The Early Ottoman Empire 1281 - 1600s

Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua,

NY

Saladin 1138 -1193

Saladin 1138 -1193

Military leader …. “Kurdish” … northern Iraq

- defeated the (western) European Crusaders - 1187 AD … recaptured the city of Jerusalem - would remain in Muslim hands until 1947

- tolerant … allowed Europeans to leave the Jerusalem … didn’t slaughter them … allowed Jews to resettle in part of Jerusalem

… Jerusalem still open to religious pilgrims … Christian & Jewish - Cairo, Egypt … Damascus, Syria … cities protected … fortified walls

One way in which the actions of Alexander the Great, Saladin, and Shaka Zulu are similar is that each implemented(1) military strategies to defeat opponents(2) constitutions to define political powers(3) policies to increase religious persecution(4) legal changes to protect human rights

One way in which the actions of Alexander the Great, Saladin, and Shaka Zulu are similar is that each implemented

(1) military strategies to defeat opponents(2) constitutions to define political powers(3) policies to increase religious persecution(4) legal changes to protect human rights

Osman I (Othman): 1299-1326

The Golden Age of the Ottomans

Tamerlane (1336-1405)or “Timur, the Lame”

Mehmet I: 1413-1421

The Ottoman Bureaucracy

SULTANSULTAN

DivansDivans

Social / MilitaryDivans

Social / MilitaryDivans

Heads of Individual

Religious Millets

Heads of Individual

Religious Millets

Local Administrators& Military

Local Administrators& Military

Landowners / Tax CollectorsLandowners / Tax Collectors

MuslimsMuslims JewsJews

ChristiansChristians

Mehmet II: 1444-1445; 1451-1481

(“The Conqueror”)

The Ottoman Capital -- Constantinople

“Golden Horn” – 15c map

“Golden Horn” from space

“Golden Horn”

Sunset on the “Golden Horn”

The Fall of Constantinople: 1453

Europeans vs. Turks

The End of the Byzantine Empire

Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia - interior

Siege of Constantinople, 1453

Selim I, ”the Grim”: 1512-1520

Faith Mosque

Suleiman the Magnificent:(1520-1566)

Suleiman’s Signature

Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)

Accomplishments:

- House of Osman-3 wives

-8 sons

… “hereditary ABSOLUTEABSOLUTE monarchy”

Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)

Accomplishments:

-Longest reigning Sultan (King … absolute monarch)

- central control of Ottoman Empire … 46 years - started reign at Age 16 - just like in Europe during Feudalism

-Nickname “the Law giver”-Spoke 5 languages

Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)Accomplishments:-Nickname “the Law giver”

-Sharia (Islamic law) strongly influenced Ottoman Govt.

-+ BUT ALSO … “Kanun’s” … law according to law according to SuleimanSuleiman “Kanun-i- Osmani”

-- - covered Criminal cases, land tenure + taxation - specific fines … for specific offenses - corrupt officials had their land & property taken away

-- - + issued 1 Law code - based on previous 9 Sultans (Kings) - eliminated contradictions + yet did NOT violate the Sharia

-Religious toleration- protected the Jews

Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)

Accomplishments:

-“Golden Age of Islam” during his reign

- - art, literature & architecture - painters, book binders, furriers (fur traders), jewelers, goldsmiths

- Suleiman … poet & proverbs

… “Everyone aims at the same meaning, but many are the versions of the story”

… “The people think of wealth & power as the greatest fete, yet in this world a spell of health if the best state”

… What men call sovereignty is a worldly strife & constant war”

Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)

Accomplishments:

-“Golden Age of Islam” during his reign

- - city of Constantinople - center of Islamic civilization - bridges, mosques, palaces - over 300 monuments throughout Ottoman Empire

- - Jerusalem - “restored” the “Dome of the Rock” - Mecca - renovated “the Kaaba”

- Damascus (Syria) … built the city

Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)

Accomplishments:

-Education: - free - largely for boys - schools attached to mosques

WAY AHEAD of western Europe

-Universities

-- graduates become “imams” (religious scholars) & teachers

-Educational “centers” often surrounded by:

-- courtyards … fountains … soup kitchens … even hospitals

Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)

Accomplishments:

-Military leader-Conquered most of Balkan Peninsula

-Including Greece, Yugoslavia, Hungary & Romania

- - finally defeated at Vienna, Austria 1529 + a “formidable” nation / presence in Europe as well as Asia

-Ruled most of the Middle East - Iraq, Arabian Peninsula, including Yemen + parts of western Iran

- controlled the Red Sea

-+ large portions of northern Africa - as far west as Morocco

-Contact with Mughal rulers in southern Asia

Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)

Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)

Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)

Qur’an Page:Arabic Calligraphy

Blue Mosque

Blue Mosque - interior

Prayer Rug,16c Ottoman Empire

Calligraphy

Conversations Between Muslims & Christians

Scholars at the Galata Observatory

(Suleiman’s Constantinople), 1557

Collection of Taxes in Suleiman’s Court

Illuminated Qur’an Page

Illuminated Qur’an Page

• Captured the city of Constantinople in 1453• Benefited from rich trade along the Mediterranean Sea• Ruled by Suleiman the Lawgiver

2. Which empire best fits these descriptions? (1) Roman (3) Mongol (2) Ottoman (4) Songhai

• Captured the city of Constantinople in 1453• Benefited from rich trade along the Mediterranean Sea• Ruled by Suleiman the Lawgiver

2. Which empire best fits these descriptions? (1) Roman (3) Mongol (2) Ottoman (4) Songhai

• Captured the city of Constantinople in 1453• Benefited from rich trade along the Mediterranean Sea• Ruled by Suleiman the Lawgiver

2. Which empire best fits these descriptions? (1) Roman (3) Mongol

(2) Ottoman(2) Ottoman (4) Songhai

• Captured the city of Constantinople in 1453• Benefited from rich trade along the Mediterranean Sea• Ruled by Suleiman the Lawgiver

2. Which empire best fits these descriptions? (1) Roman (3) Mongol

(2) Ottoman(2) Ottoman (4) Songhai

Akbar the Great, Suleiman the Magnificent, and Louis XIV are all rulers associated with(1) natural rights (3) religious toleration(2) filial piety (4) absolutism

Akbar the Great, Suleiman the Magnificent, and Louis XIV are all rulers associated with(1) natural rights (3) religious toleration

(2) filial piety (4) absolutism

One way in which Suleiman the Magnificent and Akbar the Great are similar is that they both brought about periods of(1) political stability and religious tolerance(2) religious conquest and persecution(3) isolationism and cultural stagnation(4) modernization and political disunity

One way in which Suleiman the Magnificent and Akbar the Great are similar is that they both brought about periods of

(1) political stability and religious tolerance(2) religious conquest and persecution(3) isolationism and cultural stagnation(4) modernization and political disunity

Qur’an Page:Abraham’s Sacrifice of

Isaac

Qur’an Page: The Angel Gabriel

Visits Muhammad

Janissaries

The Ottoman Empire During the 16c