဳꨵမူိင္းတꨯးတြꨓ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅမ္ꨵ-

ꨓဳꨳꨟြင္ꨲ -မီးမူိင္းမꨤဝ္း၊ မိူင္းဝꨓ္း၊ မူိင္းꨓဳꨳ၊ မူိင္းတီး၊ မိူင္းꨁြꨓ္၊ ေꨅꨶꨘꨤင္။

ꨓဳꨳဝꨓ္းတူꨀ္း -မီးမူိင္းꨀြင္၊ မူိင္းယꨤင္း၊ ဝꨱင္းသူိဝ္၊ ꨀဳလိုဝ္း၊ ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳေမဳꨲ၊ မူိင္းမိတ္ꨳ၊ သီꨲ ေပဳꨵ၊ မူိင္းယꨱꨓ္။

ꨓဳꨳꨅꨤꨓ္း -မီးမိူင္းပꨱင္း၊ မူိင္းꨓꨯꨤး၊ ယြင္ꨟူꨉ္ꨳ၊ လꨯꨤးꨁဳꨳ။

ꨓဳꨳဝꨓ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲ -မူိင္းတိင္၊ ꨀုိင္မဳꨵ၊ မိူင္းလꨰမ္း၊ မင္ꨳလူိꨓ္း-ꨅူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ေꨁဳꨳထꨤမ္ (1)ꨁူိဝ္းတꨯးꨓꨯꨵလုꨀ္ꨵတꨳီလ္ꨮမဳး?၊ တꨱꨀ္ꨲꨬꨕလူင္းမဳးမူိဝ္ꨳလ္ꨮꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵယꨤမ္ꨳလꨯꨳလꨱပ္ꨳꨟꨱꨓ္းမဳး ꨅူိင္ꨵꨟုိဝ္?။

(2)ေꨁဳꨳꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳ - ‘‘တꨯး’’ꨓꨯꨵပြင္ꨲဝဳꨳꨅူိင္ꨵꨟုိဝ္?၊ ꨓင္ꨲ ꨡꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲလꨯꨳꨟူꨵငိꨓ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ သပ္းလꨰင္းꨬꨓတဳꨵ။

(3)ေꨁဳꨳꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳ ‘သယꨤမ္’ (သ်ွꨤမ္) – ‘‘သ်ွꨤꨓ္း’’ꨓꨯꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨀꨮꨤမ္းသင္?၊ ပြင္ꨲဝဳꨳꨅူိင္ꨵꨟုိဝ္?၊ ꨀဳꨳ ꨓင္ꨲꨅဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲꨟူꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵေတဳꨲတꨯꨲꨁꨯꨳꨬꨓတဳꨵ။

(4)ꨀꨱဝ္ꨲလꨉူ္ꨳꨁꨤဝ္ꨲငꨤဝ္း ꨡꨓ္ပဳးꨓ္ꨮးꨕုိꨓ္ꨁꨤဝ္ꨲ (RANGOON GEZETTE) ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲ ꨟꨓ္ထုိင္ꨅူိင္ꨵꨟုိဝ္?။

(5)တꨯးꨟဝ္းမဳးꨬတꨲတင္ꨳမူိင္းတꨯးယꨤမ္းယꨱဝ္ꨓꨯꨵ မူိဝ္ꨳလ္ꨮ၊ လꨀ္းꨓီꨶပီꨶတꨯးꨡꨓ္ꨅ္ꨮꨵယူꨲမိူဝ္ꨳလꨱဝ္ 2090 (1996)ꨓꨯꨵလုꨀ္ꨵတီꨳလ္ꨮꨬတꨲပꨱꨓ္မဳးꨬတꨵꨬတꨵ?။

(6)ꨀꨱဝ္ꨲလꨉူ္ꨳ ‘လꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳ’ ꨓꨯꨵꨅဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲလꨯꨳလꨱပ္းꨟꨱꨓ္းမဳးꨅူိင္ꨵꨟုိဝ္?။

(7)မူိဝ္ꨳꨡꨓ္ꨓမ္ꨵလိꨓ္ꨟိꨓ္ꨘဳ ꨓဳꨳꨘဳꨵမူိင္ꨳတꨯးꨓ္ꨮးပꨤꨓ္မိူင္းမꨤဝ္းꨟူိဝ္းꨟူိင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ မီးထုိင္တီꨳ လ္ꨮလꨯꨤလꨯꨤ?။

ꨀꨓ္သꨤမ္

ပꨤꨓ္မꨤဝ္းꨟိူင္း ꨅြမ္းꨓင္ꨲလြင္ꨳꨡꨓ္တꨰမ္ꨳꨬꨓမဳးပဳးဝဳꨳ - ꨁုꨓ္တုိင္းꨁမ္းလꨯꨳꨀꨮဳꨲပꨱꨓ္လူꨀ္ꨁူꨉ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္လူ ꨘူင္းမူိင္းꨬသ ‘လꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳ’ ꨓꨓ္ꨵတꨀ္းလꨯꨳꨁꨯꨳꨬꨓပုိꨓ္းပြတ္းꨡြꨓ္ꨲတꨳီꨓꨯꨳꨡိတ္းဳံ။

ꨁုꨓ္တုိင္းꨁမ္းꨓꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤး၊ ꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳ၊ ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳေꨅꨶ တြꨓ္ꨳ၊ မူိင္းမြꨀ္ꨲꨁꨤဝ္မꨤဝ္းလူင္။

မူိဝ္ꨳꨓ္ꨮးပီꨶꨁရိတ္ꨵ AD-764 ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္းဝꨱင္းꨓြင္ꨬသꨁုꨓ္လူꨘူင္းလꨯꨳꨟꨤင္ꨳꨟꨰꨓ္းပြꨯး ယြꨓ္းꨓꨤင္း။ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳပိုꨓ္ꨕꨤဝ္ꨲꨡြꨀ္ꨲေꨁဳꨳပူင္ဝဳꨳ - လုꨀ္ꨳယိင္းꨅဝ္ꨳမီးဝꨯꨵတီꨳေꨟဳသဝ္လꨱဝ္ ꨓ္ꨮးꨀꨤင္ꨓြင္လူင္ꨟြင္ꨵဝဳꨳ ‘ꨓြင္ꨬသ’။ [‘ꨬသ’ꨓꨯꨵလုင္းꨁုꨓ္မꨟဳꨲလꨤတꨳ္ဝဳꨳ မီးေꨁဳမꨯꨤတီꨳပြင္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ ꨓꨀဳး။] ꨕူꨳလ္ꨮꨬလꨳꨁူဝ္ꨡမ္ꨲꨀꨯꨤꨲꨟူိဝ္းꨬပးꨡမ္ꨲဝꨯꨤးေသꨟြတ္ꨳꨕꨰဝ္လꨯꨳ ꨓ္ꨮးေꨟဳသဝ္လꨱဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳ ယင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ေတလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ပꨤꨓ္ꨡြꨓ္ꨀူပ္ꨵꨀူꨳꨀꨓ္တင္းꨓꨤင္းမူိင္းပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳ-ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨁုꨓ္တုိင္းꨁမ္းေꨀဳꨳ ယြꨓ္ꨵပူိဝ္ꨳမီꨳꨓမ္ꨵꨀတ္ꨵတꨤင္းꨟတ္းꨟꨤꨓ္ꨀူꨉ္းꨡမ္ꨲꨀဳးꨅြမ္းလူꨉ္ꨳꨬမꨳꨅဝ္ꨳ ေꨀဳꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨓꨤင္းငူိꨀ္ꨳ(ꨓꨀဳး)ေသ ꨅြꨯꨳထꨰမ္ꨁုိင္ပြင္ပꨓ္ꨬလꨳꨟြတ္ꨳထုိင္လꨯꨳတီꨳꨓ္ꨮးေꨟဳသဝ္လꨱဝ္ ꨓꨤင္းမူိင္းꨓြင္ꨬသ။ ꨀြပ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳမုꨓ္ယ္ꨮꨲေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨅဝ္ꨁုꨓ္လူꨘူင္းꨅင္ꨲꨅူမ္းသူိဝ္းꨟပ္ꨵ တြꨓ္ꨳꨡဝ္မုꨓ္ေသꨡဝ္လုꨀ္ꨳယိင္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨳမိင္ꨳꨟြမ္းꨁꨮꨓ္ပꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္တိုင္းꨁမ္း။

ဝꨯꨤးေသꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨬꨕမꨰင္ꨲꨓဳꨳꨘဳꨵမူိင္းတꨯးတြꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲꨕြင္းငမ္းꨀꨮဳ ꨲမူိဝ္းꨓဳꨳꨁꨤဝ္းယꨤဝ္း ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨁုꨓ္တꨯးမꨤဝ္းꨁဝ္ꨓꨯꨵတင္ꨳꨬတꨲပီꨶ AD-764 ꨓꨓ္ꨵမဳးေသလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္မဳးꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္း တꨯးꨟိုင္ယꨤဝ္း 654 ပီꨶမူိင္း။

ꨅဝ္ꨳꨅြမ္မꨤဝ္းတင္းသꨱင္ꨳမီး 14 ꨅဝ္ꨳ

ꨅြမ္းꨓင္ꨲꨅဝ္ꨳယꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵသꨰꨓ္ဝီတꨰမ္ꨳဝꨯꨵ

1ꨵ ꨁုꨓ္တုိင္းꨁမ္း (764-836) 62 ပီꨶ

2ꨵ ꨁုꨓ္လူး (836-916) 80 ပီꨶ (ꨁꨤတ္ꨲ 5 ပီꨶ)

3ꨵ ꨁုꨓ္လꨯꨤး (916-952) 36 ပီꨶ

4ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨲမူိင္း (1057-1177) 120 ပီꨶ

6ꨵ ꨁုꨓ္ꨘꨤင္ꨁမ္း (1178-1295) 117 ပီꨶ

7ꨵ ꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ (1295-1311) 16 ပီꨶ

8ꨵ သူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ (1311-1364) 53 ပီꨶ

9ꨵ သူိဝ္ပꨱမ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ (1364-1366) 2 ပီꨶ

10ꨵ သူိဝ္ဝꨤꨀ္းꨘဳꨵ (1366-1367) 1 ပီꨶ

11ꨵ သူိဝ္ꨅုိꨓ္ꨳꨘဳꨵ (1367-1368) 6 လူိꨓ္

12ꨵ သူိဝ္ꨟူမ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ (1367-1371) 4 ပီꨶ

13ꨵ သူိဝ္ယꨱပ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ (1371 ꨕုိꨓ္ꨵꨡဝ္) 1 ပီꨶ

14ꨵ သူိဝ္ꨟူမ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ (1372 လꨯꨳꨁုိꨓ္း) 33 ပီꨶ

15ꨵ သူိဝ္ꨁီꨲꨘဳꨵ (1405-1418) 13 ပီꨶ

ꨓ္ꨮးꨀဳꨳꨁုꨓ္သုိပ္ꨲသြꨯꨵꨘဳꨵတꨯးမꨤဝ္း 14 ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨤꨓ္ꨅုိင္ꨳေꨟဳသꨰင္တꨯးမꨤဝ္း (MAO KINGDOM) ꨟူိဝ္ꨳꨟူိင္းꨓꨯꨵ ꨡꨓ္ꨅꨤင္ꨳꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳေမဳပိုꨓ္းꨁဝ္ဝူꨓ္ꨵယꨤပ္ꨲꨟူဝ္ꨁꨯꨳꨅြမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵေတမီꨳလြင္ꨳꨡꨓ္

‘တꨤဝ္ꨵငဳးလူမ္း’ ‘ꨅဝ္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨲမူိင္း’ ꨬလꨳ ‘ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨘꨤင္ꨁမ္း’ ꨁဝ္ 3 ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅုိင္ေပꨵꨓင္ꨳ ေꨟဳယူꨲယꨤဝ္းꨁꨤဝ္းꨟုိင္ပꨱꨓ္တꨤꨓ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ-ꨓꨯꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ မꨤင္ꨕဝ္ꨲေꨀဳꨳေတမီꨳေꨀဳꨵပုတ္ꨳတꨓိ္တꨤင္ မုိဝ္းꨡꨓ္ꨅ္ꨮꨵꨅိုဝ္ꨳလꨱဝ္ꨲꨀꨓ္ေသ ꨅꨤမ္ꨲꨟꨤင္ꨳေꨟဳမဳးꨟုိဝ္-ꨅꨱမꨅ္ူိဝ္းꨓꨯꨵꨀꨮဳꨲယူꨲ ။

(ꨀ) ꨅဝ္ꨳမြꨓ္းလဳꨳ

ꨓ္ꨮးပီꨶ 1058 ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨡေꨓဳꨲရထဳꨲမူိင္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲ ꨁိုꨓ္ꨳမဳးတꨤင္းမူိင္းတꨯးေသ လတ္းꨀꨮဳꨲꨅူး မူိင္းလꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳ၊ တြꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲေတꨀꨮဳꨲပꨤင္းꨡဝ္ ‘ꨁꨱဝ္ꨳငဳးသꨰင္ꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲꨅဝ္ꨳ’ တꨳီꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳသꨰင္ လꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳ(ꨡူတꨯꨲꨘဳꨵ)။

ꨡိင္ꨓူိဝ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨡေꨓဳꨲရထဳꨲ မဳးꨓြပ္ꨲတြꨓ္ꨳပꨓ္ ꨟꨯငုိꨓ္းꨟꨯꨁမ္းေသ ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳသꨰင္ ꨡူတꨯꨘဳꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨡꨓ္မꨰꨓ္ꨳꨅ္ꨮꨟူမ္ꨅူမ္းꨓဳꨲꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨳလꨯꨳယုꨀ္ꨵေယဳးꨡဝ္ငဳးသꨰꨀ္ꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲꨅဝ္ꨳ ယုိꨓ္ꨳဝꨤင္း ပꨓ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨡေꨓဳꨲရထဳꨲꨟပ္ꨵမူိဝ္းꨀူိဝ္းလီꨓပ္ꨵဝꨯꨳꨀဳꨳတီꨳမိူင္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲ။

ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨡေꨓဳꨲရထဳꨲေꨀဳꨳပြꨀ္ꨳဝꨯꨤꨲꨁုိꨓ္းမူိဝ္းမူိင္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲ။ သမ္ꨵမဳးꨀိုတ္းယင္ꨵꨁꨤဝ္း တꨤင္းတီꨳတြꨓ္ꨳလိꨓ္ ထုင္ꨵမꨤဝ္းထꨰင္ꨳꨬလꨳ လꨯꨳꨟꨰꨓ္းꨡဝ္ꨁြင္ꨘꨤꨀ္ꨲꨁူဝ္းတြꨓ္ꨳ မြꨀ္ꨲယဳꨳငုိꨓ္း မြꨀ္ꨲယဳꨳꨁမ္းꨟမ္းပူꨟမ္းꨬꨕးꨁဝ္ꨳထုိင္ꨅူးတမ္ꨳတီꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨲမူိင္းေသ ထꨤမ္ယြꨓ္းꨡဝ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳ ꨓꨤင္းမြꨓ္းလဳꨳ။ ေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨲမိူင္းေꨀဳꨳ ယြꨓ္ꨵပူိဝ္ꨳတူꨉ္းꨟꨓ္ꨕြꨓ္းပꨤင္ꨳသြင္ပဳꨳသြင္ꨘꨯꨤꨲ ꨁꨤဝ္းပြတ္းꨁꨤဝ္းယꨤဝ္းေသ ꨅင္ꨲꨕြမ္ꨵလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮတူꨀ္းလူင္းꨡဝ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳမြꨓ္းလဳꨳꨟူမ္ꨳမိင္ꨳꨀူပ္ꨵꨀူꨳပꨓ္ တင္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨡေꨓဳꨲရထဳꨲ။

လူိဝ္ေသꨓꨓ္ꨵလꨯꨳလူိꨀ္ꨳꨡဝ္ပဳးတင္းေမဳ မိုဝ္းꨘꨯꨤꨲꨟꨱတ္းꨘꨯꨤꨲꨓြင္ꨟြင္ꨳမူိင္ꨕူꨳꨀတ္ꨵ ꨅꨤင္ꨶꨘꨯꨤꨲ ꨕုꨀ္ꨲသြမ္ꨳလꨱင္ꨵလꨁူဝ္ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨘꨤꨀ္ꨲတြꨓ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨅြမ္း ꨅဝ္ꨳꨡေꨓဳꨲရထဳꨲ - တြꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲ ꨟꨮ္ꨳ လꨯꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨅြꨯꨳထꨰမ္ေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨅဝ္ꨳေꨀဳꨲꨘꨯꨤꨁꨤင္ꨲꨓြင္ꨟြင္ꨳမူိင္တꨤင္းမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳ။

ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳꨅဝ္ꨳမြꨓ္းလဳꨳလꨯꨳꨀꨮဳꨲယူꨲတီမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳတီꨳဝꨱင္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲꨡမ္ꨲေပဳးꨟိုင္။ ꨀြပ္ꨳဝဳꨳꨀူꨓ္းꨓ္ꨮး ꨟꨤင္ꨳꨓ္ꨮးေꨟဳတꨤင္းမူိင္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲ ꨟꨓ္လြင္ꨳလꨤꨀ္ꨲလꨯꨤးလူင္ သြင္လြင္ꨳေသ ꨬသꨵꨬꨓးဝဳꨳ - ꨅဝ္ꨳ မြꨓ္းလဳꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨬမꨳမူတ္ꨵꨕူိဝ္ꨵꨕီ ꨓꨯေသ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳပြꨀ္ꨳဝꨯꨤꨲမိူဝ္းမဳးꨁုိꨓ္းတꨤင္းမူိင္းတꨯး။

လြင္ꨳꨡꨓ္တꨤင္းမူိင္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲ လꨯꨳꨅိꨬꨓးꨬသꨵသြမ္းꨅဝ္ꨳမြꨓ္းလဳꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅမ္ꨵ-

လြင္ꨳ ဳံ ꨓꨯꨵ-ယꨤမ္းမူိဝ္ꨳမꨓ္းꨓꨤင္းꨓြꨓ္းလပ္းယူꨲꨁိုꨓ္း ဳံ ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ထꨤတꨳ္ၾꨕဳးပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨡꨓ္ ꨡြင္းထင္မီးꨓ္ꨮးꨀူင္ေပꨲꨟူꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္း - လꨯꨳပြꨯꨲꨡြꨀ္ꨲသꨯꨤꨡူသီငဝ္းမꨓ္းထြင္ꨲꨟိူဝ္ꨳꨅြတ္ꨲတူဝ္း လူင္ꨀꨮဳꨲတင္းꨟꨤင္ꨳတင္းေꨟဳꨬလꨳꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳꨀူꨓ္းတူꨀ္းꨅ္ꨮတူꨀ္းေꨁဳးꨀꨮဳꨲ။

ထꨰင္ꨳလြင္ꨳ ဳံ သမ္ꨵꨅြမ္းꨓင္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းတꨯးေသမꨤင္ပြꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨳꨟꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳမြꨓ္းလဳꨳမꨀ္ꨵꨡီꨲꨀုꨀ္ꨳ မꨰင္းမꨓ္း မူတ္ꨵသူမ္ꨳ မူင္ꨳေꨓဳꨲ(ꨡꨓ္တꨤင္းမူိင္းတꨯးသူင္ꨲꨀꨮဳ ꨲပꨓ္)ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬလꨳပꨱꨓ္တီꨳလ ီယုပ္းလီꨕꨤꨓ္ꨳပုꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨡꨓ္ꨡမ္ꨲတြꨓ္ꨵယꨤမ္ꨳꨟူꨵယꨤမꨳ္ꨟꨓ္။

တင္ꨳꨬတꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵမဳးမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵေပဳးပꨱꨓ္တꨯးꨓꨯꨅုိင္မီးꨅ္ꨮꨅပ္းပꨰꨓ္းဝꨯꨵဝဳꨳ - ပꨱꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္း ꨕူိဝ္ꨵမူိင္းꨕီ - မူိꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵလူင္သီꨲေပဳꨵလꨯꨳတꨰမꨳ္ꨬꨓဝꨯꨵꨓ္ꨮးပပ္ꨵမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳ TWILIGHT OVER BURMA ‘‘လပ္းသိင္ꨲꨅြမ္ꨵꨟြမ္ꨵ ꨓူိဝ္မိူင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳ’’ ꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ေပဳးဝဳꨳꨅဝ္ꨳမြꨓ္းလဳꨳ ꨕꨤတ္ꨲယꨤꨓ္ꨀြင္လင္ꨡြꨀ္ꨲဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲမိူင္းဝꨱင္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲေသမဳးꨟြတ္ꨳထုိင္ ပြတ္းတꨤင္းတီꨳဳံꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨀုိင္ꨵꨀꨤင္ꨵꨡဝ္ေပꨵꨟူꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းသꨱꨓ္တူꨀ္းꨀꨮဳꨲꨓ္ꨮးꨓမ္ꨵ။ ꨡဝ္ꨡူသꨯꨤငဝ္း မꨓ္းထြင္ꨲလꨰင္းꨟိူဝ္ꨳꨅြတ္ꨲလူင္ꨀꨮဳ ꨲꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲꨀြꨯꨳꨟူꨵတူဝ္ဝဳꨳ - ꨀြပ္ꨳသင္ꨬလꨳထꨀု္ꨲပိူꨓ္ꨳꨬꨓးဝဳꨳ ပꨱꨓ္ꨕူိဝ္ꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳယုꨀ္ꨵေယဳးꨡဝ္ထꨤတ္ꨳေပꨲꨟူꨓꨓ္ꨵ သ္ꨮꨁုိꨓ္းꨟူးꨟူေသ မူိဝ္ꨳ ꨡꨓ္သုိပ္ꨲꨁꨤဝ္းတꨤင္း မဳးꨟြတ္ꨳꨕꨰဝ္တီꨳꨟိမ္းလꨰꨓ္လိꨓ္ မူိင္းတꨯးတင္း မိူင္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲ ꨡူိမ္ꨳတိတ္း ꨀꨓ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ မဳးꨀုိတ္းယင္ꨵ ꨬတꨲတင္ꨳေꨀဳꨲသꨤင္ꨳထꨤတ္ꨳေꨅꨲတီꨲ(ꨀြင္းမူး)ေသယဝ္ꨵ၊ ꨡဝ္ ထꨤတ္ꨳေပꨲꨟူꨘင္ꨡြင္း ထဳꨲပꨓဳꨲဝꨯꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ ထꨤတ္ꨳေꨅꨲတီꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ မꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁဝ္ꨳꨟြင္ꨵဝဳꨳ (ေရႊစာရံ ေစတီ) ‘‘သꨉူ္ꨲꨅဳꨲယꨓ္ꨲေꨅတီꨲ)-ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

ဝꨯꨤးေသ သုိပ္ꨲꨁꨤဝ္းတꨤင္းမဳးꨟြတ္ꨳထုိင္ꨓ္ꨮးꨓမ္ꨵလိꨓ္ꨟိꨓ္ꨘဳꨅုိင္ꨳတꨯးေသတဳꨵေꨀဳꨳꨅဝ္ꨳမြꨓ္း လဳꨳꨓꨯꨵဝူꨓ္ꨵꨁုိꨓ္းဝူꨓ္ꨵလြင္ꨳꨓꨰင္ꨅ္ꨮꨅြမ္းꨀြပꨳ္လꨯꨤ ꨅိူဝ္ꨵလꨯꨤ ပူိင္ေသယိꨓ္းတိပ္ꨲꨡူပ္းꨀပ္ꨵꨅ္ꨮ ꨓဳꨲꨬလꨳလꨯꨳꨡဝ္ꨟူဝ္ꨅ္ꨮတꨰꨀ္ꨲငꨤꨀ္ꨳသꨱင္ꨳꨀꨤမ္ꨲသုတ္းမုꨓ္ꨀꨮဳꨲ။ ထုိင္တီꨳေပဳးꨡမ္ꨲတꨓ္းပ္ꨮꨵလꨯꨳ ေꨀဳꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨓြင္ꨵꨅꨯꨤး ‘ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨀဳꨲလꨤင္း’ꨡꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨵတီꨳထုင္ꨵမꨤဝ္းလူင္းမဳးꨟပ္ꨵတြꨓ္ꨳ ꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨕူိဝ္ꨲꨓြင္ꨵꨅꨯꨤးမြꨓ္းလဳꨳꨟြတ္ꨳထုိင္ေꨀဳꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨡꨓ္ꨅ္ꨮလꨱꨀ္ꨵေꨁဳးꨁူမ္ေသးလꨯꨤလူင္လꨤင္ေသလꨯꨳ ꨡဝ္ꨅ္ꨮꨁꨤတ္ꨲ သꨱင္ꨳꨀꨤမ္ꨲꨀꨮဳ ꨲꨅြမ္းေꨀဳꨵပꨱꨓ္ပီꨳꨓꨤင္းꨅဝ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨁုꨓ္ꨓꨤင္းꨬလꨳ ꨀူꨓ္းꨅူိဝ္းꨡꨓ္ꨅြမ္းလင္ မဳးꨟပ္ꨵ မဳးသူင္ꨲꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳလုမ္းလဳး ꨅဝ္ꨳမြꨓ္းလဳꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨀဳꨲလꨤင္း သြင္ꨅဝ္ꨳပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ ‘‘ꨟြပ္ꨵꨟူဝ္ꨁဝ္ꨳꨟꨱဝ္း’’ေသ ေꨀဳꨲꨡုတ္ꨲꨟꨱတ္း (ꨀုတ္း)ꨁုမ္ပိုင္ꨳ ꨡူိမ္ꨳꨁꨤင္းꨀꨓ္ဝꨯꨵတီꨳ ꨟိမ္းဝꨤꨓ္ꨳေမဳꨲꨀူိဝ္သီꨲေပဳꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨡေꨓဳꨲရထဳꨲေꨀဳꨳꨅင္ꨲဝူꨓ္ꨵꨕူိဝ္ꨲပုꨓ္ꨳမူိဝ္းမဳꨳေသလꨯꨳပူꨀ္းတင္ꨳဝꨯꨵဝꨱင္းယꨤမ္ꨳ 43ဝꨱင္းလြမ္ꨵꨟြပ္ꨳလꨰꨓ္လိꨓ္မိူင္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲ၊ တြꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲေတꨬꨟꨵꨀင္ꨳေꨕးသုိꨀ္းတꨯးꨡꨓ္ꨅꨤင္ꨳမဳး ထုိင္ꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ေꨁဳꨳမꨯꨤတြင္း။ (1) ꨘꨯꨤꨲတꨤင္းပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁဝ္ꨓꨯꨵ ꨀꨯꨵꨬလꨲယုိတ္းထုိဝ္ယိပ္းမꨓ္ꨳꨅြမ္း ပိုꨓ္းꨀဝ္ꨲꨁဝ္ဝဳꨳ တꨯးꨓꨯꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨁူိဝ္းꨕူိဝ္ꨵꨕီ၊ ꨡမ္ꨲလ္ꨮꨳပုတ္ꨵထꨕဳꨲသဳꨲ ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨀူꨉ္းေꨀဳꨳေပဳးေတတူꨉ္းꨁိုꨓ္း ꨡꨓ္ꨁဝ္လꨯꨳꨀꨮဳꨲပꨤင္းꨡဝ္ ꨁꨱဝ္ꨳငဳး သꨰင္ꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵသမ္ꨵပꨱꨓ္တီꨳတꨯး၊ ꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨁဝ္ꨡမ္ꨲꨁူပ္းꨀꨓ္၊ ပꨱꨓ္မꨓ္ꨳ ꨁဝ္ꨀူꨉ္းꨓင္ꨲꨀဝ္ꨲသမ္ꨵတꨰမ္ꨳပုိꨓ္းဝꨯꨵဝဳꨳ - ꨓꨤင္းမြꨓ္းလဳꨳ လꨯꨳမဳးေꨀဳꨲတင္း ထꨤတ္ꨳေꨅꨲတီꨲဝꨯꨵ တီꨳေမဳꨲꨀူိဝ္(ေꨖဳꨲꨀ်ဴိဝ္ꨲ)ꨓꨯꨬလꨳ ပꨱꨓ္ꨡꨓ္ꨁတ္းꨁိုꨓ္း ေလဳးꨀ်ိꨀ္ꨵပꨯꨤးꨓပ္ꨵ (Logic) ꨁဝ္ဝꨯꨵ။

(2)မူိဝ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨟူမ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ(1527-43)မူိင္းယꨤင္းတုိꨀ္းသိမ္းꨡဝ္လꨯꨳမူိင္းꨡဳꨲ ဝဳꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵထꨤင္ꨲထူိမ္ဝဳꨳ - မုꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁဝ္ꨀမ္ꨳꨕြင္ꨳေတꨕိုꨓ္ꨵဝꨯꨤꨲသꨤꨓ္ ꨁတ္းမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨯေသꨡဝ္တꨯꨤပꨰတ္ꨳ 360 တꨓူ္ပꨯꨤꨓꨓ္ꨵꨟူꨵပꨱꨓ္တီꨳလ ီ ယုပ္းလီꨕꨤꨓ္ꨳယူꨲ။

ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳ COLQULOUN ေꨀဳꨳယင္းဝဳꨳ - ꨀြပ္ꨳပိူဝ္ꨳတꨯးꨅူိဝ္းꨡꨓ္ေမဳꨡီးလူ ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅြꨯꨳထꨰမ္ꨡဝ္သူိင္ꨲသိမ္းငူိင္ꨵပꨯꨤꨳပꨓ္ꨬလꨳမုꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳမꨤꨓ္ꨳ ꨟꨱင္ပꨯꨤ လꨯꨳလြတ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨀꨮဳ ꨲတꨤင္းမူိင္းေပꨲတꨤင္းတြင္ꨲꨡူꨲယူꨲ - ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ လီꨳ လꨯꨳဝူꨓ္ꨵသြꨓ္ꨲပဳးယူꨲ။

(3) မူိဝ္ꨳပꨤꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳသꨰင္ပယိꨓ္ꨵꨓြင္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ ယြꨓ္ꨵလꨉူ္ꨳတꨯးꨓꨯꨵ မီး ꨟိတ္ꨳထုင္းꨘိင္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲ ꨡꨓ္ꨡဝ္ꨘꨯးꨕဝ္ꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨅꨯꨤးꨅူိင္ꨵꨓꨤင္းꨡိꨀ္ꨲပဳး ꨅꨤင္ꨵမဳꨵဝူဝ္းꨀꨮꨯꨤးꨅြမ္းမူိဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္မိူင္းလပ္းတဳꨓြꨓ္းေꨕးꨓꨯꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳ

သူင္ꨲမုꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁဝ္မဳးꨁꨮꨤꨀ္ꨳပြင္ꨬꨕꨳတိူꨓ္းသဳꨲသꨓဳꨲꨓꨯꨵေꨀဳꨳပꨱꨓ္တီꨳ လꨁီူꨓ္ꨵသြꨀ္းလꨱပ္ꨳꨟꨱꨓ္းꨁုိꨓ္းလီလီꨓင္ꨲꨀဝ္ꨲ။ ꨀြပ္ꨳဝဳꨳꨓ္ꨮးသူိꨀ္ꨳပုိꨓ္းတꨯး ꨕုိꨓ္လ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳတုိꨓ္းꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳꨟꨓ္မꨀ္းမꨯꨤဝꨯꨵဝဳꨳ - မီးꨟိတ္ꨳထုင္းꨅူိင္ꨵꨓꨓ္ ေသပြꨀ္ꨳ ꨓြꨀ္ꨳလူိဝ္ေသꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းꨡိꨓ္တိယ။

ပꨱꨓ္ꨟုိဝ္ေꨀဳꨳလီ တင္ꨳꨬတꨲဝꨯꨤးေသသင္ꨲꨁဳꨲꨅဝ္ꨳတꨤင္းမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁဝ္ꨁဝ္းမဳး ꨕꨰဝ္ꨕ္ꨮးမူိင္းတꨯးလူဝ္ꨳ 400 ပီꨶ ပꨯꨤꨓꨯꨵ ꨘိင္ꨳထုင္းတꨯးတင္းꨘိင္ꨳထုင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳ ꨁ္ꨮꨳꨀꨯꨤꨅမ္ꨀꨓ္မဳးꨓမ္ꨀမ္ꨳꨕြင္ꨳꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္တီꨳလီသ္ꨮꨲꨅ္ꨮယူꨲ ။

(ꨁ) သိုꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲ ‘‘တဳꨲတဳꨲ’’ မဳးꨅꨱꨀ္ꨲမိူင္းတꨯး

မူိဝ္ꨳꨓ္ꨮးဝꨓ္းလူိꨓ္ပီꨶ 07/01/1253 ꨓꨓ္ꨵမိုင္ꨳꨬသလူင္(ꨅုိင္ꨳတုမ္ꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲလꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳ)လꨯꨳ တူꨀ္းသုမ္းꨀꨮဳ ꨲတ္ꨮꨳသုိꨀ္းတဳꨲတဳꨲ ꨁြင္ꨁုꨓ္ေꨟဳꨁမ္းမြင္ꨶꨀူဝ္းꨀုပ္းလꨯꨤꨳꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲ(1215-1294)ꨕုိꨓ္ꨵ လူမ္ꨵပꨰတ္ꨳငူိꨓ္ꨳꨁူိဝ္း(ꨁုꨓ္သုိပ္ꨲသြꨯꨵꨘဳꨵ)ꨁုꨓ္ꨬꨁꨲ‘သူင္း’(SUNG DYNASTY)ꨓꨓ္ꨵေသ မဳး ပူꨀ္းတင္ꨳငူိꨓ္ꨳꨁိူဝ္းꨁုꨓ္သုိပ္ꨲ ‘ယꨮꨓ္’ (YUAN DYNASTY)။

ထꨰင္ꨳ 2 ပီꨶꨅြမ္သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲတဳꨲတဳꨲꨡꨓ္ꨅုိဝ္ꨳဝဳꨳ-(ဝိင္ꨲꨁူး)ꨬလꨳ(ဝꨤင္ꨁ်ိꨓ္သ်ိ)ꨅင္ꨲꨁီꨲꨟူဝ္သုိꨀ္း မဳးꨕꨰဝ္ထုိင္တီꨳꨅုိင္ꨳတꨯးမꨤဝ္း။ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨅြမ္တꨯးတင္းလꨯꨤေꨀဳꨳ ꨡိင္ꨓူိဝ္ꨡမ္ꨲမီးတပ္ꨵသုိꨀ္းတူဝ္ꨳ တꨓ္းတဳꨲေတꨁꨱင္ꨲတဳꨲꨁိုꨓ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬလꨳလꨯꨳဝꨤင္းꨀြမ္းꨓြမ္းေတဳꨲꨀုပ္းလꨯꨤꨳꨁꨓ္ꨲꨀꨮဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ၊ တင္ꨳ ꨬတꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵမဳးꨅုိင္ꨳတုမ္ꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲေꨟဳသꨰင္မူိင္းတꨯးလꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳလꨯꨳထုꨀ္ꨲꨅꨰꨀ္ꨲꨬꨕပꨱꨓ္3 ပြတ္း 3 ꨀြꨓ္ဝꨯꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨀြꨓ္ꨓိုင္ꨳ - ꨘꨯꨤꨲꨟြင္ꨲꨬမꨳꨓမ္ꨵမꨤဝ္း ပꨱꨓ္ꨓမ္ꨵလိꨓ္ꨟိꨓ္ꨘဳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨘꨤင္ꨁမ္း-ꨕြင္း ငမ္း။

ꨀြꨓ္သြင္ - ꨘꨯꨤꨲဝꨓ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨓမ္ꨵꨁူင္း ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္မူိင္းတိင္၊ ꨀုိင္မဳꨵ၊ (မိူင္းꨁြꨓ္၊ မူိင္းဝꨓ္း၊ မူိင္းꨓဳꨳ၊ ꨅꨓ္းတဳ)၊ မူိင္းလꨰမ္းꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵꨁဝ္ပꨓ္ꨳပြင္မိူင္းꨕ္ꨮ မူိင္းမꨓ္း(ပဳꨳတ္ꨮꨳꨁုꨓ္လူင္ယူꨓꨤꨓ္ꨀုမ္းꨀမ္ꨀမ္းသုိဝ္ꨳ)ယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨀြꨓ္သꨤမ္ - ꨘꨯꨤꨲꨅꨤꨓ္းꨬမꨳꨓမ္ꨵမꨤဝ္းတင္းမူတ္းꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨓမ္ꨵလꨓိ္ꨟိꨓ္ꨘဳ ꨅဝ္ꨳတꨯꨤꨳ လူင္သꨰꨓ္ေꨅꨶꨕြင္းငမ္း၊

(လုိꨓ္းလꨯꨤးဝꨯꨤးမဳးꨅုိဝ္ꨳသꨰꨓ္ေꨅꨶꨓꨯꨵ ဝြတ္ꨳဝꨯꨤးꨀꨮဳ ꨲေသ ꨅုိဝ္ꨳသꨰꨓ္ဝီꨅင္ꨲ ꨅပ္းမဳးေတဳꨲထုိင္ဝꨓ္းမူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵယဝ္ꨵ။)

ꨓꨯꨵပꨱꨓ္ပူိင္ꨀꨤꨓ္ ေပဳꨲလသီꨲꨅꨀ္းယꨯြꨳ (POLICY OF FRAGMENTATION EG. ESTABLISHMENT OF A SERIES OF TAI STATES AT THE EXPENSE OF OLDER STATES.)။ ꨁြင္ꨁုꨓ္ꨬꨁꨲꨁဝ္ ꨡꨓ္မဳးꨅ္ꨮꨵတုိဝ္းꨟꨱတ္းေတဳꨲမူိင္း တꨯး ꨡꨓ္လꨯꨳတꨰပ္းတတ္းမꨀ္းမꨯꨤဝꨯꨵꨓ္ꨮးပုိꨓ္း ꨀမ္းꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္းသုတ္း-ယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨘꨤင္းꨁမ္းꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨁꨯꨤꨵꨕꨤတ္ꨲ ‘‘ဝꨱင္းꨟူဝ္ေပဳꨲ’’ ꨡꨓ္မီးꨘꨯꨤꨲꨅꨤꨓ္းꨬမꨳꨓမ္ꨵမꨤဝ္းေသ ꨀꨮဳꨲꨬတꨲတင္ꨳဝꨱင္းမ္ꨮꨲꨘꨯꨤꨲꨟြင္ꨵꨓမ္ꨵမꨤဝ္းꨡꨓ္တင္ꨳꨅုိဝ္ꨳမ္ꨮꨲဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ဝꨱင္းမူိင္း မꨤဝ္း’’ - ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

(င)ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ (1311-1364)

မူိဝ္ꨳပီꨶ AD-1295 ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨘꨤင္ꨁမ္းꨅꨤမ္ꨲပူꨓြꨓ္းေꨕးꨀꨮဳꨲꨕြင္းမူိင္းတင္းလꨯꨤ ꨅင္ꨲ လꨯꨳယုꨀ္ꨵꨡဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳꨓင္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္းမူိင္းမꨤဝ္း။ မꨓ္းꨓꨤင္းလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳ ပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္တဳꨲ 16 ပီꨶယဝ္ꨵ သꨱင္ꨳꨀꨤမ္ꨲသုတ္းမုꨓ္ꨀꨮဳꨲꨬလꨳေꨀဳꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨓြင္ꨵꨅꨯꨤး-ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲ ꨘဳꨵꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳပူိင္ꨲငမ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨅြမ္မူိင္းမꨤဝ္းလူင္မူိဝ္ꨳပီꨶ 1311။ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳမီးꨓြင္ꨵꨅꨯꨤး ꨡꨓ္ꨅုိဝ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - ‘ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္’ - ꨡꨓ္ꨀꨮဳꨲပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵမူိင္ꨳꨀြင္(မိူင္းꨀြင္း)ဝꨯꨵꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္းပီꨳ ꨡꨯꨤꨳꨅဝ္ꨳယင္းပꨯꨲပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨅြမ္ 5 ပီꨶ။

ꨓ္ꨮးသိူꨀ္ꨳပုိꨓ္းတꨯး ဝꨯꨤးေသꨅုုိင္ꨳတုမ္ꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲမိူင္းလꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳလꨱဝ္ꨡꨓ္ꨁြꨓ္ꨳလုမ္းတုမ္ေꨀဳလꨯꨳꨁိုꨓ္းꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္တꨯးပတ္းပုိꨓ္ꨵꨟꨮ္ꨳေပဳးပꨱꨓ္ပꨀ္းဳံꨅုိင္ꨳ လꨱဝ္။

1314 -ပူꨀ္းတင္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္းဝꨱင္း ‘ေꨅꨶလꨤꨓ္ꨵ’ ꨡꨓ္မီးꨘꨯꨤꨲꨅꨤꨓ္း ꨬမꨳꨓမ္ꨵမꨤဝ္းꨁုိꨓ္း။ ꨟူမ္ꨳ ꨡဝ္ꨁုိꨓ္းသꨰꨓ္ေꨅꨶ၊ သီꨲေပဳꨵ။

1315 -ꨟူမ္ꨳꨡဝ္ꨁိုꨓ္းမူိင္းမိတ္ꨳ။

1316 -ꨟူမ္ꨳꨡဝ္ꨁိုꨓ္းလြꨀ္ꨳꨅြꨀ္ꨲ၊ ယြင္ꨟူꨉ္ꨳ၊ ꨅꨤမ္ꨀဳး၊ မူိင္းပꨯꨤး၊ မိူင္းꨓꨯꨤး။

1317 -တုိꨀ္းေပꨵမူိင္းꨬသေသယဝ္ꨵလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮတူꨀ္းလူင္းꨀုိတ္းသုိꨀ္းꨀꨓ္တင္းမူိင္းꨬꨁꨲ။

1319 -ꨟူမ္ꨳꨡဝ္ꨀꨱင္းꨟုင္ꨳ၊ ꨀꨱင္းတုင္၊ လမ္းပုꨓ္း၊ လမ္းပꨤင္း၊ ꨀꨱင္းသꨰꨓ္၊ ꨀꨱင္းꨟꨯꨤး၊ ꨀꨱင္းမ္ꨮꨲ ꨬလꨳ မူိင္းလူင္ꨘဳꨵသူိဝ္တြင္း (LUANG PHRABANG)။

1319 -ꨅတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨓြင္ꨵသꨤမ္လူင္ꨘဳꨵꨀꨮဳꨲꨟူမ္ꨳꨡဝ္မိူင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲ (ASSAM)။

ပꨤꨓ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵꨡူꨡꨯꨤငဝ္းꨕုင္းတီးꨬꨕꨳလꨤမ္းꨟြတ္ꨳထိုင္ꨀꨮꨤင္ꨳꨁꨮꨤင္-

ꨓဳꨳꨅꨱင္ꨲꨟြင္ꨵဝꨓ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲ ꨟြတ္ꨳထုိင္ မူိင္းꨬသ(ꨓြင္ꨬသ)။٭

ꨓဳꨳဝꨓ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲ ꨟြတ္ꨳထုိင္ မူိင္းလꨤဝ္းပြတ္းတူꨀ္းယꨤမ္းလꨱဝ္။٭

ꨓဳꨳꨅꨱင္ꨲꨅꨤꨓ္းဝꨓ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲ ꨟြတ္ꨳထုိင္ မူိင္းတꨯးပြတ္းꨟြင္ꨲ။٭

ꨓဳꨳတꨤင္းꨅꨤꨓ္း ꨟြတ္ꨳထုိင္ ေမဳꨲလမꨰင္ꨲ။٭

ꨓဳꨳဝꨓ္းတူꨀ္း ꨟြတ္ꨳထုိင္ ꨡဳꨲသမ္ꨲ (ASSAM)။٭

ꨡꨓ္လီꨡꨤမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅမ္ꨵ - မူိင္းꨅူိဝ္းꨡꨓ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨀꨮဳ ꨲꨟူမ္ꨳꨡဝ္ꨁြꨓ္ꨳလုမ္းတုမ္ေꨀဳပꨱꨓ္ ꨡꨓ္လꨱဝ္ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨀြပ္ꨳပူိဝ္ꨳꨀꨮꨤင္ꨳယ္ꨮꨲလူိဝ္ꨅုိင္ꨳေꨟဳသꨰင္ပယိꨓ္ꨵꨓြင္ꨲေꨀဳꨵꨡꨓ္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵထꨯး ꨁဝ္ယင္းယြင္ꨳေယဳးဝဳꨳပꨱꨓ္ ‘‘ꨕူးꨡြင္ꨲ ေပꨵသိပ္းꨓဳꨳမူိင္း’’ ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬတꨵꨡမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨳꨓင္ꨲꨀဝ္ꨲ။ မꨓ္းပꨱꨓ္လြင္ꨳꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳမူိင္းꨡꨓ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨟူမ္ꨳꨡဝ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္မူိင္းꨡꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵသꨯꨤꨁူိဝ္း တꨯးꨀြꨓ္းငမ္းဝꨯꨵလြꨓ္ꨵလြꨓ္ꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵꨀူꨉ္း။

‘‘တꨯးꨁိူဝ္းသူိဝ္ꨡမ္ꨲယြမ္းယူꨲထမ္ꨳလꨱဝ္ꨅြမ္းꨀꨓ္’’ ꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨓ္ꨮးပꨤꨓ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳ သမ္ꨵꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္မဳးꨡꨓ္ဳံꨡꨓ္လꨱဝ္ꨀꨓ္လꨯꨳꨓꨯꨵꨅမ္ꨵ - ꨡꨓ္ꨀမ္ꨵꨅꨯြꨳမꨓ္းေတလꨯꨳꨟꨓ္မီး (3) လြင္ꨳ -

1-တဳꨲေတလꨰꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤꨳပꨯꨤးဝူꨓ္ꨵ ပꨯꨤးꨟꨓ္ ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳ၊ ꨕြမ္ꨵသꨱင္ပꨱင္းပꨤꨀ္ꨲꨀꨓ္၊ ယူꨲ ꨓ္ꨮး ပꨀ္းပူိင္ꨡꨓ္လꨱဝ္ꨀꨓ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨀတ္ꨵꨁꨰꨓ္ꨲပꨯꨤးꨅ္ꨮ ꨅ္ꨮꨵတုိဝ္းလြꨀ္းလꨯꨤး ꨀူꨳလꨯꨤးလꨯꨤး။ သမ္ꨵယင္းꨟꨤင္ꨳꨟꨰꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းဝꨯꨵꨟꨮ္ꨳတူဝ္းတꨓ္းတဳꨲေသꨲ။

2-မူိင္းꨬꨁꨲေꨀဳꨳꨟꨰင္းꨡူꨓ္ꨳ၊ ဝꨯꨤးပꨤꨓ္ꨀုပ္းလꨯꨤးꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲယဝ္ꨵ ꨁုꨓ္မြင္ꨶꨀူဝ္းꨡꨓ္မဳးꨡုပ္ꨵပိူင္ꨲꨓူိဝ္ ꨬꨁꨲꨁဝ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ယူပ္ꨳယြမ္းလူင္းတိꨀ္းတိꨀ္း။

3-မူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳꨟꨰꨓ္းꨡူꨓ္ꨳ၊ ငိူꨓ္ꨳꨁူိဝ္းတꨯး 3 ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ[လꨀု္ꨳꨅꨯꨤး 3 ꨅꨯꨤးꨁြꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္သꨰင္ꨁမ္း ပꨓ္း သခၤဗုိလ္ ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္-ꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳသꨰင္ꨁꨯꨲ=အသခၤယာ ꨀိꨓ္မူိင္း မ်ိꨓ္ꨲꨅꨯꨤး/ꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳသꨰင္ ꨀမ္ꨲ=ရာဇသႀကၤန္ ꨀိꨓ္မိူင္းမꨰꨀ္ꨵꨁရဳ/ꨁုꨓ္သꨤမ္သꨰင္သ္ꨮ=သီဟသူ ꨀိꨓ္မူိင္းပꨤင္ꨲလꨯꨤꨲ=ပိꨓ္ꨲ ꨬလꨲ။]ꨡꨓ္ꨟꨱတ္းꨁုꨓ္ꨕြင္းငမ္းယူꨲတီꨳ တြꨓ္ꨳလိꨓ္ꨘꨯꨤꨟိꨓ္ (KYAUKSE) ꨁဝ္ေꨀဳꨳပꨱꨓ္ယ္ꨮဝꨯꨵ ꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳ။

ဝꨯꨤးꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ꨅꨤမ္ꨲပူꨓြꨓ္းꨬꨕးꨀꨮဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ ꨁုꨓ္တꨯးꨅူိဝ္းꨡꨓ္မီးꨓမ္ꨵꨅ္ꨮꨓမ္ꨵꨀတ္ꨵ မူိꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ ယင္းမီးယူꨲꨀမ္ꨳꨕြင္ꨳꨓꨯေသတဳꨵေꨀဳꨳ ပဳꨲရမီꨲꨡမ္ꨲတꨱမ္ထူꨓ္ꨳꨓင္ꨲ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳ။ တꨳီမူိင္းꨬꨁꨲꨓꨯꨵꨬတꨵ ꨡဝ္ပီꨶ 1368 မဳးငိူꨓ္ꨳꨁူိဝ္းꨁုꨓ္သုိပ္ꨲမြင္ꨶꨀူဝ္းယꨮꨓ္ꨁဝ္ေꨀဳꨳ သုတ္းဝꨯꨤးꨀꨮဳꨲေသငူိꨓ္ꨳꨁူိဝ္းꨁုꨓ္သုိပ္ꨲꨬꨁꨲမိင္ (MING) ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳမဳးပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္။ ꨁိုꨓ္းမဳး ပꨱꨓ္ပꨀ္းဳံꨅုိင္ꨳလꨱဝ္ထꨰင္ꨳꨬလꨳ တုိဝ္ꨵတꨤင္းတြꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲတꨯးေတလꨯꨳယ္ꨮꨲꨀꨮꨤင္ꨳ မူိ္ꨓ္ပꨤꨓ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳ ꨓꨓ္ꨵ လꨯꨳလꨱꨀ္ꨵေꨀꨲေꨡꨲမꨤင္လူင္းမဳးတိꨀ္းတိꨀ္း။

(င)ငိူꨓ္ꨳꨁိူဝ္းမꨤဝ္းသုတ္းဝꨯꨤး

ꨓꨯးပꨤꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨟူမ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ(ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္ငူိꨓ္ꨳꨁိူဝ္းမꨤဝ္းꨁုꨓ္သုိပ္ꨲထ ိ 13)ꨓꨯꨵ ꨀြပ္ꨳပူိဝ္ꨳꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္း ꨡမ္ꨲပꨱင္းေပဳးꨅ္ꨮꨓူိဝ္လြင္ꨳꨟꨱတ္းတꨤင္းသꨤင္ꨳမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳေသ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨵတုိꨓ္ꨲတူင္ꨵ သꨤꨓ္ꨳꨡူꨓ္ေမဳꨳမဳးꨬလꨳ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳလꨯꨳပꨯꨤꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨟူမ္ꨳမူိင္းꨬꨁꨲ။ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳယုꨀ္ꨵꨡဝ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ယꨱပ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ သꨰꨓ္ဝီ မဳးꨁိုꨓ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္ယဝ္ꨵ။

သြင္ပဳးသြင္ꨕꨯꨤꨲꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨓ္ꨮးꨓူိဝ္ꨵလူိတ္ꨳꨅူိဝ္ꨵသꨯꨤလꨱဝ္ꨀꨓ္ သမ္ꨵေပဳးထုိင္တီꨳလꨯꨳတုိꨀ္းေတဳꨳ ꨟိမ္ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨟိမ္းမူိင္းꨀꨓ္ꨁုိꨓ္းေသထုိင္တီꨳေပဳးလꨯꨳꨡဝ္ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမိူင္းꨓြပ္ꨲဝꨤင္းပꨓ္ ꨬꨁꨲꨁဝ္လꨯꨳမဳး ꨁဝ္ꨳꨅိမ္ ꨀပ္းꨀꨯꨤꨲတꨰပ္းတတ္းပꨓ္ꨓဳꨳလိꨓ္ထꨰင္ꨳ။

ꨘꨯꨤꨲပဳးꨅꨤꨓ္းꨓမ္ꨵမꨤဝ္း ꨟꨮ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨓမ္ꨵလိꨓ္ꨟိꨓ္ꨘဳ သꨰꨓ္ဝီ၊

ꨘꨯꨤꨟြင္ꨲꨓမ္ꨵမꨤဝ္း ꨟꨮ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨓမ္ꨵလိꨓ္ꨟိꨓ္ꨘဳ မူိင္းမꨤဝ္း - ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

တင္းꨬတꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵမဳး မူိင္းတꨯးလူင္ ေꨀဳꨳသမ္ꨵꨕီꨲမိူင္းမြꨀ္ꨲꨁꨤဝ္မꨤဝ္းလူင္ꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨯꨵ မီးꨅုိဝ္ꨳ မꨓ္းꨀုိꨀ္းပုိꨓ္း ꨀူꨉ္းယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨕ္ꨮမဝ္ꨲꨓပ္ꨵမဝ္ꨲယမ္ꨲꨀꨓ္။ တꨰꨀ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ꨀꨮဳꨲဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨕ္ꨮမူိင္းမꨓ္းꨕꨤတ္ꨲ ꨕꨤတ္ꨲꨬꨕꨬꨕ။ ꨅူိဝ္းပꨯꨲꨕꨤတ္ꨲပꨯꨲꨬꨕေꨀဳꨳ ပူိꨓ္ꨳမဳးꨬသꨲတမ္သူꨓ္းꨡီးꨕဳꨲထꨰꨀ္ꨲꨅꨰꨀ္ꨲထူိဝ္ လူိဝ္ꨳပꨤတ္ꨲꨅြမ္း - ပꨓ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨅင္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ꨓမ္ꨵသꨓ္ꨲ ေꨀဳꨳတꨰꨀ္ꨲꨡြꨀ္ꨲမဳးတီꨳ မူိင္းမိတ္ꨳ။

လြꨀ္ꨳꨅြꨀ္ꨲ တꨰꨀ္ꨲꨡြꨀ္ꨲမဳးတီꨳ ယြင္ꨟူꨉ္ꨳ။

လꨯꨤးꨁဳꨳ၊ မြꨀ္ꨲမꨯꨲ၊ မူိင္းပꨓ္ꨵ၊ တꨰꨀ္ꨲꨡြꨀ္ꨲမဳးတီꨳ မူိင္းꨓꨯꨤး။

ꨟꨱတ္းꨅူိင္ꨵꨓꨓ္တိꨀ္းတိꨀ္းမူိꨓ္ꨓꨓ္ꨲ ꨀꨮꨤမ္းဝြꨀ္းလူင္ ꨀုိꨀ္းပုိꨓ္းꨁြင္ ‘လုင္းပဳꨵꨉꨤꨓ္ꨲ’မီးဝꨯꨵဝဳꨳ-

‘‘ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨀဝ္းꨁူိဝ္းသူိဝ္ ၊ ပူိꨓ္းထူိဝ္ꨟꨱတ္းယြင္း

လီတြင္းတင္းလꨯ ၊ ꨀြပ္ꨳꨟဝ္းꨕဳꨵꨕꨯꨤꨓ္ꨮးပꨰမ္း

တꨀူ္းꨓꨰမ္းꨅꨱပ္းꨅ္ꨮ ၊ ꨡဝ္ꨟꨱတ္းမူိင္းꨕ္ꨮꨀူꨓ္းမꨓ္း

ꨟူဝ္ꨀꨓ္းꨟꨤမ္းꨟꨯꨤ ၊ ꨁူိဝ္းတꨯꨤꨁူိဝ္းသူင္း

ꨓ္ꨮးꨁူင္းမူိင္းꨀꨤင္ ၊ ငိꨓ္းꨕꨤꨓ္ꨓꨤꨓ္းဝꨯꨤး

ꨡꨯꨤꨳလꨯꨤးꨓူိဝ္ꨵေပဳးꨓြꨓ္’’ - ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨟꨱတ္းꨓꨓ္ေသ မူိဝ္ꨳပꨤꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁီꨲꨘဳꨵ(1405-1418)ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳမဳး ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵ မိူင္းတꨯးလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္သုိꨀ္းလူင္ꨀꨓ္တင္းꨬꨁꨲထꨰင္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ။

ေမဳပꨯꨤးပိုꨓ္းလူင္ D.G.E.Hall ဝဳꨳ - တꨤင္းꨬꨁꨲꨓꨯꨵꨟꨓ္ထုိင္ꨓူိဝ္ သူိဝ္ꨁီꨲꨘဳꨵ မီးꨡꨱꨓ္းꨡꨤꨓ္း တြꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲေတပူꨀ္းတင္းꨁိုꨓ္း ေꨟဳသꨰင္လꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳ မိူꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲမူိဝ္ꨳပꨤꨓ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬလꨳ ꨁဝ္ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳတုိꨀ္းꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။ မꨓ္းေꨀဳꨳလီထꨤင္ꨲယူꨲ ꨓင္ꨲꨀဝ္ꨲ။ ꨀြပ္ꨳဝဳꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁီꨲ

ꨘဳꨵꨓꨯꨵ မီးꨓြင္ꨵꨅꨯꨤးꨅုိဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ငꨤမ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨡꨓ္တုိꨀ္းသုိꨀ္း၊ မိူꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ မီꨳ ꨓြင္ꨵꨅꨯꨤးꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ ꨡꨓ္တုိꨀ္းသုိꨀ္းꨁꨰꨓ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳꨡိင္ꨓူိဝ္ꨓဳꨳꨘဳꨵမိူင္းတꨯးလꨯꨳတꨰꨀ္ꨲယꨯꨤꨳပꨱꨓ္ဝꨯꨵလꨯꨤပြတ္းလꨯꨤတြꨓ္ꨳꨀꨮဳ ꨲယဝ္ꨵꨬလꨳ ꨁဝ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳꨡမ္ꨲမီးꨡꨱꨓ္ꨟꨰင္းတြꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲꨁꨱင္ꨲတဳꨵလꨯꨳေသꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳထြꨓ္တပ္ꨵငူိင္ꨵꨡြꨀ္ꨲလူင္းꨀꨮဳꨲ ပုိင္ꨳမူိင္းꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵ။ သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲꨁဝ္ေꨀဳꨳလꨯꨳလုိပ္ꨳလမ္းꨅြမ္းေတဳꨲထုိင္မူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳ၊ ꨀꨮဳꨲတင္ꨳတပ္ꨵတင္း ꨟꨤဝ္ꨲေသ တꨀု္းယြꨓ္းꨡဝ္တူဝ္လိပ္းꨁုꨓ္တꨯးသြင္ꨅဝ္ꨳတꨳီꨁုꨓ္ငမ္းမူိင္းꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵꨅဝ္ꨳလူင္မင္း ꨁြင္ꨲ။

ꨅဝ္ꨳလူင္ꨁုꨓ္မင္းꨁြင္ꨲေꨀဳꨳ လꨯꨳတင္းꨁမ္ꨅ္ꨮေသဝူꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨳ - သင္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨡမ္ꨲပြꨯꨲꨕဳꨳပꨓ္ꨅုိင္ မိူင္း ꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵတꨀ္းေတပꨱꨓ္ꨘိုꨓ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨘꨯး ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္းတꨀ္းေတလꨯꨳလူꨵလꨰဝ္ ꨓꨯေသ တꨰပ္းတတ္း တဳꨲေတꨡဝ္တူဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁီꨲꨘဳꨵꨓြပ္ꨲယုိꨓ္ꨳပꨓ္ သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲꨁဝ္။ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁီꨲꨘဳꨵလꨯꨳလြမ္ꨟူꨵ ငိꨓ္းလြင္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္းꨬလꨳ ꨁꨤမ္ꨲꨀိꨓ္ငူꨓ္ꨵသꨤꨓ္ သꨱင္ꨳꨀꨤမ္ꨳသုတ္းမုꨓ္ꨀꨮဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨀမ္း ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨁုꨓ္ꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵꨁဝ္ꨅင္ꨲꨡဝ္ တူဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ငꨤမ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨓြပ္ꨲဝꨤင္းပꨓ္ တꨳီꨬꨁꨲꨁဝ္ေသ ꨁုိꨓ္း မꨀ္းမꨓ္ꨳ ပꨱꨓ္ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳပီꨳမူိင္းꨓြင္ꨵꨡူꨉ္းလီꨀꨓ္မဳး။

ဝꨯꨤးေသငူိꨓ္ꨳꨁူိဝ္းသိုပ္ꨲတꨯးမꨤဝ္းသြင္ꨅဝ္ꨳပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵလꨯꨳꨓြꨓ္းေꨕးꨀꨮဳꨲယဝ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨓမ္ꨵလꨓိ္ꨟိꨓ္ ꨕဳꨅုိင္ꨳတꨯးꨓꨯꨵ သုိပ္ꨲꨕꨤတ္ꨲꨬꨕ တꨰꨀ္ꨲယꨯꨤꨳꨀꨓ္မဳးထꨰင္ꨳ၊ ꨕꨤတ္ꨲ ꨬꨕယဝ္ꨵꨡူꨓ္ꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨲ၊ ꨡူꨓ္ꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨲယဝ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ လꨯꨳꨀူမ္းꨀြမ္းꨓြမ္းꨅူးပူိꨓ္ꨳတꨤင္ꨲꨅꨤတꨳ္ မူိင္းတ္ꨮꨳမူိင္းꨓူိဝ္ ꨡꨓ္မဳး ပူꨓ္ꨵပꨰꨓ္ယꨱပ္ꨲယမ္ꨳတꨱꨀ္းငꨰꨓ္းယူꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵတိꨀ္းတိꨀ္းယဝ္ꨵ။

ေꨁဳꨳထꨤမ္

(1) ꨁုꨓ္တုိင္းꨁမ္းပꨱꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းငူိꨀ္ꨳꨀꨤင္းလꨯꨤးꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅြင္ꨲꨅဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲယုမ္ꨲ၊ ꨀြပ္ꨳ သင္?။

(2) ꨁုꨓ္သုိပ္ꨲငူိꨓ္ꨳꨁူိဝ္းမꨤဝ္းꨓꨯꨵမီးလꨯꨤꨅဝ္ꨳ?၊ ယုိꨓ္းယꨤဝ္းꨟုိင္ꨓꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀဳꨳꨟုိဝ္?။

(3) ꨀꨱဝ္ꨲလꨉူ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨡေꨓဳꨲရထဳꨲေပဳးလꨯꨳမဳးပꨀ္းတမ္းဝꨱင္းယꨤမ္း 43 ဝꨱင္းꨓꨯꨵ ꨀြပ္ꨳသင္?၊ ꨅူိင္ꨵꨟုိဝ္?။

(4) ꨅြင္ꨲꨅဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲယုမ္ꨲယမ္ဝဳꨳ - ꨕဝ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵတꨯးတုိꨀ္ꨵပꨱꨓ္ ꨓြꨀ္ꨳသဳꨲသꨓဳꨲပုတ္ꨵထယူꨲ ꨬꨓꨲ?၊

(5) ꨁꨯꨳꨬꨓပိူင္ꨀꨤꨓ္ေပဳꨲလသီꨲပူိꨓ္ꨳꨅꨀ္းယြꨯꨳꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္ꨅုိင္ꨳတꨯးꨡꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲꨟူꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵ တဳꨵ?

(6) ꨅြင္ꨲꨅုိင္ꨳတꨯးေတမီးလꨯꨳꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵေꨀဳꨵထိသြင္ထꨰင္ꨳꨬꨓꨲ?၊ ꨀြပ္ꨳသင္?။

(7) ꨀြပ္ꨳသင္ေꨟဳꨁမ္းတꨯးမူိင္းမြꨀ္ꨲꨁꨤဝ္မꨤဝ္းလူင္သုတ္းဝꨯꨤးꨀꨮဳꨲ?၊ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲလꨯꨳေꨁဳꨳသင္ꨲသြꨓ္ꨡီꨳ သင္?။

ေꨁဳꨳမꨯꨤတြင္း။

ꨓ္ꨮးပိုꨓ္းꨡꨓ္မꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁဝ္တꨰမ္ꨳꨬတꨵ လြင္ꨳꨁူိဝ္းꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁီꨲꨘဳꨵꨀူိတ္ꨲꨁိုꨓ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵသမ္ꨵ မꨰꨓ္ꨳမိူဝ္ꨳပီꨶ 1446 ပꨤꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္ေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨓရပတိꨬလꨳ လꨯꨳဝဳꨳပꨰꨀ္ꨲပူိင္ꨳꨀꨓ္တင္းပိုꨓ္း ꨡꨓ္ꨁꨯꨳမဳးꨓꨯꨵပꨱꨓ္ 28 ပီꨶ။ လြင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵလီသုိပ္ꨲလꨱပ္ꨳꨟꨱꨓ္းꨁူꨓ္ꨵꨟဳꨀꨮဳꨲထꨰင္ꨳယူꨲ ။

ꨀꨓ္ သီꨲ

ပꨤꨓ္သꨰꨓ္ဝီ (1) မူိꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲ မူိဝ္ꨳꨓ္ꨮးပꨤꨓ္ꨡꨓ္မူိင္းမꨤဝ္းꨟိူဝ္းꨟိူင္းယဝ္ꨵေသ လုိꨓ္းလꨯꨤးဝꨯꨤးꨓꨯꨵသမ္ꨵ ꨀꨯꨵလꨯꨳꨡူꨓ္ꨳ ꨓြမ္းယြမ္းေတဳꨲေꨡဳးꨅဳꨲတꨤင္းမူိင္းꨬꨁꨲမဳးꨓꨓ္ꨵ ထုိင္မဳး ꨓ္ꨮးပꨤꨓ္မူိင္းꨡꨓ္သꨰꨓ္ဝီꨟူိင္းꨓꨯꨵ ꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳေတလꨯꨳꨟꨓ္ေꨡဳးꨅဳꨲတင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳ ꨬတꨵꨟူမ္ꨵငမ္းမဳးတိꨀ္းတိꨀ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

(ꨀ) ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းꨀꨯꨤꨲꨓꨯြꨵ (1600-1604)

ꨓ္ꨮးပီꨶ 1509 ꨓꨯꨵꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းပꨤꨀ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလꨯꨳꨁိုꨓ္းပုတ္ꨳꨟꨤင္ꨳꨓင္ꨳေꨟဳတီꨳသꨰꨓ္ဝီ။ ယူꨲ မဳးထꨰင္ꨳ 2ပီꨶ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳလꨯꨳꨟꨤင္းꨟꨰꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းထုိင္မိူင္းꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵေသဝꨰတ္ꨵလြမ္ꨵဝꨯꨵဝꨱင္းေꨟဳꨁမ္းယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨅဝ္ꨳမုꨓ္ယ္ꨮꨲေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨓရပတိမိူင္းပꨯꨤး(1545-1551)မိူင္းꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵꨅင္ꨲသူင္ꨲꨀူꨓ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲမဳးတြင္ꨳ ထꨤမ္ဝဳꨳ - ‘‘လြင္ꨳတꨤင္းမီးꨓင္ꨲꨟုိဝ္ꨬလꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလူင္သꨰꨓ္ဝီထုိင္တီꨳေပဳးလꨯꨳယုꨀ္ꨵတူဝ္ေယဳး ꨁိင္းꨡိꨀ္ꨲပဳးလုꨀ္ꨳမူꨲလꨀု္ꨳသုိꨀ္းꨁပ္ꨵယ္ꨮꨲꨁူးꨁိုဝ္းꨓမ္လူင္ꨓမ္လꨤင္လူင္းမဳးတမ္ꨳတꨳီမူိင္းꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵ’’ - ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

တꨤင္းꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵꨁဝ္ေꨀဳꨟꨓ္ထုိင္ဝဳꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းပꨤꨀ္ꨳꨘဳမဳးꨓꨯꨵေꨁဳꨳꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳ လူင္းမဳးယြꨓ္းꨡဝ္ ꨬမꨳꨡဳꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲꨀုိင္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨳ၊ မꨓ္းေတꨁ္ꨮꨳမဳးꨟိမ္ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨟိမ္မိူင္းꨀူꨉ္း၊ ေတꨁꨱင္ꨲသုိꨀ္းတဳꨵတုိꨀ္း ꨁုိꨓ္းေꨀဳꨳ ꨟꨰင္းမꨓ္းယ္ꨮꨲꨓဳꨲꨕꨰဝ္၊ မီးလꨯꨤးꨅ္ꨮꨵပရိꨬယꨲေတဳꨲမꨓ္းမꨱဝ္းလꨱဝ္ꨀူꨉ္းꨓꨯေသ ꨅဝ္ꨳ ေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵꨅင္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨵꨁုꨓ္ꨕြင္းတꨤင္ꨁဝ္မူိဝ္းလဝ္ꨳလꨤတ္ꨳသူပ္းလီꨀꨮꨤမ္းဝꨤꨓ္ - ‘‘ꨀြမ္ꨵꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵ လူင္ꨁမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨳေꨀဳꨵလꨱဝ္ေသꨟဝ္းပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵယဳꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳလꨯꨳတုိꨀ္းꨀꨓ္၊ - ꨅꨤင္ꨵပꨤꨀ္ꨵဳံ၊ မဳꨵပꨤꨀ္ꨲဳံ၊ ꨅူိင္ꨵ ꨓꨤင္းပꨤꨀ္ꨲဳံ၊ ꨁမ္းပꨤꨀ္ꨲꨅꨯြꨵ ငုိꨓ္းပꨤꨀ္ꨲꨅြꨯꨵတꨀ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳတꨀ္းပꨓ္ယူꨲ၊ ꨟꨮ္ꨳလꨯꨳꨬမးတုိဝ္းꨀမ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨡူꨉ္းလီ တီꨳꨀꨓ္’’ ꨀꨮဳ ꨲဝဳꨳꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨅဝ္ꨳလူင္ꨁမ္းပꨤꨀ္ꨳꨘဳꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨕြမ္ꨵလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮ တူꨀ္းလူင္းꨅြမ္းꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳမုꨓ္ယ္ꨮꨲေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵ ꨅင္ꨲသူင္ꨲမဳးꨁဝ္ꨳꨓမ္ꨵတꨤင္းꨀိꨓ္ꨀူꨳသမ္ꨲသꨰꨓ္ပိူင္၊ ꨡိꨀ္ꨲတင္းꨅꨤင္ꨵသိပ္းဳံ၊ မဳꨵသိပ္းဳံ၊ ငိုꨓ္း သိပ္းꨅꨯြꨵ ၊ ꨁမ္းသိပ္းꨅြꨯꨵ။

ယူꨲလꨯꨳဝူင္ꨳသြင္ဝူင္းယဝ္ꨵ ꨡဝ္သူင္ꨲမဳးꨅူိင္ꨵꨓꨤင္းသိပ္းဳံထꨰင္ꨳ ယြတ္းယြတ္းယꨰတ္းယꨰတ္း၊ လꨤတ္ꨳပဳးတင္းꨀꨮꨤမ္းလီꨀꨮꨤမ္းဝꨤꨓ္ဝဳꨳ - တုိꨀ္ꨵꨁတ္းꨅ္ꨮꨟဳထꨰင္ꨳတဳꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳလꨯꨳထူꨓ္ꨳပꨤꨀ္ꨲယူꨲ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯ။ လꨯꨳပ္ꨮꨵꨡဝ္ေတဳꨲေပဳးꨟုိင္လꨯꨳ 3 လူိꨓ္ပꨯꨤေသတဳꨵ သမ္ꨵလ္ꨮပူိင္ေꨀဳꨳ ပꨯꨲတꨱမ္ထူꨓ္ꨳ၊ ꨀူꨓ္းသုိꨀ္း ေꨀဳꨳꨉဳးတꨤင္းမꨯꨳꨅပ္းꨁꨯꨳꨅပ္းꨓꨤဝ္၊ ꨅူိဝ္းတꨯꨤေꨀဳꨳတꨯꨤ ꨅိူဝ္းပꨯꨤꨳေꨀဳꨳပꨯꨤꨳ။ ꨡဝ္ꨟꨰင္းꨀူꨓ္းꨟꨰင္းꨅ္ꨮ ယူပ္ꨳယြမ္းလူင္းꨀꨮဳꨲတꨀိ္းတိꨀ္းယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨅဝ္ꨳမုꨓ္ယ္ꨮꨲေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵ ꨅင္ꨲꨁြꨓ္ꨳꨡဝ္ꨟꨰင္းသုိꨀ္းေသ ꨀꨮဳꨲလြမ္ꨵဝꨰတ္ꨵတပ္ꨵတꨯးထုိင္တီꨳ ေပဳးလꨯꨳတꨰꨀ္ꨲယꨯꨤꨳꨕူင္ꨵပꨯꨤꨳ၊ တူဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းပꨤꨀ္ꨳꨘဳꨵေꨀဳꨳလꨯꨳထုꨀ္ꨲတꨉိြပ္းꨡဝ္တꨯꨤပꨰတꨳ္ယဝ္ꨵ။

ေꨀဳꨵပꨱꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨁမ္းပꨤꨀ္ꨳꨘဳꨵ ꨅုိဝ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းꨀꨰဝ္ꨳ(ꨟြင္ꨵ) ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းꨀꨯꨤꨲꨓြꨯꨵ ထꨯးꨟြင္ꨵ‘‘ꨁမ္းꨁꨯꨲ ꨓꨯြꨵ ’’ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬတꨵယြꨓ္ꨵလူꨉ္ꨳ ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵလူင္ꨁမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨳေꨁဳယြꨓ္းꨡဝ္ဝꨯꨵꨬတꨵꨬတꨵဝဳꨳဝဳꨳꨬလꨳ ထုꨀ္ꨲပြꨯꨲꨕဳꨳပူတ္းဝꨤင္းပꨓ္။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳ လꨯꨳထုꨀ္ꨲꨀုမ္းꨁင္တူဝ္ꨟꨮ္ꨳယူꨲ ꨅြမ္းတီꨳꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵ။ ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲꨟိုင္လꨯꨳ 4 ပီꨶꨀူꨉ္း ꨅဝ္ꨳမုꨓ္ယ္ꨮꨲေꨟဳꨁမ္းလူင္ ပယိꨓ္ꨵꨓြင္ꨲ ꨁိုꨓ္ꨳတုိꨀ္းသိမ္းꨡဝ္မိူင္းꨡဳꨲ ဝဳꨵေသ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းꨀꨯꨤꨲꨓြꨯꨵေꨀဳꨳ ပဳးꨀꨮဳꨲꨅြမ္းထꨰင္ꨳ။ ထုိင္တီꨳ တꨤင္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨅြမ္မꨤꨓ္ꨳ(ꨓꨓ္ꨲတပ ယိꨓ္ꨲ)လꨯꨳꨅတ္းပꨓ္ပုꨓ္ꨳꨕြꨓ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳလူင္းတိုꨀ္းမူိင္းထꨯးꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳပꨯꨤꨳလြတ္ꨳေသ မဳးꨟပ္ꨵ ꨡဝ္သတ္ꨵꨅဳꨲတမ္ꨳတီꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵ ‘ꨓေရးသူꨓ္’ မူိင္းꨡယုတ္းထယဳးယူꨲယဝ္ꨵ။

(ꨁ) ꨅဝ္ꨳꨅြမ္မꨤꨓ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨀ်ဴိꨀ္ꨳꨕူꨳꨟꨀ္းလင္ꨅိူဝ္ꨵꨁူိဝ္းတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ

တီꨳꨓꨯꨳလꨯꨳꨀုိတ္းယင္ꨵလြင္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းꨀꨯꨤꨲꨓြꨯꨵေသတꨀ္းလꨯꨳꨁꨯꨳလူꨉ္ꨳမူိဝ္ꨳꨡꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္း ပ ယိꨓ္ꨵꨓြင္ꨲ(1561-1581)လူင္းတုိꨀ္းꨡဝ္ꨡယုတ္းထယဳးꨓ္ꨮးပီꨶ 1568 ꨓꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨳ - ꨟꨱတ္းꨟုိဝ္ ေပꨵꨡဝ္လꨯꨳꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵယူꨲ။

မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳလꨯꨳꨀꨮဳꨲလြမ္ꨵဝꨱင္းꨡယုတ္ꨵထယဳးဝꨯꨵပꨱꨓ္ 8 လူိꨓ္။ ေတဳꨲထိုင္ယꨤင္ꨳꨁဝ္ꨳꨟူဝ္ꨟုိꨵꨓဳꨳ ꨘူိꨓ္မူိဝ္ꨳပီꨶ 1569 ေꨀဳꨳပꨯꨲꨡဝ္လꨯꨳ။ မူိဝ္ꨳꨕြင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵꨀြပ္ꨳတꨤင္းထꨯးေꨀဳꨳမီးꨕူꨳꨀြꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းꨡꨓ္ ꨀတ္ꨵꨁꨰꨓ္ꨲယူꨲ ။ ꨘꨯꨤꨲထꨯးေꨀဳးဝူꨓ္ꨵသြꨓ္ꨓပ္ꨵꨟꨓ္ဝဳꨳ - ေပဳးꨁဝ္ꨳꨀꨤင္ꨟုိဝ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵꨓမ္ꨵေတꨓြင္း၊ ꨁဝ္ꨳꨓမ္ꨵတꨤင္းꨀိꨓ္မꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁဝ္ေꨀဳꨳ ေတယꨤပ္ꨲေတယြမ္းေတꨁꨤတ္ꨲ ေသ ꨁဝ္ေꨀဳꨳေတလꨯꨳထြꨓ္ သုိꨀ္းမူိဝ္းꨁိုꨓ္းမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳ။

ꨕြင္းꨓင္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵꨓꨯꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္းပယိꨓ္ꨵꨓြင္ꨲꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳတြင္ꨳထꨤမ္တီꨳꨕယဳးꨀ်ꨀ္ꨲꨀရီး(ꨡꨓ္ ꨕꨯꨤꨲမꨤꨓ္ꨳတိလꨯꨳတူဝ္လိပ္းမꨓ္းဝꨯꨵꨓ္ꨮးပꨤင္တုိꨀ္းꨀꨓ္ꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ)ဝဳꨳ - ꨅြင္ꨲေတꨅြꨯꨳ

ပꨓ္လꨯꨳ?။ ꨕယဳးꨀ်ꨀ္ꨲꨀရီးေꨀဳꨳဝဳꨳ - ေပဳးေတယုꨀ္ꨵယြင္ꨳတꨤင္ꨲသုင္ꨅꨓ္ꨵꨀꨤꨓ္တꨓ္းꨟꨱင္းမꨓ္း ေꨀဳꨳ ေတယိꨓ္းꨅူမ္းꨟပ္ꨵꨅꨯြꨳယူꨲ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯ။ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳ ꨟꨱတ္းꨁုိင္ꨅ္ꨮꨵလꨯꨤးꨉꨤꨓ္ꨲ ꨟဳတꨤင္းꨕိတ္း သ္ꨮꨲꨕယဳးꨀ်ꨀ္ꨲꨀရီးေသꨡဝ္သ္ꨮꨲꨁြꨀ္ꨳဝꨯꨵယဝ္ꨵ - သမ္ꨵလꨀ္ꨵလြမ္ပြꨯꨲပꨰတ္ꨳ၊ ေပဳးယဝ္ꨵသမ္ꨵတ ိꨉြပ္းꨡဝ္ꨕူꨳꨀုမ္းꨁဝ္ꨁြꨀ္ꨳꨬꨓးဝဳꨳ - လူမ္လꨤမ္မဝ္မꨤင္ꨡဝ္ꨀူꨓ္းတူꨀ္းꨁြꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨳပꨯꨤꨳလြတ္ꨳꨓꨯေသ ပꨓ္တꨤမ္ꨲတꨯꨤပꨰတꨳ္။

ꨁꨤဝ္ꨲငꨤင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬꨕꨳꨅြတ္ꨲꨅုိဝ္းလင္ꨀꨮဳꨲ ꨓ္ꨮးဝꨱင္းꨡယုတ္းထယဳးꨬလꨳ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းေꨀဳꨳꨡြꨓ္ ꨀꨓ္ꨅူမ္းသူိဝ္းပုိတ္ꨲꨕꨀ္းတူဝꨱင္း ꨟပ္ꨵတြꨓ္ꨳꨡဝ္ ꨕယဳးꨀ်ꨀ္ꨲꨀရီး။ ယြꨓ္ꨵပူိဝ္ꨳꨕယဳးꨀ်ꨀ္ꨲꨀရီး ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ယꨤမ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ေꨀဳꨵꨟူမ္ꨳတုꨀ္ꨵꨟူမ္ꨳယꨤꨀ္ꨳꨀိꨓ္သုꨀ္းꨀိꨓ္လိပ္းꨀꨓ္မဳးꨬလꨳ တူဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္း ၾꨕဳꨵမꨟိꨓ္ေꨀဳꨳ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨅူမ္းသူိဝ္း ꨓြပ္ꨲဝꨤင္းမꨯꨤပꨓ္ ꨓဳꨳꨀꨤꨓ္ပုꨓ္ꨳꨕြင္း လြင္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨲလူမ္းဝꨱင္း ꨡယုတ္ꨵထယဳးယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨕယဳးꨀ်ꨀ္ꨲꨀရီးေꨀဳꨳꨬလꨲꨀꨰဝ္တူꨉ္းꨅြမ္းလြင္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨲလူမ္ꨳေသယဝ္ꨵ ꨅတ္းꨡဝ္သုိꨀ္းꨁꨰꨓ္ꨲထꨯး မဳးဝꨯꨵေတဳꨲꨓဳꨳ တꨤင္းꨘꨯꨤꨲꨡꨓ္ꨟꨰင္းသုိꨀ္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨡူꨓ္ꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨲ၊ ꨅတꨳ္ꨡဝ္သုိꨀ္းꨁုꨉ္ꨳထꨯးꨀꨮဳꨲဝꨯꨵ ေတဳꨲꨓဳꨳတꨤင္းꨘꨯꨤꨲꨡꨓ္ꨟꨰင္းသုိꨀ္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲꨁꨰင္။

ꨕူꨳꨀြꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းꨁဝ္ေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲပꨱင္းေပဳးꨅ္ꨮေသ သꨤꨓ္ꨁတ္းလꨯꨤးꨟꨱတ္းꨡꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵ။ ꨕယဳးꨀ်ꨀ္ꨲꨀရီး ꨅင္ꨲလဝ္ꨳထုိင္ေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨅဝ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - ꨕူꨳꨀြꨓ္းတပ္ꨵၾꨕဳꨵသီꨲသဝ္ꨓꨯꨵ ꨡꨤꨓ္းꨕုိꨓ္ꨵဝꨯꨤꨵေတဳꨲေꨟဳမ္း ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳပူင္တꨤမ္ꨲတꨯ။ ယိင္ꨳꨁꨰꨓ္းꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳ ဝꨱင္းꨡယုတ္းထယဳးꨓꨯꨵ ꨡူꨓ္ꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨲလူင္းေသꨕူိဝ္ꨲထုိင္လꨯꨳ 10 လူိꨓ္မဳး ပယိꨓ္ꨵꨓြင္ꨲေꨀဳꨳတုိꨀ္းသိမ္းꨡဝ္လꨯꨳငꨯꨤꨳငꨯꨤꨳလူမ္ လူမ္။

ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္းထꨯးလꨯꨳထုꨀ္ꨲပယိꨓ္ꨵꨓြင္ꨲ ꨀုမ္းꨁဝ္ဝꨯးꨓ္ꨮးꨅꨓ္ꨵ‘ꨟꨯꨤးသုိꨀ္း’ (PRISONER OF WAR)။ ပုꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲꨕယဳးꨀ်ꨀ္ꨲꨀရီးꨬတꨵ ꨅြမ္းꨓင္ꨲꨡꨓ္လꨯꨳပꨓ္ꨀတꨡိြꨓ္တꨤင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပ ယိꨓ္ꨵꨓြင္ꨲေꨀဳꨳေတယုꨀ္ꨵယြင္ꨳꨟꨮ္ꨳလꨯꨳꨅꨤမ္ꨲပူꨉ္ꨳꨟꨤင္ꨳေꨟဳꨓꨯယူꨲ။

ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳမုꨓ္ယ္ꨮꨲေꨟဳꨁမ္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳ ပယိꨓ္ꨵꨓြင္ꨲ သမ္ꨵꨁိုꨓ္းဝူ္ꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨀူꨓ္းꨁူိဝ္းလꨱဝ္ꨀꨓ္ မꨓ္းယင္းꨟꨀ္းလင္လꨯꨳ၊ ꨡꨓ္ꨟဝ္းꨀူꨓ္းတꨤင္ꨲꨁိူဝ္းꨓꨯꨵသမ္ꨵေတယုမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮမꨓ္းလꨯꨳꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨟုိဝ္’’ - ꨓꨯꨵေသꨡမ္ꨲꨟုိင္ꨡမ္ꨲꨓꨤꨓ္းေꨀဳꨳ ꨟဳတꨤင္းꨕိတ္းꨅိꨬꨓးသ္ꨮꨲယဝ္ꨵꨅိသင္ꨲꨟꨰမ္တꨯꨤပꨰတꨳ္ꨁုိꨓ္း ယဝ္ꨵ။

လြင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵꨬꨓဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨕူꨳေꨀဳꨵꨡꨓ္ꨀိꨓ္ꨁုိꨓ္းꨓူိဝ္ꨵလူိတ္ꨳတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲလꨯꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨅ္ꨮꨵယဝ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨁိုꨓ္းꨕꨱဝ္ꨳပꨰတ္ꨳ၊ ပိူꨓ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨡဝ္ဝꨯꨵ’’ ꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

(င) ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓေရးသူꨓ္ꨅြꨯꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းꨀꨯꨤꨲꨓꨯြꨵ ꨡဝ္ꨁိုꨓ္းမိူင္း

ဝꨯꨤးေသꨅဝ္ꨳမုꨓ္ယ္ꨮꨲေꨟဳꨁမ္းပယိꨓ္ꨵꨓြင္ꨲသိမ္းꨡဝ္လꨯꨳꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ သမ္ꨵသုိပ္ꨲ ꨁိုꨓ္ꨳတုိꨀ္းပဳးမူိင္းတꨯးꨬလꨳꨬတꨲꨡဝ္‘ꨀြꨓ္ꨟြင္ꨲ’ ေတဳꨲထုိင္‘ꨀြꨓ္ꨅꨤꨓ္း’မူိင္းတꨯးလꨯꨳတူꨀ္းပꨱꨓ္ မူိင္းတ္ꨮꨳꨡဳꨲꨓဳꨲꨅꨤꨀ္ꨳမꨤꨓ္ꨳမဳး။ ꨟꨱတ္းꨓꨓ္ေသ ပယိꨓ္ꨵꨓြင္ꨲ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳလူင္းတုိꨀ္းမူိင္းꨡ ယုတ္ꨵထယဳး ꨡြင္ꨲေပꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨅဝ္ꨳေမဳပိုꨓ္းꨁဝ္ေꨀဳꨳထတ္းသꨤင္ဝဳꨳ - ပုꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲလြင္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨲလူမ္ꨳမူိင္းထꨯး(သယꨤမ္)ꨓꨯꨵ တꨤင္း မူိင္းတꨯး ꨅင္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ꨡꨓ္ꨁုိꨀ္ꨵယ္ꨮꨲလမ္ꨲလြင္ꨳလူိဝ္ပူိꨓ္ꨳ၊ ꨀြပ္ꨳပူိဝ္ꨳဝဳꨳ ထꨯးꨓꨯꨵလꨯꨳထုꨀ္ꨲမꨤꨓ္ꨳမဳး တုိꨀ္း 4 ပြꨀ္ꨳ။

ပြꨀ္ꨳꨀမ္း 1-ပꨤꨓ္တပိꨓ္ꨲသူꨉ္ꨲထီး။

ပြꨀ္ꨳꨀမ္း 2-ပꨤꨓ္ပယိꨓ္ꨵꨓြင္ꨲ။

ပြꨀ္ꨳꨀမ္း 3-ပꨤꨓ္ꨡလြင္းꨕယဳး။

ပြꨀ္ꨳꨀမ္း 4-သꨓိ္ꨲꨕိဝ္ꨲသ်ိꨓ္ꨲ။

ꨓ္ꨮး 4 ပြꨀ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵꨡꨓ္တုိꨀ္းေပꨵမီး 2 ပြꨀ္ꨳ။ မိူဝ္ꨳပꨤꨓ္ပယိꨓ္ꨵꨓြင္ꨲꨬလꨳ ပꨤꨓ္သိꨓ္ꨲꨕိဝ္ꨲသ်ိꨓ္ꨲ ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨀူꨉ္း။ ꨀြပ္ꨳဝဳꨳꨡꨓ္လꨯꨳတုိꨀ္းေပꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵမူိဝ္ꨳပꨯꨲလူင္းတုိꨀ္းမူိင္းထꨯးꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳတုိꨀ္း ꨡဝ္မူိင္းတꨯးꨟꨮ္ꨳꨓြမ္းတꨰတ္ꨳတꨯꨵꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ ပꨤꨓ္တပိꨓ္ꨲသꨉူ္ꨲထီꨳတင္း ပꨤꨓ္ꨡ လြင္းꨕယဳးꨓꨵ တုိꨀ္းထꨯးꨡမ္ꨲေပꨵ၊ ꨀြပ္ꨳဝဳꨳ ꨁဝ္ꨅ္ꨮꨵလꨯꨤးသုိꨀ္းသꨯꨤလꨱဝ္(သꨯꨤတꨤင္းဝꨓ္းတူꨀ္း) ꨀူꨉ္းေသသꨯꨤသုိꨀ္းတꨤင္းꨟြင္ꨲသမ္ꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲတꨰတ္ꨳတꨯꨤꨬꨓꨵꨓြꨓ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ယြꨓ္ꨵပူိဝ္ꨳလြင္ꨳတꨤင္းမီးꨓꨓ္ꨵꨓꨓ္ꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵꨓေရးသူꨓ္ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨅြꨯꨳထꨰမ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္း ꨀꨯꨤꨲꨓြꨯꨵꨟꨮ္ꨳယꨱပ္ꨲꨓမ္ꨵယꨱပ္ꨲလိꨓ္ꨁဝ္ꨳꨁိုꨓ္းꨓဳꨳꨘဳꨵမူိင္းတꨯး။ ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵမဳးꨬတꨵꨡဝ္ꨅꨱမ္သထူင္ꨲ၊ မူိင္းပꨯꨤး၊ ယြင္ꨟူꨉ္ꨳ၊ ꨅꨤမ္ꨀဳး၊ သီꨲꨀိပ္ꨲ၊ မြꨀ္ꨲမꨯꨤꨲ၊ မူိင္းꨓꨯꨤး၊ ꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းတꨯးꨀြꨓ္တ္ꨮꨳတင္းသꨱင္ꨳတင္း

လူင္ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨯꨵပဳးꨀꨓ္မဳးဝꨤင္းꨀြမ္းꨁဝ္းꨟြမ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းꨀꨯꨤꨲꨓြꨯꨵသꨱင္ꨳသꨱင္ꨳေသထုိင္မဳးပီꨶ 1600 ေꨀဳꨳ လꨯꨳꨁုိꨓ္းမူိင္းသꨰꨓ္ဝီ။

ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းꨀꨯꨤꨲꨓꨯြꨵ သမ္ꨵဝဳꨳꨟပ္ꨵꨡဝ္သတ္ꨵꨅဳꨲꨅဝꨳ္မုꨓ္ယ္ꨮꨲေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨡယုတ္ꨵထယဳး ယဝ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳꨡမ္ꨲသ္ꨮꨲꨅ္ꨮတုိင္းꨀမ္လြင္ꨳꨟꨱတ္းꨡူꨉ္းလီꨀꨓ္တင္းမူိင္းꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵꨡိꨀ္ꨵမူိင္းꨬꨁꨲလီငꨤမ္း ꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨉြင္ꨲယꨤꨓ္း ꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵ (1597-1605) ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨟꨤင္ꨳꨟꨰꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းေသ ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳတုိꨀ္းမူိင္း သꨰꨓ္ဝီမူိဝ္ꨳꨓ္ꨮးပီꨶ 1604 ယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨕဝဳꨵꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းꨀꨯꨤꨲꨓꨯြꨵ ꨓꨯꨵ မိူꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းꨡꨓ္ꨘꨯးမဳးꨅမ္ꨬလꨳꨅင္ꨲꨁုꨀ္းꨅ္ꨮလꨯꨳꨓမ္ꨵ။ ꨓမ္ꨵသမ္ꨵ မီးယူꨲတီꨀꨯ။ ꨓမ္ꨵꨡꨓ္မီးယူꨲတီꨅမ္ေꨀဳꨳ သမ္ꨵꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳတꨀ္းမဳးဝꨯꨵꨬလꨳ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳလꨯꨳမူိင္း ꨁုိꨓ္း 4 ပီꨶꨀူꨉ္း။ သမ္ꨵꨁုိꨓ္းတူꨀ္းသုမ္းထꨰင္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨅဝ္ꨳမုꨓ္ယ္ꨮꨲေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨓေရးသူꨓ္ေꨀဳꨳ တဳꨲေတꨅြꨯꨳꨡဝ္လꨯꨳꨁိုꨓ္းမူိင္းသꨰꨓ္ဝီꨓꨯꨵ လꨯꨳꨟꨤင္ꨳ ꨟꨰꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းꨁုိꨓ္းမဳးတꨤင္းမူိင္းတꨯးမူိဝ္ꨳꨓ္ꨮးပီꨶ 1605 ယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳလꨯꨳꨅပ္းꨁꨯꨳꨅပ္းꨓꨤဝ္ေသယဝ္ꨵꨅꨤမ္ꨲပူꨓြꨓ္းꨬꨕးꨀꨮဳꨲပြတ္းတꨤင္း။ ေꨀဳꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨓြင္ꨵ ꨡꨓ္ပုတ္ꨳꨟꨤင္ꨳပုတ္ꨳေꨟဳသမ္ꨵꨡမ္ꨲမီးလြင္ꨳသ္ꨮꨲꨅ္ꨮသူꨓ္ꨅ္ꨮꨓူိဝ္ꨀꨤꨓ္ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္းသင္ေသထြꨓ္ တပ္ꨵသုိꨀ္းထꨯးမူိဝ္းပꨰတꨳ္ꨁုိꨓ္းယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨀုတ္းꨁုမ္ပဳꨲꨟꨱဝ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵꨓေရးသူꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵ မီးဝꨯꨵꨟိမ္းမူိင္းꨟꨤင္၊ ေꨅꨳဝꨱင္းမူိင္းတူꨓ္ ꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းတꨯး ယꨤမ္းလꨱဝ္၊ မူိဝ္ꨳ 1969 ꨓꨓ္ꨵ တꨤင္းထꨯးꨁဝ္ꨅင္ꨲꨁꨯꨤꨲꨡဝ္ꨀꨮဳꨲꨬတꨲထꨰင္ꨳတꨳီဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္းငꨯꨤး ꨓ္ꨮး ဝꨱင္းꨀꨱင္းလꨤဝ္ ေꨅꨶတြꨓ္ꨳꨀꨱင္းမꨯꨲ မူိင္းထꨯးယꨤမ္းလꨱဝ္ꨓꨯꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

(ꨅ)ꨅဝ္ꨳသိူဝ္ꨡုမ္ꨳꨘဳꨵမင္းꨬꨀး(1754-1762)

ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨡုမ္ꨳꨘဳꨵꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးငဝ္ꨳꨁြငꨅ္ဝ္ꨳလူင္ꨁမ္းꨟူိင္းꨘဳꨵ(1737-1754)ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္ လုꨀ္ꨳꨀꨱပ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵ။

ꨓ္ꨮးပီꨶ 1753 ꨅမ္သꨱင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵꨅုမ္းꨬꨁꨲတီꨳေမဳꨲꨬꨟꨳပꨤင္ယုင္း(ꨓမ္ꨵတူꨳ)ꨡိꨀ္ꨲတင္းသီေပဳꨵမူိင္း ပꨤတ္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨟြမ္းꨀꨓ္ေသတဝ္ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳယဳꨵမူိင္းꨓဳးꨘဳꨵမူိင္းတꨯးေပဳးပꨱꨓ္ပဳꨲပꨱꨓ္ꨅူꨓ္ꨀꨮဳꨲသꨱင္ꨳꨬလꨳ

ꨅဝ္ꨳလူင္ꨁမ္းꨟူိင္းꨘဳꨵꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨅတ္းꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨡုမ္ꨳꨘဳꨵ(ꨟြင္ꨵ) ꨁုꨓ္သꨰင္မင္းꨬꨀး ꨁီꨲသုိꨀ္း လူင္းတꨤင္းမူိင္းပꨤတ္ꨲ သီေပဳꨵ။ ꨅတ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨁုꨓ္ꨁမ္းလꨰင္ꨀꨮဳꨲတုိꨀ္းတင္းꨓမ္ꨵတူꨳ။

1754 လူိꨓ္ꨀမ္လြင္ꨳ 9 ꨁမ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨁုꨓ္သꨰင္ꨁမ္းပꨓ္းꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨡဝ္ တပ္ꨵသုိꨀ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲ ယꨤꨓ္ဝꨱင္းသꨰꨓ္ဝီေသ ꨀꨮဳꨲꨁဝ္ꨳတုိꨀ္းသီꨲေပဳꨵꨬလꨳ မူိင္းပꨤတ္ꨲထုိင္တီးꨀꨮဳꨲတꨡိဝ္လꨯꨳ တင္းသြင္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ ေပဳးယဝ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ သုိပ္ꨲꨀꨮဳꨲꨅြꨯꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨁမ္းလꨰင္မူိင္းယꨱꨓ္ ꨟꨤꨓ္ꨵေတဳꨲတပ္ꨵꨬꨁꨲꨁဝ္ ေပဳး တꨰꨀ္ꨲယꨯꨤꨳꨕꨤတ္ꨲ ꨬꨕꨀꨓ္။

ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵꨡမ္ꨲꨟုိင္ꨡမ္ꨲꨓꨤꨓ္း ေꨀဳꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳေပဳꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းꨟူိင္းꨘဳꨵေꨀဳꨳ လꨯꨳသꨱင္ꨳꨀꨤမ္ꨲသုတ္း မုꨓ္ꨀꨮဳꨲꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳꨅုိဝ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨡုမ္ꨳꨘဳꨵꨓꨯေသ ပုတ္ꨳꨟꨤင္ꨳꨓင္ꨳေꨟဳမဳးယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨕဝ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵတꨤင္းမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵလꨯꨳꨀꨤꨓ္ꨵသုိꨀ္းပꨓ္သူꨉ္ꨲပူဝ္ꨲေသ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨡလြင္းꨕ ယဳး (1753-1761) ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨅြမ္တင္းလꨯꨤ။

ꨟꨱတ္းꨓꨓ္ထုိင္မဳး 1756 ꨁုꨓ္ꨕြင္း - တꨤင္တူဝ္သူꨉ္ꨲပူဝ္ꨲ ꨅင္ꨲပဳးမꨱတ္ꨲ လꨀိ္ꨳꨕုိꨓ္လꨯꨤးꨅဝ္ꨳ မုꨓ္ယ္ꨮꨲေꨟဳꨁမ္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲသူင္ꨲꨟြတ္ꨳထုိင္ မြꨀ္ꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵတင္းလꨯꨤ ꨓ္ꨮးꨓဳꨳꨘဳꨵမိူင္းတꨯး ယꨀု္ꨵ တူဝ္ေယဳးꨁိင္း ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္လူင္းꨀꨮဳꨲꨀုမ္ေꨀဳꨀꨓ္တီꨳ ဝꨱင္းသူꨉ္ꨲပူဝ္ꨲ - ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨅဝ္ꨳသူꨉ္ꨲပူဝ္ꨲသင္ꨲမဳးသꨤမ္ပြꨀ္ꨳသꨤမ္ꨕဝ္ꨲေꨀဳꨳꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨡုမ္ꨳꨘဳꨵꨓꨯꨵꨡမ္ꨲꨁꨤမ္ꨲလူင္းꨅူးလဳး လဳး။ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵတင္းလꨯꨤꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္မဳးꨅူဝ္းꨟပ္ꨵလူင္းꨀꨮဳ ꨲေꨀဳꨳမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲယြမ္းꨀꨮဳꨲ။ ပꨯဝဳꨳ - ‘‘သူꨁ္ꨮꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨟꨱတ္းꨁဳꨳꨁဝ္လꨯꨤꨲꨓမ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟင္းသူလဳꨳ၊ ꨡမ္ꨲတꨤပ္ꨳမဳးꨟြင္ꨵꨀဝ္၊ ꨀဝ္ꨡမ္ꨲꨁꨤမ္ꨲ ယြမ္းꨟꨱတ္းꨁဳꨳပူိꨓ္္ꨳ’’ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

ထုိင္မဳး 1757 ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳလူင္းတုိꨀ္းတပ္ꨵမꨤꨓ္ꨳတီꨳမူိင္းလြꨀ္ꨳꨅြꨀ္ꨲ၊ ꨕူꨳꨀြꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳမင္းꨀ်ီး ေꨀ်ဴꨲꨟပ္ꨵ တုိꨀ္းေꨀဳꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨬပꨵꨬလꨳ လꨯꨳꨟူꨓ္ꨀꨮဳꨲ။ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳသုိပ္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨳတုိꨀ္းထꨰင္ꨳတꨳီ သုမ္ꨲသꨯꨤ၊ တုိꨀ္းလူင္းေတဳꨲေပဳးꨟြတ္ꨳတီꨳꨀြင္းမူး သူꨉ္ꨲꨅဳꨲယꨓ္ꨲ ꨡꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳမြꨓ္းလဳꨳꨬတꨲဝꨯꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵ ယဝ္ꨵ။

တင္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨅြမ္ꨁုꨓ္မꨤꨓ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳꨟꨓ္ဝဳꨳ - ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨰꨓ္ဝီꨓꨯꨵယဳꨵလိတ္ꨳ ꨘိင္ꨳထုင္းꨀဝ္၊ ꨁီꨲသုိꨀ္း လူင္းမဳးꨟိမ္ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨟိမ္မူိင္းꨓꨯေသ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨅူဝ္းꨡဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵတꨯးꨁဝ္ꨀꨮဳꨲꨁုိꨓ္ꨳတုိꨀ္း သꨰꨓ္ဝီ။ ယြꨓ္ꨵလꨉူ္ꨳꨟꨰင္းသုိꨀ္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳꨓမ္၊ ꨟꨰင္းသုိꨀ္းတꨯးေꨀဳꨳ သမ္ꨵပဳးꨅြမ္း၊ မꨤꨀ္ꨲမုိဝ္းꨅုိꨓ္းယꨤမ္း

ေꨀဳꨳ မီꨳလြင္ꨳယꨤပ္ꨲꨕုိတ္ꨲꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨡုမ္ꨳꨘဳꨵꨅင္ꨲꨟြင္ꨵꨡဝ္ေꨓဳꨲꨁုꨓ္တုိင္းꨁမ္းꨡိꨀ္ꨲ တင္း ꨁုꨓ္သုိင္ꨲꨕြင္းမူိင္းꨅဝ္ꨳငမ္းဝꨱင္းတꨤင္းလꨯꨤေသ လꨤတ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨓဳꨳသုိင္ꨲဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္းꨟဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ မဝ္ꨲꨟꨤင္ꨳလီယဝ္ꨵ။ ယြꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵ‘‘ꨀြꨓ္တ္ꨮꨳ’’ ꨅြꨯꨳသုိꨀ္း ꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵꨁဝ္ꨕုꨓ္ꨵဝꨯꨤꨲတုိꨀ္းေတဳးꨟဝ္း၊ ေပဳးေတꨟပ္ꨵꨬꨁꨟပ္ꨵတုိꨀ္းေꨀဳꨳ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းတꨀ္းလꨯꨳယ္ꨮꨲသုမ္းꨓမ္၊ ꨀြပ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ ꨟဝ္းေတꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨀꨮဳꨲ ပုိင္ꨳ ပီꨳꨘဳꨵꨓြင္ꨵꨘဳꨵတꨤင္းမူိင္းꨬꨁꨲ’’ - ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨡိꨀ္ꨲလꨀု္ꨳꨓꨤင္းေမးꨁဳꨳꨅ္ꨮꨵꨀူꨓ္းꨅြမ္းꨀမ္ꨳꨕြင္ꨳ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨕꨤတ္ꨲ ꨕꨤꨀ္းယꨤꨓ္ꨡြꨀ္ꨲ မူိင္းသꨰꨓ္ဝီေသ မူိဝ္းယူꨲꨀိꨓ္သဝ္းထင္ꨀဳꨳတီꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨟိꨓ္သꨰင္ꨓ္ꨮးလိꨓ္မူိင္းတꨤင္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲပုꨓ္ꨵ ယဝ္ꨵ။

တင္ꨳꨬတꨲꨡဝ္ယꨤမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵမဳးေꨀဳꨳမူိင္းတꨯးꨓꨯꨵ တူꨀ္းယူꨲတ္ꨮꨳꨁုꨓ္မꨤꨓ္ꨳꨕြင္းငမ္းမဳး။ ꨕ္ꨮေတ ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္မူိင္းပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨕဳꨵတီꨳလ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳ ေတလꨯꨳꨡဝ္ꨳေꨁဳꨳလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮတꨤင္းမူိင္းꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵ ꨀြꨓ္ꨲ ꨅင္ꨲꨀြꨯꨳလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ယဝ္ꨵ။

ေꨁဳꨳထꨤမ္ (1) ꨅဝ္ꨳလူင္ꨁမ္းပꨤꨀ္ꨳꨘဳꨵꨓꨯꨵ ꨀြပ္ꨳသင္ꨬလꨳꨀꨤꨓ္ꨵသုိꨀ္း?၊ ေပဳးပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲေတꨟꨱတ္းꨟုိဝ္ꨳ?။

(2) ꨕူꨳꨟꨀ္းလင္ ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨁူိဝ္းတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲꨓꨯꨵ ꨅြင္ꨲထုꨀ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮပိူꨓ္ꨳယူꨲꨬꨓꨲ?၊ ꨬꨓလြင္ꨳတꨤင္းꨀူꨳꨡꨓ္ ပဳးꨅꨱမ္လြင္ꨳꨡꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲယꨤမ္းꨟူူꨵငိꨓ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵေသ သပ္းလꨰင္းတဳꨵ။

(3) ꨀြပ္ꨳသင္ꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓေရးသူꨓ္ꨅြꨯꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းꨀꨯꨤꨲꨓꨯြꨵ ꨡဝ္ꨁုိꨓ္းမူိင္းသꨰꨓ္ဝီ?။

(4) ꨀြပ္ꨳသင္ꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းꨀꨯꨤꨲꨓြꨯꨵလꨯꨳသုမ္းမူိင္းꨁိုꨓ္း?။

(5) ဝꨯꨤးꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨡုမ္ꨳꨘဳꨵ ꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨀꨮဳ ꨲယူꨲမူိင္းꨬꨁꨲယဝ္ꨵ ꨡꨓ္ꨀိုတ္းဝꨯꨵꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵလꨯꨳꨡဝ္ꨁူဝ္း ꨁြင္ငုိꨓ္းꨁမ္းယုိꨓ္ꨳတြꨓ္ꨳꨀꨮဳ ꨲꨡဝ္ လြင္ꨳꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္ ꨟပ္ꨵသတ္ꨵꨅဳꨲတꨳီမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳ သꨉူ္ꨲပူဝ္ꨲ။ လြင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲꨟꨓ္ထုိင္ꨡꨓ္လီꨡꨓ္ꨅဳꨵꨓင္ꨲꨟုိင္?။

ꨀꨓ္ ꨟဳꨳ

ယိင္းငꨤꨓ္ꨓ္ꨮးပုိꨓ္း ꨀူꨓ္းꨀတ္ꨵ ꨁꨰꨓ္ꨲ ꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨯꨵ မꨓ္းေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨳတꨤင္းꨘꨯꨤꨲေꨀဳꨵꨅꨯꨤးꨁဝ္လꨯꨤလꨯꨤꨀူꨉ္း ‘‘ꨟပ္ꨵ မဝ္’’(ꨡဝ္ꨀꨓ္ꨲထရꨰꨀ္ꨵ)မꨓ္းဝꨯꨵမူတ္းမူတ္း။ မိူင္းလ္ꨮေသꨡမ္ ဝဳꨳမꨓ္းေꨀဳꨳ ꨅꨤင္ꨳမီး ယိင္းꨅဝ္ꨳ ꨅြမ္(ꨅြမ္ꨅုိင္ꨳယိင္း၊ ꨅြမ္ꨕြင္းꨅုိင္ꨳယိင္း)ꨬလꨳ ယိင္းေꨀဳꨵငꨤꨓ္၊ ယိင္းေꨀဳꨵꨟꨯꨤꨵꨁဝ္ယူꨲꨓင္ꨲ ꨀဝ္ꨲ။

ꨓ္ꨮးတꨯးေꨀဳꨳေတဳꨳꨓင္ꨲꨓꨓ္။ ꨓင္ꨲꨀဳꨳလꨯꨳꨟူꨵꨟꨓ္ꨡꨓ္မီꨳဝꨯꨵယိင္းငꨤꨓ္ယိင္းꨟꨯꨤꨵꨁဝ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅမ္ꨵ

(1) ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ မူိင္းမꨤဝ္း (1295-1311)

(2) ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨟူမ္ꨲမိူင္း သꨰင္ဝီ (1395-1405)

(3) ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨁမ္းꨟုင္ꨳ သီꨲေပဳꨵ

(4) ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨁူဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းꨟူိင္း သꨰꨓ္ဝီ (1683-1692)

(5) ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨟꨤꨓ္ꨘဳꨵေꨓဳꨲသꨰင္ပꨓ္း သꨰꨓ္ဝီ (1723-1737)

(6) ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းသꨰင္မြꨓ္း၊ ꨓꨓ္းသꨰင္ထူꨉ္း သꨰꨓ္ဝီ (1824-1825)

(1) ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ (1295-1311)

ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳယိင္းေꨀဳꨵထိသြင္ ꨁြင္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨘꨤင္ꨁမ္း။ (ꨅဝ္ꨳꨅြမ္ မꨤဝ္းတူꨓ္ထိ 6)။

ဝꨯꨤးေသေပဳးꨅဝ္ꨳꨅꨤမ္ꨲပူꨓြꨓ္းꨬꨕးꨀꨮဳ ꨲယဝ္ꨵ ꨓြင္ꨵꨅꨯꨤးꨅဝꨳ္ - ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵတင္းꨅဝ္ꨳ သꨤမ္လူင္ ꨁဝ္ေꨀဳꨳ ꨡဳꨲယုတုိꨀ္ꨵꨟဳလꨯꨳ 4 ꨁူပ္ꨲꨀူꨉ္းꨬလꨳꨟတ္းꨟတ္းꨟꨤꨓ္ꨟꨤꨓ္ꨟပ္ꨵꨡဝ္ꨓဳꨳꨀꨤꨓ္ ပုꨓ္ꨳꨕြꨓ္းဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္းေသလꨯꨳပုတ္ꨳꨟꨤင္ꨳꨓꨤင္းေꨟဳတဳꨲ 16 ပီꨶ။

ꨓ္ꨮးပꨤꨓ္ꨓင္းေꨟဳꨓꨓ္ꨵ မꨓ္းꨓꨤင္းလꨯꨳꨟꨱတ္းသꨤင္ꨳꨁုိင္ပြင္ဝꨯꨵ ꨡꨓ္လꨤꨀ္ꨲလꨤꨀ္ꨲလꨯꨤးလꨯꨤး ꨡီꨳ သင္လꨯꨤလꨯꨤꨓꨯꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳꨟူꨵꨟꨓ္ေသတဳꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨡꨓ္မꨓ္းꨓꨤင္းလꨯꨳꨓင္ꨳေꨟဳပ္ꨮꨵထဳꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨅꨯꨤး ꨅဝ္ꨳ၊ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳသုိင္ꨲလုိမ္ꨓ္ꨮးငမ္းꨀတ္းꨅုိꨓ္ꨳသဝ္းꨓိမ္မꨓ္ꨳꨀုိမ္းဝꨯꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨓမ္ꨵꨀတ္ꨵတꨤင္း ꨁꨰꨓ္ꨲလူင္ꨡꨓ္ဳ ံ။

လြင္ꨳꨡꨓ္မꨓ္းꨓꨤင္း ꨁုိꨓ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္မဳးလꨯꨳꨓꨯꨵ ယင္းပꨯꨤꨬꨓဝဳꨳ - တꨯးꨓꨯꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲ ယိပ္းမꨓ္ꨳထုိဝ္ꨅြမ္းꨀꨮꨤမ္းသူꨓ္းယဳꨵမူိꨓ္ꨳꨓင္ꨲꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨀꨯꨲꨬမꨳꨁꨓ္-မူိင္းꨡမ္ꨲလꨰင္း’’ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ယူꨲ။

(2) ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨟူမ္ꨲမိူင္း (1395-1405)

ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨟူမ္ꨲမူိင္းꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨓꨤင္း ‘တုိဝ္းꨅုမ္ꨳ’ꨁြင္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလူင္းꨁမ္းတꨱတ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ သꨰꨓ္ဝီ(1374 -1389)။ ထꨀု္ꨲလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္လꨤꨓ္ယိင္းꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ။

ဝꨯꨤးေသꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလူင္ꨓြꨓ္းꨬꨕးꨀꨮဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းပꨱမ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ လꨯꨳပုတ္ꨳꨟꨤင္ꨳꨓင္ꨳေꨟဳ။ ယူꨲ လꨯ ꨟိုင္ 2 ပီꨶꨀူꨉ္း မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳꨟူမ္ꨲပူꨓြꨓ္းꨬꨕးꨀꨮဳꨲထꨰင္ꨳ။

သုိပ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵꨓြင္ꨵꨅꨯꨤးမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းပုိတ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ လꨯꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨅြမ္တင္းလꨯꨤꨟိုင္ လꨯꨳ 2 ပီးꨀူꨉ္းေꨀဳꨳ သမ္ꨵလꨯꨳသုတ္းမုꨓ္ꨀꨮဳꨲ။

ꨀမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵꨕြင္းမူိင္းတင္းလꨯꨤꨁဝ္ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮꨀꨓ္ေတꨓြပ္ꨲ ယုိꨓ္ꨳမြပ္ꨳပꨓ္တꨓ္းꨟꨱင္းတီꨳꨁုꨓ္ ꨁမ္းꨟုင္ꨳꨬလꨳ ꨁုꨓ္ꨁမ္းဝꨤတ္ꨳ ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းပိုတ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ။

ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨟူမ္ꨲမူိင္းꨡမ္ꨲꨕြမ္ꨵ လꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮꨬလꨳ ꨅ္ꨮꨵꨀူꨓ္းတိꨉြပ္းꨡဝ္သြင္ေꨀဳꨵပီꨓြင္ꨵေသ ꨡဝ္တꨯꨤ ပꨰတ္ꨳ။

တူဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨟူမ္ꨲမိူင္း ꨅင္ꨲꨁုိꨓ္ꨳꨟꨤင္ꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳေꨟဳꨟꨱတ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨟꨱတ္းꨅြမ္တင္းလꨯ။

ꨟုိင္မဳးထꨰင္ 10 ပီꨶ ꨕြင္းမူိင္းတင္းလꨯꨤꨅင္ꨲတုိꨀ္းသူꨓ္းꨬလꨳ လꨯꨳꨟပ္ꨵꨡဝ္ꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳလူင္မူိင္း ေယဳ(လုꨀ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းတꨱတ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ထꨰင္ꨳꨬမꨳꨓုိင္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ)ယုꨀ္ꨵယြင္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳတင္းလꨯ။

(3) ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨁမ္းꨟင္ꨳ သီꨲေပဳꨵ

ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨁမ္းꨟုင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳယိင္းꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨟူမ္ꨲမူိင္း သꨰꨓ္ဝီ။ လꨯꨳꨟူမ္ꨳမိင္ꨳꨀꨓ္တင္းꨅဝ္ꨳ ꨓြꨯꨵသꨤမ္ꨕဳ သီꨲေပဳꨵ။

ထုိင္မဳးပꨤꨓ္ꨁမ္းꨟြတ္ꨳꨘဳꨵ(1429-1440) ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨰꨓ္ဝီꨓꨓ္ꨵ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨅင္ꨲꨟြင္ꨵꨟꨱꨀ္း မြꨀ္ꨲထုိင္ꨀူꨳꨘꨯꨤꨲꨀူꨳပဳꨳ ꨟꨮ္ꨳမူိဝ္းသူꨲမူိဝ္းꨅ္ꨮး။

သမ္ꨵꨟြင္ꨵမꨰꨓ္ꨳတꨤင္းသီꨲေပဳꨵဝဳꨳ - ‘ပꨱꨓ္ꨁဳꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨟꨯꨤး’ ꨓꨯꨬလꨳ ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨁမ္းꨟုင္ꨳꨅင္ꨲꨡမ္ꨲယြမ္း တဝ္ꨳယြမ္းမဳးလဳးလဳး။

ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္သုိꨀ္းတုိꨀ္းꨀꨓ္ꨬလꨳ ထုိင္တီꨳꨁုꨓ္မူိင္း မူိင္းꨬသလူင္(ဝူꨲꨀꨮင္းသူိꨓ္)ေပဳးလꨯꨳမဳး ꨁဝ္ꨳꨬꨁꨀပ္းꨀꨯꨤပꨓ္ꨁိုꨓ္း။

တီꨳꨓ္ꨮးပꨤင္ꨀုမ္တုမ္ꨟူဝ္ꨀꨓ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵ မီꨳလြင္ꨳထတ္းသꨤင္တꨤင္းသီꨲေပဳꨵꨬလꨳꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨁမ္းꨟုင္ꨳ ေꨀဳꨳလꨤတꨳ္တꨤင္ဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းꨟြတ္ꨳꨘဳꨵꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳလူင္မူိင္းေယဳ။ ယြꨓ္ꨵꨬမꨳꨀဝ္ꨁဳꨳယꨀု္ꨵယြင္ꨳꨁိုꨓ္ꨳꨅုိဝ္ꨳပꨓ္ဝဳꨳ‘ꨁမ္းꨀꨯꨤꨲꨘဳꨵ’ ꨓꨯꨬလꨳꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨰꨓ္ဝီ။ ယꨤမ္းꨓꨯꨵသမ္ꨵမဳးꨟြင္ꨵဝဳꨳ - တူပꨱꨓ္ꨁဳꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨟꨯꨤးမꨓ္းꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨕ္ꨮဝဳꨳလꨯꨳꨟင္းꨕ္ꨮ?။ ငိꨓ္းꨀမ္းဳ ံ တီꨳꨁဳꨳꨬလꨳ’’ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨟꨱတ္းꨓꨓ္ေသꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨕုင္ꨬꨁꨬမးꨀုမ္းပꨓ္ ꨟꨮ္ꨳလꨯꨳတုိဝ္းꨀမ္ꨟꨱတ္းꨡူꨉ္းလီꨀꨓ္ေသတꨰပ္း တတ္းလꨰꨀ္ꨲꨬꨕပ္ꨓလꨰꨓ္လိꨓ္သီꨲေပဳꨵတင္းသꨰꨓ္ဝီ တင္ꨳꨬတꨲꨡဝ္ဝꨓ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵမဳးယဝ္ꨵ။

(4) ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨁူဝ္ꨳꨁမ္ꨳꨟိူင္း (1683-1692)

ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨁူဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းꨟူိင္းꨓꨯꨵေꨀဳꨳ မူိꨓ္တင္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ မူိင္းမꨤဝ္းꨓင္ꨲꨀဝ္ꨲ။

ꨀြပ္ꨳဝဳꨳဝꨯꨤးေသꨅဝ္ꨳꨕူဝ္သူိဝ္ꨟူမ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ လꨯꨳꨟူမ္ꨲပူꨓြꨓ္းꨬꨕးꨀꨮဳꨲေꨀဳꨳ လꨀု္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းသြင္ ꨘဳꨵယင္းလꨱꨀ္ꨵယင္းꨓꨯြꨵ ပꨯꨲေပꨵတူဝ္ေပꨵꨀꨓ္းꨬလꨳ လꨯꨳယိပ္းဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္း - ပ္ꨮꨵထဳꨳလꨀု္ꨳꨅꨯꨤး ꨅဝ္ꨳမဳးတဳꨲ 9 ပီꨶယဝ္ꨵ။

(5) ꨓꨤင္းꨟꨤꨓ္ꨘဳꨵေꨓဳꨲသꨰင္ပꨓ္း (1723-1737)

ဝꨯꨤးေသꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းသြင္ꨘဳꨵသꨱင္ꨳꨀꨤမ္ꨲꨀꨮဳ ꨲယဝ္ꨵ လုꨀ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳလꨯꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳꨅူိဝ္ꨳ ‘ꨁမ္းေꨓဳꨲꨘဳꨵ’(1714- 1727)ေသ ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨅြမ္တင္းလꨯ

မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳမီးꨓꨤင္း ‘တုိဝ္းꨅုမ္ꨳ’ ꨅုိဝ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းေꨓဳꨲသꨰင္ပꨓ္း။ မီးလူꨀ္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨳꨀꨓ္တင္းꨁုꨓ္ ꨁမ္းလꨰင္ꨬလꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨁမ္းꨟုိင္ꨳ။

ထုိင္မဳးမီꨶ 1722 ꨁုꨓ္ꨁမ္းလꨰင္ꨓꨯꨵယြꨓ္ꨵပိူဝ္ꨳေပဳꨳꨅဝ္ꨳ ငိꨓ္းꨁꨤဝ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ေတꨕုိꨓ္ꨵဝꨯꨤꨲꨟိမ္ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳ မူိင္းꨓꨯꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨅြမ္တိꨀမ္ꨡဝ္ေသပꨓ္တꨤမ္ꨲတꨯꨤ။

ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵလူင္ေꨀဳꨳꨁꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨕူꨳꨅꨯꨤးေꨀဳꨵꨓꨯꨵယဳꨲဝဳꨳꨀူꨓ္းတꨤင္ꨲေꨀဳꨵ၊ ꨡမ္ꨲလူိဝ္ေသလုꨀ္ꨳ ꨡꨀ္ꨲꨓူိဝ္ꨵလူိတ္ꨳမꨓ္းꨁိꨓ္ꨳꨁိꨓ္ꨳꨬတꨵꨬတꨵ ယင္းꨡဝ္တꨯꨤလꨯꨳ။ ꨅူိင္ꨵꨓင္ꨲꨀဝ္ꨓꨯꨵ မꨓ္းယိင္း ꨁꨰꨓ္းေတꨟꨱတ္းလꨯꨳယဝ္ꨵ’’ꨓꨯေသမူိဝ္ꨳပီꨶ 1723 လူိꨓ္ 4 မ္ꨮꨲ 3 ꨁမ္ꨳ ယꨤမ္းတꨱင္ꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤꨵ ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨡဝ္တꨯꨤꨁုိꨓ္းꨕူဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨰတ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨅင္ꨲꨡဝ္ꨘꨯးꨕဝ္ꨁꨤပ္ꨳတူဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨕူဝ္ - ꨕဝ္ပဳးꨟꨤင္ꨳပဳးေꨟဳေသ ꨟပ္ꨵꨓင္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္ မဳးေတဳꨲေပဳးꨁဝ္ꨳပူꨓြꨓ္းꨬꨕးꨀꨮဳꨲမူိဝ္ꨳပီꨶ 1737 ယဝ္ꨵ။

(6) ꨓꨤင္းသꨰင္မြꨓ္း၊ ꨓꨤင္းသꨰင္ထꨉ္ူး (1824-25)

သြင္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨓြင္ꨵယိင္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလူင္ ‘ꨁုꨓ္သꨰင္ꨁမ္းပꨤꨀ္း’သꨰꨓ္ဝီ(1824-25)။

လꨯꨳꨟပ္ꨵေꨁဳꨳပူင္တီꨳꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္း ဘၾကီးေတာ္ ꨬလꨳလꨯꨳꨅူဝ္းꨡဝ္ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨓြင္ꨵယိင္းꨡိတ္ꨲ ပဳးလုꨀ္ꨳꨓြင္ꨵ လုꨀ္ꨳသုိꨀ္း 600 ပꨯꨤေသ လူင္းꨀꨮဳꨲတုိꨀ္းꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတꨳ္တꨳီမူိင္းေပꨲပုꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨓ္ꨮးပီꨶ 1825 လူိꨓ္ꨅꨱင္ꨓꨓ္ꨵ လꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ပြꨯးတုိꨀ္းꨀꨓ္တီꨳ ဝꨰတ္ꨵ ထီးꨀꨓ္ꨲ ꨟိမ္းမူိင္းေပꨲ။

ꨁုꨓ္သꨰင္ꨁမ္းပꨤꨀ္ꨳတူိဝ္ꨵꨉဳးမꨤꨀ္ꨲꨀြငꨳ္ - လꨯꨳသꨱင္ꨳꨀꨤမ္ꨲသုတ္းမုꨓ္ꨀꨮဳꨲေသတဳꨵ ꨓြင္ꨵယိင္းꨅဝ္ꨳ တင္းသြင္ေꨀဳꨳ သုိပ္ꨲꨁုိꨓ္ꨳꨓဳꨳꨁဝ္ꨳတုိꨀ္းꨟတ္းꨟတ္းꨟꨤꨓ္ꨟꨤꨓ္ꨬလꨳ လꨯꨳတူိဝ္ꨵꨉဳးမꨀ္ꨲꨀြင္ꨳ ပဳး ꨅꨱမ္မဳꨵꨁီꨲ၊ ꨀူꨓ္းꨡြꨓ္ꨲလုꨀ္ꨳသုိꨀ္းꨟူမ္ꨳꨀꨓ္တူꨀ္းသုမ္းသꨱင္ꨳသꨱင္ꨳ။

ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵလူင္ေꨀဳꨳ ꨅြမ္းတုိꨀ္းꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတ္ꨳꨬလꨳ လꨯꨳတူꨀ္းသုမ္းတꨯꨤ - ꨟꨯꨤ - လိပ္းꨅူိင္ꨵꨟုိင္ေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳꨟူꨵလꨯꨳငိꨓ္းထꨰင္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ။

တꨤင္းꨟꨯꨤꨵငꨤꨓ္သြင္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨓꨯꨵꨬတꨵ ꨓ္ꨮးပုိꨓ္းꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတ္ꨳꨁဝ္ တꨰမ္ꨳမꨯꨤယꨀု္ꨵယြင္ꨳꨡဝ္ꨀုင္ꨲ မုꨓ္ꨀုိꨀ္းပုိꨓ္းဝꨯꨵယူꨲ။

ေꨁဳꨳထꨤမ္ (1) ꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨀꨯꨲꨬမꨳꨁꨓ္ မူိင္းꨡမ္ꨲလꨰင္း’’ ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲꨟꨓ္ထုိင္ꨅူိင္ꨵꨟုိဝ္?။

(2) ꨓ္ꨮးꨀဳꨳယိင္းငꨤꨓ္တꨯး ꨡꨓ္ꨅုိဝ္ꨳသꨱင္ꨀိုꨀ္းပုိꨓ္းမဳးꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲယြင္ꨳေယဳးꨕ္ꨮ?။ ꨀြပ္ꨳ သင္?။

(3) ꨓꨤင္းယိင္းꨀတ္ꨵ ꨁꨰꨓ္ꨲꨅူိင္ꨵꨓင္ꨲ ‘ꨓꨤင္းသꨰင္မြꨓ္းꨬလꨳ ꨓꨤင္းသꨰင္ထူꨉ္း’ ꨁဝ္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨓꨯꨵ ꨅြင္ꨲလီယြင္ꨳေယဳးယူꨲꨟဳꨵ?၊ ꨀြပꨳ္သင္?။

ꨀꨓ္ ꨟူꨀ္း

ပꨤꨓ္သꨰꨓ္ဝီ (2) ပꨤꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵꨟိုင္ယꨤဝ္း 120 ပီꨶ (1761-1881)။

မီးꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵတꨤင္းသꨱင္ꨳ 12 တူꨓ္။

1ꨵ သꨰငꨁ္မ္းꨟူိင္း (1761-1764)

2ꨵ ꨁမ္းသြင္ꨲꨘဳꨵ (1764-1766)

3ꨵ သူိဝ္ꨀꨯꨤꨲꨘဳꨵ (1777-1801)

4ꨵ သူိဝ္ေꨀဳꨲꨘဳꨵ (1801-1815)

5ꨵ သꨰင္ေꨓဳꨲမူိင္း (1819-1820)

6ꨵ သူိဝ္ꨟူင္ꨘဳꨵ (1821-1824)

7ꨵ သꨰငꨁ္မ္းပꨤꨀ္ꨳ (1824-1825)

8ꨵ သꨰငꨁ္မ္းꨓꨓ္ꨳ (1827-1830)

9ꨵ သꨰင္သူꨉ္ꨲမြင္ꨲ (1830-1838)

10ꨵ သူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ (1938-1846)

11ꨵ သူိဝ္ꨅꨤမ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ (1846-1849)-ꨀမ္းဳ ံ

11ꨵ သူိဝ္ꨅꨤမ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ (1853-1856)-ꨀမ္း2

12ꨵ သူိဝ္ေꨀဳꨲꨘဳꨵ (1856-1866)

11ꨵ သူိဝ္ꨅꨤမ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ (1867-1881)-ꨀမ္း3

တင္းသꨱင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ယူꨲတီꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵ ယုꨀ္ꨵယြင္ꨳတꨰင္ꨲတင္ꨳမဳးတင္းမူတ္းယဝ္ꨵ။ သင္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵဝဳꨳ တꨤင္းꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵꨡမ္ꨲထꨀု္ꨲꨅ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳ လꨯꨳထုꨀ္ꨲပူတ္းထြꨓ္ပꨰတ္ꨳယူꨲ။

[ꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨯꨵ တꨯးမူိဝ္ꨳꨀြꨓ္ꨲꨟြင္ꨵ မူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳꨓ္ꨮးပꨤꨓ္သꨰꨓ္ဝီꨓꨯꨵ ꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ဝꨱင္းမူိင္းယဝ္ꨵ။ မီးသူꨉ္ꨲပူဝ္ꨲ၊ ꨡမရပူꨲရꨬလꨳမꨓ္းတေလးꨓꨓ္ꨵꨀူꨉ္း။]

ꨀꨤꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵတꨯးꨁဝ္ꨓꨯꨵ တဳꨲေတထြမ္ꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨕြင္းမူိင္းꨕြင္းသုိꨀ္းꨡꨓ္ꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵသူင္ꨲသင္ꨲမဳး ꨓꨓ္ꨵေသ ꨀꨱပ္းသုိꨀ္းꨀꨱပ္းꨁဝ္ꨳꨀꨱပ္းငိုꨓ္းပꨓ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

လူိဝ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵတꨤင္းꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵꨁဝ္ပꨱꨓ္သုိꨀ္းသူိဝ္ꨀꨓ္တင္းတꨤင္ꨲမူိင္းမူိဝ္ꨳလ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳ ေတလꨯꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨁဝ္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨳ ပဳးꨅြꨯꨳတုိꨀ္းေတဳးꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨀြပ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ - မꨤꨓ္ꨳလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္သုိꨀ္းသူိဝ္တင္းꨬꨁꨲတင္းထꨯးꨁဝ္မဳးလꨯꨤꨕဝ္ꨲလꨯꨤꨁဳး၊ ꨡိꨀ္ꨲတင္းꨡိင္း ꨀလꨱတ္ꨳမဳးသꨤမ္ပြꨀ္ꨳꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းတꨯးꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳꨀꨱဝ္ꨲꨁြင္ꨳသင္ေသꨬလꨳလꨯꨳတိုꨀ္းလꨯꨳ လူꨵသုမ္းတုꨀ္ꨵꨁလူမ္ꨵတꨯꨤမဳးတင္းꨓမ္။

ꨡꨓ္ꨓဳꨲလူိဝ္ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬတꨵ ပꨱꨓ္သုိꨀ္းသူိဝ္မဳးမူိဝ္ꨳလ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳ(လူိဝ္ေသတုိꨀ္းꨀꨓ္တင္းꨡိင္း ꨀလꨱတ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ)မူိင္းတꨯးလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္တုိꨀ္းတဳꨲပူိꨓ္ꨳေသ ꨡဝ္ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္းပꨱꨓ္ꨘုိꨓ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨘꨯးမဳးတဳꨲ ေသꨲ။

ꨀꨱဝ္ꨲလူꨉ္ꨳတꨤင္းတုꨀ္ꨵꨁꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းꨓꨯꨵ ꨁုꨓ္သꨰင္ꨡြင္ꨲ ထုꨓ္း(ပꨤꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္းသြင္ꨘဳꨵ)ꨁꨯꨳꨬꨓဝဳꨳ - ‘‘သိုꨀ္းမူိင္းꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵ ꨁိုꨓ္ꨳမဳးမီးယူꨲꨀူꨳတီꨳꨀူꨳတꨤင္းꨀူꨳမူိင္း၊ ꨀꨱပ္းꨁြꨓ္ꨲꨀꨱပ္းတုꨀ္ꨳလူိဝ္မဳꨲလူိဝ္ꨟꨰင္း၊ မꨤပ္ꨲꨀိꨓ္မ္ꨮꨀိꨓ္ပူိꨓ္ꨳ၊ ယဳꨵလုꨀ္ꨳယဳꨵေမးပူိꨓ္ꨳ၊ တꨱꨀ္းꨀꨰꨓ္ꨵငꨰꨓ္းေꨁဳးꨅ္ꨮꨵꨟꨤပ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨵပဳး၊ ꨓဳးꨡမ္ꨲ လꨯꨳထꨯ - ꨟꨯꨳꨡမ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္ꨲ၊ ꨁဳꨳသုိင္ꨲꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းꨡုိပ္းယꨤꨀ္ꨳꨕꨤꨓ္ꨅ္ꨮလူင္လꨤင္’’ - ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

လြင္ꨳꨀꨱပ္းꨁြꨓ္ꨲလူိဝ္မဳꨲလူိဝ္ꨟꨰင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨓ္ꨮးပꨤꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨟူမ္ꨲꨘဳꨵတꨰမ္ꨳꨬꨓဝꨯꨵဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨁြင္ꨘꨤꨀ္ꨲ ꨁူဝ္းတြꨓ္ꨳꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳမင္းၾတဳးယြꨓ္းꨓမ္ꨓဳꨲꨕꨰဝ္၊ လူဝ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅ္ꨮꨵꨕြင္းတꨤင္တူဝ္ꨁဝ္ꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨅူး၊ တꨱꨀ္းတုꨀ္းတꨱꨀ္းယြꨓ္း မꨯꨳမꨯꨳလူိတ္ꨲလူိတ္ꨲ ꨟꨱတ္းꨓꨓ္။ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလူင္မဝ္ꨲ ꨅꨤင္ꨳꨟꨱတꨟ္ုိဝ္။ ꨅင္ꨲꨁꨤꨓ္းꨁိင္းလူင္ꨟူဝ္သုိင္ꨲꨁူဝ္ꨳမိူင္းꨁဝ္ꨟꨱတ္းငဝ္ꨳꨁိုင္သꨤင္ꨳꨟꨤင္ꨳပြင္’’ယဝ္ꨵ။

‘‘ꨁဝ္ꨁပ္းꨁုိင္းꨓင္ꨲꨟုိဝ္ေꨀဳꨳ ငုိꨓ္းတြင္းꨕꨤꨓ္ꨲတဳꨲꨡမ္ꨲꨀုမ္ꨲလꨯꨳ၊ ꨓ္ꨮးꨓင္ꨲသꨰꨓ္ဝီꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္သုိꨀ္း ပꨱꨓ္သူိဝ္ ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳလုမူိင္းလꨰဝ္မဳးလꨯꨤပြꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤꨁဳးယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨀြၽင္းꨡူးꨕꨀ္းꨀဳꨲ ꨀဳꨳလꨯꨳပꨯꨤꨳꨓီꨀꨮဳ ꨲတ္ꨮꨳမိူဝ္း ꨓူိဝ္၊ ꨀꨤꨓ္ငꨤꨓ္းꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳꨟꨱတ္းလီ။ ပူိင္ဳ ံꨅူꨓ္ပဳꨲေꨀဳꨳလူိင္ꨲ၊ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨅြမ္ေꨀဳꨳꨀမ္းꨀမ္းပုတ္ꨳလꨯꨤꨳ ꨀꨓ္။’’

‘‘ꨟပ္ꨵတုင္းမိင္ꨵေတဳꨲေꨁဳꨳပူင္တဳꨲလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵꨓင္ꨳမိူင္းေꨀဳꨳ ငုိꨓ္းꨀဳꨳꨅ္ꨮꨵꨅꨯꨤꨲꨁူဝ္းꨘꨤꨀ္ꨲꨁြင္ တြꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲꨅဝ္ꨳမင္ꨳၾတဳးꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ လꨯꨳသ္ꨮꨲလꨯꨳသူင္ေပဳးꨡမ္ꨲꨟူꨵလꨯꨳလꨯꨤꨕဝ္ꨲ လꨯꨤပြꨀ္ꨳ။ လူိဝ္ ေသꨓꨯꨵ - ꨡမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨳꨁꨤဝ္းယꨤမ္း၊ ꨕြင္းယꨤမ္းပꨯꨲထုိင္ေꨀဳꨳ မꨱဝ္ꨵဝူꨓ္ꨲ(ꨀြꨓ္းဝꨱင္း)လငူ္ꨁဝ္မꨤပ္ꨲမ္ꨮ ꨀꨱပ္းꨁြꨓ္ꨲꨁဳꨳသုိင္ꨲꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းယ္ꨮꨲꨓမ္ꨡဳးလဳးပူိင္ꨓုိင္ꨳ။ ꨁဳꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္း ꨡမ္ꨲမီးသင္ပꨓ္ ယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨟူဝ္သုိင္ꨲꨕြင္းမူိင္းတင္းလꨯꨤေꨀဳꨳတူိꨀ္ꨳꨅ္ꨮတူိꨀ္ꨳေꨁဳးယဝ္ꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ꨡြꨀ္ꨲပꨯꨤꨳမꨰပ္းတꨱတ္ꨲ ꨟင္းꨕ္ꨮꨟင္းမꨓ္းယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလူင္ေꨀဳꨳလꨤတꨳ္ꨟင္းꨕြင္းတꨤင္တူဝ္ꨁဝ္ဝဳꨳ - ‘‘သူမဝ္ꨲꨅူးေꨀဳꨳꨀဝ္ꨡမ္ꨲꨅꨤင္ꨳꨟꨱတ္းꨟုိဝ္၊ ꨁုꨓ္သုိင္ꨲꨕြင္းမူိင္း ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲပꨯꨤꨳသꨱင္ꨳမူတ္းယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨀꨮဳꨲꨟဳꨀꨱပ္းꨡဝ္ꨟင္းသူေꨀဳꨳလီ၊ သမ္ꨵꨁ္ꨮꨳꨟꨱတ္း ꨟုိဝ္ေꨀဳꨳလီယဝ္ꨵ’’ - ဝဳꨳꨓင္ꨲꨓꨯ။

(ꨀ) ꨁုꨓ္သꨤင္ꨲꨟꨯꨤꨵလုꨀ္ꨵꨕိုꨓ္ꨵ (1850-75)

မူိဝ္ꨳပီꨶ 1849 ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨅꨤမ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ လꨯꨳꨀꨮဳꨲတူꨀ္းꨁြꨀ္ꨳဝꨯꨵတီꨳꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵꨬလꨳ မူိင္းသꨰꨓ္ဝီꨓꨯꨵ ဝူꨓ္ꨲ လူင္ မြင္ꨲေပဳꨲလဳꨲ မဳးယိပ္းဝꨯꨵ။

ꨡိင္ꨓိူဝ္လြင္ꨳတꨤင္းꨡꨓ္လꨤတ္ꨳမဳးꨀူꨳပူိင္ပူိင္ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္တီꨳꨡမ္ꨲပꨱင္းေပဳးꨟꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅ္ꨮꨁုꨓ္သုိင္ꨲ ꨕြင္းမူိင္းꨁဝ္ꨬလꨳꨁုꨓ္သꨤင္ꨲꨟꨯꨤꨵ(ꨁူိဝ္းသꨰင္ꨡူမုိင္း)ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨟြမ္ꨡꨱꨓ္ꨟꨰင္းေသလုꨀ္ꨵꨕုိꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ

ꨁုꨓ္သꨤင္ꨲꨟꨯꨤꨵလုꨀ္ꨵꨕုိꨓ္ꨵယူꨲ 20 ပီꨶ ပꨯꨤေသထုိင္မဳး 1872 ꨓꨓ္ꨵ လꨯꨳငိꨓ္းꨁꨤဝ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ꨁုꨓ္ သꨤင္ꨲတူꨓ္းꨟုင္း ꨡꨓ္ꨟꨤပ္ꨲꨀိုတ္ꨵꨓဳꨳꨀꨤꨓ္ယူꨲꨓ္ꨮး ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵမင္းလူိꨓ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨕူꨳမီးꨀꨤမ္ꨲ မီးမုꨓ္လꨀ္းလꨰမ္သꨰမ္းꨀဳꨳꨀတ္ꨵꨁꨰꨓ္ꨲဝꨯးꨁꨓ္ꨬတꨵꨬတꨵꨓꨯꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨟꨱတ္းမꨱတ္ꨲ လꨀိ္ꨳꨕုိꨓ္ လꨯꨤး သူင္ꨲယုိꨓ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲယြꨓ္းꨡဝ္တီꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလူင္မင္းလူိꨓ္း။

တင္ꨳꨬတꨲꨁုꨓ္သꨤင္ꨲတꨓူ္းꨟုင္းꨅူဝ္းꨡဝ္လုꨀ္ꨳꨓြင္ꨵပြင္ꨳပꨯꨤꨟူမ္ꨳꨀꨓ္ 12 ေꨀဳꨵ၊ ꨀြင္ꨳ 9 လဝ္းမဳး ယူꨲꨅြမꨳ္ꨓꨯꨵ ꨁုꨓ္သꨤင္ꨲꨟꨯꨤꨵေꨀဳꨳ လꨯꨳလုိမ္းꨅ္ꨮꨓဳꨳꨀꨤꨓ္တဳꨳငꨤꨓ္းတင္းလꨯ။ ꨀꨤꨓ္ငꨤꨓ္းေꨀဳꨳ ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳသင္ꨵꨁုိꨓ္ꨳသုင္မဳး။ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨡဝ္လုꨀ္ꨳယိင္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨳမိင္ꨳꨀူပ္ꨵꨀူꨳပꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္သꨤင္ꨲတꨓူ္ꨳ ꨟုင္းယဝ္ꨵ။

(ꨁ) ꨁုꨓ္သꨤင္ꨲတူꨓ္ꨳꨟုင္းပူတ္းပꨯြꨲ သꨰꨓ္ဝီ။

ꨓ္ꨮးပီꨶ 1879 လꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ပြꨯးတုိꨀ္းꨀꨓ္တီꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀြင္းေꨀဳꨲ ꨀြင္းမူးꨁမ္း။ ꨀြပ္ꨳꨟꨰင္းꨀူꨓ္းꨟꨰင္းꨀြင္ꨳလꨱꨀ္ꨵ ေꨀꨲေသ ꨅုမ္းလုꨀ္ꨵꨕုိꨓ္ꨵꨁဝ္ꨉဳးတꨤင္းယꨤပ္ꨲꨕုိတ္ꨲယူꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵꨓဳꨳꨘဳꨵꨓဳꨳမူိင္းꨀုိင္ꨵꨀꨤင္ꨵꨀုမ္ꨳ တꨓ္မဳး။ မူိင္းေပဳးလပ္းသိင္ꨲ - ပꨰꨓ္မုိဝ္းꨡမ္ꨲꨟꨓ္ꨕဳꨲ၊ ꨘဳꨵတꨰꨀ္ꨲꨘဳꨵလင္ꨘဳꨵꨘဳꨲသမ္ꨵေပဳး မꨤပ္ꨳꨟိူဝ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨀူꨳတꨤင္း။ လူမ္းလꨤင္းသꨰင္းလူင္ꨟꨰင္းꨓꨰꨓ္ꨲ၊ ပတ္ꨵတꨰꨓ္ꨲသုိꨀ္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳတင္း သုိꨀ္း ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလူင္ သူိဝ္ꨅꨤမ္ꨲꨘဳꨵေပဳးꨡမ္ꨲꨁꨱင္ꨲလꨯꨳ၊ လꨯꨳတꨰꨀ္ꨲယꨯꨤꨳꨀꨓ္ꨕူင္ꨵꨕꨤင္းꨀꨮဳꨲꨟူးꨕ္ꨮတꨤင္း မꨓ္း။

ꨅူိဝ္းꨡꨓ္တိꨉြပ္းလꨯꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨁုꨓ္သꨤင္ꨲမꨰꨓ္ꨲပꨓ္ꨁူဝ္းꨓုင္ꨳတꨤင္းမꨯꨁဝ္ꨳꨓမ္ꨵတꨤင္းꨀိꨓ္ ေသꨅ္ꨮꨵမူိဝ္းယူꨲꨟူိꨓ္းယူꨲေယးꨕ္ꨮမꨓ္း။

ꨅူိဝ္းꨡꨓ္မူိဝ္းꨟိူꨓ္းꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬလꨲꨡုပ္ꨲꨀꨓ္ဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨁုꨓ္သꨤင္ꨲꨓꨯꨵꨅ္ꨮလီသူပ္းဝꨤꨓ္ ေမဳ တꨤꨓ္ꨳေမဳလꨤတꨳ္၊ တူꨉ္းထုိင္ꨀူꨓ္းပူိꨓ္ꨳမိူꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳ။ ꨅူိဝ္းတူိဝ္ꨵမꨤတ္ꨲ ေꨀဳꨳꨡဝ္ ယူတ္းယဳပꨓ္၊ ꨡမ္ꨲတꨰပ္းꨡမ္ꨲꨘꨓ္း၊ ꨡမ္ꨲပꨓ္တꨤင္းꨕိတ္းပူိင္သင္၊ ေတဝဳꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨀတ္ꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲꨁꨰꨓ္ꨲေꨀဳꨳ ꨀူꨓ္းမꨓ္းꨓပ္ꨵပꨤꨀ္ꨲ၊ ꨀူꨓ္းပူိꨓ္ꨳꨓပ္ꨵꨟꨱင္၊ တုိꨀ္းꨀꨓ္မူိဝ္ꨳလ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲေပꨵ မꨓ္း’’ - ꨓꨯေသ ꨡဝ္ꨁꨤဝ္ꨲꨀꨮꨤမ္းလီမꨓ္းꨟူင္သဳꨳꨀꨮဳ ꨲꨀူꨳတီꨳ။

ꨀူꨳပြꨀ္ꨳꨀဳꨳꨀြꨓ္ꨲပူꨓ္ꨵမဳးꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨀူꨓ္းဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ပꨯꨤꨳ၊ ပြꨯꨲဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨟꨤမ္းသူꨓ္ꨟꨤမ္းဝꨯꨵတꨀိ္းတိꨀ္း။ ဝꨯꨤးေသပြꨯးတုိꨀ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ ꨁုꨓ္သꨤင္ꨲꨀꨮဳꨲꨟြတ္ꨳꨕꨰဝ္တီꨳလ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳ ꨀူꨓ္းဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀူꨓ္းသူꨓ္ꨅူမ္း ꨟပ္ꨵꨅူမ္းတြꨓ္ꨳ။ လြင္ꨳꨀိꨓ္တꨤင္းတိုဝ္းမီးသင္ေꨀဳꨳ မဳးယိုꨓ္ꨳမဳးပꨓ္၊ ꨅူိဝ္းꨀတ္ꨵ ꨁꨰꨓ္ꨲဝꨯးꨁꨓ္ ꨀမ္ꨳꨕြင္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ မဳးယြမ္းမဳးꨁဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းꨁုꨓ္သꨤင္ꨲယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨟꨱတ္းꨓꨓ္ေသ ꨓ္ꨮးပီꨶ 1881 မိူဝ္ꨳꨡဳꨲယုꨅဝ္ꨳလꨯꨳ 31 ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨁုꨓ္ꨲသꨤင္ꨲသိမ္ꨳလꨯꨳ သꨰꨓ္ဝီ။

ꨓ္ꨮးပီꨶꨓꨯꨵꨓင္ꨲꨀဝ္ꨲ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵတင္းလꨯꨤꨓ္ꨮးꨅုိင္ꨳတꨯး ပဳးꨀꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨵꨕုိꨓ္ꨵꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵ - ꨬတꨲꨡဝ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္သꨰင္ သီꨲေပဳꨵꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨀြင္တꨯး ꨀꨱင္းတုင္ꨁဝ္။

ꨓ္ꨮးပီꨶ 1882 သမ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨀ်ီꨲမူိင္းꨓꨯꨤး၊ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ထီးမူိင္းပြꨓ္ꨁဝ္ေꨀဳꨳ လꨀု္ꨵꨕုိꨓ္ꨵꨅြမ္း ေသ ပူတ္းပြꨯꨲꨡဝ္မူိင္းတꨯးလꨯꨳꨀူꨳတီꨳ။

Within the last few years, the Shan States have succeeded in throwing of the yoke of Burmah…the Burmese rule no longer exists in the Shan Staes…

(A.R.Colquhuan, Amongst the Shans, 1885).

ေꨁဳꨳထꨤမ္ (1) ‘‘ꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵ’’ꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨯꨵ ပုꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲတꨯးꨀူꨳပြꨀ္ꨳပြင္ꨲဝဳꨳသင္?။

(2) ꨕဝဳꨵတꨯးယူꨲတ္ꨮꨳꨡဳꨲꨓဳꨲꨅꨤꨀ္ꨳꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ဝꨯꨵꨅူိင္ꨵꨟုိင္?။

(3) ꨀြပ္ꨳသင္ꨁုꨓ္သꨤင္ꨲꨟꨯꨤꨵလꨯꨳလုꨀ္ꨵꨕုိꨓ္ꨵ?။

(4) ꨀြပ္ꨳသင္ꨁုꨓ္သꨤင္ꨲတူꨓ္ꨳꨟုင္ꨳပူတ္းပြꨯꨲꨡဝ္လꨯꨳသꨰꨓ္ဝီ?။

(5) ꨀြမ္ꨵꨁုꨓ္သꨤင္ꨲတꨓူ္ꨳꨟုင္း သꨰꨓ္ဝီ မူိင္းလꨰဝ္ꨀူꨉ္း ꨅြင္ꨲေတေပꨵမꨤꨓ္ꨳလꨯꨳယူꨲꨟဳꨵ?၊ ꨅဝ္ꨳ ꨀဝ္ꨲထꨤင္ꨲဝဳꨳ ꨀြပ္ꨳသင္ꨬလꨳေပꨵ?။

ꨀꨓ္ ꨅꨱတ္း

ပꨤꨓ္ꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတ္ꨳ ꨓ္ꨮးပီꨶ 1882 မိူဝ္ꨳꨡꨓ္မူိင္းတꨯးꨀူꨳတီꨳတီꨳ ပူꨓ္ꨵꨡြꨀ္ꨲတ္ꨮꨳꨡꨰꨀ္ꨲꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅုိင္-

(1) လြင္ꨳꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵတꨱꨀ္းတꨱင္မိပ္ꨲငꨰꨓ္းမဳးꨓꨯꨵ မိူင္းတꨯးတြꨓ္ꨳလ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨁꨤမ္ꨲလꨯꨳယဝ္ꨵေသ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္တူင္ꨵတုိꨓ္ꨲမဳး။

(2) ꨀူꨳပြꨀ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵေပဳးမူိင္းဳ ံလုꨀ္ꨳꨕုိꨓ္ꨵꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵꨅုိင္၊ တꨤင္ꨲမူိင္းသမ္ꨵꨅြꨯꨳꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵꨀꨮဳꨲတုိꨀ္း၊ ထုိင္မိူဝ္ꨳ ꨀမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬတꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲꨅꨤင္ꨳꨅြꨯꨳꨀꨓ္ယဝ္ꨵ။

(3) ꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳဝꨯꨤးေသမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀꨤꨓ္ꨵသုိꨀ္းေတဳꨲꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတꨳ္ 2 ပြꨀ္ꨳေသꨅဝ္ꨳမင္းတုင္း ꨓြꨓ္းꨬꨕးꨀꨮဳꨲယဝ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳꨡဝ္ꨟꨰင္းꨡူꨓ္ꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨀꨮဳ ꨲတင္းꨓမ္။ ထုိင္တီꨳ 1885 ꨓꨓ္ꨵလꨯꨳထုꨀ္ꨲ ꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတꨳ္သိမ္းꨡဝ္ꨟꨱတ္းပꨱꨓ္မူိင္းꨁူဝ္ꨲလူဝ္ꨲꨓီꨲ (COLONY)။

ပုꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲမိူင္းတꨯးꨓꨯꨵꨬတꨵ ꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳသူင္ꨲꨁꨤဝ္ꨲမဳးတဳꨲေသဝဳꨳ - ꨡမ္ꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္မူိင္းꨁူဝ္ꨲ လူဝ္ꨲꨓီꨲ။ ေတꨟꨮ္ꨳမီꨳလြင္ꨳꨡုပ္ꨵပူိင္ꨲꨕြင္းငမ္းေသ ꨟꨱတ္းပꨯꨤးမꨤꨀ္ꨳမီးꨀဳꨵꨁꨯꨤꨟူမ္ꨳꨀꨓ္လီလီ။ ꨅင္ꨲ လꨯꨳတုိတ္ꨵꨅꨓ္ꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲꨀꨤꨓ္ꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨕꨰꨓ္ꨀꨤꨓ္တဳꨲေတပူꨀ္းတင္ꨳေꨡဳးꨅဳꨲꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတꨳ္ ꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းတꨯးမူိဝ္ꨳ 1887’’။

[PLANS FOR ESTABLISHING BRITISH INFLUENCE IN THE SHAN STATES DURING THE OPEN SEASON OF 1887]

ꨟꨱတ္းꨓꨓ္ေသမိူဝ္ꨳပီꨶ 1887 ꨓꨓ္ꨵ မူိင္းတꨯးလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္မိူင္းတ္ꨮꨳꨟူမ္ꨲလူမ္ꨳ (PROTECTORATE) ꨬလꨳ မꨟဳꨲမိတ္ꨵꨡူꨉ္းလီꨡြꨓ္ꨲ (SUBORDINATE ALLIANCE) ꨁြင္ꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတꨳ္ꨀꨮဳꨲ။

ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳထꨰင္ꨳꨕꨯꨤꨲဳ ံေꨀဳꨳ ꨓ္ꨮးတြꨓ္ꨳလိꨓ္မူိင္းတꨯးတင္းသꨱငꨳ္ꨓꨯꨵ လꨯꨳလုသုမ္းꨓဳꨳလꨓိ္ ™

ပူꨓ္ꨳꨀꨮဳ ꨲတꨀူ္းꨕꨰဝ္ တ္ꨮꨳမုိဝ္းꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတ္ꨳ ꨕြင္းငမ္းꨀမ္ꨳသုိဝ္ꨳ - ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္တူိင္းသꨀꨰင္း၊ မိူင္း ꨁꨤင္ꨬလꨳ မိူင္းꨁ်ꨤင္ꨳꨀြꨓ္ꨓူိဝ္မူိဝ္ꨳလꨱဝ္ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨯꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

လူိဝ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨀꨱဝ္ꨲလꨉူ္ꨳꨁူဝ္းꨁြင္သꨗဳꨲဝꨓူိဝ္လိꨓ္ꨓ္ꨮးလိꨓ္မိူင္းတꨯးတင္းသꨱင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ တꨤင္းꨡိင္း ꨀလꨱတ္ꨳꨁဝ္ ꨀုမ္းယိပ္းꨡဝ္မူတ္းမူတ္း။ တြꨓ္းေသဝဳꨳမိူင္းတꨯးယင္းလꨯꨳꨀိꨓ္ꨁြꨓ္ꨲမꨓ္းယူꨲ ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨀူꨉ္း။

ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳပꨤꨓ္ꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ꨡꨓ္လီေꨀဳꨳမီးယူꨲꨕြင္ꨳ။ မူိင္းတꨯးလꨯꨳꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္လူိဝ္မူိဝ္ꨳပꨤꨓ္ ꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵꨟူိင္း။ ပုꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲမိူင္းတꨯးပတ္းပုိꨓ္ꨵꨓꨯꨵ မီးꨅုမ္းꨟꨰင္းသုိꨀ္းတပ္ꨵꨀြင္လူင္ (SHAN FRONTIER REGIMENT) ꨡꨓ္လꨱဝ္ꨀူꨉ္းꨡမ္ꨲယꨤပ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮသင္ေသယိပ္းလꨯꨳ။ မီးပြꨯးမီးလꨤမ္း ေꨀဳꨳꨀူꨓ္းꨁဝ္ꨳပြꨯးလꨤမ္းယိပ္းꨀြင္ꨳယိပ္းလꨤပ္ꨲꨕꨀ္းလꨰဝ္းꨁဝ္ꨳပြꨯးꨅြမ္းꨓင္ꨲꨘိင္ꨳထုင္းတꨯး။ ꨀူꨓ္း လူလြမ္ထိင္းပြꨯးသမ္ꨵေတဳꨲꨬတꨵယိပ္းꨁြꨓ္ꨵပြတ္းꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨀူꨉ္းေပဳးထိင္းꨀꨓ္လꨯꨳ။

ထုိင္မဳးမူိဝ္ꨳပီꨶ 1922 ꨓꨓ္ꨵမူိင္းတꨯးꨀူꨳတီꨳတီꨳေꨀဳꨳလꨯꨳꨟူမ္ꨳꨟြမ္းꨀꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္မဳးမိူင္းꨟူမ္ꨳတုမ္ꨅုိင္ꨳ တꨯး (FEDERATED SHAN STATES)။ မီꨳလြင္ꨳꨕြင္းငမ္းꨬလꨳ လြင္ꨳꨟꨱတ္းꨟဳꨅ္ꨮꨵꨅꨯꨤꨲ ငိုꨓ္း တြင္းꨟင္းေꨁဳ။

သꨱꨓ္ꨳတဳꨳသꨯꨤတꨤင္းꨡꨓ္ꨟꨱတ္းဝꨯꨵꨅꨱမ္မူိဝ္ꨳပꨤꨓ္ꨡိင္ꨳꨀလꨱတꨳ္ꨓꨯꨵ ꨟꨤꨓ္ꨵေတဳꨲယꨤမ္းလꨱဝ္ယင္း တုိꨀ္ꨵလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮꨵꨀꨤꨓ္ယူꨲ။ မူိꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲတꨤင္းလူတ္ꨵꨘꨯးမꨓ္းတေလး - လဳꨳသꨱဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ꨟꨱတ္းသꨤင္ꨳ ယဝ္ꨵတူဝ္ꨳမူိဝ္ꨳ 1900။ တဳꨲသီꨲ - သူꨉ္ꨲꨉြင္ꨲ 1924။ ꨁူဝ္ꨀိုတ္ꨳ (GOTECK VIADUCT)ꨡꨓ္ ပုိတ္ꨲမူိဝ္ꨳဝꨓ္းထိ 01ꨵ06ꨵ1901 ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨟꨤꨓ္ꨵေတဳꨲယꨤမ္းလꨱဝ္ယင္းတုိꨀ္ꨵပꨱꨓ္တီꨳလꨡီꨤမ္ꨳꨁြꨯ။

ꨀꨱဝ္ꨲလူꨉ္ꨳ လြင္ꨳယဳꨳꨘိꨓ္ꨲꨬတꨵ ယြꨓ္ꨵပူိဝ္ꨳမီးလြင္ꨳꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္ꨟိꨓ္ꨵꨓြꨓ္းယူꨲꨬလꨳ ယူꨲ တꨳီ မꨯꨤမီꨳယဳꨳꨘိꨓ္ꨲမိူင္းတꨯး 1923 ꨓꨓ္ꨵေသ ယိပ္းꨀုမ္းမဳးလꨯꨳလီလီ။ ꨅꨱမ္မူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨡိင္းꨀ လꨱတ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳတုိꨀ္ꨵꨟꨓ္ထုိင္ဝꨯꨵဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ေပဳးꨡမ္ꨲꨅꨤင္ꨳꨟဳလြင္ꨳꨕုꨀ္ꨲသြမ္ꨳပုတꨳတꨰꨓ္းလꨯꨳꨓꨯꨅုိင္ ေတမူိꨓ္တင္းတꨱꨀ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းလꨯꨳယူꨲꨀိꨓ္တိꨓ္းတြꨓ္းေသ ဝြတ္ꨳဝꨯꨤးꨀꨮဳꨲ။ ꨡမ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ေꨀဳꨳ ေတမူိꨓ္တင္းတꨱꨀ္းငꨰꨓ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳꨁဝ္လꨯꨳꨁꨯꨤꨲပꨯꨤꨳꨀꨮဳ ꨲတꨤင္ꨲတီꨳသီꨲလꨰꨓ္ꨀူꨉ္းယဝ္ꨵ’’ တꨰမ္ꨳဝꨯꨵꨓင္ꨲꨓꨯ။

[To suppress opium…without replacing it by a crop relatively valuable to its bulk…would be to reduce the people to the level of were subsistence on what they could produce for food and were themselves out r force them to migrate …John S. Clague.]

ꨀ်ပꨓ္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨳ 1942-1945

ꨓ္ꨮးပီꨶ 1939 ꨓꨯꨵသုိꨀ္းꨀမ္ꨕဳꨲပြꨀ္ꨳသြင္ꨀူိတ္ꨲꨁိုꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္မဳးယဝ္ꨵ။

မူိဝ္ꨳဝꨓ္းထိ 20/04/1942 ꨓꨓ္ꨵ တပ္ꨵသုိꨀ္းꨀ်ပꨓ္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨬတꨲတုိꨀ္းလုိပ္ꨳေꨟဳꨳꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတꨳ္ ေသꨁဝ္ꨳမဳးသိမ္းမူိင္းတꨯး။

မူိင္းတꨯးေꨀဳꨳꨡိင္ꨓူိဝ္လꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္မꨟဳမိတ္ꨵꨡူꨉ္းလီꨀꨓ္တင္းꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတꨳ္ဝꨯꨵပူိင္ဳ ံ။ တꨤင္းꨘꨯꨤမꨟဳ မိတ္ꨵꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတꨳ္ မꨟဳမိတ္ꨵꨁဝ္ေꨀဳꨳမꨀ္းမꨓ္ꨳꨟပ္ꨵꨟြင္းပꨓ္ꨟꨰင္းသုꨓ္ꨲလꨯꨳတꨰပ္းတတ္းꨟင္းေꨁဳ (RIGHT OF SELF DETERMINATION) ꨁြင္ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းꨀူꨳမူိင္းမူိင္းꨀမ္ꨲꨕဳꨲေꨀဳꨳပူိင္ဳ ံꨬလꨳꨅင္ꨲ လꨯꨳယူꨲꨘꨯꨤꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတꨳ္ေသတုိꨀ္းေတဳးꨀ်ပꨓ္ꨲꨁိုꨓ္း။

ထုိင္မဳးမူိဝ္ꨳဝꨓ္းထိ 20.03.1945 ꨅင္ꨲထုိင္တီꨳလုိပ္ꨳေꨟဳꨳꨀ်ပꨓ္ꨲꨡြꨀ္ꨲမူိင္းတꨯးလꨯꨳယဝ္ꨵ။

ေꨁဳꨳထꨤမ္ (1) ꨁူဝ္ꨲလူဝ္ꨲꨓီꨲတင္းမူိင္းတ္ꨮꨳꨟူမ္ꨲလူမ္းꨓꨯꨵ ပꨰꨀ္ꨲပူိင္ꨳꨀꨓ္ꨅူိင္ꨵꨟုိဝ္?။

(2) မူိင္းတꨯးယူꨲတ္ꨮꨳꨟူမ္ꨲလူမ္ꨳꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ မီးꨕြꨓ္းလီလꨯꨳꨅꨤမ္ꨲပူꨉ္ꨳသင္?၊ သမ္ꨵမီး ꨕြင္းꨅဳꨵလုသုမ္းသင္လꨯꨤလꨯꨤ?။

(3) ꨀꨱဝ္ꨲလꨉူ္ꨳယဳꨳမဝ္းꨀမ္ꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းတꨯးꨓꨯꨵ ထုꨀ္ꨲလီꨬꨀꨳလိတ္ꨳꨅူိင္ꨵꨟိုဝ္ꨅင္ꨲေတꨕꨱဝ္ꨳမူꨉ္ꨵ လꨯꨳ?။

(4) သုꨓ္ꨲလꨯꨳတꨰပ္းတတ္းꨟင္းေꨁဳꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨅူိင္ꨵꨟုိင္?၊ မူိင္းတꨯးမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁဝ္ꨓꨯꨵ ꨅြင္ꨲထုꨀ္ꨲလꨯꨳမီးသုꨓ္ꨲလꨯꨳꨡꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵ?။

ꨀꨓ္ ပꨱတ္ꨲ

ပꨤင္လူင္ ꨬလꨳ ꨀြꨓ္းေꨁဳ

(ꨀ) ပꨤင္လူင္

1945 ꨓꨯꨵꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတ္ꨳꨁဝ္ေပꨵသုိꨀ္းေသꨁုိꨓ္းꨁဝ္ꨳမဳးꨓ္ꨮးမꨤꨓ္ꨳမိူင္းတꨯး။ ꨡိင္ꨓူိဝ္မꨟဳမိတ္ꨵ ꨁဝ္ ပꨓ္ꨀြꨤမ္းမꨓ္ꨳဝꨯꨵဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ေတပꨓ္သုꨓ္ꨲလꨯꨳတꨰပ္းတတ္းꨟင္းေꨁဳ’’ꨓꨯꨬလꨳ 1946 ꨓꨯꨵတꨤင္းꨘꨯꨤꨲ ꨕူꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨟူဝ္မူိင္းတꨯးꨁဝ္ လꨯꨳမဳးꨁြꨓ္ꨳတုမ္ꨀꨓ္တီꨳဝꨱင္းပꨤင္လူင္ တြꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲေတမဳးꨁူꨓ္ꨵꨁꨯꨳတꨰပ္း တတ္းလြင္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ။

ထုိင္မဳး 1947 ꨓꨓ္ꨵ တꨤင္းꨘꨯꨤꨲꨕူꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨟူဝ္မꨤꨓ္ꨳꨡူးꨡြင္ꨲသꨤꨓ္းေꨀဳꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳမဳးꨁဝ္ꨳပꨤင္လူင္ ꨀုမ္ꨅြမ္းေသꨕြမ္ꨵလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮꨀꨓ္ဝဳꨳ-

(1) ေပဳးဝဳꨳမိူင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္းတꨯးꨟူမ္ꨳꨟြမ္းꨀꨓ္ꨅုိင္ ယုမ္ꨲယမ္ဝဳꨳေတꨅꨱဝ္းလꨯꨳꨀြꨓ္းေꨁဳ။

(2) မိူင္းꨕ္ꨮ မူိင္းမꨓ္း တꨀ္းလꨯꨳမီး လြင္ꨳꨡုပ္ꨵပူိင္ꨲꨕြင္းငမ္း ꨟင္းေꨁဳꨳတꨱမ္ထူꨓ္ꨳ (FULL AUTONOMY) ။

(3) ေတမီးတီꨲမူဝ္ꨲꨁေရꨲသီꨲꨬလꨳသုꨓ္ꨲလꨯꨳꨀူꨓ္း။

(4) မိူင္းတꨯးေတမီးလြင္ꨳထꨤင္ꨲꨟꨤင္ꨳ - ꨀꨱဝ္ꨲလူꨉ္ꨳꨀꨤꨓ္ငုိꨓ္းတြင္း (FINANCIAL AUTONO-MY) မူိꨓ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ။

ꨟꨱတ္းꨓꨓ္ေသꨕူꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨟူဝ္ꨕူꨳတꨤင္တူဝ္မူိင္းတꨯး၊ မိူင္းꨁꨤင္၊ မူိင္းꨁ်ꨤင္း၊ မူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁဝ္ꨅင္ꨲ လꨯꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္လူင္းလꨯးမုိဝ္း ‘‘လိꨀ္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨳမꨯꨤပꨤင္လူင္’’မိူဝ္ꨳဝꨓ္းထိ 12.02.1947 ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨀꨮဳꨲလီငꨤမ္း။

ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ လꨯꨳမဳးꨟူမ္ꨳꨟြမ္းꨀꨓ္တုိတ္ꨵꨅꨓ္မꨯꨤမီꨳꨅုိင္ꨳမိူင္းꨟူမ္ꨳတုမ္ယဝ္ꨵတူဝ္ꨳမူိဝ္ꨳဝꨓ္းထိ 12.09.1947။ ꨓ္ꨮးမꨯꨤမီꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵမီးေꨁဳꨳမꨯꨤꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းꨡꨓ္ꨁဝ္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨳꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းꨟူမ္ꨳတုမ္ ꨓꨯꨵ မီသုꨓ္ꨲလꨯꨳတꨰပ္းတတ္းꨟင္းေꨁဳ’’ꨓꨓ္ယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨡꨓ္ꨀပ္းꨀꨯꨤꨲလြင္ꨳꨁုိꨀ္ꨵယ္ꨮꨲလမ္ꨲလြင္ꨳလူင္သြင္လြင္ꨳ - ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္

(1) ꨡꨓ္ꨕြမ္ꨵလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮꨀꨓ္လူင္းလꨯꨤးမုိဝ္းမူိဝ္ꨳ 12.02.1947 ꨬလꨳ

(2) ꨟူဝ္ေꨁဳꨳမꨯꨤ 10 ꨓ္ꨮးမꨯꨤမီꨳꨅုိင္ꨳမူိင္းꨟူမ္ꨳတုမ္ (24.09.1947) ꨓꨯꨵ ꨟူမ္ꨳꨀုိꨀ္းꨀꨓ္ꨟြင္ꨵꨡဝ္ ငꨯꨤꨳ ငꨯꨤꨳဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ေꨁဳꨳလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮပꨤင္လူင္’’ꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨀြပ္ꨳပိူဝ္ꨳမီး ‘‘ေꨁဳꨳလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮပꨤင္လူင္’’ꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲမီးမဳး ‘ꨅုိင္ꨳမူိင္းꨟူမ္ꨳတုမ္’။ သင္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵဝဳꨳꨡမ္ꨲမီး ေꨁဳꨳလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨯꨵေꨀဳꨳ ‘တိုꨓ္းေတꨡမ္ꨲမီးလꨯꨳꨅုိင္ꨳမူိင္းꨟူမ္ꨳတုမ္’။

ꨕူꨳလ္ꨮꨟူꨵꨟꨓ္ဝူꨓ္ꨵထုိင္သူိꨀ္ꨳပုိꨓ္းꨀဝ္ꨲေꨀဳꨳေတပြင္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨀꨓ္ယူꨲ။

ꨟꨱတ္းꨓꨓ္ေသထုိင္မဳးမိူဝ္ꨳဝꨓ္းထိ 04.01.1948 ꨓꨓ္ꨵမိူင္းတꨯးမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳလꨯꨳꨟူမ္ꨳꨀꨓ္ꨡဝ္ လꨯꨳ‘ꨀြꨓ္းေꨁဳ’တꨳီꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတ္ꨳမဳးယဝ္ꨵ။

(ꨁ) ꨀြꨓ္းေꨁဳ

ဝꨯꨤးꨀြꨓ္းေꨁဳယဝ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ တဳꨲေတꨟꨀ္ꨵသဳထိင္းသိမ္းဝꨯꨵꨟꨮ္ꨳꨅုိင္ꨳမူိင္းꨟူမ္ꨳတုမ္ေပဳးꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္သဝ္း ꨓိမ္မꨓ္ꨳꨀိုမ္း ꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨯꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨳꨀꨤꨓ္ငꨯꨤꨳငꨰမ္ꨳ။

ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳꨓင္ꨲꨟိုဝ္ꨅုိင္ꨳမူိင္းꨟူမ္ꨳတုမ္ေပဳးေတꨡမ္ꨲလုꨡမ္ꨲလꨰဝ္ꨡမ္ꨲတꨰꨀ္ꨲꨡမ္ꨲယꨯꨤꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨕူꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨟူဝ္မူိင္းတꨯးꨟဝ္းေꨀဳꨳ လꨯꨳꨟူမ္ꨳမိုဝ္းꨀꨓ္တင္းꨀူꨳꨘꨯꨤꨲꨘꨯꨤꨲေသ ꨁတ္းꨅ္ꨮꨁုိင္ပြင္မဳး(ꨓင္ꨲꨀဳꨳ ꨡꨓ္ဝူꨓ္ꨵလိုꨀ္ꨵတꨉူ္းယꨤဝ္းꨟꨓ္ꨀꨯယူိꨓ္ꨵꨀꨓ္ꨳလꨯꨳ)ꨡမ္လူိဝ္ေသ ꨀူꨓ္းꨓြꨀ္ꨳမူိင္းꨁဝ္ေပဳးလꨯꨳ ꨟပ္ꨵꨟꨓ္မꨀ္းမꨓ္ꨳဝꨯꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

တူဝ္ယꨤင္ꨲတꨳီတꨰꨀ္ꨳမꨓ္းꨡꨓ္ꨟꨓ္လꨯꨳငꨯꨤꨳငꨯꨤꨳꨓꨯꨵ၊ ꨡꨓ္ယꨤင္းꨕူိꨀ္ꨲꨁဝ္လုꨀ္ꨵꨕိုꨓ္ꨵမူိဝ္ꨳ 1949 ေသေပဳးငဳေတသိမ္းလꨯꨳယꨓ္ꨲꨀုင္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ မူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ တꨤင္းမူိင္းတꨯးလꨯꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨡဝ္ သုိꨀ္း မူိင္းတꨯးꨡိꨀ္ꨲသုိꨀ္းꨁꨤင္ - ꨁ်ꨤင္းꨁဝ္ မဳးတုိꨀ္းꨅြꨯꨳꨡဝ္ꨁ္ုိꨓ္းꨬလꨳ ꨅုိင္ꨳမူိင္းꨟူမ္ꨳတုမ္ေꨀဳꨳ ꨅင္ꨲ ေပဳးလꨯꨳမꨓ္ꨳꨀုိမ္းမဳးꨟꨤꨓ္ꨵေတဳꨲဝꨓ္ꨳမူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ။

ꨓ္ꨮးပပ္ꨵꨡꨓ္ꨅုိဝ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ပြꨀ္ꨳဝꨯꨤꨲꨅူးꨁုိꨓ္ꨳမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳ’’ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတꨳ္ꨕူꨳလꨱပ္ꨳꨟꨱꨓ္းတꨰမ္ꨳ ဝꨯꨵဝဳꨳ - ‘‘လြင္ꨳꨀမ္ꨵထꨰမ္ꨁြင္တꨯးꨓꨯꨵ ꨁိုꨀ္ꨵꨁမ္ꨲလမ္ꨲလြင္ꨳꨬတꨵꨬတꨵ။ ꨀြပ္ꨳဝဳꨳꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳမူိင္းꨓြꨀ္ꨳꨁဝ္

မꨓ္ꨳꨅ္ꨮတမ္းꨅ္ꨮꨓူိဝ္ လူင္ပြင္ꨳꨅုိင္ꨳမꨤꨓ္ꨳေသ ꨅြꨯꨳထꨰမ္မဳးꨀူꨳꨘꨯꨤꨲꨘꨯꨤꨲꨡမ္ꨲꨀဳး ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳတꨤင္ꨲ ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨁိူဝ္း - ꨁꨤင္၊ ယꨤင္းလꨰင္ꨁဝ္ေꨀဳꨳꨀမ္ꨵထꨰမ္မဳးꨅြမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ’’

("Shan support was crucial for the government strengthening the AFPFL's external legitimacy enabling it to obtain foreign support". The Shan support was invaluable in that they can deliver not only the loyalty of the Shan, but by their example, that of the Kachins, Chins and Karennis also".)

[Bernard Fergusson, Return to Burma.]

ဝꨯꨤးေသꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ ꨡိင္ꨓူိဝ္‘ေꨁဳꨳလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮပꨤင္လူင္’မီးဝꨯꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬလꨳ ꨟူဝ္ပဝ္ꨳလူင္‘ꨁြင္ꨲသီꨲ ꨅုိင္ꨳ တꨯး’ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨁꨱဝ္ လꨯꨳပိုꨓ္ꨕꨤဝ္ꨲမဳးဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵတင္းလꨯꨤ တꨰပ္းတတ္းလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮ တဳꨲေတ ပူတ္းꨕဳꨳꨡဳꨲꨓဳꨲ’’။

ꨡိင္ꨓူိဝ္ေꨁဳꨳတꨰပ္းတတ္းမီꨳဝꨯꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵတင္းလꨯꨤလင္ꨲꨁုိꨓ္းလꨯꨳꨀုမ္ꨀꨓ္ထꨰင္ꨳတီꨳဝꨱင္း တြင္ꨲꨀ်ီး မူိဝ္ꨳဝꨓ္းထိ 24.04.1949 ေသလူင္းလꨯꨤးမိုဝ္းဝဳꨳ - ‘‘တြꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲꨕြꨓ္းပꨤင္ꨳꨡꨓ္ တြꨓ္းꨓဳꨳꨬလꨳ ꨡꨓ္လီလူိဝ္သုတ္းပုꨓ္ꨳꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းတꨯးꨓꨓ္ꨵ - လꨯꨳꨓြပ္ꨲဝꨤင္းမြပ္ꨳꨡဳꨲꨓဳꨲလူင္ ပြင္ꨅုိင္ꨳမိူင္းတꨯးယူꨲ’’ - ꨓꨯꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨁြတ္ꨲယြတ္ꨳ

ꨅုိင္ꨳတꨯးတင္းꨅုိင္ꨳမꨤꨓ္ꨳလꨯꨳꨀြꨓ္းေꨁဳꨟူမ္ꨳꨀꨓ္မဳးေꨀဳꨳꨅမ္ 50 ပီꨶယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳလြင္ꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳ ယ္ꨮꨲမꨤꨀ္ꨳမီးလီပꨱ္ꨓ (PROGRESS & PROSPERITY) ꨬလꨳသင္၊ လြင္ꨳꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္သူိဝ္းသဳꨲ (PEACE & HAPPINESS) ꨬလꨳသင္၊ လြင္ꨳထꨤင္ꨲꨟꨤင္ꨳ (FREEDOM) ꨬလꨳသင္၊ ꨓင္ꨲꨡꨓ္ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းတꨯးမုင္ꨳမြင္းꨅ္ꨮယ္ꨮꨲဝꨯꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵ တုိꨀ္ꨵမီးလြင္ꨳယူပ္ꨳယြမ္းယူꨲတင္းꨓမ္။

ꨓင္ꨲꨟုိဝ္ေတတꨱမ္ထူꨓ္ꨳမဳးꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅမ္ꨵ - မီးတီꨳꨟဝ္ꨳꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းလꨯြမူိင္းတꨯးတင္းသꨱင္ꨳꨀြတ္ꨲေꨁဳꨳ သꨤꨓ္မိုဝ္းꨀꨓ္ေသ ပူꨀ္းတင္ꨳလြင္ꨳꨕြမ္ꨵသꨱင္ပꨱင္းပꨤꨀ္ꨲꨀꨓ္၊ ꨕြမ္ꨵꨀꨓ္ယူꨲတ္ꨮꨳမꨯꨤမီꨳꨡꨓ္လꨱဝ္၊ ꨕြမ္ꨵꨀꨓ္ꨁုိင္ပြင္ꨓမ္ꨵꨀတ္ꨵတꨤင္းꨁꨰꨓ္ꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳꨁိုတ္းꨀꨤပ္ꨳꨁုိတ္းပꨤꨓ္ဝꨯးꨁꨓ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ေပဳးꨓꨓ္ꨅင္ꨲ လြင္ꨳထꨤင္ꨲꨟꨤင္ꨳꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳယ္ꨮꨲꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨯꨵꨡမ္ꨲတꨤပ္ꨳလꨯꨳတုꨀ္းယြꨓ္း ေꨁဳပြꨓ္းတီꨳလ္ꨮ၊ ꨟူꨵꨀဳꨳေတမဳးထုိင္ယူꨲဝꨓ္းဳ ံꨅဝ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨵꨡမ္ꨲꨟꨤင္ꨵ။

ေꨁဳꨳထꨤမ္

(1) ‘လိꨀ္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨳမꨯꨤပꨤင္လူင္’’ꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨯꨵ ေꨁဳꨳလမ္ꨲလြင္ꨳမꨓ္းမီးသင္လꨯꨤလꨯꨤ?။

(2) မုိဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵဝꨓ္းꨓꨯꨵ ေပဳးထတ္းသꨤင္တူꨉ္း၊ ꨅြင္ꨲမꨓ္းမီးလြင္ꨳတꨱမ္ထူꨓ္ꨳ ပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္းမူိꨓ္ ꨓင္ꨲꨡꨓ္လꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮꨀꨓ္ဝꨯꨵ?။

(3) ꨓင္ꨲꨟုိဝ္ꨅုိင္ꨳမူိင္းꨟူမ္ꨳတုမ္ေတꨡမ္ꨲလုလꨰဝ္တꨰꨀ္ꨲယꨤꨯꨳꨓꨯꨵ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းတꨯးယꨤမ္ꨳꨁဝ္ꨳပဳးꨅြꨯꨳ ထꨰမ္မဳးꨅူိင္ꨵꨟုိဝ္?၊ ꨓင္ꨲꨡꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲꨟူꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵꨁꨯꨳꨬꨓꨡိတ္းဳ ံ။

(4) ꨀꨱဝ္ꨲလꨉူ္ꨳလြင္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵꨟဝ္းꨁဝ္ ေပဳးလꨯꨳပူတ္းꨕဳꨳꨡဳꨲꨓဳꨲꨀꨮဳ ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨕြꨓ္းလီꨕြꨓ္းꨅဳꨵ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲ ꨟꨓ္ထုိင္ꨅူိင္ꨵꨟုိဝ္?။

(5) တဳꨲꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းတꨯးေပဳးေတလꨱဝ္ꨳလꨯꨳလြင္ꨳထꨤင္ꨲꨟꨤင္ꨳꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္ꨬလꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳသင္ꨵꨀꨮဳꨲ ဝꨯးဝꨯး ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲဝဳꨳထုꨀ္ꨲလꨯꨳꨁုိင္ပြင္ꨅူိင္ꨵꨟုိဝ္?။

THE PANGLONG AGREEMENT

Dated Panglong, the 12th.

February 1947.

THE PANGLONG AGREEMENT, 1947.

A conference having been at Panglong, attended by certain Members of the Executive Council of the Government of Burma, all Saophas and representatives of the Shan States, the Kachin Hills and the Chin Hills.

The Members of the Conference, believing that freedom will be more speedily achieve by the Shans, the Kachins and the Chins by their immediate co-operation with the Interim Burmese Government.

The Members of the conference have accordingly, and without dissentients, agreed as follows:-

1. A representative of the Hill Peoples, selected by the Governor on the recommendation of representative of the Supreme Counci of the United Hill Peoples (SCOUHP), shall be appointed a Counsellor to the Governor to deal with the Frontier Areas.

2. The said Counsellor shall also be appointed a Member of the Governor's Executive Council, without portfolio, and the subject of Frontier Areas brought within the purview of the Executive Council by Constitutional Convention as in the case of Defence and External Affairs. The Counsellor for Frontier Areas shall be given executive authority by similar means.

3. The said Counsellor shall be assisted by two Deputy Counsellors representative races of which he is not a member. While the two Deputy Counsellors should deal in the first instance with the affairs of their respective areas and the Counsellor with all the remaining parts of the Frontier Areas, they should by Constitutional Convention act on the principle of joint responsibility.

4. While the Counsellor, in his capacity of Member of the Executive Council, will be the only representative of the Frontier Areas on the Council, the Deputy Counsellors shall be entitled to attend meetings of the Council when subjects pertaining to the Frontier Areas are disscussed.

5. Though the Governor's Executive Council will be augmented as agreed abve, it will not operate in respect of the Frontier Areas in many manner which would deprive any portion of these Areas of the authority which it now enjoys in internal administration. Full autonomy in internal administr –ation for the Frontier Areas is accepted in principle.

6. Though the question of demarcating and estabishing a separate Kachin State within a United Burma is one which must be relegated for decision by the Constiuent Assembly, it is agreed that such a State is desirable. As a first step towards this end, the Counsellor for Frontier Areas and the Deputy Myitkyina and the Bhamo District as are Part II Scheduled Areas under the Government of Burma Act of 1935.

7. Citizens of the Frontier Areas shall enjoy rights and privileges which are regarded as fundamental in democratic countries.

8. The arrangements accepted in this Agreement are without prejudice to the financial autonomy now vested in the Federated Shan States.

9. The arrangements accepted in this Agreements are without prejudice to the financial assistance which the Kachin Hills and the Chin Hills are entitled to receive from the revenues of Burma, and the Executive Council will examine with the Frontier Areas Counsellor and Deputy Counsellors the feasibility of adopting for the Kachin Hills and the Chin Hills financial arragements similar to those between Burma and the Federated Shan States.

Shan Committee

Sd. Hkun Pan Sein

(Saohpalong of Tawngpeng State.)

Sd. Sao Shwe Thaike

(Saohpalong of Yawnghwe State.)

Sd. Sao Hom Hpa

(Saohpalong of North Hsenwi State.)

Sd. Sao Num

(Saohpalong of Laihka State.)

Sd. Sao Sam Htun

(Saohpalong of Mongpawn State.)

Sd. Sao Htun E

(Saohpalong of Hsamonghkam State.)

Sd. U Hpyu

(Representative of Hsahtung Saohpalong.)

Sd. Hkun Pung

Sd. U Tin E

Sd. U Kya Bu

Sd. Sao Yape Hpa

Sd. U Htun Myint

Sd. Hkun Saw

Sd. Hkun Htee

Kachin Committee

Sd. Sinwa Naw, Myitkyina

Sd. Zau Rip, Myitkyina

Sd. Dinra Tang, Myitkyina

Sd. Zau Lawn, Bhamo

Sd. Labang Grong, Bhamo

Chin Committee

Sd. Hlur Hmung, ATM, IDSM, B.E.M., Falam

Sd. Thawng Za Hkup, ATM, Tiddim

Sd. Kio Mang, ATM, Haka

Burmese Government

Sd. Aung San

(U Aung San)

12/2/47

လိꨀ္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨳမꨯꨤပꨤင္လူင္ 1947

လꨯꨳꨁပ္းꨟꨰꨓ္းꨟꨱတ္းသꨤင္ꨳပꨤင္ꨀုမ္တီꨳဝꨱင္းပꨤင္လူင္ေသ၊ ꨕူꨳꨁဝ္ꨳပဳး ꨓ္ꨮးꨁြင္ꨲသီꨲ ပြင္ ꨀꨤꨓ္ꨕူꨳꨡုပ္ꨵပိူင္ꨲမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀမ္ꨳꨕြင္ꨳꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵတင္းသꨱင္ꨳꨡိꨀ္ꨲ ꨕူꨳတꨤင္တူဝ္မူိင္းတꨯး၊ မူိင္းꨁꨤင္၊ မိူင္းꨁ်ꨤင္းꨁဝ္ မဳးꨁုိꨓ္ꨳꨟြတ္ꨳ။

ꨕူꨳꨅူိဝ္းꨁဝ္ꨳပဳးꨓ္ꨮးပꨤင္ꨀုမ္ꨓꨯꨵ ယုမ္ꨲယမ္ဝဳꨳတြꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲတꨯး၊ ꨁꨤင္၊ ꨁ်ꨤင္း ေတလꨱဝ္းလꨯꨳ လြင္ꨳလြတ္ꨳလꨱဝ္းꨁꨓ္ꨁꨓ္ဝꨯးဝꨯးꨓꨓ္ꨵ ထုꨀ္ꨲလꨯꨳꨟူမ္ꨳꨟြမ္းသꨤꨓ္မုိဝ္းꨅြမ္း လူင္ပြင္ꨅုိင္ꨳမꨤꨓ္ꨳ (တတ္းꨀꨤင္)ꨅူဝ္ꨳꨁꨤဝ္းꨓꨯꨬလꨳ-။

ꨡမ္ꨲမီးꨕူꨳꨁတ္းꨁꨮꨤင္ေသ၊ ꨅုမ္းꨕူꨳꨁဝ္ꨳပဳး ꨓ္ꨮးပꨤင္ꨀုမ္လူင္ꨓꨯꨵ တꨀူ္းလူင္းꨕြမ္ꨵလꨯꨳ ꨅ္ꨮꨀꨓ္ꨅြမ္းꨓင္ꨲပဳꨳတ္ꨮꨳꨓꨯꨵ။

1ꨵ ꨕူꨳꨡုပ္ꨵပိူင္ꨲ Governor ေတလꨯꨳလူိꨀ္ꨳꨡဝ္ ꨕူꨳတꨤင္တူဝ္မူိင္းသꨓ္လြꨯေꨀဳꨵဳ ံ ꨡꨓ္ꨕူꨳတꨤင္တူဝ္ ‘‘ꨁြင္ꨲသီꨲသုင္သုတ္း ꨁြင္ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းသꨓ္လြꨯꨕြမ္ꨵꨟူမ္ꨳ’’ SUPREME COUNCIL OF THE UNITED HILL PEOPLES (SCOUHP) လꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮꨀမ္ꨵထꨰမ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵေသ တꨰင္ꨲတင္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္တူိင္ꨲပꨤင္ꨲ (COUNSELLOR)တီꨳꨕူꨳꨡုပ္ꨵပိူင္ꨲ၊ တဳꨲေတꨟꨱတ္းသꨤင္ꨳꨀꨤꨓ္ ငꨤꨓ္းꨀꨱဝ္ꨲလꨉူ္ꨳꨓဳꨳတꨳီလꨰꨓ္လိꨓ္ (FRONTIER AREAS)။

2ꨵ ေတလꨯꨳꨡဝ္ꨁုꨓ္တူိင္ꨲပꨤင္ꨲေꨀဳꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵ တꨰင္ꨲတင္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨕူꨳꨁဝ္ꨳပဳး [ꨡꨓ္ꨡမ္ꨲမီး ပုꨓ္ꨳꨕြꨓ္းတꨯꨤတူဝ္]‘‘ꨓ္ꨮးꨁြင္ꨲသီꨲပြင္ꨀꨤꨓ္ꨡုပ္ꨵပိူင္ꨲေသယဝ္ꨵ၊ ꨀꨤꨓ္ငꨤꨓ္းꨀꨱဝ္လꨉ္ꨳ ꨓဳꨳတꨳီ လꨰꨓ္လိꨓ္ မူိꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲꨀꨤꨓ္ꨀꨰတ္ꨲꨬꨁ၊ ꨀꨤꨓ္ꨓြꨀ္ꨳမူိင္းꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ ꨟꨮ္ꨳပꨤင္ꨀုမ္မꨯꨤမီꨳꨕြင္းငမ္းꨅုိင္ꨳ မူိင္းယုိꨓ္ꨳမꨰင္ꨲတမ္းဝꨤင္းပꨓ္ ꨓ္ꨮးတူင္ꨲပꨤင္ꨲ ꨓဳꨳတီꨳလꨰꨓ္လိꨓ္’ ꨅြမ္းꨓင္ꨲ လြꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤးမꨯꨤမီး။

3ꨵ ꨁုꨓ္တူိင္ꨲပꨤင္ꨲေတလꨯꨳမီး ꨀꨰမ္ꨁုꨓ္တူိင္ꨲပꨤင္ꨲ 2 ꨡꨓ္ꨡမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨳꨅꨤဝ္ꨳꨁူိဝ္းတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ၊ ꨡꨓ္တꨤင္တူဝ္ꨅꨤဝ္ꨳꨁိူဝ္းꨁဝ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵ 2 ေꨀဳꨵ။ ꨀꨰမ္ꨁုꨓ္တူိင္ꨲပꨤင္ꨲ 2 ေꨀဳꨵေတလꨯꨳꨟꨱတ္းသꨤင္ꨳ ꨀꨤꨓ္ငꨤꨓ္းꨀꨱဝ္ꨲလꨉူ္ꨳꨓဳꨳတီꨳꨁြငꨕ္္ꨮမꨓ္းꨀမ္းသုိဝ္ꨳ၊ ꨁုꨓ္တူိင္ꨲပꨤင္ꨲလူင္သမ္ꨵꨟꨱတ္းꨀꨤꨓ္ꨀꨱဝ္ꨲ လူꨉ္ꨳꨓဳꨳတꨳီလꨰꨓ္လိꨓ္ꨡꨓ္ꨀုိတ္းꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵတင္းသꨱင္ꨳ၊ ꨡိင္ꨓူိဝ္ပꨤင္ꨀုမ္မꨯꨤမီꨳꨕြင္ꨳငမ္း ꨅုိင္ꨳမူိင္းေသꨁဝ္တင္းသꨱင္ꨳ ေတလꨯꨳတူင္ꨵꨓုိင္ꨓူိဝ္မူꨲပိူင္လြင္ꨳꨕြမ္ꨵꨟူမ္ꨳꨟြင္းꨟပ္ꨵꨟꨤပ္ꨲꨡဝ္ ပုꨓ္ꨳꨕြꨓ္း။

4ꨵ ꨁုꨓ္တူိင္ꨲပꨤင္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨀြပ္ꨳပိူဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨕူꨳꨁဝ္ꨳပဳး ꨕ္ꨮးꨁြင္ꨲသီꨲ ပြင္ꨀꨤꨓ္ဝꨯꨵꨬလꨳ မꨓ္း ေတလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ ꨀူꨓ္းလူင္ꨕူꨳတꨤင္တူဝ္ ꨓဳꨳတီꨳလꨰꨓ္လိꨓ္ ꨡꨓ္ပဳးꨓ္ꨮးꨁြင္ꨲသီꨲ ေꨀဳꨵလꨱဝ္ꨀူꨉ္း ေသတဳꨵေꨀဳꨳ၊ ေပဳးဝဳꨳꨁြင္ꨲသီꨲပြင္ꨀꨤꨓ္ꨟꨱတ္းသꨤင္ပꨤင္ꨀုမ္တဳꨲꨡုပ္ꨲꨡူဝ္းလြင္ꨳꨓဳꨳꨀꨤꨓ္ ꨀပ္းꨀꨯꨤ ꨓဳꨳတီꨳလꨰꨓ္လိꨓ္ ꨀꨰမ္ꨁုꨓ္တူိင္ꨲပꨤင္ꨲသြင္ေꨀဳꨵေꨀဳꨳထုꨀ္ꨲလꨯꨳꨁုိꨓ္းပꨤင္ꨀုမ္ꨅြမ္ꨳယူꨲ။

5ꨵ ꨁြင္ꨲသီꨲ ꨀꨤꨓ္ꨡုပ္ꨵပူိင္ꨲꨓꨯꨵ ေတꨬမꨲꨁꨮꨤꨀ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨅြမ္းꨓင္ꨲေꨁဳꨳလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮပဳꨳꨓူိဝ္ꨅူိဝ္း ꨓꨓ္ꨵေသတဳꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨀꨤꨓ္ေတꨅꨤင္ꨳတုမ္ꨵတူိဝ္ꨵေတဳꨲလြင္ꨳသꨓု္ꨲလꨯꨳꨟင္းေꨁဳ တꨳီေꨅꨶမူိင္းမီး သုꨓ္လꨯꨳꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨬလꨳေတဳꨲꨓ္ꨮးꨓဳꨳတီꨳလꨰꨓ္လိꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ေတꨡမ္ꨲꨟꨱတ္းသင္ေသ သမ္ꨲေသပူိင္ေသပြတ္းေသတြꨓ္ꨳ။ ꨀꨱဝ္ꨲလူꨉ္ꨳꨀꨤꨓ္ꨕြင္းငမ္းꨓ္ꨮမူိင္းꨓဳꨳတꨳီလꨰꨓ္လိꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္း ꨓꨯꨵ ေတလꨯꨳမီးလြင္ꨳထꨤင္ꨲꨟꨤင္ꨳ လြတ္ꨳလꨰဝ္း တꨱမ္ထူꨓ္ꨳယူꨲ ꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨟပ္ꨵတုင္းဝꨯꨵꨅြမ္း လူꨉ္ꨳမူꨲ ပူိင္လꨀ္းꨀꨤꨓ္။

6ꨵ ပိꨀ္ꨵသမ္ꨵဝဳꨳ လြင္ꨳတဳꨲေတမꨀ္းမꨯꨤꨓဳꨳတီꨳ ꨁꨤင္ ပꨱꨓ္ေꨅꨶမူိင္းꨟင္းꨀူꨉ္း ꨓ္ꨮးမိူင္း ꨟူမ္ꨳတုမ္မူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨀꨤꨓ္တဳꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳပꨤင္ꨀုမ္ ‘ꨟူင္း သꨗဳး’တုိတ္ꨵꨅꨓ္ မꨯꨤမီꨳꨅုိင္ꨳမူိင္း တꨰပ္းတတ္းပꨓ္ေသတဳꨵေꨀဳꨳ၊ ေꨅꨶမူိင္းꨁꨤင္ꨓꨯꨵထုꨀ္ꨲလီꨳမီးယူꨲꨓꨯ ꨕြမ္ꨵလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮꨀꨓ္ယဝ္ꨵ။ တဳꨲေတယꨤင္ꨳꨅူးယူိင္းမꨯꨤꨓꨯꨵ၊ ꨁꨀ္ꨵထိꨓုိင္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ လူဝ္ꨲလꨯꨳꨡုပ္ꨲꨡူဝ္း ꨁုꨓ္တူိင္ꨲပꨤင္ꨲꨬလꨳ ꨀꨰမ္ꨁုꨓ္တူိင္ꨲပꨤင္ꨲ ꨓဳꨳတီꨳလꨰꨓ္လိꨓ္ꨁဝ္ ꨀꨱဝ္ꨲလူꨉ္ꨳ ꨀꨤꨓ္ꨕြင္းငမ္းꨓဳꨳတီꨳမ်ိတ္ꨵꨀ်ီးꨓဳး ꨡိꨀ္ꨲတင္းဝꨤꨓ္ꨳေမဳꨲ ꨡꨓ္မꨯꨤမီꨳလူင္ပြင္ꨅုိင္ꨳမိူင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳ (GOVERNMENT OF BURMA ACT OF 1935) မꨀ္ꨳမꨯꨤပꨱꨓ္ဝꨯꨵꨓဳꨳတီꨳပြတ္းတြꨓ္ꨳသြင္ (PART II SCHEDULED AREAS) ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ယူꨲ။

7ꨵ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းꨓ္ꨮးတီꨳလꨰꨓ္လိꨓ္တင္းသꨱင္ေတလꨯꨳမီးသုꨓ္ꨲလꨯꨳလြင္ꨳထꨤင္ꨲꨟꨤင္ꨳꨬလꨳ ꨅꨤမ္ꨲပူꨉ္ꨳꨕြꨓ္းလီပꨯꨤးမူိင္း ꨡꨓ္မူိင္းတီꨲမူဝ္ꨲꨁေရꨲသီꨲꨁဝ္ မꨀ္းမꨓ္ꨳဝꨯꨵဝဳꨳ ပꨱꨓ္သုꨓ္ꨲလꨯꨳငဝ္ꨳ ပုိꨓ္ꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵယူꨲ။

8ꨵ လြင္ꨳလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮလိꨀ္းꨟူမ္ꨳမꨯꨤꨓꨯꨵ တꨀ္းꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳမီးလြင္ꨳတုမ္ꨵတူိဝ္ꨵသꨓု္ꨲလꨯꨳꨀꨤꨓ္မꨤꨀ္ꨳ မီးꨟင္းေꨁဳ ꨡꨓ္မီးဝꨯꨵꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းꨟူမ္ꨳတုမ္ꨅုိင္ꨳတꨯး (FEDERATED SHAN STATES) မူိဝ္ꨳလꨱဝ္။

9ꨵ ꨁပ္ꨵမꨯꨤလြင္ꨳလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮ ꨓ္ꨮးလိꨀ္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨳမꨯꨤꨓꨯꨵ ေတꨡမ္ꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳလꨯꨳတုမ္ꨵတူိဝ္ꨵ တꨤင္းꨅꨯြꨳ ထꨰမ္ꨘꨯꨤꨲမꨤꨀ္ꨳမီး ꨡꨓ္ꨓဳꨳတီꨳꨁꨤင္ꨬလꨳꨁ်ꨤင္းꨁဝ္ ထုꨀ္ꨲလꨯꨳꨁြꨓ္ꨲတီးမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳ၊ တဳꨲꨓဳꨳတꨳီꨁꨤင္ ꨬလꨳꨓဳꨳတꨳီꨁ်ꨤင္းꨁဝ္ ေတလꨯꨳမီးလြင္ꨳꨟꨱတ္းသꨤင္ꨳ ꨀꨤꨓ္မꨤꨀ္ꨳမီးမူိꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲ ꨓ္ꨮးဝူင္ꨳꨀꨤင္မူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳ

ꨬလꨳမူိင္းတꨯးꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨁြင္ꨲသီꨲပြင္ꨀꨤꨓ္ꨡုပ္ꨵပူိင္ꨲ တင္းꨁုꨓ္တူိင္ꨲပꨤင္ꨲ ꨡိꨀ္ꨲꨀꨰမ္ꨁုꨓ္တူိင္ꨲပꨤင္ꨲꨓဳꨳ တီꨳလꨰꨓ္လိꨓ္ꨁဝ္ ေတထတ္းသꨤင္သပ္းေသးတူꨉ္း လြင္ꨳပြင္ပꨱꨓ္လꨯꨳ၊ ꨡမ္ꨲပြင္ပꨱꨓ္လꨯꨳ ꨓꨓ္ꨵ။

ꨁြမ္ꨲမတီꨲတꨯး

-ꨁုꨓ္ပꨤꨓ္းꨅိင္ꨲ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလူင္တြင္ꨲပꨰင္ꨲ(ꨓမ္ꨵသꨓ္လြꨯလူင္)

-ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁမ္ꨳသုိꨀ္း ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလူင္ယြင္ꨟူꨉ္ꨳ

-ꨅဝ္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလူင္သꨰꨓ္ဝီꨟြင္ꨲ

-ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓုမ္ꨲ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလူင္လꨯꨤးꨁဳꨳ

-ꨅဝ္ꨳꨅꨤမ္ꨲထုꨓ္း ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလူင္မူိင္းပြꨓ္

-ꨅဝ္ထုꨓ္းေꨡး ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလူင္သဳꨲမူိင္းꨁမ္း

-လုင္းꨕိဝ္ꨲ တꨤင္တူဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလူင္သထုင္ꨲ

-ꨁုꨓ္ꨕူင္း ꨕူꨳတꨤင္တူဝ္ꨁꨤင္၊ သꨰꨓ္ဝီꨟြင္ꨲ

-ꨡူးတိꨓ္ꨲေꨡး

-ꨡူးထꨓု္းမိꨓ္ꨵ

-လုင္းꨀ်ဳꨲပု

-ꨅဝ္ꨳယꨱပ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ

-လုင္းꨁုꨓ္ထီး

ꨁြမ္ꨲမတီꨲꨁꨤင္

-သမဳးတူꨲဝဳꨲ-သꨱꨓ္ꨲဝဳးꨓꨤဝ္ꨲ မ်ိတ္ꨵꨀ်ီးꨓဳး

-ꨅဝ္ꨲရိပ္ꨵ မ်ိတ္ꨵꨀ်ီးꨓဳး

-တိင္ꨲရတင္ꨲ မ်ိတ္ꨵꨀ်ီးꨓဳး

-ꨅဝ္ꨲလဳꨵ ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳေမဳꨲ

-ꨅဝ္ꨲလြꨓ္း ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳေမဳꨲ

-လပင္ꨲꨀရြင္ꨲ ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳေမဳꨲ

ꨁြမ္ꨲမတီꨲꨁ်ꨤင္း

-ꨡူးလ်ဳꨲမုင္း ꨕဳလꨤꨓ္း

-တြင္ꨲꨅဳꨲꨁပ္ꨵ တီးတꨱမ္

-ꨡူးꨀꨰဝ္ꨳမင္း ꨟဳးꨁဳး

လူင္ပြင္ꨅိုင္ꨳမိူင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳ

-ꨡြင္ꨲသꨤꨓ္း

ꨁꨰပ္းꨟꨤင္ꨳထြတ္ꨲꨡꨓ္ပဳးꨓ္ꨮးပပ္ꨵ-

‘‘ꨅူဝ္ꨳပꨤꨓ္ꨶꨘိင္ꨳပိူင္(လြင္ꨳယူꨲသဝ္းꨀိꨓ္ထင္)တꨯးꨀူꨳပြꨀ္ꨳ’’

(SHANS AT HOME) ꨀမ္ꨳꨕြင္ꨳ

ꨡꨓ္ꨓꨤင္း LESLIE MILNE တꨰမ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲပိုꨓ္ꨬꨕꨳ

မိူဝ္ꨳ 1910

(ေတဳꨲထိုင္ 1997 ꨓꨯꨵꨟိုင္ꨓꨤꨓ္းမဳး 87 ပီꨶတꨱမ္)

SOME ILLUSTRATIONS FROM

THE BOOK SHANS AT HOME

WRITTEN BY

MRS. LESLIE MILNE, PUBLISHED IN 1910

Tai History - Ancient

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