Thongsouk S. Format .book1 - CERLALAOScerla.laoss.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Thongsouk-S... ·...

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=84pB).1840yDvQILmQngIngXIKnBd kaN lEdoA mIgcT; 1924 lOeOsVdoIWekaN oAdsdBKlnAn. LtQcVmpB 1840 hI 1895 LmQnHccnOkaNlEdoA mIgcT tXQmIoAdsdB gInKmDaN sENqFmuUQGnJlg.GnrOeOKvlIdEQNgIQv(1840-1895

=45pB)HdWgXIKnBdoAdsdBgInKmDaN, sENqFmhlIeoBQsVd.KwDQapFvLpN,dEdLpNpMQnLonGhWoAdsdBkaNrObaboCnnAeFm,KwDQanXImIGhWpOcIcFnzUWoVgeIg yDggFdkBQkUdiBd,kFQmKhEN cCQNqvImqAd LlO qvImsBvAHl.pOmInvQImBiad 200 gvQI oAdsdB GhWLkQNkEngEnGnKvoBgInKmDaNJlgGnKvlInEWn (Si mon mémoire est exact !!) sAQNoBQKgEbqXIwXGjKvlInEWn,nagjIgoAdsdBkaN Marx LlO Engels LlWv,eENLmQnoAdsdBkaNwvgaOnIoApOHtqDkaNProudhon,Boukanin LlO (Wernes ? KbAQNtDQm) svQnoAdsdBaDQn|nEWngXyDvQIgOLjggOjIe....... oAdsdBkaNwvgaOnIoApOHtwFWnKdEQnoBQsVd LmQnqIvsmEeqammUnpIrB (Commune de Paris 1871)KwIOuUQGngInnXIkaNqammUnnEWn svQnhlIeLmQnwvg aOnIoApOHt(les Proudhonistes) hlENjIgqammUnprIHc (qammUnmBaIeVLtQ 72 vEn)LmQnlEdoAmIgcAdHdWwFWndDQnkDWnLon

LlOHccnOkIdkEWntXQoVg|oAdsdBoBQmBGnKvlInEWn.LnvqAdLlOJlgOoEdkaNlEdoAmIgcT LmQnsENlvmuUQGnyLlNgInkaN wEgqammVenAdGn 1848 oBQlDJlg(Manifeste du Parti Communiste 1848).

GjgINkaNlEdoAmIgcT gXqDkaNyLlNgInkaNwEgqammVenAdLmQn “cFncEWnLlOgIntXQsUWcFncEWn”. yLlNgInvQI “KlBWmLtQsENqFmHdWmBcFncEWn,pvEdsId (pvEdsIdoBQkBdkMn l’histoire écrite) kaNmvnmOnVdLmQnpvEdsIdkaNgIntXQsUWcFncEWn..Marx LlO Engels KvFWIvQI:”cFncEWnLlOgIntXQsUWcFncEWn”bXQLmQngInqAdwFbkaNwvgkWIwOKjFWI,LmQnkaNwvgnEgprEceI, nEggInKmDaN, sENqFmsIdkaNsmEegaQn JdesOKwIOkaNwvgLsNsvIQN “la lumière”(18è siècle) les philosophes du

“siècle de lumière”oBQLmQnkaNwvgkWIwOKjFWInEWnLmQn“gIntXQsUWcFncEWnnEWntaWNHpKyANzKdEdgIncFncEWngEmmOcBbcCQNLmQnrOeOkIWmzIQnHpKyANgInlFblIWNgIngFdkBQkUdiBdoINdIWncFncEWnLlOcFncBb”.”tFWngXIKnBdkaNgIngFdkBQkUdiBdoINdIWncFncEWnLmQngEmmOsAdsvQntFvLhQNwIhInOgInzlAdtFWntXkaNsENqFm(oCn,JiNjEg,JiNNInLlOaVpgangInzlAdaDQn|.....) uIglFblIWNgIngFdkBQkUdiBddIWncFncEWntaWNlFblIWNgEmmOsAdKagcFntXQwIhInOgInzlAdtFWntXkaNsENqFmLlOKaFIwIhInOgInzlAddEQNgIQvKpEnkaNsvQnlvmLlWvjEdtEWNgInzlAdaEnnCQNaEndMv”.“uIglFblIWNgEmmOsAdKagcFntXQwIhInOgInzlAdtFWntXkaNsENqFm LlOsIWNtEWNgEmmOsAdsvQnlvm mBLtQKsEWnoINdMvkaNgInpOtAvEdkaNcFncEWngEmmOcBb(la révolution prolétarienne)KoFQInEWnLlOgXLmQnzIQnKsEWnoINgInpOtAiUb(la voie de la réforme) .

bEnhIwDWnyInkaNoVg|gInpOtAvEd LmQnaXInIdLhQNrEy(pouvoir d’Etat) dEQNnEWncFncEWngEmmOcBb taWNgXIaXInIdgInpFgqaN,

taWNgIeKpEncFncEWnqabNXI (Classe dominante) uUQGnsENqFm........... uUQGnbFdnAwFn “ 3 LhlQNgXIKnBd LlO 3 LhlQNpOgab”kaN“lEdoA mIgcAd” (Trois sources et trois parties constitutives du

marxisme) kaN Marx-Engels HdWqFWnqvWI,sENlvm. dvWejAdGjtXInAvAjIn,HdWeFgkDWnsUQqVnnOwIbG`Q,HdWpOtAvEdKnDWaGnLiQNGhWKpEn eadvAoeIsIdGnKvlInEWn qD:prEceIkaNKurOmEn, KsysIdgInKmDaNkaNaENgAd LlO lEdoAsENqFmnAeFm kaNxrEQN kDWnsUQeadsUNG`Q : 1-)prEceIkaNKurOmEn 1-)prEceIkaNKurOmEn 1-)prEceIkaNKurOmEn 1-)prEceIkaNKurOmEn : eadsUNkaNprEceIkaNJlgGnKvlInEWnLmQnkaN Hagel LlOkaN Fenbach gMQvgEblEdoA sEdjOvAwIg(dialectique kaN Hagel) LlOlEdoAvEdyVnAeFmkaN Fenbach. Marx et

Engels HdWeFgkDWnKyANlEdoA vEdyVnAeFm sEdjOvAwIg (Matérialisme

dialectique) Hagel KvFWIvQI : A-“yWIoVgsAQNuIQNmBgInpMQnLpN.......bEndIsIyIbEngInKmDaN, rObabsENqFm gXtaWNmBgInpMQnLpN” “gInpMQnLpNdEQNgIQvmInEWneaWnjIg “LnvqAd”(Esprit) nEWnmBgInpMQnLpN”(qvImKvFWIlOaMdkaNHagel jOtaWNHdWqFWnqvWILlOgIQeqDn).Marx KvFWIvQI:”sEdjOvAwIgkaNHagel”LmQnKaFIhFvKdBntINtBn,taWNKaFItBnlFNlVQmLlWvjOKpEn“lEdoAsEdjOvAwIgvEdyVnAeFm”,`IeqvImvQIeaWnvEdyVmBgInpMQnLpNoVgsAQNuIQNjCQN pMQnLpN.(bXQLmQnLnvqAdwIGhWpMQnLpN LmQnvEdyVwIGhWpMQnLpN). B- lEdoAvEdyVnAeFm cnOlEdoAjAdnAeFm eaWn Fenbach gEbKvFWIuIQNNIQedIe:“LnvqAdmIjIgGs ? LmQnheENsaQNLsNKyANLnvqAd ? GzzlAdLnvqAd ? qXItab :”LmQnsmaNzlAd,hlDvQIgXIKnBdLnvqAd”.dEQNnEWn

smaNnEWnLmQnvEdyV,vEdyVjCQNKgBdgaQnjAdGj,LnvqAd. Marx LlOEngelsHdWkeIeLlOKiEdGhWKpEnoFQvHp(généraliser) gMQvgEbsEdjOvAwIgkaN Hagel LlOvEdyVnAeFmkaN Fenbach LlWvgIemIKyANeadsUN qD : “lEdoA vEdyVnAeFmsEdjOvAwIg (Matérialisme dialectique).

“oVg|lEdoAvEdyVnAeFm” oBQKyANyaNnEWnLmQn vEdyVnAeFmsEdjOvAwIg(tout matérialisme critiquant est le matérialisme dialectique M-5)

LlObXQLmQnvEdyVnAeFmLbbqXIwB hlD vEdyVnAeFmLbbgFnjEg ( et non pas

le matérialisme métaphysique ou matérialisme mécanique ).

2-) KsysIdgInKmDaNkaNaENgAd 2-) KsysIdgInKmDaNkaNaENgAd 2-) KsysIdgInKmDaNkaNaENgAd 2-) KsysIdgInKmDaNkaNaENgAd :sAQNoBQqFNqIWNkaNKsysIdgInKmDaN kaNnIeoCn(aENgAd)oBQLgWbXQtFgKpEnrOeO 200 pBgvQInEWnLmQngInaOoAbIevQI:”aEnGdwIGhWsIWNqVnqQIG`Q”. -wvg Physiocrates gaQn Adam Smith cCQNLmQn”wXQkaNKsysIdgInKmDaNoCnnAeFm” KvFWIvQImBdAnjCQNsIWNqVnqQIG`QHdWtFvuIQN:dAnKiFIpUgKkFWIGsQLlWvaagKkFWIG`QmIhlIegvQIKgFQI.mBLtQdAnjCQNsIWNkVmqXIG`Q. -sOKwIO Adam Smith mIiadzUWsImId Ricardo gXKvFWIvQImB 3 aEn“Le Minaire d’Adam Smith” 3 pEdjEewIsIWNqVnqQIG`QqD: dAn, oCnLlOgXIlENLiNNIn ( la terre, le capital,et le travail ).

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* C= lvmmBdAn,qFncCQNKpEnwIhInOgInzlAd,aVpOgangInzlAd,vEdyVdAb aDQn|...bEnjVKkFWIivQmGngInzlAd`FdbIddMv,hlDKpEn % kaN

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LlOsIWNqVnqQIG`Q m KvFWIvQI : “plus-value”

( qVnqqIKgFQI ) ( qVnqQIsvQnKgBn ) ( m =micha( wIsI KurOmEn)= plus )

cCQNcFncEWnnIeoCnKaFIKpEngEmmOsAdkaNtFnKaNLlWvvQIKkFIKpEnKjFWIwIhInOLhQNgInzlAdkaNsENqFmLlOKkFIHdWjIWNcCQNgXIlENLiNNInkaNgEmmOganLlWv (KkFIKpEnKjFWIkaN)KkFIjIQe(V)GhW,LtQKkFIKaFI(m)HvWKpEnkaNKkFILtQzUWdMv.mHdWyDgwvgxIQeGnsENqFmnIeoCnGhWKkFWIgEbdAnKpEn Rente ,GhWcFncEWnnIeoCnwIeyFNoOnIqInpEQn interest

(dagKbEWe hlD gXIHl)LlOnIeoCnaVdsIhOgEm(gXIHl).KkFIKjFWILbQNpEnm dvWegFdKgn gXIHlsOKlEQeKoFQIgEnqD profit margin.

3-) lEdoAsENqFmnAeFmkaNxrQEN 3-) lEdoAsENqFmnAeFmkaNxrQEN 3-) lEdoAsENqFmnAeFmkaNxrQEN 3-) lEdoAsENqFmnAeFmkaNxrQEN : eadsUNoAdsOdBsENqFmnAeFm LmQnkaNxrEQNKsdGnKvlInEWn.gaQnlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmpvEdsIdgIeKpEnlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmvAoeIsIdnBW(le socialisme scientifique) mEnHdWyDgLbghIbdvWe 3 bQIGhQe(large épaule) kaNnEglEdoAsENqFmnAeFmLbbHxQxEn (les

socialistes utopiques) 3 qFn qD : Saint Simon, Fourrier(cCQNoENsaNnBWLmQnqFnxrEQN)LlOOwens(qFnaENgAd).wvgKwAQnHdWKhEn”bIdLz”(blessures)kaNrObabnIeoCn,qvImbXQeVdtAoEm,gIngFdkBQkUdiBd,gInoVgeIglXIbIg,qvImbXQKpEnoEmLlOaDQn|......LlWvuIgpMQnLonrObabdEQNgIQvdvWerObab“sENqFmnAeFm”oBQdBgvQI.wvgKwAQnHdWvINoAdsOdB

aag LlOHdWoFdlaNsIWN “sENqFmnaWekDWn” KwDQaoFdlaNoAdsOdBkaNtFntFvuIQN: Saint Simon LlO Owens Colonies (cDQkaN Colonies LlOexpériences GhWKbAQNqDn). bEndIgInoFdlaNdEQNgIQvLmQnprIHc `Fd(Saint Simon LlO Owens ). KyANvQIoAdsOdBLlOgInoFdlaNkaNwvgKwAQn hIgprIHcgXtIm LtQgXHdWbEnlV(bINaEn) vAoeInAwFnaEnaImOtO “ Sans le socialisme utopique française ,le socialisme

scientifique ne vit jamais le jour” (M-7) (yWIvQIbXQmBlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmHxQxEnLhQNxrEQNKsd,lEdoAsENqFmnAeFmvAoeIsIdjObXQmBmDWKgBd).wvgKwAQnmIKpBdgInKvFWIdB,tXInAvAjInLlOuIgpMQnLpNGhWsENqFmnIeoCnLtQwvgKwAQnbXQiUWHdWdvWegXIlEN~Un( force matrice) aEnGdjCQNjOKiEdGhWmB gInpMQnLpNHdW. dEQNnEWn lEdoAsENqFmnAeFmkaNwvgKwAQn KpEnwMNLtQqvImHxQxEnKoFQInEWn.Marx-Engels KvFWIvQI“lEdoAsENqFmnAeFm gIemIKpEnlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmvAoeIsIdHdW (jIgsENqFmnAeFmHxQxEn) eaWngInqFWnwFbLbbprBcIsImId kaNsaNuIQNqD:oAdsOdBKNAngEb“qVnqQIsvQnKgBn”(plus-value)LlOoEdsnOvEdyVnAeFmLhQNpOvEdsId ( conception

matérialiste de l’histoire) ((plus-value uUQGnkXW 2)) .

+ svQnoEdsnOvEdyVnAeFmLhQNpvEdsIdnEWn rOaMdGhWgIQeKaFIuUQGnbFd“ La contribution de la critique de l’économie politique kaNKarl Marx” ( uUQGntan Introduction = wIdhFvKlDWaNpOmIn saNGb )KnDWaGnheXW: “gaQnjOqAdKyAN prEceI ( avant la philosophie ) qFnKiFItaWNgIn” gAn,uUQ,nVQNhFQm. ** “wDWnyIngInzlAdsENqFm tEdsAngInqFNtFvkaNsENqFm ( la base de

la production sociale détermine l’être social ) hlDvQI la base

économique (wDWnyInKsygAd ) mOnVdsENqFm cBWkIdqvImKcDQa`EWnkaN

sENqFm ( l’être social détermine la confidence sociale ).

** “L’infrastructure économique détermine la superstructure

politique ” hlDvQI “l’infrastructure sociale détermine la

superstructure sociale” ( JqNlIQN tEdsAn JqNbFn ). g-) wIhInOgInzlAd g-) wIhInOgInzlAd g-) wIhInOgInzlAd g-) wIhInOgInzlAd : pOgabdvWe KpFWI`IeLiNNIn (objet de

travail tFvuIQN: LhQdAn....) LlOaVbpOgangInzlAd (instrument de

travail tFvuIQN:KqDQaNmD,JiNjEg,JiNNIn,wIhInOgInzlAd ( Moyens

de travail ) k-) gXIlENgInzlAd k-) gXIlENgInzlAd k-) gXIlENgInzlAd k-) gXIlENgInzlAd ( force de travail ): pOgabdvWewIhInOgInzlAd LlO gXIlENLiNNIn ( qFn ). “ gXIlENgInzlAd tEdsAngInwFvwEngInzlAd” ( la force de travail

détermine le rappel de production ).

q-) “gInwFvwEngInzlAd q-) “gInwFvwEngInzlAd q-) “gInwFvwEngInzlAd q-) “gInwFvwEngInzlAd LmQngInwFvwEnlOhvQINqFngEbqFnGnrObabvAvEd “ le rapport de production est le rapport entre les

hommes dans le processus de production sociale”.

N N N N–gXIlENgInzlAdLlOgInwFvwEngInzlAdpOgabKpEn“LbbvAoBLbbvAoBLbbvAoBLbbvAoBgInzlAdgInzlAdgInzlAdgInzlAd kaNsENqFmkaNsENqFmkaNsENqFmkaNsENqFm” ( la force productive et le rapport de

production constituent la mode de production sociale ).

mIeVgkaNwvgKiFIHdWzIQn“Lbb 5 LbbgInzlAd”mILlWvqD:LbbvAoBgInzlAd sOhIcBbpOyFmbUiIn(mode de production communiste

primitive ) kWIoId ( esclavagiste ) sEgdBnI(féodaliste)nIeoCn(capitaliste) LlOsENqFmnAeFm(socialiste).“LbbvAoBgInzlAd” hlD“rObab” ( régime). wvgKiFIKvFWIvQI:”gXIlENgInzlAdtEdsAngInwFvwEngInzlAd”.KmDQagaQnsFNqImLnvqAd LlOgInwFvwEndIWngInzlAd HdWmBgInpMQnLpNLbbvAoBgInzlAd ( mode de production )hlD régime

oBQtaWNmBgInpMQnLpNqDKvFWImILlWv(5 rObab).mEnpMQnLpNeaWnheEN? rOvQINgXIlENgInzlAdLlOgInwFvwEngInzlAdaEnpMQnLpNHvgvQILmQngXIlENgInzlAd,svQngInwFvwEngInzlAd LmQniEgsIKdBmgvQI.KkFWIGjbEnhIdEQNgIQvtaWNLmQnLbbsEdjOvAwIg(bXQtIetFv)KwIOmEnsFQNzFnsOoaWnKyANgEnLlOgEn LbbsEdjOvAwIg( gXIlENLlOgInwFvwEn).aEnnBWgXtaWNKkFWIGjLbbqUQpOlAoEd ( Khd LlO zFn )( cause et effet )=

KhdKpEnzFnLlOzFnKpEnKhdgXHdW.KhdzFnkaNmEnLmQn : “ Etre

détermine la conscience”“tFntFv tEdsAn sOtA”.”la matière détermine

l’esprit”(vEdyVtEdsAnLnvqAd).uUQGngXIlENgInzlAd,aEnK~ENtBN,pOtAvEdgaQnKwAQn LmQn aVbpOgangInzlAd ( mécanisme de travail =KqDQaN mD,JiNjEg, JiNNIn ). KqDQaNaVbpOgan,gXIlENgInzlAd KvlIeIWetFviadrOdEbLlWvgInwFvwEngInzlAdtaWNsadqaQNgEbmEn (vAoBgInzlAdpMQnjIgiUbbXQHptImLbbG`Q). gInpMQnLpNoINdIWnqVnnOwIb(qualité)LmQngInpMQnLpNLbb“pOtAvEd”bXQLmQnpMQnLpNLbb“vAvEdoOnI”(évolution).

gInqFWnwFb“ lEdoAsENqFmnAeFmpOvEdsId”nBWLmQnzFnkaNgInqFWnqvWIkaNsaNsmEekaN Karl Marx qD : GncVmtFWnpB 1840 ( 1844 = manuscrits de Karl Marx ) yLlNgInkaNwEg communiste 1844; LlOsmEe LtQ 1850 hI 1862 (vQIdvWetFWnoCn pCWmhFvoB 1= “ Le Capital Tôme I.tEWNLtQpB 1841-42 mI Marx

LlO EngelsHdWwFbgEnKoDQaoXIaAd.jIgnEWnmItladcBvAd rOeOkaNcBvAdkaN Karl Marx ( 1818-1883 ).

(1840-1883=43pB),gInqFWnqvWI,wIrOgAdpOtAvEd,cBvAdsvQntFvkaNKwAQn HdWtAdwEnsnAdL~WngEb Engels.LtQ 1850 Marx uUQ Londres,

Engels uUQ Manchester (sUngINaVdsIhOgEm kaNaENgAd)Marx LlOEngels HdWkMn~ENsDhIgEnKgDaboVgmDWKwDQaLlgpMQnqvImqAdqvImKhEn cCQNgEnLlOgEn,GnvMgNInqFWnqvWILlOwIrOoXIkaNwvgKwAQn.KvlIwEgzaQn gAnKbEWMbXInInLlWvpB 1870 , HdWmIpOjXIuUQ London,

KiDankaNKwAQn hIQNjIgKiDankaN Marx pOmIn 10 nIoB ( 10 nIoBdvWegIneIQN ). KgDaboVg|mDWKwAQnHdWeIQNhlAWnLlOLlgpMQnnXIgEn !gINqDnuUQKiDan Marx KwAQnHdWqFWnqvWIJaWlFmgEnjFniVQNuUQhaWN kaN Marx

(haWNKiEdvMg kaN Marx) wFm(tapis) HdWgVdhMWn,kIddvWeKgBbkaNsaNsOhIedEQNgIQvuMbyU...uUQGnhXsmVdaEneAQNGhQekaNJlgaEnnCQNkaNpOKod aENgAd ( British Museum ) KpEnsOyInoBQqFWnqvWIKpEnpOjXIkaN Karl Marx nEWn,tEQNnEQNkaN Karl Marx nEQNaIQn~ENsDnEWnGdWkIdKpEniU(zUWKhEntEQN baQnnEQN)( 1850-1883=33 pB ).sAQNdEQNgIQvmInEWn cXQsOLdNGhWKhEn“ lEdoAmIg” (le marxisme) LmQnsEneIgEm(oeuvre

génial) kaNsaN nEgprId aIjInoBQeAQNGhQekaNJlg qD Marx LlOEngels. tladcBvAd kaNKkFI |GdWaVoAdGhW sEneIgEm dEQNgIQvdvWegInKiEdvMgNInLbbeEg (le travail titanesque)KwIO KiEdvMgLtQlOmDWdDQn 10 cFQvJmN ( le travail laborieux et conciencieux ) ( vMggEbpOsAdoAwIbweIeIm LoW| ) KlnAnkMnvQI GnpvEdsIdKmDQagaQnHdWmBmAtwIbaEneAQNGhQe LtQgXbXQmB aEnGdLoWjOeAQNGhQe(grandiose) LlO“ enchanté ” (jEbaFg jEbGj) qDmAtwIb rOvQIN Marx

LlO Engels ( mBbFdtIQNhIg ) nBW KlBe. smEe Marx LlO Engels LmQnrOeOsOKwIOnIeoCnkeIetFvtImsIekDWn (phase ascendante) smEenEWnLmQnsmEegInkEdLeWNLbbKsrB ( libre concurrence ) cCQNeadsUNkaNmEnLmQnpB 1870. gInpOtA

vEdgEmmOcBbwMNLtQ“KpEnaInIqFd”(prospective) kaNmvnmOnVdKoFQInEWn,Marx-Engels KvFWIvQI:“gXIlENkaNrObaboCnnAeFmLmQngXIlENsIgFn”uIgcnOjOtaWNmB “gXIlENsIgFnLhQNLiNNIn” ( la force

internationale du travail).uIgcnO gInpOtAvEdcFncEWngEmmOcBb taWNrOKbBdGnbIddMv uUQGnjXInvnnCQNkaNpOKod hlD hlIepOKodwaWmgEn.bFdiMndEQNgIQvaId Marx-Engels yadmIHdWjIgbFdiMnpvEdsIdJlg qDGnsmEegInmOhIpOtAvEdxrEQN 1789. wvgsEgdBnIoEN`FdkaNEurope LmQnivQmhFvgEnKkFWIKwDQajOdEbmadgInpOtAvEdnIeoCndEQNgIQv. 1- LtQcVmpB LtQcVmpB LtQcVmpB LtQcVmpB 1896 hI hI hI hI 1924 : lEdoAmIgcT HdWgIemIKpEn“lEdoAmIgcT-KlnAn” dvWezFnNInaEneAQNGhQekaN KlnAn oBQsCboad,keIeLlOeFgrOdEbG`Q oEN 3 svQnpOgabkaNlEdoA mIgcT GnsmEelEdoAoCnnAeFmLkQNLeWNLbbKsrB gIemIKpEn“ lEdoAjEggOwEdnAeFm”cCQNLmQnrOeOsUNsVdkaNrObabnIeoCn.uUQ GnbFdnAwFn “lEdoAjEggOwEdnAeFm”.rOeOsEdtOvEdkaNlEdoAoCnnAeFmkaN KlnAn “ l’impérialisme stade

suprime du capitalisme” KlnAnHdWslVbvQI : jEggOwEdnAeFmmBqVnlEgsnOqD : a) KtFWIJimgInzlAdkDWnsUQlOdEbsUN(concentration de la production).

b) KtFWIJimoOnIqInKkFWIKpEnjXInvnnaWe ( 5-6 oOnIqInGhQeqVWmqaN`FdcBvAd KsygAdkaNJlg ) (concentration des banques).

c) KtFWIJimgInzlAd LlO oOnIqInKkFWIKpEnaEndMvgEn(concentration et interpénétration de la production et de la

banque),gIeKpEn“nIeoCngInKNAn” (capital financier).

d) nIeoCngInKNAn lvmaXInIdgIemIKpEn“ nIeoCnzUgkIdaXInId

rEy” (capitalisme monopoliste d’Etat).

e) LbQNpEnKsygAd,LbQNpEnKkdaAdoAwFn ( partage économique,

partage zone d’influences).

f) LbQNpEngInKmDaN,LbQNpEndAnLdnkaNJlg (partage politique,

partage territoire du monde).

KlnAnqFWnwFbgFdKgngInkeIetFvoBQbXQsmXQIsKmBkaNlEdoAoCnnAeFm (laloi du développement inégale du capitalisme) jIgnEWnslVbLlOqIdqOKnqD: g g g g- jEggOwEdJtLkNLiN~VQmnaWejOcagkXWkeIetFv,LtQeaWnJlgHdWyDgLbQNpEnLlWv (tImgXIlENtFvjANGnKmDQagaQn)jOyDgLbQNpEnG`QdvWe gIncEQNcIgXIlENG`QmEnjOKgBdsFNqImJlgoBQLppvQnoBQsVd;sEdjOoEmnBWLmQnsFNqImJlgqEWNoB I,jEggOwEdKurOmEnoBQ~VQmnaWeLlOLkNLiNgaQn(aENgAd,xrEQN,..)GnKvlInEWn,KpEnsIKhdtFWntXkaNsFNqImJlgqEWNoB I [(KsAgrOvQINjEggOwEd guerre inter-capitalistes) LmQngFdKgnkaNlEdoAjEggOwEd]. k k k k- eaWn“gFdKgn”kIWNKoAN“pOKodnCQNhlDbINpOKodsImIdgXQgInpOtAvEdgEmmOcBbHdWcnO. gInpOtAvEdgEmmOcBbjOcnOuUQbaQntaQNJsWaaQnoBQsVdkaN rObFbjEggOwEd ( le maillon le plus faible de la chaîne

impérialiste ).

wAsUdLlWvLmQn gInmOhIpOtAvEd rEdKcEe 1917 KwDQaJqQnlFWmrObab KjFWI cIrT. q-q-q-q-“lEdoAjEggOwEdnAeFmLmQn“oINzIQn”kaNgInpOtAvEdsENqFmnAeFm”(l’impérialisme est l’autre chambre de la révolution socialiste )

`IeqvImvQI bXQLmQn perspective aBg (gInpOtAvEdgEmmOcBb). 2- oINdIWnprEceI oINdIWnprEceI oINdIWnprEceI oINdIWnprEceI KbAQN p.14 LlO p.38 kaN LlnAn. p.14 “ Le

matérialisme et l’império-critiques”“lEdoAvEdyVnAeFm LlOgIntXInAvAjInlEdoApOtAgIn”p.38“wEbprEceI” HdWmBgInkeIeG`Q,eFgprEceImIgcT(Marx)HdWKvFWIvQI:“texture”“pIlOmI”HdWsUnhIeHp;dEQNnEWnlEdoAvEdyVnAeFmgXtaWNsUnhIeHpqDgEn;qFNKhlDauUQLtQjAdnAeFm(KbAQNqD aItamatôme kaN Ethène)KlnAnKvFWIvQI:“pOgFdgIn atôme HdWsUnhIeHpLtQpOgFdgInG`Q kaNgInqFNtFvkaNvEdyVeENqFNsDbtXQmBuUQ dvWeiUbgInG`Q. jIgpIrOmOnUmIKpEn neutrons,électrons,protons. nBWjIgatôme mIKwAQnHdWqFWnwFb 200-300 KmEdG`QoBQnaWegvQI atôme. pOgFdgInG`QkaNgInqFNtFvkaNvEdyVKgBdkDWn gXLmQnvEdyVslIetFvHp; eENLmQnvEdyVqDKgFQI (matière) Marx aIdKkFWIGjvQI atôme LmQnKmEdsVdoIWekaNvEdyV qDgEbsmEe Grec GnKmDQagaQn.KmDQapIrOmOnUbXQLmQnKmEdsVdoIWe LlWvKkFWIGjvQI“ vEdyVHdWslIetFvHp”. 3- oINdIWnlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmpvEdsId oINdIWnlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmpvEdsId oINdIWnlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmpvEdsId oINdIWnlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmpvEdsId. tImgFdKgnoFQvHpkaNlEdoAmIgcT LlWvgXIlENgInzlAdkeIetFvsUN mEnjCQNmIWNgInwFvwEngInzlAdKgFQILlOsIWNgInwFvwEngInzlAdoBQsadqaQNgEbmEn.GnKvlInEWnLmQngInpOtAvEdsENqFm,LmQngInpMQnrObabgInKmDaN,pMQnLpNLbbvAoBgInzlAd rOvQIN pEdjEevEdyV (facteur objectif) LlOpEdjEejAdGj(facteur subjectif).KyANvQIpEdjEevEdyVbXQoEnsVgNamgXtIm,LtQyWIpEdjEejAdGjbXQtMmwaWm bXQsImIdKiEdGhWgInpOtAvEdsENqFmnAeFmKgBdkDWnHdW.KvFWIKyANjAdGjvEdyVnEWnuIg`IeKyANgXIlENgInzlAdkaNsENqFmeENbXQoEnkeIetFvsUNhlDKvFWIaBgLbbnCQNvQI:“gInpEbpVNsENqFmkaNgXIlENgInzlAdnEWnbXQoEnsUNKoDQa.qDpOKodrEdKcEeKvlInEWn KpEnpOKodaVdsIhOgEm gXoB 5 kaNJlg (hlENjIg aENgAd,aOKmrAgI, xrEQN LlOaBtIlB) LlOKpEnoB 4 kaNKaBrFb. LtQvQIpEdjEejAdGj (facteur

subjectif)LmQnnXI~WIJlggXsImIdKiEdgInpOtAvEdsENqFmnAeFmsXIKrEdzFn.KlnAnvQI:“GnKmDQapEdjEevEdyVbXQwMNwXKoDQaKwDQaKiEdgInpOtAvEdgEmmOcBb,KpEnheENbXQgXIaXInIdgaQnLlWvjCQNKpEnKNDQanHk sIWNpEdGjvEdyVGhWKyANrOdEb.jOlXyWIGhWwMNwXjCQNKiEdgInpOtAvEdgEmmOcBbLmQnpvEdsIdHdWwAsUdGhWKhEnvQI KlnAnLmQnpOdAdsIWNLlOwIGcW LbbsEdjOvAwIgLoW|;tXQoAdsOdBLlOwCdtAgEmkaN KlnAn nEgprIc aIjInkaNJlggXHdWvAjIngEnuIQNGhQe LlOgXbXQLlWviadoVg|mDWnBWvQI: “ KlnAnLmQnnEgjAdGj (Lénine est subjectif)” svQn Marx-Engels LlOnEboENK.Kautsky LlO P.Klianov LmQn “objectif” (vEdyV) aIdLp{objectif

“ KpEnwIvOwIb” Lbb subjectif KpEn“ aEdtOwIb”} Karl Kautsky

LmQnzUWnXIkaNsIgFn oB II (KpEnnEgmIgcAd tXQmIKpEnzUW LgWHk lEdoAmIgcT (1909-1910) . svQn G.Plekhanov LmQnzUWnXIKaFI oAdsOdBmIgcAd zUWoXIaAdKkFWI rEdKcEe “groupe de la libération de travail”

“qnOLhQNgInpFdpaQeLiNNIn” cCQNKvFWIHdWvQIKpEnaIjIn zUWnCQNkaNKlnAn LtQkEdLeWNgEb KlnAn LtQsmEe 1900 wVWnmI...... ................21/11/92.........

wIg wIg wIg wIg II

lEdoA sOtIlBnAd, rObFbbXrAhIn aIdeIsAdlvmsUn,aFNgInlFWmlEdoA sOtIlBnAd, rObFbbXrAhIn aIdeIsAdlvmsUn,aFNgInlFWmlEdoA sOtIlBnAd, rObFbbXrAhIn aIdeIsAdlvmsUn,aFNgInlFWmlEdoA sOtIlBnAd, rObFbbXrAhIn aIdeIsAdlvmsUn,aFNgInlFWmlOlIe (lOlIe (lOlIe (lOlIe (Le stalinisme,système descriminante ,bureaucratique,

centralisé et dirigiste fait faillite).

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(1917 -1989= 72 pB)wvgKiFIKiEdHdWheENLlOKsEeheENLdQ ? g-) zFnNInkaNlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmtFvjANg-) zFnNInkaNlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmtFvjANg-) zFnNInkaNlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmtFvjANg-) zFnNInkaNlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmtFvjAN. 1.) gInpFdpaQebEndIpOcIcId gInpFdpaQebEndIpOcIcId gInpFdpaQebEndIpOcIcId gInpFdpaQebEndIpOcIcId :wvgKiFIiEbiUWKhEnLjWNLlWvvQIgaQn 1917 JlgHdWyDgpFgqaN,qvbqVmdvWebEndIpOKodlQIKmDaNkDWnKgDab`Fd(les pays colonisateurs)GnnEWnwvgKiFIaIdnEbHdWqD:1.aENgAd;2.xrEQN;3.aBtIlB;4.Portugal;5.Hollande;

6.Espagne;7.USA:8.KurOmEn;9.rEdKcEe;10.eBQpVQn;11.Belgique........

uDnuUQtXQ~WI“wvglQIhFvKmDaNkDWn” oBQgXIlENKkEWmLkNLlOmB bFdiMn,bEndIpOKodcIdoBQaaQnnaWe,oVgeIgcCQNmBLtQqvImKpEnoEm uIgHdWKagrIcLlOaAdsIrOwIbKoFQInEWn,wMNLtQKpEn“KheDQa”GhWLgQKkFIeaWnvQI: kIdbaQnaBNtFvjAN oENoINdIWnoAdsOdBLlOvEdyV tFvuIQN:bEndIpOKodGhQe|oBQmBjXInvnwFnhlIegXtIm gXKpEnKmDaNkDWnGhWLgQKkFI KcEQn: jBn (KpEnKmDaNkDWnGhWLgQhlIepOKod); aAnKdEe (KpEnKmDaNkDWnGhW aENgAd); aAnJdKnKcEe (KpEnKmDaNkDWnGhW Hollande);aAndUjBn(GhWLgQxrEQNKsd)LlOaDQn|...GnsmEeoBQwvgjEggOwEdlQIKmDaNkDWnqVWmqaNJlg,bEndIpOKodaaQnnWaeLlObXQkDWnnXIzUWnCQN gXkDWnnXIaBgzUWnCQNtFvuIQN: Philippines LtQgaQnkDWnnXI Espagne tXQmIgXkDWnnXIUSA hlDvQIpOKodGhQe|gvQIoBQvQImB“KagrIc”tladmIgXHdWkDWnbXQhlIegXnaWe nXIaENgAdGnKmDQagaQn; KvlIsFNqImJlgqEWNoBII taWNsEmwEngEblEdoAoOhInkaNeBQpVQn;hlENjIgsFNqImJlgqEWNoB II gEbUSA gXpMQnGhlJanuUQrObabnIeoCn,cFncEWngEmmOgantaWNkDWnnXIcFncEWnnIeoCn,KyANvQIgEmmOganzUWnCQNbXQKiEdvMgGhWnIeoCnzUWnCQN;gXtaWNHpiEbjIWNnIeoCnzUWaDQn|...(pMQntFvnIeoCnLtQwEdmIiEbGcWcFncEWnnIeoCnKvFWIlvm).LtQ1917mIhIsFNqImJlgqEWNoB II(1939-1945)jXInvnpOKodoBQeIdHdWKagrIc gX

mBnaWeoBQsVd.LtQcVmpB 1950 mIhI 1970 mBpOmInLlWv 110 pOKodoBQuIgHdWKagrIc(mBKagsIn tIQNhIg),mIiadpB 1990 gXyDvQIrObablQIhFvKmDaNkDWn yDgsUnhIeHp 100% (hIgeENLtQ Sud Africa? rObab apartheid jXILngKcDWacIdzAvwEn) hlENjIg 1917 LlOJdesOKwIOLtQsFNqImJlgqEWNoB II mI,bEndIpOcIcIdoBQKpEnKmDaNkDWnHdWmBbaQnaBNoINdIWnoAdsOdB,jAdGjLlOvEdyV.oINdIWnoAdsOdB,lEdoAmIrc-TKlnAnHdWvINqXIkvEn kaNtFnaagtladmI qD: “cFncEWngEmmOcFncEWngEmmOcFncEWngEmmOcFncEWngEmmOgan LlOpOKodoBQyDggFdkBQ taWNsEmwEngEnKkFWIgan LlOpOKodoBQyDggFdkBQ taWNsEmwEngEnKkFWIgan LlOpOKodoBQyDggFdkBQ taWNsEmwEngEnKkFWIgan LlOpOKodoBQyDggFdkBQ taWNsEmwEngEnKkFWI” qXIkvEndEQNgIQv aIdKvFWIrOaMdLmQnkaN “sIgFn sbEb III” 1919. gaQnnBWGn 1847 qXIkvEnkaN“sEneIbIdzUWeVdtAoEm” “mOnVdoVgqFnLmQnKpEnwBQnaWNgEn”(tous les

hommes sont frères) HdWyDgpMQnLon 1847-48 LlWvgXKaFI“cFncEWncFncEWncFncEWncFncEWngEmmOcBb taWNsEmwEngEnKkFWIgEmmOcBb taWNsEmwEngEnKkFWIgEmmOcBb taWNsEmwEngEnKkFWIgEmmOcBb taWNsEmwEngEnKkFWI” (prolétaires de tous les pays

rassemblez-vous). smEe Marx- Engels gXHdWKvFWILlWvvQI : “cFncEWnnIeoCnLmQngXIlENsIgFn uIgcnOtaWNGcWgXIlENsIgFnkaNcFncEWngEmmOcBb”lEdoA mIrc-TKlnAngXHdWKvFWIaBgvQI:“jEggOwEdLmQnpBNsaNsFWndUdKlDad,dUdKlDadkaNcFncEWngEmmOganuUQGnpOKodLlOKqDQanmIhIpOcIcIdoBQyDggFdkBQuUQhFvKmDaNkDWn.uIgkWIpBNtaWNtEdoENsaNsFWn”.“pOKoddaWewEonIsImIdgIWvHpsUQsENqFmnAeFmHdWyWIhIgvQIKkFIKjFWImBvAoBLbbgInzlAdoBQgIWv~WIgvQIkaNnIeoCnLlOHdWiEbgIncvQeKhPDajIgpOKodHpgaQndEQNgIQv”.jIgoAdsOdBoBQKvFWImInBW,bEndIpOKodoBQgIWvHptImoAdoINsENqFmnAeFm,keIegEmmOgansIgFn,keIepFdpaQecIdgXHdWmBbaQnaBNKwDQavINJqNgIngInKmDaNkaNtFnaagLlOGnnEWngXmBgIncvQeKhlDaGhWLgQpOKodoBQyDggFdkBQkUdiBd(mItyInaEnnCQNkaNqammVenAdsIgFn).bEndIpOcIcIdoBQKpEnKmDaNkDWnHdWiEbgIncvQeKhlDatFvjANqD

LnvGd? GnKmDQaJlggXHdWLbQNaagKpEnsaNrObFbpXrOpEg,tXQsUWcCQNgEnLlOgEnLlOcvQNKsNgEniabdIWn,kVWnkadGnsOwIbgIn“sFNqImKuEn”LlO“gIncvQNKsNpOgabaIvVd” sVdknId,LtQlOrObFb,LtQlOxIQegXtaWNgIngXIlENKwDQajOKpEnsmVnLlOsIWNqvImKkEWmLkNGhWtFnnEWn,bXQmBKhdgIn|KmDaNGd|oBQjOhlVdwFWnaagjIggInwFvwEnkaNsaNrObFbdEQNgIQvHdWGn“sFNqIm`I`UQ”nBW (la guerre rangée,la guerre

partisane). yWIvQIrObFbnIeoCnsnEbsnUngXIlENnCQN sENqFmnAeFmtaWNsnEbsnUngXIlENoBQgFNgEnkIWmJld(uUQGnLtQlOpOKod gXqDpOKodtXQpOKodLmQ) jIgsOwIbgInnEWn bEndIpOKodoBQlVgkDWnKwDQapFdpaQetFnKaN jCQNHdWiEbgIncvQeKhlDatladmI. * oINdIWnoAdsOdBgInKmDaN,JqNgIndXIKnBnNIn,bFdiMnkaNgIntXQsUWJdegFN hlDvQI zIQnkbvnqammVenAdsIgFn hlDvQIzIQnwEgoBQgIWv~WIkaNpOKodnEWn; * oINdIWngIntIQNpOKod,gInoUd,.... * KsygAd,gInKNAn,gInoOhIn,aIvVd,..... * GndIWnsIWNgXIlEN,bVgqOlIganuUQGnLtQlOkFNKkdkaNgIntXQsUW(tFvuIQN:oOhIn,,) KwDQavMgNIntFvjANsOKwIO~WILlOeIvnIn(vAsIvOgan,pEneIcFn,LlOsMWvcIntIQN|.......) * GnbINgXrOnB(gXLmQncvQedIWnsMWvcInLtQlOdIWn)LlOgInKkFWIivQmJdegFNkaNsENqFmnAeFm. jIgmBbaQnaBNoBQ~EgL~WnqDdEQNgIQvmInBW,jCQNKiEdGhWrObab, rObFblQIhFvKmDaNkDWnwENoOlIeHpKpEnLtQlOpMQN|wMNLtQGnrOeOsEWn=40pB(yWIpMbGsQpvEdsIdLlOrObablQIKmDaNkDWn)KoFQInEWn.rObablQIKmDaNkDWnLbbKgFQIHdWsUnhIeHpLtQ“rObablQIKmDaNkDWnLbbG`Q” dIWn

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aEnnCQNkaNmvnmOnVdKiFIcCQNbXQtIQNheENgEbgInmOhIpOtAvEdxrEQNKsd1789cCQNKpEnsEggOrIdG`QGhWmOnVd,jIgrObabsEgdBnIKpEnwEn|pBgIWvkDWnsUQrObabnIeoCnoBQsUNsFQNgvQI .....(aEnnBWjIgpOKodcIdKpEnkaWekWI,mIKpEnKagrIc...). 2.)kObvngEmmOgansIgFnkObvngEmmOgansIgFnkObvngEmmOgansIgFnkObvngEmmOgansIgFn kObvndEQNgIQvHdWmBmIdFnLlWvaIdKvFWIHdWvQImEnKpEniUbsB LlOmBgInKqDQanGhvtFvjANLtQcVmpB 1840 mI,HdWzIQnsIgFn I,II,LlOIII LlOpEdjVbEn....gaQn~WInBWgIntXQsUWkaNcFncEWngEmmOganLmQnwMNLtQuUQGnLtQlOpOKodLlOiUbgIntXQsUWLmQnKlEQNGsQdIWnKsygAdKpEntFWntXtFvuIQN:wvggEmmObInaENgAd(trade union)hlDvQIgInlVgiDWkDWnkaNgEmmOganKmDaN Lyon 1834 kaNxrEQN hlENjIggInmOhIpOtAvEd KdDantVlI sXIKrEdzFn,sIgFn III mI,rObabdEQNgIQvLmQnmBbaQnaBNqD(LmQnpFdpaQecIdoBQKvFWI mILlWv). gIntXQsUWkaNkbvndEQNgIQvnEWn HdWmBjVdpOsFNLlOKnDWaGnLlOgIeOwIbjOLjWNGnLtQlOrOeO;tXQsUWoEN3 dIWnHpwaWmgEnJldqD:gInKmDaN,KsygAd, aVdFmqOtA,KiEd~WIoBQsIgFntXQ3 kObvngInpOtAvEd(tXQgIngXQsIWNgEmmOgan,pOcIcFnoBQaagLiNNInGnLtQlOpvEdsId,kObvnpFdpaQecId,kObvngInpOtAvEdsENqFmnAeFm). 1-wEgqammVenAd,wEggEmmOganHdWKtBbGhQeKkEWmLkNkDWnLlOHdWgIemIKpEngXIlENgInKmDaNnCQN oBQpOtAKsdbXQHdWuUQGnbINpOKodaVdsIhOgEmLlObEndIpOcIcIdaDQn|.... cFncEWnzUWaagLiNNInHdWmBtFvLonkaNtFnoBQLoWjANuUQ,KmDQagaQnnBWuUQpOKodwEonIaVdsIhOgEm LmQn“wvgnIeoCnKsrBnAeFm”KiEdwIrObFdbIddEQNgIQvLon(Parti Libéral)

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sUQsENqFmnAeFm(jBn,Vietnam,North Korea)GngIntXQsUWkaNtFnwEgPC,sENqFmnAeFm,sENqFmnAeFmpOcIoApOHtLlOwEggEmmOganaDQn|....gXHdWmBzUWLonkaNtFnKkFWIivQmGnsOwIrEybInLlOaFNgInrEykEWntIQN|;GnnEWnbINqEWNqIv,bINKvlIgXHdWjEdtEWNiadrEybInaBgdvWe.GnnBWaEnKdEQnKpEnwAKsdaIdLmQnuUQGnbEndIpOKod KaBrFbK~Da(pays nordiques) cCQNwEgSocio-démocrate (sENqFmnAeFmpOcIoApOHt) HdWgXIaXInIdKpEnKvlIeIvnIn(Suède,....).

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mIdMvnBWKpEnaIvVdkaNgIntXQsUWpOjXIvEnkaNmOhIcFnoBQdV EQn. KyANvQI“rObFbsENqFmnAeFmtFvjAN”uUQGnJlg LlOJdesOKwIOuQUKaBrFbtIKvEnaag HdWyDgprIHclFNLlWvgXtIm,LtQrObFbLnvqAd,oAd

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Engels LlOsmEe KlnAn) rObFbLnvqAd Marx-Lénine oBQKpEnKagwFbLlOqFbyvWnLmQnHdWcnOgEboVg|oAdsOdBaDQn|....jCQNmBsAdLlO aAdoAwFnKqDQanGhvuIQNgvWINkvIN,qvImKvFWIkaNnEgsIWNtEWNlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmvAoeIsId gEbvQI:“oAdsOdB mIgcT-KlnAn LmQnsVdoBQmBgXIlENLiNKwIOvQImEnLmQnqvImjAN” (Le Marxisme et Léninisme est haut

puissant parce qu’il est vrai,juste) LmQnyDgtaWN. 3-HccnOoINdIWngInKmDaN,KsygAd,sENqFmgIntXQsUWoINdIWngInKmDaNKwDQabENqEbGhWcFncEWnnIeoCnaaggFd`IeaEnpOgEnsAdKsrBwIbpOcIoApOHtoINdIWngInKmDaN,KsygAd,sENqFmLmQnHdWiEbzFnsXIKrEdaEneAQNGhQe yWIwvgKiFIpMboMbgEbqIvsmEe Marx-Engels KqDQanGhvLlOmBcBvAduUQ. pOcIcFnzUWaagLiNNIn LlOzUWcCQNLtQgaQn“uUQnaggInKmDaN”(en dehors de la politique)mIiaddMvnBWgXLmQnHdWKkFWIivQm GncBvAdgInKmDaNKgDabvQIuUQoVg|pOKod;zUWeANHdWiEbsAdKlDagtEWNLlOsmEgiEbKlDagtEWN LlOeENHdWKpEnzUWnXIsUNsVd kaNpOKodaBgdvWe tFvuIQN:Indira Gandhi,Margareth Thatcher,Sirimavo Bandaranaiké,

Aquino,Bénazir Bhutto; uUQGnlEd Tri-Baltique kaNJcvMd KgFQI, nINaaNcIn cUgB(kaNmMnmWI),nIN Munro(kaN Nicaragua).

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Engels iUbwIbdEQNgIQvgXeENbXQLmQn” svEnuUQlVQmwAwFbKoDQa”(Paradis sur

terre)sOKwIOzUWaagLiNNInKoDQaKwIOvQI“qvImsVgkaNmOnVd” mEnmBlEgsnOsXIqEnqD Marx-Engels KvFWI.KyANvQIHdWmByInOgInKmDaN,KsygAd, sENqFm vEonOoEmdBkDWngXtImyWIwvgKiFIsFmoMbcFncEWnnIeoCn(mOhIKsdyBoBQiEQNmBLlWv) gInhIQNHggEnrOvQINzFnpJeddIWnvEdyV,rIeHdW,qvImiEQNmBLmQnkIWmHggEnaagoVg|mDW (gXqDpOKoddaWewEonILlOpOKodaVdsIhOgEmGhQe).zFnNInoBQrObabqammVenAdsIgFn,gEmmOgansIgFnoBQeIdmIHdWnBWgXbXQsImIdtEdLegaagHdWjIgzFnsOoaWnkaN“gXILwNKwEdLhQNgInpOtAvEdkaNJlg”qDrObFbsENqFmnAeFmLhQNJlgcCQN URSS KpEnKsFIqXWI(qDwvgKiFIHdWiUWgEnLlWv). 3.) gInpOtAvEdsENqFmnAeFm. gInpOtAvEdsENqFmnAeFm. gInpOtAvEdsENqFmnAeFm. gInpOtAvEdsENqFmnAeFm. 1- pOcIcFnHdWKpEnKjFWIGngInKlDagKaFI“aVdFmqOtALlOrObabgInKmDaNJdemBsOtA”.gaQnpB 1917 JlgkaNwvgKiFInBWLmQn“JlgkaNjEggOwEd,nIeoCn”JtGdGhQe,KkEWmLkNgvQILmQnHdW“wUd”hlIegvQI;pOcIcFnLmQnuUQ“naggInKmDaN”gInKmDaNLmQnzUWmBaXInId,LmQnwEggInKmDaN KpEnzUWKiEdLonLlOGnnImtFn LtQgXbXQLmQnKwDQazFn

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Jt GnpB 1918-1920 hlDvQIGnsmEesFNqIm gEbwAtVwUm 1941-1945.

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KoDQaGnpvEdsIdkaNmvnmOnVd. gInsCgsIaFbiFmgInKmDaNuUQnBW LmQngInKzBeLzQlEdoAmIgcT-KlnAn (bXQLmQnaEnaDQn). lEdoA mIgcT-KlnAn LoW hlDvQIbAdKbDan(déviationnisme) hlDvQIaEnaDQn|LtQwOnVQNsFWNKsDWa Marx-Lénine

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pB kaNbEndIpOKodsENqFmnAeFm KaBrFbtIKvEnaag,hlENjIgKhdgIn1989 LlWvsOmIcAgwEgMarx-Lénine oBQgXIaXInIdnEWn,aagHpsmEgiEbKlDagtEWNGhWpOcIcFnKlDagKaFIHdWLtQwMN 9-10% kaNzUWLon;jOaOoAbIeLnvGd?(KhdgInhlEN1990KiFIKaNgXIbXQHdW),wvgKiFIbXQKvFWItDQmaBg (aIduUQtantXQHp)wEgoBQgXIaXInIdsOgEdgEWn,pIbpImgInKmDaNoBQLtgtIQNtFnqDLnvGd?tFvuIQN:“nEgJoddIWnaVdFmqOtA” (détenus

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nEWn,wvgKiFIKvFWIuUQnBW LmQnkXWkEdLeWNgEn. qvImoVgqvImiEQNLmQnbXQKvFWILtQoINdIWnqvImtaWNgInoINdIWniIQNgIecDQ| mEnLmQngInwFvwEnsENqFm,mBlEgsnOsFmoMb,cEQNcIgEnrOvIQNgVQmqFn LlO rOvIQNKiFIgEbJlg. pOgFdgXqDvQIuUQ “rObFbnIeoCn” “jIgqvImiEQNmBaEnlFWnKhlDa,qvImoVgeIgjOKdEQnkDWn” (De la richesse ,jaillit la pauvreté)

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de la misère) (jIgqvImoVgeIg,wFWnKdEQnkDWnqvImsKmBwIb hlDsvEddBwIbkaN qvImeIglXIbIg). - jIgsAQNpOjXIvEnNIQedIeKcEQngIngAndDQm,sUQnVQNyD,KqDQaNGcWHmWsaekaNqabqFv, qvImtaWNgInkaNKdEgLlOLmQeANLlOaDQn|....tlad70 gvQIpBkaN “rObFbsENqFmnAeFmtFvjAN” LmQn 70 gvQIpBLhQNgIn “tXQhIN”(faire la queue)... KpEngInKsEegMd,heVWNeIg sIglOqantrFgaEntlIeGhWLgQLmQeANLlOsENqFm (tragic comedy) mEnHpgFNgEnkIWm`Fd gEboBQmIkaNgIn “JqsnI” “gFdKgnwDWnyInkaNlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmLmQngIntabsnaNqvImiMgiaWNtaWNgIn kaNpOcIcFnoINdIWnvEdyVLlOjAdGj nEbmDWnEbKwBWmoOvBkDWnKlDWae|” .“KiEdtImqvImsImIdtabsnaNtImLiNNIn”, “KiEdhlIeHdWgAnhlIeKiEdnaWeHdWgAnnaWe.bXQKiEdbXQHdWgAn”. GntFvjANLoW|“zUWbXQKiEdLmQnHdWgAnhlIegvQI KwIOmBKvlIHptXQhIN”LlOKgBdvAgAdgInoINdIWnqVnsFmbEdLlOsENqFmaBgdvWe,tFvuIQN:mBKvlIHptXQhINmBKvlIHpqFbqAdKwDQaKaFIvEdyVoBQkIdLqnHpjXInIQedvWerIqILwN,KiEdGhWsENqFmvEonOoEmKpAOKpDWanLlOpEQnpvQn.... wvgKiFIaIdKaFIbFdkaN Tad Szulc oBQkMngMQvgEb Poland ( pO Kod Pologne= JpJle) dvWebINqXIKvFWIqD: “The Polish water table

is dropping dangerously because of unregulated deprestationthroughout the country” “After 40 years of the soviet enforcedmarxism-leninism,the steadily deterioration quality of live inPoland is grim daily drama” “However in the end you lose yourwill to live” “Feminism in women think simply in terms ofsurvival” “Our tragedy is that we are a socialist state with socialjustice” “Stress,pollution,diet and industry related degenerativedeceases are blamed for the alarming drop in life expectancy in

Poland”. “JtOnXWIkaNJpJlehlVdlFNuIQN~WIaEntlIeKwIObXQmBsAQNoBQsImIdqvbqVmgInvVWnvIe oFQvpOKodHdW” “hlENjIg 40 pBLhQNgInbENqEbdIWn mIgcAd-KlnBlAdkaNJcvMd gIncVdJcmLhQNqVnnOwIbkaNcBvAd nEbmDWnEbLkNLiNkDWnuUQpOKodJpJle LmQngInvAnIdtOgEmaEnmDdmFnpOjXIvEn” . “wvgKiFIiUWLlWvvQIsVdoIWetaWNKsEeqvImhvENoBQuIgmBcBvAduUQ” “lEdoAsEdtrBnAeFm hlDvQIgInpFdpaQeLmQeANbXQmBuUQpOKodJpJle” “sEdtrBJpJlemBLtQqAdGnqXIvQIjOuUQladLnvGd ?” “lOqanKsFWIJsgkaNwvgKkFI LmQnsAQNoBQwvgKkFIKpEnpOKodsENqFmnAeFm(rEysENqFmnAeFm)KtEmdvWeqvIm eVdtAoEmdIWnsENqFm” “qvImKqEQNtCN,aI gIdKpAOKpDWan,aIhInLlOweId,cVdJcmoBQKgBdjIg aVdsIhOgEm HdWyDgtXInAoBQKiEdGhWgIntFglAQNuIQN~WIuIWn~WIgFvkaNaIeVkaNqFn”. LnQnanLlWv sAQNoBQ Tad Szulc KvFWInBWaIdLmQnKbAQNLtQdIWnGddIWnnCQNkaNbEnhI,LtQqvImjANgXmBLoWqDLnvnEWn(pOgFdgIn).KiFItaWNKbAQNoENgInzlAdLlOgInLjguIe uUQGnoCnnAeFmLlOKbAQNLtQgInzlAd(hlIeKhlDa,dB ....) LtQwEdbXQKbAQNgInLjguIe (bXQmBKNAncDW).uUQGnsENqFmnAeFmwEdKbAQNLtQgInLjguIe,bXQKbAQNgInzlAd(zlAdbXQmBqVnnOwIb, yWIhlIegXbXQmBzUWtaWNgIn,kIdoENqVnnOwIb,bXQjFbNIm,bXQyDggEb“qvImmEg, gEbrFdnAeFm”, aEQNaXuUQGnsIN....) “ zlAdoENKhlDaLlOoEN

kIdKkBn” LlOaEnkIdKkBnLoW|nEWn bXQmBLoW...... -aEnLpgplIdoBQsVdkaNsOhIwIbJcvMd(GnKmDQagaQn)LmQngInLgWHkdIWn gOsBgEm-lMWNsEd...gIeKpEn “weIdcXIKiDWa” LgWbXQtFgLlOnEbmDWnEbKqEQNtCN mEngFNgEnkIWmgEbKNDQanHkoBQmBuIQNlFWnKhlDa(KpFWI`Ie,LiNNIn,cEweIganoEmmOcId,wIhInOgInzlAd,vAoeIsId, KoEgJnJlcB....LtQuUQGnnBWaEnaaQngaQnKwAQn,KwAQnKqBeaBNGsQaIgId~Iv ?!!!).yWIwvgKiFIKbAQNpvEdsIdkaNrEdKcEe(KmDQagaQn)wvgKiFIKhEnvQILtQsmEe (1820-40)rEdKcEe,aAnKdEe,aOKmrAgI, KaBrFb,aIgcENtBn,.....HdWKaFIKkFWI Blé HpsUQtlId aENgAdLlWv(`IeqvImvQIkIeKkFWIaagtIQNpOKod dIWnrIqItBtlId. LtQnEWnmIiad 1914 (sFNqImJlgqEWNoB I )rEdKcEegXmBgInkIeKkFWI Blé aagtIQNpOKod(1914-18) sFNqImJlgqEWN oB I . LtQ 1918-20 sFNqImgINKmDaN “pOtAvEdlEdoAqammVenAdLhQNsFNqIm”(Le communisme de guerre) rOdFmKaFIsObMNaIhInlVgiDWkDWnkaNcIvnI tIWn “rObabG`Q”#1922.....“.nOJebIeKsygAdLzngInG`Q” La nouvelle économie politique=NEP JdeKaFIgInrOdFm “KgEbKgn” “Réquisition remplace par l’impôt en matière”

pMQnLon dvWe “wIsBdvWeKkFWI” LlO qvImvQIKsEewIsBKpEnKkFWItImgFd`IeLlWv sAQNoBQKhlDa LlWvLtQcIvnIjOkIe hlDKaFIHpLlgpMQn aDQn|....NEP HdWKiEdGhWsOwIbaCduIguVdtAlFN LlO LgWHksObMN HdWiadpB 1924 (pB KlnAn KsEecBvAd). LtQ 1924-28 : URSS kIeKkFWI Blé aagnagpOKodLtQlOpB = 5 lIWngvQIJtn. KlBWmLtQ (1928-

38) cVmpBbIWnKpEnkaNivm`UQ “Collectivisation de l’agriculture

,Coopération” (tIQNgEn,bXQaOoAbIeuUQbaQnnBW). GnpOmIn 10 pB LzngIn Collectivisation de l’agriculture yDvQIKpEnHccnOGhQe ?!!(pO

cIcFn,cIvnIsvQnGhQeGhWivm`UQ Fd).tEWNLtQ 1928 mIiadoVg| mDWqDsOhIwIbJcvMdtaWNHdWcDWKkFWI Blé mILtQtIQNpOKod (USA,

Canada) LtQlOpBbXQtXQIgvQI (20-30 lIWnJtn GncVmpBmXQ|mInBW) KpEn~WIaEbaIe LoW| ?!! * uUQGngOsAgEmJcvMdnBW mBaEnnQCANaBgoBQKpEn~WIsFnGjoBQsVd LmQn “oAdsOdB HpgFNgEnkIWmgEnwCdtAgEm” LlOgXLmQnnCQNGnbEndIKhdzFnoBQwIGhWgOsAgEmlFWmlOlIeqD: “nOJebIepeEd LmQnnOJebIeLhQNrEysENqFmnAeFm” “KmDQapOcIcFnHdWKpEnKjFWIcItIgEmkaNtFnKaNLlWv, gInzlAd,cFmGcW jOyDgbEncI ,pOtAbEddvWegInmBsOtAtDQntFv...” KagsIntIQN|kaNJcvMdHdWGhWkXWmUnheXWvQI: “tEWNLtQgInKgEbgMQv,kFnsFQN,kDWnsIN,pVNLtQNmIKpEnaIhIn sXIKrEdiUbLlWv” gIntFgKiEQeKsEehIe #20-40 LlOmBbINdIWn iad 50% :yWIoMbGsQsmEtwIbLlOgInKwBWmoOvBkDWnLtQlOpB sOKwIOsObMN mB 1-2-3....% tXQpBKoFQInEWn !!! KwBWmkDWnkIWm 1-2-3.. ...% kaNLtQlOpB, LtQvQIgInlFNoCnKkFWI GnkLnNdEQNgIQvjCQNHdWmBgInKwBWmoOvBdEQNgIQvnEWnhlIewMNGd ? qDsVwIsAdxrEQN “ Jeter l’argent par la fenêtre” (KaFIKNAnvIQnyAWmoINpaQNuMWm) (LmQnLlWvmEntaWNlFWmlOlIe uIQNbXQtaWNsFNsEeheENaBg...) * lFNoCnGsQgOsAgEmLtQlOpBLmQnhlvNhlIe zFnHdWwOnaWeLlOgIntFgKiEQeKsEehIeLbbGhQeJtqDLnvnEWn,gXeENbXQLlWvKoDQa,wOHdWcDWKkFWItIQNpOKod 20-30 lIWnJtn tXQpB,LlWvwOKaFImIkIedvWerIqIKgDWagUnaBg (rIqIcDWKkFWILwNLlWv,LtQrIqIkFnsFQNjIgoINnagmIpOKod LlOrIqIkFnsFQNLjguIeuUQwIeGndAngvWINkvINqD sOhIwIbJcvMd mEnjOmOhIsInqDLnvGd ? KaFIqXILoQN,KaFIvEdyVdAbmBqQI

(kIeLgWv, KcDWaKwBNdAb,KhlEg....)kIeKwDQacDWKkFWILbboBQjOcDWwIhInOgInzlAdaDQn|oBQmBqVnpJedgvQI....KiEdLnvGdmEnjObXQlFWmlOlIe !!!kLnNgInnCQNoBQgAnhlIegvQIzlAdKkFWI ( l’agriculture qui vit au-

dessus de ses moyens) taWNlFWmHpGnsVdoIWe. * KwAQnKqBeKaFImItyIn sFmoMbqvImgIWv~WI dIWnKsygAddvWe %tFvuIQN:% kaN pOcIganKiEdgOsAgEmeAQNnaWelFNKoFQIGdyWIoMbGsQkLnNaVdsIhOgEm,bXrAgInLlO aDQn|. sXIlEbKsygAdkaNpOKodnEWnLmQnkeIetFv. dMvnBW uUQGnJlgKwAQnKqBeKaFIbIN tFvKlgdEQNnBW: 4%-

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conscient” (LzngIn LmQngInwEonIsFmsvQn(dVQndMQN)LlOtDQntFv). g g g g.)gInuVdsNEgcEgcWIdEQNgIQvLmQnmIjIgsIKhdtFWntXaEnGdLoW ?hlDvQI oAdsOdBkaN gInwEonILbbmBLzngIn `IeKyANrObabsENqFmnAeFm(lEdoA mIgcT-KlnAnLoW) nEWn prIHc(oINdIWn oAdsOdBnImmOoEm théorie abstraite. yWIKpEnLnvnEWn gX IeKyAN oAdsOdB mIgcT-KlnAn LmQnlFWmlOlIe,KwIOvQI KsygAdLzngIn LmQnwDWnyInkaNKsygAd sENqFmnAeFmKpEnwDWnyIn(nQCANGnbEndIwDWnyIn) lFWm,JqNpOgabgXtaWNlFWmHp qDgEn....nEWnLmQntEggOvAoeIoBQNIQedIe (c’est une simple

logique)hlDvQI “oAdsOdBeENyDg” LtQ wCdtAgEmbXQtImoAdsOdB,jOtaWNcagiUbLbbkaNgInvINLznGhWsadqaQN .....KvFWIqDLnvnEWngXeENKkFWIGjuIguUQ LlOhFdhFvKkFWIoBQ kaNnEggInKmDaN,nEgprId aIjInkaNsENqFmnAeFm KiEdbXQyDgtImoAdsOdBkaNtFn,LlWvGzjOKpEnzUWKiEdyDg??? zUWjOKcDQatImoAdsOdB mIgcT-KlnAn gXLmQneIgLlWv,KmDQaKpEnLnvnEWn ? (planification rigide).

kkkk.) KsEWnoINaag sOKwIOwvg “pOtAiUb” KvFWIlvmLmQn “jOsFmoFbLzngIn LlO tlId” dvWegIn “hEnKpEngEmmOsAdKagcFnnBW lvmmBnIeoCntIQNpOKodLlOlvm`UQ kaNgEmmOgan (gEmmOgancDWKaFIJiNjEgJiNNIn..)KwAQnvQIGncVmpBtXQ~WI (5-10 pBbXQiUW) aIdwIgsvQnKsygAdKagcFnjOgAnaEdtI 20-30 % kaNlvmeadzlAtwEn. KvFWILnvnBWgX IeKyANrEyjOgXI #60-70 %;KagcFn 20-30% jCQNjOKiEdGhW “LzngInLlOtlId cvQecUcCQNgEnLlOgEn.aEnnCQNoBQbagKiFIqvnqFWnqvWIqDnLmQn “gInsFmoFbLzngInLlOtlId” HdWKqBepOtAbEdmILlWvuUQGnrObFbsENqFmnAeFmJlg;LtQgXLgWbEnhIheENbXQtFg tFvuIQN: uUgFdsvIvB(Yougoslavie),LtQgaQnyDgpEdKkEQeaagjIg “rObFb”gXdvWebEnhIdEQN

gIQvnBW;dMvnBW sOhIwEn (Fédération) gXyDgLtgoOlIe hlDvQIHongrie (gXnXI~WI`UQ gMQvgEbKrDWaNnBW) hlDvQI Roumanie....gXlFWmoOlIe`Fd mIiad Nicolae Ceausescu LlO Elena Ceausescu

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KsygAdKoFQInEWn, iUbLbbdEQNgIQvgXmBcBvAdcBvIjIg “LbbdEQNgIQv”mEnmBzFntXQ(tImoEdsnOkaN jBn) wvgpOtAiUb=bXQjXIKpEnHppBWnfWIpBWnLzQndAn KaFI NEP mI`UnGcWdvWehFvqAdpOdAdsIWNjXInvnnCQNgXLgWHktFg`FdqD KtBNcIvpAN KvFWI: “taWNpOtAiUbdIWnKsygAduIQNKyANyaN,gWIsMQNwEe....” jIgnBWKwBWmoOvB “KsygAdtlId” “taWNKpBdgvWINHpoFQvoVg|LhQNKkdKsygAdwAKsd”...oVg|qvImiMgiaWNkaNmOhIcFn,pEneIcFn,nEgsCgsI...qD “KhdgIn oMn-aEn-K`Bn” “GhWpOtAiUbdIWngInKmDaNLmQnpOtAgIn,bXQsadqaQNgEbsOwIbkaNjBn.oVg|qXIKvFWIkaNtIKvEntFg,kaNwvgpOtAiUb LlOzUWiEghampOcIoApOHt,qvImKpEnoEmoBQKvFWIvQI: jBnlOKmBdsAdoAmOnVd,gFd`Ie.....KpEnwMNLtQqvImKvFWIGnoOKlcIeKoFQInEWn.... 2. KvFWIoINdIWnwDWnyIneIvnIn ( loi tendancielles kaNlEdoAmIgcT-KlnAn)(gFdKgnoQIaMQNlvm...) LmQnpOtAKsdsEdjOoEmkaNlEdoA mIgcT-KlnAn nEWnKaN. “JqNlIQN tEdsAnJqNbFn” “KsygAdtEdsAngInKmDaN,gInKmDaNLmQnlvmeadKsygAd” . “pOtAiUbKsygAdLlOgInKmDaNtaWNHpnXIgEnLmQnsEdjOvAwIg(mBKagrIcoMbyInkaNgInKmDaNLlOkaNKsygAd,LtQsVdoIWetaWNHptImoAddMv).yWIoMbGsQsEdjOoEmdEQNgIQv, jBnLmQnHptImgFdKgnwAKsd,bXQHptImlEdoA mIgcT-KlnAn. 3. . . . yWIjBnsXIKrEdzFn,lEdoA mIgcT-KlnAn eENyDgtaWN(LtQyWIjOuDntImoEdsnOsaNkXW qD: LmQnpOtAKsdcCQNgEnLlOgEn 1.LlO 2.) gInpOtAiUbdIWngInKmDaN LlO KsygAdjCQNyDgtaWNwMNLtQpOtAiUbKsygAdLbbjBnnBWgXHdWLlWv,LtQwOpOtAiUbdIWngInKmDaNHpwaWmeAQNsIWNqvImsadqaQNrOvIQN “KsygAd-gInKmDaN” LlOJqNlIQN-JqNbFn tIm

oAdsOdB mIgcT-KlnAn.dEQNnEWnaOnIqFd kaNwvgpOtAiUbeAQNsvIQNsHhv.. N. N. N. N.) HdWmBLnvqAdnCQNoBQKgBdkDWn,aIdLmQnoIdLoWkaN “nIeoCnnaWe”. tXQ qvImheVWNeIgsEbsFnkaN “gInsIWNsENqFmnAeFmtFvjAN”LnvqAdbXQ EWnoMQN(instabilité, précarité....) HdWJpJlkDWnvQI: “wvgKiFImB “nAeFm” hlIeJwdLlWv, wvgKiFIsImIduUQLlOsIWNpOKodcIdJdepOtAKsd “nAeFm”(Nous avons trop de.... “ismes”,nous pouvons vivre et

construire le pays sans les “ismes”) GnpvEdsIdkaNmvnmOnVdwvgKiFItaWNuUQGn... “nAeFm”tFvuIQN: mOnVd zIQnmI 5 rObab LtQlOrObab gXLmQn “nAeFm”(ismes). wvgKiFItaWN uUQ hlDvQIGnrObabqammVenAd JbiIn(Commun “isme” primitive hlDvQIuUQGn rObabkWIoId “EsclavagISME,hlDvQIuUQGn FéodalISME hlDvQIuUQGn CapitalISME;

uUQGn Capitalisme hlDuUQGn Socialisme KmDQamEngIemIKpEnrObFbnCQNLlWv lEdoAsENqFmnAeFmpvEdsId wAsUdvQI “uUQGn kFNKkd aVdFmqOtA(idiologie) bXQmBaEnrOvIQNgIN hlD lEdoAsENqFmnAeFm, hlD nIeoCnnAeFm.oVg|oQIaMQNoBQhIQNKhBnjIgbaQnnCQNLmQnHpKwBWmoOvBGhWaBgbaQnnCQN(ou Capitalisme ou Socialisme).

KmDQaKvFWILnvnEWn LmQnKvFWIdIWnaVdFmqOtA,KvFWIdvWeoAdsOdB nImmOoEm( théories abstraites ). oVg|gFdKgnLmQnmBlEgsnOoQIaMQN(lois

tendancielles),lois tendancielles aEnnBWLmQnuUQGn “In der Idiale

Durchsnitt” “dans la Moyenne idéale” (loi kaN lois). KkFWIGjgFdKgnoQIaMQNLmQnvQItaWNaBNGsQgIntXQsUW,gIndEbmadcCQNgEnLlOgEnjOHvhlDcWI LmQnsOwIbgIntFvjANcBWkIdbIdsVdoIWe(la moyenne idéale )

aEnnCQNjOtaWNyDgdEbmad dvWehlIeiUbgIn. wvgKiFIKvFWIdIWnnBW LmQntaWNKbAQN:

1- dIWnoQIaMQN wvg dogmatistes(qXIwBtIetFv)LlOmBlEgsnOiaWniFnjOtaWNdEbsUnaVdFmqOtA oBQgFNgEnkIWmtFn dvWeoVgaEdtILlOoVgiUbLbbKwIO “mBmEnLlWvbXQmBKiFI” “mBKiFItaWNbXQmBmEn” jCQNgXQqvImKsEehIebXQnaWeGhWLgQpvEdsId, wvgnBWKqBeweIgan sOwIbgInvQI(LtQcVmpB1950) “lEdoAqammVenAdjOcnOGnkabKkdoFQvJlgGnpB 1980" (pvEdsIdHdWpOtAKsdLlWvqvImKhEnoINqXIwBtIetFvLlOiaWniFndEQNgIQv). 2- “wvgnIeoCnnaWe”mBLnvqAdheXWyae,KsEegXIlENGj,mBLnvqAd“JmoOnI”( Cuisser, aller pourvu qu’on soit tranquille)=(paQeHptImKrDWaNqOLnmvQIwvgKiFImBqvIm sNFb). “gInuUQivQmgEnJdesEntA” (Co-existence pacifique) LmQngFdKgnoBQjOtaWNKpEnHpbXQwMNLtQdIWnrObab,gInKsygAd,gInKmDaN,gInoOhIn,vEonOoEm, sENqFm; mEnlvmoEN oINdIWnaVdFmqOtA aBgdvWe. aEnGdjOcnOLlOcBWnXILoWLmQnpOsAdoAzFntFvjAN mEncBWkId LlOgXbXQpBWngEbqvImmEg,gInbENqEbkaNwEg,kaNzUWGdzUWnCQN.aEnnEWnLmQnwIvOvAsEe,bXQkDWnnXIgEbqvImmEgkaNGz`Fd. taWNKvFWIqD Hagel vQItaWNKcDQa`EWnGnKhdzFn,qvImiUW LlOsAdoAkaNtFn(Raison et Droit de l’homme).

oQIaMQNoBsaNnBWLmQn “HxQxEn” LmQn “qvImmEg”lWI|(qDHdWaOoAbIeGnKoAN) mEnKpBd caQNoINGhWoQIaMQN 1 hlD oQIaMQN 3 qD: mBwvgpOtAiUbhlIeqFnKvFWIvQI: “jOtaWNpOtAiUb GhWKyANyaN” qvImKvFWI “KyANyaN” nBWmBqvIm`IesaNaEn(KvFWIlvm) (1) “KyANyaN”uUQGn oEdsnOmIgcT-KlnAn,sIWNsENqFmmOnVsoEmLlOpOcIoApOHt (2)hEnKsygAdGhW“KpEnKsygAdtlId`Fd” “hEnKpEngEmmOsAdKagcFn” gMQvgEbwIhInOgInzlAd aEntFWntX kaNsENqFm`Fd.KmDQaKpEnLnvnEWngXLmQnhEnHphI“lEdoAoCnnAeFm`Fd”(KwIOvQI tImoAdsOdB mIgcT-KlnAn LlWv “KsygAd

tlId” LmQnKsygAdoCnnAeFmGndIWntlIdLoW|. qvImKvFWIbXQtaWNgIn..... “nAeFm” LmQnmEnsEbsFn qDoBQHdWgIQvmILlWv.wvgKiFIjOhEngFNlXWpvEdsIdGhWqDnhlENHdWbX ?KpEnaEnjOtaWNvQIbXQHdW !? wvgKiFIjOtaWNmIvAwIgvAjIngEnaBgbXoINdIWnoAdsOdB KwIOvEnnOqOdBoBQgIWv~WILtQlOsmEeLlOJdesOKwIO oAdsOdB mIgcT-KlnAn HdWvAKqIOLjWNLlWvgMQvgEbqvImbXQeVdtAoEm kaNrObaboCnnAeFm (LtQ lOsmEe 1800 mI:St. Simon-Proudhon-Fourier -Owens LlO aDQn|..... “rObaboCnnAeFm svEnkaNzUWiEQNmBcCQNmBjXIwvgnaWe-nIiFgkaNzUWoVgeIgKpEnjXInvnmOhIsIn”. gInlFWmlOlIeoINdIWn “KsygAdkaNrObabsENqFmnAeFmtFvjANkaNJlg” hlDvQI “KsygAdLzngIn” qDmEnHdWsOLdNaagGnbEnhItIQN|oBQKvFWImInEWn,LmQngInlFWmlOlIe kaN “lEdoAqXIwBtIetFv”.aBgdIWnnCQN,gXKhEnvQIKsEWnoINgIWvkDWnsENqFmnAeFmnEWn LmQnKtEmHpdvWeaVpsEgheVWNeIgiaWeLpdwEnpOgInLoW|. qvImhvENdB,KjtnIaEnsUNsFQN bXQsImIdcaQeheENKiFIHdW.jOtaWNHdWyadyanbFdiMnqFWnqvWItDQmoINdIWnoAdsOdB LlOoINdIWntFvjAN,jCQNjOcvQeKjtnI,qvImhvENdB LlOjOgabgUWKaFIaVdFmqOtA LlOoAdsOdB oBQKpEnwDWnyIn uUQLlWvnEWnqD K.Kautsky vQI:“ La théorie de Marx n’est pas le dernier mot de la science”(oAdsOdBkaN mIgcT bXQLmQnqvImKvFWIaEnsVdoIWekaNvAoeIsId). 3- gInlFWmlOlIeoINdIWnpOtAbEd“lEdoAsIgFngEmmOcBb”rOvIQNbEndIKzFQI uUQGnsOhIwIbJcvMd.(jOKvFWIkXW s.LlO c.) s.)HccnOoINdIWnpOtAbEd “sAdtFglFNdvWetFnKaN”rOvIQNbEndIcFnKzFQIwIeGnsOhIwIbJcvMd (droit à l’auto-détermination des

peuples à se disperser d’eux-mêmes).

zUWGdHdWaIQnpvEdsIdkaNJlgGnKvlIgaQnnEWn gXKhEnvQIJlgtBrIqI “jEggOwFbrEdKcEe” dvWeqXIsEboBQbXQKpEn~WIsEnrOKsBnwXnaWe tFvuIQN:“Aux confins de l’empire russe,c’est l’isolement,la misère,l’arrièration.l’obscurité,les ténèbres”. “l’empire russe est semi-barbare et semi-asiatique”, “l’empire russe est la bastion de la

réaction europienne de tous temps” “uUQGnkabLq LjiFWv kaNjEggOwEdrEdKcEenEWn LmQnqvImJdddMQv,qvImoVgoXrOmIn,qvImlWIhlEN,qvImmDdmFv “. “jEggOwFbrEdKcEe LmQnKqAQNpQIKyDQan,KqAQNaIcB”, “jEggOwFbrEdKcEe LmQnbaQngXIKnBdkaNpOgFdgInuUQGn KaBrFb GnoVg|smEe”.nEWnLmQnsOwIvOgIntFvjANgaQngInpOtAvEd 1917. bEndIcFnKzFQI pOmIn 130 cFnKzFQI LmQnlWIhlEN,oVgeIgbXQiUW~ENsD 90 gvQIsvQniaWekDWnKmDa. mIdMvnBW yDvQIbEndIKzFQILlOrOvIQNbEndIKzFQIgEbqFnrEdKcEemBsAdsKmBwIbcCQNgEnLlOgEn,LtQgaQn KwAQnvQI “rEdKcEeGhQe”{ les

grands russes hlDvQI “Russes blancs” rEdKcEekIv},LmQnzUWmBaOwAsAd,zUWkFQmKhENKtENKtEgbEndIKzFQI....LtQlOKzFQIHdWmBgInwEonIKpEnuIQNdBLlOHdWKiEdGhWcBvAdgInKpEnuUQdIWnvEdyVLlOjAdGj HdWkeEbGgWKkFWIgEn.rOdEbgInsCgsIHdWkeIetFvLtQlOrEy svQnnaWeHdWmBrObFbmOhIvAoeIlEekaNtFn LlOmBnEgprIdaIjInKpEnqFnbEndIKzFQIpOgabsvQnsKmB KkFWIGngInwEonIsOwIbLlOrEykaNKzFQItFn.bEnhIKzFQIuUQGnJlggXmBbEnhIheVWNeIghlIegaQnoBQjOtaWNHdWaagLiNLgWHkLtQGnsOhIwIbJcvMd,hlIesAbpBzIQnmIgXqDvQIsNFbdBLlOKpEnLbbuIQNHhWLgWWHkbEnhIcFncIdsvQnnaWeuUQGnJlg. c. c. c. c.) qvImsKmBwIbrOvIQNcIe-eAN qvImsKmBwIbrOvIQNcIe-eAN qvImsKmBwIbrOvIQNcIe-eAN qvImsKmBwIbrOvIQNcIe-eAN..rObFbsENqFmnAeFmLmQnHdWKaFIGjGsQKpEnwAKsd GngInLgWHkbEnhIrOvIQNKwd. zUWeANLmQnmBsAdKoFQIoMmKwdcIe LlOKkFWIivQmuIQNgvWINkvINoINdIWngInKmDaN, Ksy

gAd,sENqFmLlOaDQn|...rEysENqFmnAeFmHdWKaFIGjGsQsIWNKNDQanHkKwDQapFdpaQeLmQeANuIQNiabdIWn eFgtFvuIQN: gInlFblIWNbEnhI“JsKwnB” KpEnoINgInaagjIgiBdqaNpOKwnBkaNmOnVdmIKpEnwEn|pBnEWngXyDvQIKpEnHccnO aEneAQNGhQeaEnnCQNkaNKhdzFnLlOqvImKpEnoEmoBQwvgKiFIeFgKaFI;“ oINaOvOgId” zUWoXIaAdkaNJlg qDnIN Valentina

Tereshkova gXLmQnsEneIlEgaEnnCQN kaNqvImgIWv~WIkaNzUWeANoBQHdWiEbgInpFdpaQe. e.e.e.e.) dIWngAlIgIeOgEmdIWngAlIgIeOgEmdIWngAlIgIeOgEmdIWngAlIgIeOgEm:sENqFmnAeFmLmQnKaFIGjGsQqFn,GnqFnKwAQngXsFQNKsBmgAlIgIeOgEm.wvgKiFIKbAQNKhdgIn “Olympique” (JalAmpAg) kaNJlgLtQlOsmEegXKhEnvQI URSS LlO RDA (JcvMdLlOKurOmEn eIdLeQNHdWhlMnpOKwdtIQN|hlIegvQI baQnaDQn| aEnnEWnmEngXKpEn~WIavdaIWN LlOoOnFNGjoBQsVd.....). hlENjIg “JqNgInpOtAiUb”kaNJcvMdHdWiEbgInKzBeLzQaagoFQvJlg(1984) ,bEnhIcFnKzFQImAdNMbtradmIHdWJpJlkDWndvWeqvImKqEQNiaWnoBQsVd tFvuIQN: rOvIQNcFnKzFQI aIgKmnB LlO aIsIdGbcIn(Arméniens et Azerbaijiens). bEnhIdEQNgIQvuUQGnkFNKkdnBW,LmQnmBmILtQdFnnInLlWv;LtQqIvsmEe Lénine HdWsFQNqnOnCQNnXIwIdvWe Felix

Dzerzinski HpLgWHk. KlnAnKvFWIvQI: “Dzerzinski mBLnvqAd russe

LoW|”(rEdKcEe)cCQN`IeKyAN bXQoXILlOpOtAbEdtImjAdtOsId-sENqFmkaNbEndIKzFQIcFnsvQnnaWe,tXQmIgXLmQnKhdgInkaN 3 rEyuUQLyboOKl bIntAg(Trois Baltiques)qD:rEy LadsOJtnB (Estonie), lBtUaInB(Lithuanie),LldJtnB(Lettonie) cCQNKkFWIGnsIhIwIbJcvMdGnsmEe sFNqImJlgqEWNoB II.bEndIKhdgIndEQNgIQvHdWsaQNLsNGhWKhEnvQI:

“Une goutte fait déborder la vase” LlWv “nXWIKmEdnCQNwIGhWGhllFWnLgWv”.KhdgIntXQmIgXqDgInLtgoOlIekaNsOhIwIbJcvMd .dvWeKhdGd? - wvgKiFIKvFWIvQI gInLgWHkbEnhIcFnKzFQIuUQGnsENqFmnAeFmLmQndB,HdWKiEdGhWcFnKzFQI jIgsOwIb “KpEnKpFWI`IegInKmDaN”(object de la

politique)gIemIKpEn “sujet politique”“KpEnKjFWIgInKmDaN”. “gInhIQNHggEn”rOvIQNbEndIKzFQILlOgEbJcvMd (rEdKcEe)HdWheEbKkFWIGgWgEnGniabdIWn;LtQGnwDWnyIneIvnIn “gInsKmBwIbrOvIQNbEndIcFnKzFQI”, “sAdkaNbEndIKzFQIGngIntEdsAnJcgcItItFnKaN”qDnOJebIeLlO lEdoAsIgFngEmmOcBbKvFWInEWn,eENbXQoEnHdWiEbgInLgWHkuIQNyDgtaWN;sOhIwIbjCQNLtgqDpEdjVbEn. - bEnhIcFnKzFQIuUQGnJlgnBW,eENLgWbXQtFgLlOgXeENKpEnbEnhIiBbdvQnuUQ. - bFdiMnkaNgInLgWHkbEndIcFnKzFQILlO “rEy”uUQwIeGnpOKodnCQN oBQqvnqFWnqvWI, wvgKiFIaIdeFgKaFIbINpOKod : * USA : (sOhIrEyaOKmrAgI)nCQNGnbEnhIoBQLgWbXQHdWdBLmQnbEnhI“jXILngKcDWacIdLlOzAvwEn”cCQNJlggXtXInAtladmI tFvuIQN: gIndEbsUnwvg “~ENLdN”(Peaux-rouges)dvWeaIvVdoIdKqmBLlOdvWe“qvImsBvAHl”;bEnhI“zAvdXI”gXeENLgWbXQtFguUQ.qvImoVgeIg,lWIhlEN,weIdJrqI LmQnKwDQanivQmcBvAdkaNqFnzAvdXItladmI. svQngInLgWHk “rEy”oBQuUQwIeGnpOKodyDvQILgWHkdB tFvuIQN: tEWNLtQmDWsIWNtEWN sOhIrEyaOKmrAgImI bXQmBrEyGdjOuIgLegaag,mBLtQrEytIQN|sKnBKpEnsOmIcAgkaNsOhIrEyaOKmrAgI tFvuIQN: rEyiIvIe (Hawaii),Porto-Rico gXsmEgKkFWI

LtQpIgFdvQIbXQHdWiEbgInLgWHk.KhdzFnKpEnLnvGd ? 1- gaQnaDQn`FdwvgKiFItaWNiEbiUWvQI USA KpEnsEneIlEgGhWLgQ “rObabnIeoCnkeIetFvGnrOdEbsUNsVd”.hlENjIgsFNqImJlgqEWNoB IImI,USA HdWnXI~WIGndIWn “dXIrFN cBvAd”LbbaOKmrAgEn “Pax

Americana”;HdWcvQNKsNgEbURSS LlOsENqFmnAeFmaDQn|tladmI.uUQGngIn “dXIrFNcBvAdLbbaOKmrAgEnnBW”KwAQnHdWKqBeeFgeaWNvQI : “KpEnpOKodoBQiEghamLlOKqFIrFbbUcIKagrIc,aAdsIrOwIb,pOcIoApOHt”.mBnEgkMnoBQKvFWIvQI: “The freedom of choice is the essence of

America”(aAdsIrOwIbGngInKlDag LmQnoIdLoWkaNaOKmrAgI). 2- GnKmDQaKvFWIKyAN lEgsnOkaNcIvaOKmrAgEn LlWv James Bruce

KvFWIvQI: “In descripting the general character of Americans,Bruce

saw them as....... Full of faith in the right judgement of the

people”(nAsEeoFQvHpkaNcIvaOKmrAgEnLmQn....KtEmpMQmdvWegInKcDQa`EWntXQgIntEdsAnoBQyDgtaWNkaNpOcIcFn). 3- rOvIQNgInivmsUnLlOpOcIoApOGt hlDKvFWIaBguIQNnCQNLmQncentralisation et décentralisation (gInLbQNkabKkdqvImiEbzAdcab,sAd...). “The Federal Government ought to decide about defence,

foreign policy and import-export. But what affects us on our levelshould be in our hands without anybody putting his nose in our

business”.(rEybIngIN/ sOhIwEn)jOtaWNtEdsAn gMQvgEbgInpaWNgEncId,gInKmDaNtIQNpOKod,LlO gInqWIkIaag-kIKkFWI,gMQvgEb sAQNoBQwFvwEnKyANKiFIuUQGnrOdEbKiFI jOtaWNHdWuUQGngXImDwvgKiFI,JdepIsjIgbXQmBbVgqFnzUWGd jOLeQdENKkFWImIGngAdjOgInkaNwvgKiFI. *uUQpOKod Canada: cFncIdGhQeoBQuUQnBW,KvFWIlvmgXmBsaNqD:“cFn

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n’est pas sincère envers soi-même n’est jamais sincère au Parti,auPays,au Peuple).

.......sEdjOoEmoBQeFgkDWnuUQKoANnEWnmEnLmQnoIdLoWmOnVdsOoEm,mEnLmQnqvImhvENdBkaNmOnVdoBQsaQNGs,kaNmOnVdKvFWIlvmcCQNprIynIuIgKhEn “qvImdB” cnO “qvImcFQv” (Le “bien”-Le “mal”), “sAnoEm”cnO “aOoEm”(Le “Vice” et la “Vertu”), “qvImKpEnoEm” cnO “qvImbXQKpEnoEm”(la justice et l’injustice),“qvImgIWv~WI” cnO“aEnlWIhlEN”(le progrès et la décadence).. oBQuIgmBqvImsVg,qvImjKrBniVQNKiDAaNKhlDaNKhlDWam,qvImsImOqBiEgLwNcCQNgEnLlOgEn rOvIQNmOnVddvWegEn.KkFIKjFWIbXQmEggIn GcWgXIlENiVnLiN,pIbpIm,gFdkBQkFQmKhEN,tFvOeFvO,hlaglvNLlO aDQn|.zUWGdKiEdLnvnEWn,KkFIKjFWIgXyD vQI “bXQKpEnoEm”,jamJhd (despote).....bXQHdWiEbgInKqFIrFbnEbyD,nAeFmcFmcabjIgpOcIcFntladmI GnKvlIGd “dIb” hIgtFgaagjIgmDwvgKkFIKjFWILlWv cItIgEmkaNKkFIKjFWIgXLmQn “dIb”nEWnKaNtEdsAn. “Qui joue

avec la glaive, mourra avec la glaive”(zUWhlAWndvWedIb taWNtIedvWedIb)tFvuIQN: Hitler LlObEndIrEymFntrBgOcvNwIeGnkaNJcvMdsmEe sOtIlAn(Krouglov,Béria) GnnBWtaWNKvFWIvQI `FdoVgrEymFntrBgOcvNwIeGn cCQNLmQnKkFIKaNpEdKkEQegEnKaN(LlOdvWevAoB “nEgKlN”

LbbdMv). uUQGnbEndIzUWhvENdB,saQNGsnEWn,wvgKiFIaIdjEd aIjIn,nEgpOdAdsIsnIoEN`FdKkFWInXIKwIOqFnwAKsddEQNgIQvnBW,KkFIKjFWIgXIHdWoIdLoWmOnVdsOoEm kaNmOnVd(qvImmEg, qvImprIynIkaNqFn)oBQHdWsEQNsanGhW “sIWNLtQqvImdB sIWNbVn” KwDQajOHdWkDWnsvEn, pIsjIgqvImcFQv,qvImmFnoAn jOHdWtFg“nIiFg”. svQngIn`UnGcWsIsnInEWnLmQnKrDWaNtIQNhIg qDwvgKiFIiUWnXIgEn uUQKaBrFbsmEegaQn “gInfDWnfU”(Renaissance) GnsEtvEd 14-15 sIsnI KucUgXHdWpIbpImqFnoXIpQIKyDQan( “Brûler aux Bouchers”=KzFIbFngaNfDn).gIntXQsUWrOvIQN“wvghvENdB” LlO “`QUmIn” mBmItladgIn. mBqvImKhEnoBQvQI “saNwEnhWIiaWe pB (2500) zIQnmI,mOnVdbXQHdWmBqvImgIWv~WIoINdIWnqvImslIdLlOqVnsFmbEd ”. gIngFdkBQkFmKhENgEnmBmItlad, aEndMvmBLtQiUbdIb,qFmdIb,LlOknIdkaNdIb kWIfEnlEnLoNgEnKoFQInEWn.Marx HdWslVbvQI: “rObabnIeoCn”HdWKiEdGhWgInKsEehIenEWnsUNoBQsVd ( Capital ) LtQyWIwvgKiFImIsFmoMbGsQ “rObFb sOtIlBnAd” LmQnaEnGdsUNLoW ?? mIiadoIWe sEtvEdoB 20 nBW mBbEnhInCQNoBQKgBdkDWn KwIOmEnLmQnoQIaMQNG`Q kaNmvnmOnVd KwDQasIWNqvImiEgGhWLgQmOnVdHpLlgpMQnKaFI,LmQnHiWmOnVdsOoEm. oQIaMQNnBWLmQnKvFWIKyANgInpOhIncBvAdkaNqFnoBQmBqvImzAdwId~Eg(nEgJod) (dvWeKhdzFnLnvGdgXtIm) gFd`IekaNhlIepOKoduUQGnJlgHdWiEbKaFIoEsnOdEQNgIQvLlWv,LtQgXeENmBpOKodGhQe|gXbXQiEbKaFIqDgEnKcEQn: USA, RP de chine

wIgoB wIgoB wIgoB wIgoB III KhdzFnwIenagKhdzFnwIenagKhdzFnwIenagKhdzFnwIenag : Adam Michnik,the polish philosopher says: “Communist

regime can not really reform itself from within .It has to be pressed

and pushed...”(nEgprEceI JpJle mAdcnAgKvFWIvQI: “rObabqammVenAdbXQsImIdpOtAiUbtFnKaNoBQLoWjANjIgoINGnHdW.mEntaWNyDgbBbLlOcVgeUW.....”svQnlEdoAmIgcT-KlnAnnEWn, wOLmQngFNgEnkIWmgEbqvImKhEn dEQNgIQv.“pEdjEewIeGn LmQntEdsAn,svQnoINnagmBLtQjOaXInve hlDsgEdgEWnHdWKoFQInEWn, bXQsImIdpMQnLonpEdjEeoINGnHdW. gInpOtAvEdmEnrOKbBdkDWn GnKmDQakXWkEdLeWNwIeGn sVgNam”. sOwIbgInwIeGnsVgNam`IeKyAN “pEdjEewIvOwIb”( facteur objectif ) qFbyvWnLlWv,mEnjCQNKgBd sOwIvOgInpOtAvEd ( situation révolutionnaire ),yWIvQI “aEdtOmIwIb”( facteur subjectif ) hIgsImIdnXIwIHdW,gInpOtAvEdsENqFmnAeFmjOsXIKrEd. - KkFWIGjbEnhI “pEdjEeoINGn”, “oINnag” nBW taWNKkFWIGjLbbsEdjOvAwIg, bXQKkFWIGjLbb Métaphysique,Lbb Mécanique (LbbaOwAoEm,LbbgFnjEg). KkFWIGjLbb Métaphysique hlD Mécanique

nEWnLmQnLbbtIetFv,LkNgOdIWN hlDvQI “yWIJtjANtEdsAn,JtaDQnbXQtEdsAn”(opposer ces deux notions); hlDvQI “mBJtjANLlWv JtaDQnbXQmBaBg”. - aBgdIWnsaNaBgdIWnsaNaBgdIWnsaNaBgdIWnsaN : jOtaWNKkFWIGjpvEdsIdnCQNLbbnagtFvLoW|.“yWIqAdvQIpvEdsId jOHptImqvImmEgkaNqFn(kaNzUWgXIaXInId),jObXQmBpvEdsIdKlBe;pvEdsIdLmQnKtEmHpdvWesAQNbENKaBn (Hasard)”.

- dIWnoBsImdIWnoBsImdIWnoBsImdIWnoBsIm : KkFWIGjLbbsEdjOvAwIg,taWNKkFWIGjtImgFdKgnoIN aMQN ( Loi tendancielle ) taWNKhEndBLnvnEWn. LtQbINqEWNqIvmEnwOmB gXrOnBwAKsd oBQxDngEbgFdKgnnEWn. “ L’exception fait la règle”

(mBsAQNoBQ zAdhlEggIn,jCQNKiEdGhWhlEggIn KpEnhlEggIn). qvImKvFWIkaN Michnik yDguUQbaQnGd ? (aIdLmQn Hasard hlDvQIException) qD: gInsIWNtEWNrEysENqFmnAeFmuUQKaBrFbtIKvEnaag KvFWIlvmLlWv LmQndvWegaNoEbLdN LlOgIncvQeKhlDakaN URSS KpEntFWntX sFmoFbgEbkbvnpFdpaQecId(LnvJim) tIWngIniVgiInLlOqvbqVmkaN wvgfIdcAd KurOmEn. mEnbXQLmQnsOwIvOgInwIeGnsVgNamheEN`Fd hlDKvFWItDQmaBgqD: sOhIwIbJcvMdcvQeKhlDa Babrak

Karmal uUQ Afghanistan,hlD UN cvQeKhlDa Phen Sovan uUQgXIwUcIGnKmDQagaQn. LtQvQI bIdrObFbsENqFmnAeFmuUQKaBrFbtIKvEnaagLtgslIe,mEnwObXQLmQn “wIenagbBb,cVgeUW...LtQuIQNGdKlBe”.wOLmQnsOwIvOgInmEnsVgNam HpKyANkEWntaWNmBgInpMQnLpNG`Q. LnQnanLlWv,gInsFQNzFnsOoaWncCQNgEnLlOgEnkaNpEdjEeGnLlOnag LmQmmBuUQLbbpFggOtA JdebXQmBbVgqFnjOpOtAKsdHdW. - gIn`UnGcW “gFdKgnkaNsEdjOvAwIg” KkFWIGngXrOnBGdnCQNsXIKrEdzFn,LtQhIggInGcWvAoBdEQNgIQvKgBnHp,gIemIKpEngInrOKmBdtXQoIdLoW kaNlEdoAsEdjOvAwIgnEWnKaN,gIemIKpEnlEdoAjAdnAeFm(idéalisme),gIemIKpEnlEdoA KjdtOnInAeFm(volontarisme) (KaFIvAoBgInHppMQnLonGhWoIdLoW `IeKyANGcWgXIlENiVnLiNkaNwIenagKwDQasIWNtEWNrObabG`Q). LnQnanLlWvuUQGnoEmmOcId,sENqFm LlOjAdtOnIgIn “kabKkdrOvIQNaEnnCQNLlOaEnaDQnnEWn” mEnjOLjWN(KhEnNIQe)pInGd tFvuIQN: rOvIQNaEndB,aEncFQv, rOvIQNaEnyDg,aEnzAd,rOvIQNvAoBgIniVnLiNLlOsEntA,rOvIQNaIvVdpaWNgEntFv(armes

défensives) LlO aIvVdbVg(armes offensives) LlO aDQn|........ lEdoA vEdyVnAeFmsEdjOvAwIg HdWuEWNuDndvWegFdKgn “gInpMQnLpN

rOvIQNpOrAmIn HphIqVnnOwIb LlOdIWngFNgEnkIWm” (Loi de la

transformation de la quantité à la qualité et vice-versa) yWIKiFIGcWvAoBgInnCQN(GcWgXIlENwIeGn)HdWiEbzFn,LlWvKiFIGcWHptDQmKlDWae|......mEngXpMQnLpNHphIG`Q(aEndBgIeKpEnaEncFQv= sOKwIO wvgsOtIlBnAd;sOKwIOpOcIcFnLlWv yDvQIKpEnaEncFQv oBQwvgyDgkFQmKhEN gIemIKpEnaEndBGnKvlI mEnmBgInpMQnLpNqDuUQKaBrFbtIKvEnaagdMvnBW. g.)eaWngIncvQNKsNpOgabaIvVdsVdknId g.)eaWngIncvQNKsNpOgabaIvVdsVdknId g.)eaWngIncvQNKsNpOgabaIvVdsVdknId g.)eaWngIncvQNKsNpOgabaIvVdsVdknId: gaQnsFNqImJlgqEWNoB II mBLtQ USA mBaIvVdpIrOmOnUHdWJpJlaagmItXQJlgGnpB 1945 hlENjIgyAWmGsQ Nagasaki LlO Hiroshima

(nIgIsOgBLlO iBJrcBmI). hlENjIg sFNqImJlgqEWNoB II mI,JcvMdLlOgVQmsENqFmnAeFmkVWnkMWvKwDQaoXIlIegInzUgkId LlOgXIlENaIvVdoEnsmEeoBQK~DagvQItFn KwDQaqvImqFNuUQ. gvQI 45 pBzIQnmInBW,JlgwvgKiFIqFNuUQ GnKNDQanHkgOgMmgInoOhInknIdGhQe (guerre froide)

(sFNqImKuEn). tFvKlgsVdoIWe kaNrIejIQedIWnoOhIn # 1100 tDW -1200 tDW /pB . GntFvKlgdEQNgIQv saNaOwAmOhIaXInIdaIdgvmKaFIgvQI ½ LlOLtQlOpOKodnEWn,gInGcWjIQeaIdKoFQIoMmgEnKwDQaiEgsIqvImgXWIKgAQNgEn(équilibre de forces)(mBKagsInsOKwIOtIQNhIg).gInGcWjIQeaEnmOhIsInkaNJlgLlOkaNsaNaOwAmOhIaXInIddEQNgIQv, mEnbXQwMNLtQsFQNzFnsOoaWn~EgnvQNtXQgInwEonIJlgHpsUQqvImsBvAHlKoFQInEWn;mEneENKiEdGhW sOKyEerOwIb,sEntAwIb yDgLtOtaWNKpEnpOjXI. JlgHdWdXIrFNcBvAduUQdvWeqvImuIWngFv, dvWeqvImrOLvNsFNsEe bXQKcDQa`EWncCQNgEnLlOgEn(Climat de méfiance et de suspicion).

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GnpvEdsId. JlgHdW mBqvImKbBgbInGjoBQHdWKhEnvQI “rObFbsENqFmnAeFmJlg” HdWmBgIn “pOtAiUbtFnKaN” LlO saNaOwAmOhIaXInId bXQpOgId“sFNqImpIrOmOnUHiWmOnVdsOoEm”.tXQgIncvQNKsNpOgabaIvVdsVdknIdnBW,oENsaNrObFbsENqFmkaNJlgHdWmBoEdsnO LlOqvImKhEntIQNgEndEQNnBW: ((((1) oINxIQetIKvEntFg nXI~WIJde oINxIQetIKvEntFg nXI~WIJde oINxIQetIKvEntFg nXI~WIJde oINxIQetIKvEntFg nXI~WIJde USA vQI : - gVQm vIgJcvB (Pacte de Varsovie) mBgXIlENgInoOhInLlOaIvVdeVdJopOgan K~DaxIQetIKvEntFguUQKlDWae|. GnpBNFbpOmInLtQlOpB LmQniaWNkXGhWKwBWmNFbpOmInoOhInKlDWae| LlOKrDWaNdEQNgIQvLmQndFNdENLlOsUWfEngEn~EguUQGnsOwI (Congress) LlOGnKvlIKlDagtEWNpOoInIoAbXdBqFnG`Q.bEnhIdEQNgIQv gXLmQnpOgabsvQnGhQehlvNKkFWIGngInjOHdWaEnHccnO hlDKsEeHc kaNzUWoBQsmEg (KagsIngMQvgEbNFbpOmIngInoOhIn oBQKwBWmLtQlOpBnEWnmBrOaMdtIQNhIg).wvgKiFIKbAQNNFbpOmInkaNJlg, kaN USA,LlOpOKodaDQn|oBQwFvwEnKyANbEnhInBW gXLmQnKwBWmkDWnuIQNbXQuVduEWNLoW. - USA HdWvQItFnHdWLbghIb~EgJwdGngIniEgsIqvImgXWIKgAQNdIWneVdoOsId gInoOhIndEQNgIQvLlWv,LtQlOsmEegaNpOcVmOTAN (gVQmpaWNgEnaEdlENtAgK~Da) sKnBGhWwIqBkaNsEneInIJt KwBWmoOvBNFbpOmInivmLlONFbpOmInkaNLtQlOpOKodkDWntDQmKlDWae|(mBKagsIn...).tXQgEbeBQpVQn USA gXiMgiaWNGhWeBQpVQnKwBWmoOvBNFbpOmInpaWNgEncIdGhWK`IOsFmgEbbFdbIdoINKsygAdkaNeBQpVQn tXQJlg,aIcBLlOtXQ gXIlENkaN USA oBQsENgEduUQ UQKgIOkaNeBQpVQn (Okinawa).

(2) oINxIQesENqFmnAeFm nXIJde oINxIQesENqFmnAeFm nXIJde oINxIQesENqFmnAeFm nXIJde oINxIQesENqFmnAeFm nXIJde URSS :

hlENjIgsFNqImJlgqEWNoB II mI vQIxIQetFneENaaQnnaWegvQI

“xIQetIKvEntFg” oINdIWneVosIdgInoOhInHdWaagLiNpOgabaIvVdsVdknId jCQNHdWmIKyANqvImgXWIKgAQNgEnGngINpB 1970. - GncVmpB 1970 nBWKaN,xIQeJcvMdKvFWIvQI : “gIntXQsUWgEnuIQNiabdIWnLlO kMWvkIdkaNsaNrObFbsENqFmJlg” nBW xIQetFnmBLtQqD : 1.aAdoAwFndIWngInKmDAaNkaNJcvMdLlOkaNxIQesENqFmnAeFmLmQn dDQn USA LlO xIQetIKvEntFgkIdkEWn. “rObFbsENqFmnAeFmLmQngXIlEN cBWkIdGhWLgQgInkeIetFn kaNmvnmOnVd”. 2. oINdIWngInoOhIn oENsaNxIQemBqvImgXWIKgAQNgEn (gINcVmpB1970).

3. xIQetIKvEntFg qAdvQIjOcnO “sENqFmnAeFm” GnsaNKnDWaGnqD “sIWNKsygAd LlO dXIKnBnsFNqImjAdtOsId” LcgLcNoINdIWnvEonOoEmqDoBQKkFIKiEdmILlWvGn iENgIrB (Hongrie 1953) LlO KcEgJg ( 1958 )

LtQvQIGndIWnsIWNsIKsygAdnBW xIQeJcvMdvQI KsygAdkaNsENqFmnAeFmmBqvImsImIdcnOHdW dvWebEndIKhdzFndEQNnBW : * mIiaddMvnBW pOrAmInzlAtwEnaVdsIhOgEmkaNtFnHdWgIWvkDWnKlDWae| oINdIWnpOrAmIn LlOHdWnXI~WIGnpOmIn 10 gvQIcnAdsAnqWI( oBnCQNkaNJlg ). * KsygAdkaNsENqFmnAeFm HptImLzngIn,bXQmBvAgAdgIn LlOjENhvOgIWvkDWnuIQN~EgL~Wn LlOqaQe|heEbGgWhIkaNUSA(KvFWIsOKwIOkaNJcvMd) svQnkaN USA gIWvbXQsmXQIsKmB LlOgIWvdvWejENhvOtXQI# 2%....

* smEdtOwIbkaNNInsENqFmkaNJcvMd LlOsENqFmnAeFm heEbGgWKkFWIhI USA (gIWvkDWnKpEnpOjXI)HdWpOmIn 80% kaN USA LlWv(kaNJcvMd).

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nXI~WI gXHdWmB “JqNgInsENqFmtIWnqammVenAdLbbcBvOvAoeI” (anti-

communiste biologique).

4- uUQGnbEneIgIdkaNsFNqImKuEnoBQdVKdDadnEWn,xIQeJcvMdKvFWIvQIxIQeUSA mBLznbENqEbGhWxIQetFntaWNcvQNKsNpOgabaIvVdKwDQajOoXIlIesENqFmnAeFm GngIn sIWNsIKsygAd, bXQGhWxIQesENqFmnAeFmeXqXHdW,taWNsVmGsQLtQgInoOhIn, bXQsIWNsIKsygAdHdWLlOaDQn|gXjOlFdnaWeyaelFNqDgEn. zIQn 45 pBmInBW,HdWKhEnvQIoENJcvMdLlOUSAgXHdWhlVdnaWeyaehlENlFNcEgGcW yWIoMbGsQgInwEonIkaNeBQpVQn,Europe tIKvEntFg LlObaQnaDQn|..... + USA (KrDWaNyaehlENmBKagsIntIQNhIg) LtQgaQnKpEnaOwAmOhIaXInIdkIdkEWn (nXI~WIxIQetIKvEntFg LtQsFNqImJlgqEWNoB II mI).eaWngIncvQNKsNpOgabaIvVdsFNqImGnhlIe|LhQNGnJlgtFvuIQN: sFNqImKgFIhlB,sFNqImGn Indochine #1954-1975 pOmIn

20-21 pB HdWKiEdGhWaAdoAwFn,yInObFdbId LlOqvImKkEWmLkNyaelFNKlDWae|. mIiadrOeOnCQNGncVmpB 1980 sOhIrEyaOKmrAgIHdWsIoOeIvQI “kId(3x150) (NFbpOmInkIddVn=150 tDW $US)

gIndVngInqWI=150tDW $US LlOKpEn~BWsAn=150tDW$US tFvuIQN:1988

(KpEn~BW 180 tDW$US) LtQgaQncVmpB 50-60 USA mBqENsOsFmpOmIn 40-

50 tDW $US.“....a very fundamental difference has occured in the

US’s position from being the chief creditor nation to now being the

principal debtor nation” (eaWn LtgtIQNoBQKpEnwDWnyInoBQsVdnEWnLmQnyInOkaN USA jIgpOKodoBQmBrOdEb~CQNkaNJlggIemIpEdjVbEnKpEnpOKodoBQ KpEn~BWtFWntXkaNJlg ?). USA HdWgIeKpEntlIdGhWLgQeBQpVQn,Europe tIKvEntFg LlObEndIpOKodaIcB. + URSS : KsygAdkaNsENqFmnAeFmLmQnwENoOlIe,cBvAdgInKpEnuUQpOjXIvEnkaN pOcIcFnkIdLqn LlOtaWNHdWlMnLyvcDWKqDQaNKpEnpOjXI,tAd~BWsAnGhWtIQNpOKod,cagoCnkaNtIQNpOKodmIwEonItFnKaN.taWNHdWpOtAiUbiabdIWn(gInKmDaN LlO KsygAd)jCQNjOmBoINaag .... kkkk.) eaWngIncvQeKhlDaGngInpOtAbEd~WIoBQsIgFngEmmOcBbtXQJlg~Eg~vQNJwd. JcvMdKaNgXKqBepOgIdvQI: “sOhIwIbJcvMdHdWKpEnGjgINLlOgXILwNKwEdLhQNgInpOtAvEdkaNJlg”. “gXIlENsENqFmnAeFmLmQnwlENcBWkIdGhWLgQgInkeIe kaNmvnmOnVd”.jIgnEWnjCQNKhEnvQI~WIoBQcvQegXIlENpOtAvEdJlgKwDQapFdpaQetFnKaNnEWn LmQnwEnoOLlOqvImiEbzAdcabkaNtFntladmI. KvFWIlvmtEWNLtQpB 1917 mI LlOmAtwIbhlENjIg 1945 mInBW rObFbsENqFmJlgHdWLbQNaagKpEnsaNrObFbpXrO

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200 tDW Roubles.

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l’information”. sOhIwIbJcvMdtaWNHdWoVWmKomOhIsInGsQbEndIbEnhIdEQNgIQv KwIOdIWnnCQNgXLmQnKwDQaLzQuIQNgvWIN aVdFmgIngInKmDaNLlOJlgOoEdkaNtFn LlOaBgdIWnsaNgXtaWNHdWtXQsUWKcAQN~WIgEbjEggOwEdJlg. sOhIwIbJcvMdoENpEbpVNtFnKaNoENcvQeKhlDaKwDQanmAdoFQvJlg LlOoENcvQeKhlDagInjEdtEWNsIgFn KwDQadXIKnBnvMgNIndEQNgIQv, tFvuIQN: aFNgInsEntAwIbJlg;gEmmObInJlg;cIv~VQmpOcI

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LtQlOmDW KmDaNhlvN Moscou,Leningrad,Kiev,Klakhov LlOKmDaNaDQn|,LmQntaWNmBgInpOcVmsIgFnoBQwFvwEnKyANLtQlOvMgNInoBQgMQvkaWN. GnJagIdvEnlOlCgGhQe|kaNJcvMd,sENqFmnAeFm LlOsXIqEnkaNJlg,zUWLonLtQlOmVmJlgLmQnHpKtFWIJimgEnuUQKmDaNtIQN|kaNsOhIwIbJcvMd KwDQasKlBmslaN LlOpOcVmgEn.... LlOzUWLonkaN URSS LlOrEytIQN| gXHdWLegHppOcVm uMWmuImbEndIpOKodtIQN| uUQGnJlgoBQmBgInwFvwEngEbJcvMd. KmDQawvgKiFIKsDadLsNtIzIQnvMgNInoBQKvFWImInBW wvgKiFIaIdKhEnvQIKpEngInoVWmKoKoFQIGdLiNNIn,KvlI,wIhInO,KNAn,sOtApEneI oBQsMWvcInKkFWIGsQmEn,gInpOsFmpOsInLzngIn.....LmQnmOhIsInLoW|LlOmBsOtA mBgInjEdtEWNLoW|..... (2) gIncvQeKhlDadIWngXQsIWNKsygAd.sOhIwIbJcvMdtaWNHdWLbghIb 3 kbvn pOtAvEdJlgtladmILtQ 1917 LtQgXtaWNiEbiUWvQIJcvMdKpEnpOKodoB 5 kaNJlg LlO oB 4 kaN Europe dIWnwEonIaVdsIhOgEm(`IeKyANoVgeIggvQIbEndIjEggOwEdaDQn|). - JcvMdKaN gXtaWNHdWKiEd~WIoBQsIgFnsENqFmnAeFm tXQwIeGnkaNtFn cCQNKvFWIlvmLlWv bEndIrEytIQN|(15) LmQnoVgeIglWIhlENjFnKiEd

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eFm tFvuIQN:1921-Mongolie, 1945 cvQeuUQKaBrFbtIKvEnaag;1949-

1955 ( Chine LlO KgFIhlBK~Da);1956(Cuba) ; 1975 (3 pOKodGnaAndUjBn) + Nicaragua.......

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coopération) LtQwDWnyInnEWnLmQnsOsINqD KsygAdtlIdoEmmOdILmQnbXQHdW. KpEnsAQNoBQiUWgEndBLlWvvQI gIncvQeKhlDakaNsOhIwIbJcvMd KvFWIlvmLlOKvFWIJdesOKwIOtXQbEnhIpOKodsENqFmnAeFmnBWLmQnLnGsQtFWntX LmQndIWnaVdFmqOtAgInKmDaNsIWN GhW s/h KkEWmLkNHvoBQsVd KoFQIoBQKiEdHdW,svQnpOsAdoAzFnoINdIWnKsygAdnEWn eENjOtaWNqFWnqvWIgEntDQmKwIOuUQGnJtkaNKsygAdsENqFmnAeFmnBWLmQnzlAdKwDQagInsnaNqvImtaWNgIn,KpEnKpFWI`IeeVdoOsId bXQLmQnzlAd “sAnqWI” qDwvgKiFIiUWnXIgEn.gInlFNoCnGsQnEWnLmQnaVdsIhOgEm:wEgKpEnLnvoINeVdoOsIdLlOaVdsIhOgEmknIdGhQe kVdqFWncEweIganoEmmOcId,bXQLhQ....cCQNiab`UnvMnoCn KvFWIlvmLmQncEgcWILlOKgEbgUWgXLmQneIvnIn pOsAdoAzFnKsygAdtXQI. gInzlAdwIhInOgInzlAdKpEntFWntXKwDQapOgabGhWoFQvkLnNKsygAdsENqFmKpEnaVdsIhOgEmkaNtFvrObFbsENqFmnAeFmJlgKwDQagIWvHpsUQqvImKpEnKagrIc(tXQrObFb jEggOwEd) KpEnKjFWIgIn, KwDQawEonIKsygAdsENqFmdvWejENhvOnEbmDWnEbHvGhWoEnLlOdDQnrObFbjEggOwEd,KiEdGhWsVdgIWv “zlAtwIbkaNNInsENqFm dDQnkaNnIeoCnnEWn” sOhIwIbJcvMdoVWmKowlENvENcIqDLnvqAdLlOKaFIqvImsImIdaEnnEWnmIjIgGsgXKpEn~WIaEdsOjEnqDgEn KwIOdIWnnCQN,yWIwvgKiFIsFmoMbGsQoCnnAeFmgaQnjOgIWvkDWnhIoCnnAeFm,taWNmBgInsOsFmKbDWaNtFWn ( accumulation

primitive ). bEndIpOKodoBQgIWvkDWnsENqFmnAeFmKvFWIlvmLmQndvWewEonI. dIWnsaNgInhEnKpEnaVdsIhOgEmkaNoCnnAeFmtaWNzIQnrOeOeIv

sFmqvnKwDQasOsFmmEnJdezIQngInkeIeaVdsIhOgEmKbFIKpEnwDWnyIn KcEQn: aENgAdtaWNlFNoCnGsQkeIeaVdsIhOgEmKbFI 4/5 tXQmI 5/6 LlObEndIpOKodaDQn| gXKiEdqIWeqDgEn. svQnsOhIwIbJcvMd(sENqFmnAeFmKvFWIlvm)LmQnsVmGsQaVdsIhOgEm~EgbIddMv(lFNoCnhlIeJwdLlOiab`UnvMnwOcWI). * wvgKiFIeFgtFvuIQNbINaEnmIKvFWI KcEQn: JcvMdcvQe R.P.Chine

hEnKpEnaVdsIhOgEmGncVmpB 1950 cCQNmIiadpEdjVbEngXeENLmQnwDWnyInkaNaVdsIhOgEm~EgkaNjBnuUQ KwIO GnpB1989 KvlI M. Gorbachev

mIuMWmuImjBn gXeENHdWKvFWIKyANKrDWaNKqDQaNpOgab,aIHlQkaN bEndIwIhInOgInzlAdtFWntXoBQJcvMdcvQeKhlDaGncVmpB 1950 uUQ(bXQnEbKrDWaNG`QaDQn|....)jBnHdWKlBWmpOtAiUbKsygAdLtQpB 1978 mI, mIiaddMvnBWgXmBaEnG`QuUQGnwDWnyInKsygAd,aVdsIhOgEmkaNjBncCQNLmQnJlgoCnnAeFmmIlFNoCnLlOivQmmDgEbjBnuUQGnbEndI “KkdKsygAdwAKsdkaNjBn”; hlD: * JcvMdcvQeKhlDa s.s.vMdnIm,wvgKiFIKhEnvQILmQnaVdsIhOgEm~Eg,GhQe LoW| (yWIoMbGsQ VN KaN)KcEQn: JiNNInHffWInXWItFgHoa Binh=1 lIWn KW;JiNNIn HffWIqvImiaWn=1 lIWn KW;JiNNInsBmEN Biên Con 1 lIWnJtntXQpB,kFv Thanh Long, GnKbDWaNtFWnLmQngInivQmmDLlOcvQeKhlDajIg R.P.Chine sVdoIWemIivQmmDgEbJcvMd qAdKpEnmUnqQIhlIetDW($ US/Roubles)nagjIgcvQeKhlDagInpOtAvEdsENqFmnAeFmoBQKpEn~WIoBQGjgINLlWvnEboENgVQmsOmIcAgcvQeKhlDacCQN gEnLlOgEn(SEU)LlObEndIpOKodsENqFmnAeFmaDQn|sOhIwIbJcvMd gXeENmBsIeGewFvwEngEbkbvnpFdpaQecId LlObEndIpOKodcIdnAeFm aBgdvWe. - tXQkbvnpFdpaQecId : jOLmQnmBoQIaMQNsENqFmnAeFm,gIWv~WI hlD

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dIWnsaNLmQnyWIwFvwEngEbrObabqammVenAdLlWvjOtaWNyDgRéprisailles kaNrObFbjEggOwEd.jIgqvImKpEnjANdEQNgIQv,gaQnpOKodcIdnAeFmnCQN|jOwFvwEnKsygAd,qWIkIegEbsOhIwIbJcvMd,sENqFmnAeFm taWNmBKNDQanHklvQN~WI ( les promises,les préalables ) dEQNtXQHpnBW : * taWNiEbpOgEnvQI:“rEybIngIWv~WI”nBWjObXQyDgJqQnlFWm(iVgiIn,LcgLcNjIgwIenag)hlDjIggInKiEdrEypOhIn,KwIOKhdgInkaNJlgHdWwAsUdGhWKhEnLlWvqvImKvFWIkaNzUWkMndEQNgIQv;sENqFmnAeFm“jOtaWNiEbpOgEnLlOmBgIniEbzAdcabtXQbEnhIdEQNgIQv....”

* yWImBgInpAdlaWmaDQn|aBg nagjIgsAQNoBQtFglFNgEbsENqFmnAeFmLlWvjOtaWNHdWcvQeKhlDa LlOKbAQNLeNtDQm.(Faites les conséquences

nécessaires)(oVg|KqIOiIWeoBQaIdsImIdtAdtImmI). * KvFWIsOKwIOdIWnKsygAdgXtaWNmBzFnpJedhlIeoBQsVd LlOsEneIgXtaWNLmQneIvnIn(KwIOsvQnGhQeLmQnwIhInOgInzlAdtFWntX,vEdyVdAboBQKpEneVosIdLlOwlENNIn,KhlEggWI,yIQnhBn,JlhOLlOaDQn|.....).rIqI “mAtwIb” taWNLmQnrIqIkaNJlg (tlId); KNDQanHkkaNoCn(bXQmBdagKbEWe hlDvQI dagKbEWenaWe),gIncXIrOsOsINgEnsvQnGhQeLmQndvWeiUb “sAnqWILlOsAnqWI” ( Clearing). rIqItaWNpFggOtALbbeIvnIn.....gInpOgabaIHhlQ,KqDQaNpOgabLlOgInbXrAgInhlENjIggInkIe “services après vente”sOdvgsObIe LlOtaWNHdWpOgabsvQnGngInsIWNbVgqOlIganaBgdvWe.KvFWIlvmLlWv,oVg|KNDQanHktaWNdBgvQIpOKodoCnnAeFm. * gIncvQeKhlDaLlOivQmmDgEbpOKodcIdnAeFmdEQNgIQveENmBlEgsnO “qDgkCm” (spectaculaire) aBgdvWe tFvuIQN: Khrushchev LlONasser (Egypt) sIWNHffWInXWItFg knIdeEg=1 lIWn KW(Barrage

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* sIeKhdoB IV LmQn“oAdsOdBmEngFNgEnkIWmgEnwCdtAgEm”LlO“oAdsOdBbXQwMNLtQbXQgIeKpEnkaNmOhIcFn,LtQmOhIcFnwOqIeoAdsOdB cXWI”: “oAdsOdB mIgcT-KlnAn KmDQamEngIeKpEnkaNmOhIcFnLlOKpEngXIlENoBQcnOKlBd. sAQNdEQNgIQvHdWwAsUdGhWKhEnLlWvGnsmEepB 1917 ,sFNqImJlgqEWNoB II,LlOGnrOeOfDWnfUKsygAdLhQNcIdwIehlENsFNqIm.

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aux calendres grecques”. pOcIcFnbXQKcDQamcCmLlObXQwMNLtQbXQsnEbsnUn, LtQwOGnKvlIdMv(pB1989) wOJqQnlFWm`Fd “hXpOsIdoBQsIWNmILlWv GnrOeO70 gvQIpB(45).KpEnheENjCQNKpEnLnvnEWn ? mBKhdzFndMvKoFQIoBQjOaOoAbIeHdWqD:“oAdsOdBLlOtFvjANbXQHpnXIgEn.oAdsOdBgFNgEnkIWmgEbwCdtAgEm”KoFQInEWn KwIOqDKwAQnKvFWIvQI: “gXIlENLiNkaNoAdsOdB mIgcT-KlnAn LmQnqvImKpEnKagwFb rOvIQNoAdsOdBLlOtFvjAN”(L’unité de la théorie et de la pratique fait la force invincible du

marxisme-léninisme).

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bureaucratique”.

bEndI “nEgJcvMdvAoeI”(Soviétologues) kaNtIKvEntFgKvFWIlvmLlO kaN USA KvFWIsOKwIOHdWqFWnqvWIKyANgXIlENLiNkaNlEdoAmIgcT-KlnAn LlOkaNgInjEdtEWNqammVenAd(wEgqammVenAd)HdWslVbvQI: “gXIlENLiNoBQcnOKlBddEQNgIQvLmQnuUQGn“lEdoAivmsUnpOcIoApOHt”.uIgcnOwvgmEnjOtaWNmIWNGhWHdWhlEggIndEQNgIQvdvWegInLcgcCmoINdIWnvEonOoEmLlOsFNqImjAdtOsIdKpEntFWntX.LnQnanLlWv,

gInLcgcCm,gInsUWfEn,gIncvQNKsNcCQNgEnLlOgEnrOvIQNsaNrObabmEngXsFQNzFngOoFbGsQgEnKpEnpFggOtA;LtQvQIxIQeGdjOcnOGnLtQlOgIlOKosO,KhdgIngXrOnBsOKwIO~WILlOeIvnIn,cFQvqIvLlOgIlOnInnEWn LmQnqvImjANkaNrObabnEWntEdsAnqD K.Kautsky: “La verité

est au-dessus de tout”(sEdjOoEmLmQnuUQK~DasAQNGd|).zFnslVbkaN “nEgJcvMdvAoeI”dEQNgIQvmInEWnLmQnqvImjAN100%KwIOvQI“lEdoAivmsUnpOcIoApOHt”nEWnLmQnhlEggInLmQnvAoeIsIdsUNsVdmIiaddMvnBW;mEnLmQnlEdoAvEdyVnAeFmsEdjOvAwIgoBQHdWiEbgInbXrAbUnkDWnKpEnaEnrOaMdGnKnDWaGnaEnKpEnwDWnyIn “hlEggIn”dEQNgIQv. (Le centralisme

démocratique est une élaboration et concrétisation du matérialisme

dialectique).lEdoAivmsUnpOcIoApOHtLmQnvAoeIsIdaEnnCQNLlOgXtaWN KkFWIGjmEnLbbvAoeIsId.“Il faut le comprendre en science”

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vQI:uUQGn“lEdoAivmsUnpOcIoApOHt”nEWn, JtivmsUn(centralisme)

LmQn qXInIm(le nom) yWIoMbGsQqXIsEbqVnnIm(adjectif)LmQnqXInImnEWncBWkId,svQnqVnnImmIpOgabGhWqXInImKoFQInEWn(démocratique

=pOcIoApOHt nEWnLmQnqXIqVnnIm).Le mot est déterminant ,tandis

que l’adjectif ne peut qualifier le nom(attribut de l’épithète).

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GnsmEenEWnzUWmBsAdKlDagtEWNLlOsmEgKlDagtEWNLmQn“pOcIcFnaAdsrO”(citoyens libres),svQnwvgkWIoIdbXQmBsAdKlDagtEWNLlOsmEgKlDagtEWN.dEQNnEWnLmQnmBlEgsnOcFncEWnjOLjWN.mIGnrObabnIeoCngXLmQnyDpOcIoApOHtLbbnIeoCn,jVdwAKsduUQGnnBW,pOcIcFnsvQnhlvNhlIebXQwMNLtQbXQHdWKkFWIivQmGncBvAdgInKmDaNdvWemBsOtA,tDQntFvuIQNqEgLnQKoFQInEWn,eENbXQmBqvImsImIdaBgcXWIjOHpsmEgKwDQaKpEnzUWLon......tFvuIQN:uUQUSA,gInKlDagtEWNpOoInIoAbXdB (1992) Georges Perrot taWNHdWKsEeKNAnsvQntFvpOmIn 60-70 lIWn$US KwDQagInJqsnI(LtQprIHc).nEWngXLmQnmBlEgsnOcFncEWn(nIeoCn)jOLjWN.gInoBQKvFWIvQI“pOcIoApOHtmBlEgsnOcFncEWngEmmOgan”nEWnJdeaBNtImoEdsnOkaNlEdoAmIgcTT-KlnAnLlWv uUQGnsENqFmoCnnAeFm cFncEWntFWntXnEWnLmQncFncEWnnIeoCnLlOcFncEWngEmmOcBboBQuUQwDWnsVdkaNsENqFmdEQNgIQv(yInO,qvImoVgeIglXIbIg.).nagjIgsaNcFncEWnKpEnwDWnyInLlWvnagnEWnLmQncFncEWnrOvIQNgINKcEQn:cIvnI,cIQNhEdyOgEmLlOaDQn|...yInOkaNKkFIKjFWILmQndBgvQIcFncEWngEmmOganKwIOKkFIKjFWImBwIhInOgInzlAd svQnGdsvQnnCQNKwDQadXIrFNcBvAd(tIQNcIvgEmmOcBbKwIOmBLtQgXIlENLiNNIn

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par le peuple et pour le peuple).[`IeKyANgFNgEnkIWmgEbaXInId kaNbVgqFn(l’autocratie)].bEnhI“pOcIoApOHt”cCQNoIdLoWLmQnqIWeqDLnvnEWn,LtQwOKpEnbEnhIsEbsFn,heVWNeIg,oBQwIGhWKsEeKjEWMsX,nXWImCg,nXWIlIeKpEnhlIesEdtOvEdmILlOgXbXQLlWvbXQoFQvmIiaddMvnBW.KpEnheENjCQNKpEnLnvnEWn?KwIObEnhInBWLmQn“KkFWIoB”kaNbEnhIgInKmDaNcCQNLmQnvAoeIsIdsUNsVdLlOsENlvmoVg|vAoeIsIdsENqFmLlOoEmmOcId.“pOcIoApOHt”LmQn “aIvVdpOKsBd”LtQwOmBsaNqFm(The two

edged weapons)HcWHdWoENwvgpOcIoApOHtoBQLoWjANLlOoBQxDn(démagogie=hlDvQIhlaglvN)jIgnEWn,jCQNKhEnvQItladmIiaddMvnBW,jCQNKpEnbEnhIsEbsFn,bAdKbDan,pAdbEN,hlaglvN,jXIgEdiEdLgn,sveGcWLlOaDQn|.....KwDQaiEgsIzFnpJedKpEnoEmhlDbXQkaNgVQmgXIaXInId.....pOcIoApOHt.......taWNzIQnrObabgInKlDagtEWN;gInKlDagtEWNqEbLqb, gvWINkvINoFQvKyANKoFQIGdgXLmQngInpOcIoApOHtqEbLqb,gvWINkvINoFQvKyANKoFQInEWn.pvEdsIdkaNpOcIoApOHtLmQnpvEdsIdLhQNgIntXQsUWoBQKpBdgvWINpOcIoApOHtnEWnKaNtFvuIQN:rObabKgrEg,JrLmNLmQnpOcIoApOHtuUQGncFncEWnKjFWIoIdLlObXQmBzUW“eAN”KkFWIivQm;smEenIeoCngXLmQnpOcIoApOHtgvWINkvINgvQILlOhlIebaQnhlIepO

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* rObFbgInKmDaNsaNwEgKcEQn:uUQaENgAdmBsaNwEgGhQeoBQKpEnwDWnyInoBQLbQNpEnaXInIdsUNsVdgEntladmIqDwEg The Labour Party LlOThe

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* rObFbgInKmDaNoBQmBhlIewEgqDuUQ France KpEntFWn “Le système

multipartiste”; “Le pluripartisme”.

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(trFsOgB)uUQ Mexico LlOaBghlIe|lIWnqFngXyDgcItIgEmaEndMvqDTrotski.KmDQaJcvMdHdWpOtAbEdrObFbwEgdMv,pOKodtIQN|oBQHptImKsEWnoINkaNJcvMdgXHdWiEbzFnsOoaWnqDgEn(qDoBQHdWKvFWImILlWv).pvEd,iUbgInLlOKnDWaGnpOcIoApOHtoBQHdWgIQvmIkIWNKoANJdesENKkbnBWLmQnqvImaIdsImId(possibilité)eENbXQoEnLmQn(réalité)tFvjANKoDQa;uIgpOtAbEdpOcIoApOHtGhWKpEnjANhlDvQIsAdKsrBwIbpOcIoApOHtgvWINkvINnEWnjOtaWNmBKNDQanHkoBQLnQnanKpEntFWnLmQnKNDQanHkoINdIWngInKmDaN,yInOKsygAd-sENqFm,rOdEbsCgsIvEonOoEmLlOaDQn|.wvgKiFIKvFWImInEWnLmQnsAdsKmBwIbkaNpOcIcFntXQ~WIgFd`Ie(sAdKsrBwIbpOcIoApOHt KvFWIlvm)KoFQInEWn;LtQgXbXQLmQnqDoBQ: * mBnEgpOwEnaENgAdKvFWIvQI: “Democracy is among other

things,the possibility to say “no” to the boss, unless he is sure ofbeing able to eat when the boss’s favour has been withdrawn.....” The democracy presupposed: a) The right of the people to elect a government of theirchoice. b) Freedom of individual=thought and action, religious beliefs. c) Freedom of the press. d) Democratic ideals will not work in conditions of povertyand extreme social unrest. e) Democratic ideals presupposed a fair distribution of wealth,equality of opportunity in education,full employment,insuranceagainst illness and unemployment .......

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a) sAdkaNpOcIcFnoBQKlDagKaFIrEybIntImqvImmEgkaNtFn. b) KsrBwIbkaNbVgqFn=gInnCgqAdLlOgIngOoXI;qvImKcDQayDdIWnsIsnI. c) KsrBwIboINdIWnwAmjXI~IQe.. d) aVdFmqOtApOcIoApOHtLmQnbXQsImIdKqDQanGhvHdWGnKNDQanHkqvImoVgeIgLlOqvImvVWnvIesVdknIdkaNsENqFm. e) aVdFmgInpOcIoApOHtiMgiaWNlvQN~WIgMQvgEbgInLjguIesmXQIsKmBdIWnqvImiEQNmB,qvImsKmBwIbGnJagIdoBQjOHdWiEbgInsCgsI;taWNmBvMgKiEdNInoXI`FdoVg|qFn;qvImpadwEedIWngInweIdJlqILlOgInvIQNNIn......... qvImnEgpOwEnaENgAdKvFWImInEWn: - aEnyDgLmQnpOcIoApOHtbXQwMNLtQpOgIdoINdIWngFdÌeKoFQInEWnjOwMNwX,taWNmBKNDQanHkaDQn|KwDQapOtAbEdmEnjCQNKpEnjANHdW(ÌeqvImvQImEnmBlEgsnOoMbyInKlDWae| LlOgInoBQmBgFdÌeqXWIpOgEnLmQnHccnOKpEngIWv|mIkaNmvnmOnVdoBQgIWv~WIoBQoVWmKogXIlENvENcI sOtApEneIKoFQIGdlVWntXQlVWnjCQNHdWmIKcEQnnEWn). - aEnzAdLmQnaEnzAdLmQnaEnzAdLmQnaEnzAdLmQn : kXW d) LlO e) yWIjOvINKNDQanHkqDLnvnEWnaagLmQnpOcIoApOHtnEWnjOmBLtQuUQGn “aInIjEgHxQxEn”KoFQInEWn (Le

royaume de l’utopie) “sAdoAivmsUnpOcIoApOHt”oENLmQnhlEggInoENLmQnvAoeIsIdsUNsVdaEnnCQNlEdoAdEQNgIQvbXQHdWgXInFdvQIjOtaWNmBrObFbwEgdMvhlDhlIewEgqDoBQHdWKvFWIGnkIWNKoAN.rObFbwEgdMvLmQnzlAtwEnkaNpvEdsIdoBQLnQnan.lEdoAdEQNgIQvLmQnKsBmkeIepOcIoApOHtsUQeadsUNcCQNgIemIKpEnhlEggInsUNsVdkaNwEgLbbHgLbbG`Q;mBLtQpOtAbEdhlEggIndEQNgIQvHdWKoFQInEWnjCQNKiEdGhWwEgnEWnKpEngaWngXIlENnCQNoBQ

KkEWmLkNLlOcnOKlBd;mEnoENKpEnhPEggInoBQsUNsFQNoENKpEnrObMbvAnEe “KhlEg”pOtAbEddvWeqvImtDQntFv(Une discipline de “fer” et

“conscience”).eaWnmEnLmQnrObMbvAnEeKhlEgLtQwaWmgEnnEWnwOLtQlOqFnmBsOtApOtAbEddvWeqvImtDQntFvmEnjCQNbEnlVgXIlENLiNsENlvmoBQeAQNGhQecnOKlBd,qDnEgJcvMdvAoeIHdWslVbLlWv.KnDWaGnkaNlEdoAivmsUnpOcIoApOHtmBnaWeLtQwOtaWNKkFWIGjmEnLbbvAoeIsId,bXQLmQnjOKkFWIGjLbbtImJt~ENsDhlDvQILbbvAKqIOtImHveOgandEQNtXQHpnBW: 1.oVg|qFntaWNKqDQanGhvuUQGngInjEdtEWN(KbDWaNtFWngXLmQnKqDQanGhvuUQGnwEg) 2.sMNsvQnnaWetaWNpOtAbEdtImsMNsvQnhlIe. 3.kEWnlVQmtaWNpOtAbEdtImkEWnKoAN. 4.oFQvoENyAQn,Kkd,LqvWntaWNpOtAbEdtImsUngIN.KnDWaGndEQNgIQvKyANvQImBnaWeLtQmEnwOLmQngInslVbsENKkbwCdtAgEmLlOoAdsOdBkaNpvEdsIdmvnmOnVdGnrOeOeIvnInLlObXrAbUnkDWnsUNsVdeadkaNrObabpOcIoApOHt(mIiaddMvnBW). wvgKiFIaIdeFgKaFIbINKnDWaGnLlOGhWqXIaOoAbIedEQNtXQHpnBW: 1)oVg|qFntaWNKqDQanGhvuUQGngInjEdtEWNoVg|qFntaWNKqDQanGhvuUQGngInjEdtEWNoVg|qFntaWNKqDQanGhvuUQGngInjEdtEWNoVg|qFntaWNKqDQanGhvuUQGngInjEdtEWN. wIsIxrEQNvQI: “Un homme isolé, si intelligent soit-il, n’est rien

en face d’une organisation”(mOnVdzUWnCQNoBQuUQJdddMQv,KyANjOmBqvImslIdwMNGdgXtIm,LmQnbXQmBheENuDnuUQtXQ~WIgInjEdtEWNnCQN).nEgsIWNtEWNlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmvAoeIsIdgXHdWmBhlIeqvImKvFWIgMQvgEbqvImsXIqEnkaNgInjEdtEWN tFvuIQN: “Les ouvriers sont rien sans organisation,

avec organisation les ouvriers sont tout”(bXQmBgInjEdtEWNgEmmOgan

LmQnbXQmBheEN`Fd,mBgInjEdtEWNgEmmOganmB`FdoVg|aEn). “Donnez-

moi une organisation de révolutionnaires,je soulèverai la Russie”

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peuple) cCQNKvFWIvQI: “La libération de la classe ouvrière est l’oeuvre

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LnOnXI(lEb, wAKsdaBg GhWkWIcDQLtQ 101 hI 110) .

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KvFWIvQI:“sVdoIWecBvAdpOjXIvEnHdWgIemIKpEnsAQNvAnItgEm(tragédie)

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fondamentale du capitalisme c’est celle entre la tendance à élargirsans limite,la production et la nécessité d’une consommation

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consciente(LzngInLmQngInKqFIrFbgInsFmsvQnLlOqvImmEgLlOmBsOtA).GngInpOtAbEdKsygAdLzngInnBW,sOhIwIbJcvMdHdWKlBWmpOtAbEdmIaIdKvFWIHdWvQILzmgIn GOELRO (pOgabHffWIoFQvsOhIwIbJcvMd)KpEnLzngInKoDQaoXIaAdoINdIWnKsygAd.tXQmIgXLmQnLzngIn 3-5-7 (zEnpMQngEbmIaBNtImsOwIbgIntFvjAN).L’économie nationale est régie par un plan unique qui a “force de

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entreprend une relation commerciale avec le capitalisme on sera

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systèmes) rOvIQNsaNrObabhlDvQI“gInivmgEnuUQuIQNsEntA” (co-

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vital de l’homme).LonoBQjOKpEnqDLnvnEWn,mEnwOKpEnaEngFNgEnkIWmKcEQn:KgBdLnvqAdKaDQaeaBN,bXQiEbzAdcab,KgIOgAn,sveJagIdLlOaDQn|;oAdsOdBKjFWIlvmÙQtaWNsOLdNaagGnoVgkadkaNkbvnLhQNgInzlAdsENqFm=gInzlAd,gInjXrOjan,LjguIe,gIncFmGcW,GngInqVWmqaN,gvdgILlOaDQn|......LtQGntFvjANLoWsvQnlvmÙQ LlOLtQlObVgqFngXbXQmBGzKpEnzUWiEbzAdcab,bXQmBGzKpEnKjFWIoBQLoWjAN,KaDQaeaBNLlOyAWmGsQgEn,kEWnKoANvQIqInXIkEWnlVQmLlOkEWnlVQmwOvQIkEWnKoAN,yAWmGsQgInjEdtEWNtFvuIQNoBQwvgKiFIeFgkDWnuUQKoANnBWoBQvQI“LzngInivmsUnJwd”LmQnkIdpOcIoApOHtkaNhFv~vQeLlOtXQLzngIndEQNgIQvnEWnwObXQmBzUWGdiEbzAdcab,KpEnKjFWIgInoBQLoWjAN.“gInkIdpOcIoApOHt”wOHpwaWmgEngEbgIn“kIdsOtAKpEnKjFWI,bXQiEbzAdcaboBQLoWjAN”;gInkId“sOtAKpEnKjFWI”HdWsOLdNaaguUQGnLtQlOkadkaNvAvEdLhQNgInzlAdsENqFm.qvImKpEnKjFWItXQwIhInOgInzlAd,JiNjEgJiNNInmBGndIWngFdÌehlEggInLtQtFvjANwOLmQnbXQmBGzKpEnKjFWI,mBqvImiEbzAdcaboEN`FdtXQgInpFgpEgiEgsI,pEbpVNGhWoEnsmEekDWnKlDWae|,GcWGhW FdpOsAdoAzFnkaNmEnqDgEngEbwIhInOgInzlAdkaNKagcFn.vEdyVdAb,wlENNInoBQ

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(4) “rObabKgDWagUnHdWKiEdGhWgIngOtVgcVgeUWdIWnvEdyVtXQgXIlENLiNNIn `FdpOsAdoAzFnHp. “gFdKgnzFnpJed,KpEntFWnzFnpJedoINdIWnKsygAd LmQngXIlEN`Un (mobile) kaNgInzlAd”. “rObabLhQNgInaCdhAv”(régime de la

faim)HdWbENqEbGhWzUWaagLiNNInKkFWIivQmGngInzlAddvWerIqIoBQyDgGnrObabnIeoCn”.uUQGnrObabsENqFmnAeFm,GnKmDQawIhInOgInzlAdHdWKpEnkaNsvQnlvmLlWv,bXQ IeKyANqFnjOtDQntFv,KpEnKjFWIgInKkFWIivQmgInzlAddvWeqvImsOGjJld.“LnvqAdkaNmOhIcFnmBlEgsnOiEgsIKdBmhlIegvQI”“LnvqAdsvQnhlIeLmQnHpnXIhlENvEdyVKlDWae|”;dEQNnEWn,gInpOtAbEdgFdKgnKsygAdLhQNlEdoAqammVenAdtXQoVg|wIqBkaNsENqFm KpEntFWnLmQntXQgXIlENLiNNInoBQLkNLiN,LonoBQjOHdWiEbzFndB,wOKiEdgInzlAdheXWoXWtFvuIQN:wvgKiFIHdWvINnOJebIeoVgqFntaWNiEbpOgEnKNDQanHkdXIrFNcBvAdtXQIsVdJdebXQqXInCNKyANgInpOgabsvQntFvjANkaNwIgsvQndEQNgIQv,bXQGhWqFnvIQNNIn,HdWKiEdGhWmBgInKaDQaeaBN,kBWqIWnjXItaWNsENqFmjOtaWNHdWKgDWagUnLbghIb~EgtladmI....wvgKiFIKvFWILlOpOgIdKpEnoINgInLoWgMQvgEbgInpOtAbEdgFdKgnKsygAdsENqFmnAeFm“LtQlOqFnpOgabsvQntImqvImsImId,cFmGcWtImLiNNIn”(De chacun selon ses capacités,à chacun selon son travail); KiEdhlIeHdWgAnhlIe,KiEdnaWeHdWgAnnaWebXQKiEdbXQHdWgAn.GntFvjANwObXQKpEnHpLnvnEWnqDKhdzFnoBQKvFWImIGnkIWNKoAN;nagnEWntFvjANHdWpOgFdGhW

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de l’économie du monde) sAQNoBQKiEdmILlWvnEWnqD: 1) lFblIWN~BWsAnKlBelFblIWN~BWsAnKlBelFblIWN~BWsAnKlBelFblIWN~BWsAnKlBe. 2) GhWpOKodlUg~BWhEgKaFI % GhWpOKodlUg~BWhEgKaFI % GhWpOKodlUg~BWhEgKaFI % GhWpOKodlUg~BWhEgKaFI % kaNlIeHdWKpEnKNAntIjIgkIaagkaNpOKodGcWqDnLtQlOpB JdevQIbXQqXInCNKyANjXInvn(wEnoO)tFvjANoBQtaWNjOtaWNGcWLon.KiEdLnvnEWnLmQnHpHdWoENK~Da-GtW(LtQbXQHdWtImjENhvOLlOqvImmEgkaNLtQlOxIQe(Nord-Sud)=

Compromis,KpEngInpOnApOnamKoFQInEWn....pvEdkaN~BWsAnsIgFnaIdslVbqDLnvnBW:tImoEmmOdI,uUQtlIdsIgFn(tlIdKvFWIlvm)zUWkIe taWNKaFIsAnqWIGhW,zUWcDWtaWNjIQeKNAnsFd.KiEdHdWLnvnEWnoENsaNxIQeLmQnwXaFgwXGj.tQXmItgIncagtlIdjXI~IQeLmQnheVWNeIgkDWnKlDWae|,yWIjOpOtAbEdtImhlEggInKgFQILmQnKpEnHpbXQHdW,tImhlEggInKgFQILmQnKpEnHpbXQHdW(eaWnhlIeKhdzFn,LtQtFWntXLmQnoXImIhIgAnLbbbXQmBpOsAdoAzFn,KpEnpOKwnBkaNpOKoddaWewEonIoVg|pOKod)gXQqvImheVWNeIgGhWoENsaNxIQe.KjFWI~BWwObXQuIgGhWtAd~BWsAn(KwIOGcWLonbXQHdW).oENsaNxIQeheVWNeIgdIWnsDbtXQzlAd(reproductive).KwDQacagoINaagzUWkIetaWNvAQNKtEWncagmDgIN (intermédiaire) oOnIqInsIgFn(banques internationales).cagqFngINHdWLlWvjCQNkIesAnqWIGhWpOKodoBQtaWNgIn,GhWtAd~BWLtQbXQGhWtAd~BWtFnKaN,GhWHptAd~BWoOnIqInLlOGhWzUWcDWLgWHk~BWsAn(GcWLon LlOdagKbEWenXIoOnIqInKaN).....

dMvnBW~BWsAnkaNpOKodGhWuDm(créancier)LlOkaNoOnIqInsIgFnLmQnlFWnKhlDauUQLlWv.....jOcaggFnHgGdKwDQaivQmgEnLgWHkLlOivQmgEnwEonIKwIOmEnLmQngInkDWncCQNgEnLlOgEn(inter-indépendance)

LmQnbEnhIGhQenCQNkaNJlg,GnjXInvnhlIe|bEnhIGhQekaNJlg.... sAQNoBQKvFWImIkIWNKoANnBW(gInhIQNHgaagjIggEn...)LmQngFdKgnwIvOvAsEepvEdsId kaNpOKoddaWewEonIgEbpOKodaVdsIhOgEmkeIetFn,sppl gXnanuUQGngFdKgnnEWn (LmQnbX ? bEndIwnOoIQn !!!)KwIO spplgXnanuUQGnjXInvn 3-4 pOKodoBQdaWewEonI, oVgeIgoBQsVdkaNJlg LmQnbX ? pOKodoBQtAd~BW LgWHkbXQHdW.....KiEdLnvGdjOmBoCnianHpsIWNgOsBgEmpQIHmW(KwIObXQmBoCn,KwIOtAd~BWKkFI).oENbXQsImIdsIWNgOsBgEmLlOoENbXQsImIdsIWNaVdsIhOgEmLlOsIWNsIKsygAdKvFWIlvm.GnsOwIbgInLnvnEWn,gInGdjCQNjOvQIKaFIgOsBgEm-pQIHmWHpsIWNaVdsIhOgEm....zUWkMnaOnVeIdLtWmiUb sppl dEQNnBW:(oMbGsQqFnzUWnCQN)“mOnVdzUWnCQNpOgabdvWehFvvIQN,hFvbXQmBmEnsmaN(zUWnXI), oaWNJgn(ventre

creux),pOcIcFnoVgeIgtAd~BWsAn,tFnJttAdLtQweIdJlqIcXIKiDWa(lacorruption généralisée)hU~vg(sourd),zUWdBKvFWIgXbXQHdWeAn;KmFImFv (KhEngFNjEgKpEndagbFv);mDbXQHdWgXIwvNmOHlheEN(bXQmBwIhInO,rFd....)pOgIdvQIjOcvQNKsNgEbKvlI(la course contre la montre);svQnvQIpIgnEWn(la bouche) KvFWILbbJahEN,oOnFNtFv,vQIjOsIWNsvEnLbbNIQedIe..bXQwMNLtQbXQtIQNheENgEbKobnAeIeKgrEg(légende grecque)KrDWaNSisyphus,King of Ephyra(KbAQNqDncDQLlOgInkMn),eaWnoXIbIb,KovOdIlFNJodGhWgDQNhBnkDWnHpjamwU,kDWnHdWjOiadLlWvwOtFglFNmIbaQnKgFQI(wEgpOcVmLlWvpOcVmtXQ....)LtQeENjOKiEdGhWgaWnhBn,gaWnhBn~EgnEWntFglFNKhvoENhBnLlOoENgOJtqFnaBgdvWe (Khv = ~BWsAn...)

Je me permets de représenter la RDPL en un homme tel: “Unhomme dont la tête est vide(la direction clairvoyante),le ventrecreux(la population affamée et surendettée),le corps atteint detoutes maladies chroniques,(la corruption généralisée) ,les oreillessourdes aux hommes paroles,les yeux aveugles voient tout à traversd’un prison déformé,les mains démunis(pas au volant,pas demoyens...) défie tout dans une course contre la montre,la bouchegrandie ,la gueule arrogante promet devant son peuple et le mondemonts et merveilles....est non seulement comme Sisyphus,puissance légendaire grecque qui fait monter la grosse pierre dupied d’une montagne au sommet, retombe toujours à la mêmeplace(réunions sur réunions,réunions sans fin....)mais finiront partomber aux précipices (abîmes) et pierre et Sisyphus moderne(“dettes” et “direction clairvoyante”)...

nEWnLmQnKhdzFnoB 5.

...........6/8/94..........

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KvFWI =Maladie héréditaire”).

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abstraite,mais la politique est concrète). “La politique est le pointde départ,la base,le critère et l’aboutissement de toute théorie”

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planches à billet).gInwAmjXI~IQeuUQGnJlgnBW,gXpOtAbEdgEnmI,GnsOwIbheVWNeIg,LtQvQILmQntaWNKpEnlEgsnOcFQvqIv.LtQyWIjOLgQeIvgXLmQnKwBWmqvImheVWNeIgkDWnKlDWae|....(oENgInKmDaNLlOKsygAd).dEQNnEWn,KwAQnweIeImhlBgoBQsVdgInwAmjXI~IQe.gInlFNoCnkaNtIQNpOKodjOdUddCNHdWuIgoBQsVdyWIvQIbXQmBsOKyEerOwIboINdIWngInKmDaN,bXQmBsEntAwIbLlOmBwEeKNAnKfBW.wEeKNAnKfBWLbboEmmOdI(aEdtI % naWeLlOmB KpEnqEWNqIv)gXgXQqvImbXQ EWnGjGhWwvgmIlFNoCn, LlWvsvQn“wEeKNAnKfBWLbbmWIhab” (l’inflation galoppante)eAQNKiEdGhWzUWmIlFNoCnrOmEdrOvENhlIegvQI....yWIvQIKvFWIKyANgInwFvwEnrOvIQNrEyLlOpOcIcFn, wEeKNAnKfBWLmQnheEN ?LmQnrEyKgEbwIsBtDQmaBgdvWemIdtOgInLlOvAoBgInoINaaWmnXIpOcIcFn.yWIvQIKNAnKfBW 40-70% gXLmQnpOcIcFn “yDgpVWnsOdFm”40-70% KNAnuUQGnyFNkaNKkFIKjFWI....(dvWerEykaNtFnKaN LmQnbX ?) kXW a) LlOkXW b) HdWcBWbagvQI: “mEnKpEnqDoAdsOdBKvFWIbXvQIrEyiEgcId,iEgpOcIcFn,KpEnhvQNKpEnGenXIcBvAdgInKpEnuUQLlOqvImsNFbsVgkaNKkFIKjFWI? LtQtFvjANwOsIWNqvImoVgeIgGhWLgQKkFIKjFWIcXWI” yWIvQIpOcIcFntXQpOcIcFn “lEgJlb sXWJgNgEn”(KyAN40-70% kaNKNAnkaNKkFI),wvgKiFIKaFIKkFImIlFNJod,GhWGcWLon.uUQoBQnBW:“GzjOKpEnzUW iEbzAdcabtXQpOcIcFn” ? 3.) ~BWsAntXQtIQNpOKodqVmKqDa,~Eg~vQNkDWnKlDWae|~BWsAntXQtIQNpOKodqVmKqDa,~Eg~vQNkDWnKlDWae|~BWsAntXQtIQNpOKodqVmKqDa,~Eg~vQNkDWnKlDWae|~BWsAntXQtIQNpOKodqVmKqDa,~Eg~vQNkDWnKlDWae|.

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cnOkaNsnImrFb pvEdsId dMn bMn fU (KmDaNLyN)# 1954 (sEneIKcBLnv)wEgnCQNjCQNHdWLegaagKpEn 3 wEgqD: wEgpOcIcFnlIv (22/3/

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tFvuIQN: mBhlIeoBQ sVd..... GngIngXQsIWNwEgLlOwnEgNInkaN JijBmAn gXLmQnLbbdMvgEbkaN KmFI Kc tVN oBQsIWNwEgqammVenAd nAeFmpEggANnEWn,uUQGnkFNKkdaIcB,aIcBaIqOKngXLmQn qDgEn(Parti Maoiste).oEdsnOdEQNgIQvmInEWnLmQnkaNsEgdBnI,LlOgXbXQLmQnkaN mIgcT-KlnAn(cFncEWn) gXgOJtlEdoAsOtIlBnAd gXbXQLmQn mIgcT-KlnAn ? svQnvQIKNDQanHkaDQn|oBQtaWNmBsOKwIOzUWnXI,wnEgNInrOdEb KcEQn:aAdoAwFn, qvImiUW,qvImsImId,qVnsFmbEd LlOaDQn|nEWn,wOKkFItaWNgInoBQsVd,LtQtaWNkDWngEbcBWnXI,nXIwIkaNwvgKkFIKpEntFWntX“qvImvQIiEgcIdoBQLoWjAN ...nEWnKpEnqvImKvFWIoBQaagmIbINqEWNqIvKoFQInEWnKwDQaiEbGcWGnkFNKkdLlOgXrOnBsOKwIO...nagnEWnKkFIKjFWIbXQgIQvhIKlBe.....zUWoBQmBLnvqAdiEgcIdoBQLoWjANnEWn,LmQnyDgpEdKkEQehlDyDgjXILngvQI“mBLnvqAdcIdqEbLqbLlOaDQn|”LlWvgXKpEnKpFWI`IeGngIntAdtImtladHp... ((((2) “gMQvgEb “zUWnXIkaNlIv”gMQvgEb “zUWnXIkaNlIv”gMQvgEb “zUWnXIkaNlIv”gMQvgEb “zUWnXIkaNlIv”.

1) “zUWnXIkaNlIv” KlBWmmB~WIGnKvoBgInKmDaNkaNcIdwIehlENgInpOgIdKagrIctXQxrEQNkaNsKdEdKjFWIKwEdcOrIcGnmDW 12/10/

1945 mI.gInpOtAvEdgUWcIdkaNlIv dXIKnBnHpwIeGtWqEnoVNcId12/10/1945 “oVNvFNKdDan,sImsoVNvFNKdDan,sImsoVNvFNKdDan,sImsoVNvFNKdDan,sImsB” jFniad 2/12/1975 (mDWsOyIpOnIspplIv).gaQn 12/10/1945 sKdEd sVwInVFN eENuUQpOKodvMdnIm (uUQuIvIN),sOhIe Hgsan wFmvAhIn eENiMngFd`IepBoB 2 uUQ iIJne(iMnbXQjFbKoDQa){gvdgIqDnGbcBvOpvEd kaNsaNqFndEQNgIQv}.sVwInVvFNHdW KkFWIivQmGnrEybInkaNsOKdEdKjFWIKwEdcOrIc, kaNzUWnXI 12/10/

1945;svQnHgsannEWneENbXQoEnmByInOnXIwIkEWnrEybInKoDQa(gvdqDn).hlENjIggInprIHcoBQbEWnrFb oQILkg 22/3/1946 ,gXIlENtXQtIWnxrEQNKsdHdWLtggOjEggOjIeHp,svQnGhQeLmQnHpnXIKjFWIKwEdcOrIc,sVwInVvFN oBQpOKodHoeT;svQnnCQNaBgHpnXIkbvngInpOtAvEd vMdnIm(tXQmILmQn Viet-Minh=vMdmAn),GnnEWnmB Hgsan wFmvAhIn.GnKmDQaKvFWIKyAN 12/10/1945 nEWn,wEgqammVenAdaAndUjBn LlOwEglIvGnpEdjVbEnKvFWIvQI:“KhdgInpvEdsIdkaNlIvdEQNgIQv”LmQnzFnNInkaNwEgqammVenAdaAndUjBn.zUWkMnuEWNuDnvQI:“nEWnLmQnqXIJqsnIlWI|,KwDQauIgcANKaFIzFnNInjIg KwEdcOrIc oBQeAQNGhQe”dvWeKhdzFndEQNnBW: - Hgsan wFmvAhIn cCQNKpEnzUWnXI GnkEWntXQmInEWn,aIeVmBwMN 25 pB,eENKpEnnEgsCgsIuUQ (1945-1920=25 pB) GnKvlInEWnHdWKpEnsOmIcAgkaNwEgqammVenAdaAndUjBnLlWvhlDbXQ?KwIO vQItImzUWkMnHdWcIbjIgs/h KlkI(cFncId)pOoIn LlOKlkIKmDaNlInHc LlOwnEgNInaOvVJshlIeqFnvQI: `vQewEgqammVenAdaAndUjBnKkFWImIlIvKoDQaoXIaAdLmQn 1948 !? KmDQaKpEnqDLnvnEWn,wEgqammVenAdaAndUjBnkeIeKkFWImIlIv aIdLmQn pOmIn 1948 hlDvQI Hgsan KpEnsOmIcAgGnKvlIuUQ

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200 qFnuUQoFQvlIv,KiEdLnvGd jOsImIdnXIwIKwEdcOrIc pOgIdKagrIc ? - KgDab`FdoVgqFn(zUWaOvVJs)oBQpOgabsvQnKkFWIGngInuCdaXInIdjIgxrEQNoBQjIgLkvNtIQN|kaNlIvgXKvFWIvQI:“dvWenXWIGjiEgcId,qMdLqWnxrEQNjCQNpOgabKkFWIGnkbvn l.p.l.(lIvKpEnlIv)”(vMNjEn,hlvNwrObIN,oQILkg,svEnnOKkd....)wvgKkFIKjFWIKvFWIvQI wvgKkFIKjFWIgXbXQiUWvQImBwEgqammVenAdaAndUjBncXWI... - wEgqammVenAdaAndUjBn dvWegFnHgGd dvWebVgqFnGd jCQNsImIdkFnkvIeKaFI KjFWIKwEdcOrIcHdW,KwDQasIWNKhdgIn 12/10/1945 kDWnmI,kFnkvIeKjFWIaVbpOrIcHdWGnsmEenEWnqFNjOLmQnLpgplIdLlOKhlDavAsEeLoW ?!(mOhEdsjEn !!?) hlENjIgLtgoQILkgLlWv, “kbvniEgcIdKgBdKaN”kaNlIvHdWLegaagKpEnsaNwIgsvQn: wvgsvQnGhQeHppOKodHoeTlvmmBbVgqFnkEWnnXImByInOdvWeaXInId,qvImiUW,aAdoAwFntXQpOcIcFnLlOaDQn|...svQn

wIgsvQnHpnXIvMdmAnmBnaWeLlOkIdyInOoBQKvFWImInEWn.....tXQmIsaNwIgsvQnnBW HdWGhWcDQgEnvQI: “wIgtIKvEntFg” nXIwIdvWe sVwInVvFN LlO“wIgtIKvEnaag”dvWe Hgsan wFmvAhIn. pB 1945 rEybInwEdyAQnkaNlIv,HdWjIgpOKodHoeTmIvMNjEn....svQnKjFWIKwEdcOrIc LlOKjFWIsVwInVvFN,eENsDbtXQuUUQpOKodHoeTdvWevQI“KagrIcoBQxrEQNmabGhWlIv bXQsFmbUn” KjFWIKwEdcOrIc gEbvMNjEnGnpB 1958-59,hlENjIggInJimlIvqEWNoBnCQN #1958-60.svQnKjFWIsVwInVvFN,dvWegIntAdtXQkaNJijBmAn,kaNvMdnImHdWaagjIgpOKodHoeTmIsFmoFbgEbgXIlENkaNvMdnIm,JijBmAn LlO “gVQmtIKvEnaaggVQmtIKvEnaaggVQmtIKvEnaaggVQmtIKvEnaag” GnpB 1949-50 (KbAQNqDn).tXQmI“gVQmtIKvEntFggVQmtIKvEntFggVQmtIKvEntFggVQmtIKvEntFg”yDg“gVQmtIKvEnaaggVQmtIKvEnaaggVQmtIKvEnaaggVQmtIKvEnaag”pEdKkEQeLlOgBdgEn`Fd,nEboENsVwInVvFNaBgdvWe,eaWnvQI“gVQmtIKvEntFg”LmQnpOgabdvWeqFniEgcId(LbboEdsnOkaN KwEdcOrIc) LmQn “kbvngInKgBdKaN”(Mouvement patriotique spontanné).svQn“gVQmtIKvEnaag”nEWnKyANvQIyInOjXInvnLlOrOdEbtXQIgvQI“gVQmtIKvEntFg”,LtQwOHdWiEbgIncvQeKhlDajIgJijBmAn,jIgvMdnIm,jIgqIWesENqFmnAeFm;`IeqvImvQIkbvnHdWyDgnXIwIjIgwEgqammVenAdoBQmBbFdiMnLlWv(nEbLtQJcvMdmI)jCQNsImIdgDngAn`Fd.s/h oAdmvQn sIvjEnoOlI oAdmvQn sIvjEnoOlI oAdmvQn sIvjEnoOlI oAdmvQn sIvjEnoOlI HdWKvFWIvQI:“sKdEdsVwInVvFN jEQNLmQnJNQjWIGhWKkFIbEnoangXIlENkaNtFn`Fd”.nEWnLmQnqvImjANoBQ~WIsENKvdLoW|................7/11/94...............

2) “gXIlENnXIwIgXIlENnXIwIgXIlENnXIwIgXIlENnXIwI”kaNlIv hlDvQI “zUWnXIkaNlIvzUWnXIkaNlIvzUWnXIkaNlIvzUWnXIkaNlIv”nEWn oMbHdWqD“zBhFvgVdzBhFvgVdzBhFvgVdzBhFvgVd”. GnsENqFmkaNlIv yWIKvFWIKyAN “zB” LlWvLmQnKrDWaN “KkEdkvN”,KrDWaNbXQdB, ~WIuIWngFv. yWIvQImB “zBdB”gXLmQnkXWeFgKvEWnKoFQInEWn,“zBhFvgVd”

eAQNKpEnKrDWaNbXQdB,KpEnKrDWaNjAbhIeGhWqabqFv,eIdwBQnaWN....GhWLgQpOKodcIdLlOpOcIcFn....GntFvjANgXKpEnKcEQnnEWnLoW tFvuIQN: 15 pBpBpBpB“nXIwI”pOKodcIdHdWsIWNqvImhIeeInOmIGhWpOKodcId,KiEd“nXIwI”pOKodcIdHdWsIWNqvImhIeeInOmIGhWpOKodcId,KiEd“nXIwI”pOKodcIdHdWsIWNqvImhIeeInOmIGhWpOKodcId,KiEd“nXIwI”pOKodcIdHdWsIWNqvImhIeeInOmIGhWpOKodcId,KiEdGhWqFn lFWmtIe LlOaFbwOeFb GhWqFn lFWmtIe LlOaFbwOeFb GhWqFn lFWmtIe LlOaFbwOeFb GhWqFn lFWmtIe LlOaFbwOeFb 400 000-500 000 qFn cCQNbXQKqBemBmIqFn cCQNbXQKqBemBmIqFn cCQNbXQKqBemBmIqFn cCQNbXQKqBemBmIjEgKoDQaGnpvEdsId jEgKoDQaGnpvEdsId jEgKoDQaGnpvEdsId jEgKoDQaGnpvEdsId 1000 pBkaNlIv.....pBkaNlIv.....pBkaNlIv.....pBkaNlIv..... uEWNuDnqvImsFmoMbdEQNgIQv dvWeKhdzFndEQNtXQHpnBW : - tEWNLtQcVmpB 1950 mI,LlOqIvgaQnnEWn xrEQNpFgqaN,xrEQNHdWKvFWIvQI“vMdmAn”,vMdnImuIgKaFIlIvKpEnhFvKmDaNkDWn.qUQtXQsUWoINdIWngInKmDaNkaN“LnvlIviEgcId”LmQn“lUgLhlWNtBnmDkaNvMdnIm”tFWnLbboBQKdEQncEdoBQKvFWIbEnhIdEQNgIQvmI,gXmB bVnaUWm nOjXIpIsEg,zVebVnaUWm nOjXIpIsEg,zVebVnaUWm nOjXIpIsEg,zVebVnaUWm nOjXIpIsEg,zVecnOnBgan,gOtIQe JdnsOJsrAd,sVvEnnOwUmI,sBsVg nOjXIpIsEgcnOnBgan,gOtIQe JdnsOJsrAd,sVvEnnOwUmI,sBsVg nOjXIpIsEgcnOnBgan,gOtIQe JdnsOJsrAd,sVvEnnOwUmI,sBsVg nOjXIpIsEgcnOnBgan,gOtIQe JdnsOJsrAd,sVvEnnOwUmI,sBsVg nOjXIpIsEg(kMnTempête sur le Laos)LlOzUWaDQn|...aBg.KwDQasOLdNGhWKhEnoIdLoWkaNqvImKpEnoIdGhWvMdnImnEWn,wvgKkFIKjFWIgXmBqvImKvFWIsMdsBhlIeuIQN tFvuIQN: “sVwInVvFN,LnvlIv iEgcId LmQnhFvKpEnLgvLavKpEnlIv”... * gInKjrIjIgEb “LnvlIviEgcId”LmQneIgoBQsVd,KwIOKkFIbXQKpEnKkFIKaN,tIbGdvMdnImK~DabXQKhEndBKkFIKjFWIgXbXQKvFWIKrDWaNwvgKiFIeFgkDWn,hlDvQItFglFNgEnLlWv yWIvMdnImK~DabXQKhEndB,KkFIgXmIWNtImhlEN ! * GnsmEe “rEybIn sVvEnnI”uUQqENHk # 1962-64 ,wvgKpEngINkaNsVvEnnI vQI “LnvlIviEgcId” sVdoBQKpEnKdDadKpEnLqWnyWIwvgKiFIKvFWILgv;taWNyDvMdnImqDvQI“vMdnIm” KpEn“wXQ”kaNwvgKkFI..... qvImJbiInKvFWIvQI: “bXQmBHf gXbXQmBqvEn”nEWngXLmQnqvImjAN.qvImjANdEQNgIQvHdWiEbgInKpBdKzBeLjWNkDWntXQlIv LlOJlghlENjIg 2/12/

1975 mI...LlOqvImKvFWIvQI:“sVwInVvFN”KpEnwMN“qEntIlObEd”, svQnzUWnXIoBQLoWjANnEWn LmQn Hgsan-~UiEg “lUgLhlWNtBnmDoBQbXrAsVd kaNvMdnIm”.qvImjANdEQNgIQvnBW,mIiaddMvnBW,gXbXQmBzUWGdjOpOtAKsdHdWLlWv,KyANLmQnqnOnXIkaNrIcaInIjEgGnKmDQagaQnyDgpEdKkEQeaagjIgKvoBgInKmDaNkaNpvEdsIdLhQNcIdgXtIm,LtQsEdjOoEmoBQKkFIKjFWIiUWsCgLlOKvFWImInEWnLmQnpOtAKsdbXQHdW.gInprIHckaNKkFIKjFWILmQnKrDWaNpvEdsId,pvEdsIdGnbaQnvQIGnKmDQakbvngUWcIdfFdKdDadKpEngXIlENLiNcnOrObFblQIKmDaNkDWn,pOKodcId,gInnXIoBQkDWnnXIrObFblQIKmDaNkDWngXjOtaWNlFWmlOlIeuIQNLnQnanqDgEn,nEWnLmQngFdKgnwIvOvAsEekaNsENqFmmOnVd....? - zUWKkFWIivQmGnkbvngInpOtAvEd,GnkbvntXQtIWnxrEQNGnKmDQagaQn(lVWnaOvVJskaNwvgKiFIdMvnBW),GnnEWnnEboENwnEgNIngInKmDaN,sOmIcAgLlOgInnXIkEWnoEmmOdI(LkvN,KmDaN....)LlOkEWnsUngINgXKvFWIKpEnKagwIbgEnvQI:“wvgKiFIHpkFnkvIepOcIcFn,uUQGngaNkFnkvIepOgabaIvVd,GnKvlIKkFWIgInpOtAvEdnEWn,LmQnwnEgNInvMdnIm`FdcvQeKhlDa (jEdtEWN,nXIwI,pOtAbEdtFvjAN) tFvuIQN: gaQnjOaagJqsnItXQ~WIpOcVmkaNpOcIcFn,wnEgNInvMdnImHdWcvQeKhlDagaQnLlWv....oINdIWnKnDWaGnkaNbFd,vAoBgIn,oQIoBLlOaDQn|....GnKvlIJqsnI,aagqvImKhEn,wnEgNInkaNvMdnImuUQoINhlEN,aEnGdbXQyDghlDbXQwXwnEgNInvMdnImKpEnzUWcVgeUWLlObBbcXWIKnEWntDQmqDgEb“bFdlOqan”wnEgNInlIvKpEnnEgsOLdN(KwIOzUWcFmLmQnlIv),vMdnImKpEnzUW“bFQNgIn”(acteurs et souffleurs).

- iUbwIb “bFdlOqan”LmQniUbwIboBQLoWjANoBQpOtAbEdgEnmIrOvIQNlIv-vMdnIm,tEWNLtQsmEe“gInpOtAvEdtIWnxrEQN”..jFnmIiaddMvnBW....

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* gXQsIWNoINdIWnaVdFmqOtA (idiologie)

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(tFWnpB)iadtFWnpB 1980.mBwnEgNInKkFWIiMnpOmIn #400 qFnuUQGnJiNiMndEQNgIQvnEWn.JqNgIniXQIiMn, bFdiMnoEN`Fd LmQnmIjIgJiNiMnheMn-aIe-gFg (Nguyen-Ai-Quoc) kaNvMdnIm..LpaagmIKpEnwIsIlIv(LpjIg iIJnWe hlDJiNiMnKaNLp) LlWvwAmKpEnKagsIn(bFdiMn)pOgabGhWoENaIjInlIvLlOnEgiMnKwDQaKpEnbaQnaBNGngInqFWnqvWI,iXQIiMn,pOgabKkFWIgEbbFdbEnlOeIeaDQn|...mBwnEgNInaIjInvMdnImtAdtImuIQNGgWcAd,aIjInvMdnImeENHdWLbQNgEnaaglFNHptAdtImGnLtQlO~vQe(bIN~vQe)sFmoFbgEbwnEgNInaIjInlIv.... gInKkFWIGjLlOiEbiUW oAdsOdB mIgcT-KlnAn taWNKkFWIGjtImoEdsnOkaN “wEgqFnNIn vMdnIm”GntXQmI “wEgqammVenAdvMdnIm”tFvuIQN: KvFWIvQI uUJgdsOlIvB KpEnlEdoALgW;lEdoA KmFIKctVN LmQnkeIeaInIKkdLlOaDQn|...qMNkIWNgEbiXQIiMnuUQGnJiNiMnoAdsOdBcEWnsUNkaNwEguUQlIvLlWv,tEWNLtQ #1977-1984 mI,wnEgNIncEWnsUN

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“KlDadlIvLlO KlDadvMdHdWpFnKpgEnGnoVgsnImrFbLhQNlIvKlDadlIvLlO KlDadvMdHdWpFnKpgEnGnoVgsnImrFbLhQNlIvKlDadlIvLlO KlDadvMdHdWpFnKpgEnGnoVgsnImrFbLhQNlIvKlDadlIvLlO KlDadvMdHdWpFnKpgEnGnoVgsnImrFbLhQNlIv”LlOaDQn|...oVg|gInJqsnIdEQNgIQvLmQnLnGsQhlaglvN,gaQmLnvqAdcIdnAeFmkaNpOcIcFnlIvGhWhlEbnanHp..... 3) GndIWnsAnlOpO,vEnnOqOdB,vEonOoEm gXGcWKlWhlMQm pAdbEN,hlaglvN, pamLpN, gDngAn.....KiEdGhWLtQlOdIWndEQNgIQvkaNlIvgIeKpEnpOgFdgInkaNcFncIdsvQnnaWekaNvMdnIm KcQEn:bFdfaWn. 4) oINdIWnsCgsIoINdIWnsCgsIoINdIWnsCgsIoINdIWnsCgsI(qDoBQKvFWIuUQkIWNKoAN) uIgzUgkIdbXQuIgGhWqFnlIvHdWHpiMnuUQpOKodaDQn|,GhWiMnnXILtQvMdnImgXwXLlWv.“vMdnImsImIdsIWNqFnlIvGnLtQlOdIWnuIQNKtEmsvQn;sIWNuUQvMdnImKÌOsFmgvQI`Fd,KwIOsOwIbqIWeqDgEn,iMnmILlWvgXsImIdÙnGcWHdWJld.svQniMnjIgbaQnaDQn|,bXQKÌOsFmLlOgXbXQiEbpOgEnoINdIWnqVnsFmbEd(gInKmDaN LlOsENqFm). 5) oINdIWnKsygAd,gInqWI,gInKNAn,oOnIqIn,qFmmOnIqFmkFnoINdIWnKsygAd,gInqWI,gInKNAn,oOnIqIn,qFmmOnIqFmkFnoINdIWnKsygAd,gInqWI,gInKNAn,oOnIqIn,qFmmOnIqFmkFnoINdIWnKsygAd,gInqWI,gInKNAn,oOnIqIn,qFmmOnIqFmkFnsFQN,gXQsIWNsFQN,gXQsIWNsFQN,gXQsIWNsFQN,gXQsIWN....kFNKkddEQNgIQvLmQngvIWNkvINoBQsVd,bXQsImIdjOKvFWIrOaMdrOaXHdW,jOeFgkDWnbINpOgFdgInKoFQInEWn : a) dIWniEbgIncvQeKhlDajIgtIQNpOKodGhWgXIlENpOtAvEdlIv. - tEWNLtQKlBWmmBgIncvQeKhlDajIgtIQNpOKod(KpEntFWnjIgqIWesENqFmnAeFm)mIGhWgInpOtAvEdlIvLmQnvMdnImKpEnzUWtIQN~WIiEb,qVWmqaN,KbBgjIQe LlOkFnsFQNmabiEbGhW lIv.GnKvlI “haWNgIn 98"

sINkaNlIvLmQntEWNuUQsIeLdn vMdnIm-jBn(dFNLvN); hlENjIg2/12/1975 LmQnzIQnoQIKiDa dInEN KpEntFWntX.KqDQaNkaNdEQNgIQvmBjXInvnKoFQIGd,iadlIvLoWmBKoFQIGd,LlOtFgKiEQeKsEehIemBKoFQIGd(waWmdvWeKhdzFn)gXbXQmBzUWGdjO sImIdqIdqOKnHdW ? wvgKiFIiUWHdWLtQpOgFdgInoINbvg,KpEntFWnKwDQanmAd“sENqFmnAeFm”LmQnbXQwXGj,rO

LvNsFNsEe oENgInnXIlIvLlOvMdnIm KwIOKqDQaNkaNdEQNgIQv mIbXQiadmDlIv !!? tFv uIQN 1968-69 jBncvQesIWNoINuUQwIgK~DakaNlIv,oINsUngINlIvKbBgjIQerFdG`QGhWLkvNwIgK~Da(zFWNsIlB,aVdFmHc,nXWImWI LlOhlvNwrObIN)taWNHdWHpiEbKaFIuUQ “haWNgIn 98"

vMdnIm JdezIQnKsEWnoIN 42 (JtjIN)KwIOHpwIgK~DakaNlIvtaWN HpzIQnvMdnIm`Fd.wvgjBnsIWNKsEWnoINuUQwIgK~DaHdW “gEgrFdlIvHvW”LlWvGhWHpsFQNGhW “vMdnImqDn” KwIOrFdjBncvQelIvlvWnLlWvLtQrFdGhQm(bXQLmQnrFdKgFQIKpQKw,bXQmBKqDQaN aIHhQl,gOLj LlOaDQn|..qDoBQlIviEbmInBW..). rFdkaNjBncvQeKhlDaGnKvlInEWnlvmmB: rFduIepaN(rFdpFdpaQe),rFdtMbvad(gOJddkEWn),rFdpEggAN(commandore

kaNjBn)....GnsvQnGhQe,hlENjIgsOyIpOnI spplIv LlWv,GncVmpB(1979-80-81-82..)bEndIpOKodsENqFmnAeFmKaBrFbtIKvEnaag LlOsOhIwIbJcvMdKgFQI kEdkaWNGhW lIv-vMdnIm jFnjOgIeKpEn “bEnhIgInKmDaN”eaWnvQI“KqDQaNkaNcvQeKhlDaspplIv”bXQmIiadjVdpOsFNqFbyvWnLlOoEnKvlI,KsEehIeGhWJqNgIntIQN|(bXQoEnKvlILlOKqDQaNkaNgXKsEehIeKlBe....) . - LtQlOpB,uUQsINkaNvMdnIm,mBKqDQaNtFgKiEQeKsEehIeLlOKqDQaNKsEeqVnnOwIb,KcDQamqVnnOwIb,taWNHdWkIeKlhlDvMdnImpMQnKqDQaNkaNvMdnIm(KsEehIeuUQgOJtsINLlOGnKvlIkFnsAQNkaNLlOmabrFdGhWlIv). - gMQvgEbKrDWaNkaNcvQeKhlDaGhWlIv zIQnvMdnIm,kEWnlVQm,oaWNyAQn,nEgvAcIgInkEdkaWNoBQsVd;rIeNInkEWnsUngINLtQgXKiEdhU~vggAnfInuUQlWI|..... b) dIWngInqWIdIWngInqWIdIWngInqWIdIWngInqWI: pOgFdgInoBQKpEnoIdLoWKdEQnoBQsVdnEWnLmQnuIgzUg

kIdgInqWI(oENcDWLlOkIeGhWlIv)bXQuIgGhWHpqWIkIegEbpOKodaDQn|.gInqWIkaN “qvImivQmmDwAKsd” LmQn “wAKsdoBQsVd”oBQbXQmBuUQGnJlgnBWqD:lIvcDWjIgvMdnImcDWLwN(oMbGsQcDWjIgbaQnaDQn|,lIvkIenEWnLmQnkIeyDg).qDoIQn qXIsVg HceOLsN qXIsVg HceOLsN qXIsVg HceOLsN qXIsVg HceOLsN gEmmOgInsUngIN,rEymFntrB g/cgOsBgEm,vQI:“KiFIbXQKkFWIGjkEWnKoAN(`IeKyANsUngIN)baQnkIeHdWrIqILwNwObXQGhWkIe?baQncAHdWrIqIyDgwObXQGhWcDW,GhWcDWbaQnrIqILwN”`IeKyANtaWN “cDWLlOkIe” GhWvMdnImbaQndMv ? (dvWeqvImsImOqBwAKsd). c) dIWnoOnIqIn dIWnoOnIqIn dIWnoOnIqIn dIWnoOnIqIn : yWILtQqIvuUQ vMNHc #1968-69,KvlIKvFWI“KNAngBbpFdpaQe” aagmIjXI~IQeKoDQaoXIaAd pMQnLonGhWKNAnGb 50

sBLdNkaN sVvEnnOwUmI(“KNAnqENHk”),taWNHdW sFmoMbaEdtrILlgpMQn rOvIQN KNAn “gBbpFdpaQe” LlOKNAn dFN(vMdnIm)....vMdnImgXcag “KaFIpMbKaFIlEdlIvsKmB”.tImgFdKgn,hlEggIn,wCdtAgEm LlOpOKwnBkaNJlg(sBvAHl pEdjVbEn)LmQnaBNGsQ “gFdKgntlId” gFdKgngInsnaNLlOqvImtaWNgIn(Offre et demande) gXeENbXQmBaEnGdjOeVdtAoEmgvQInBWaBg !! LtQlIvLlOvMdKiEdnXIgEnnBW,LmQnnagK~DajIgnBW,KwIO“mEnbXQsImOqBLbbwAKsd”taWNKaFI“aEnsImOqBwAKsdmIKiEdnXIgEn”qDKvFWI:“aEdtrILlgpMQnLbbgInqWI”(LtQtFvjANgXbXQKpEnLnvnEWn). “Taux non commercial” et “Taux commercial”.

KwDQaGhWzUWnXIKkFWIGjoIdLoWkaNmEn,jOHdWaOoAbIeKlEgnaWe(svQnKrDWaNrOaMd sKnBGhWvAcIgIndEdLpNGhWK`IOsFmgEbsAQNoBQKpEnmILlWv). * “Taux non commercial”(aEdtrILlgpMQnbXQLmQngInqWI)LmQnaEdtrIoINgIn,cCQNsaNxIQetFglFNgEnGcWsXIlEbrEyganoBQpOjXI

~WIoBQuUQtIQNpOKod(lIv LlO vMd) tFvuIQN: GhWsXInEgNIntIQN~WIhlD sOyInoUdkaNLtQlOpOKodpOjXIuUQpOKodaDQn. vAoBqAdHlQ LmQnKaFIjXInvnsAnqWIoBQiEbGcWcBvAdgInKpEnuUQkaNwnEgNInmIsFmoMbgEn tFvuIQN:100 cnAd.

- jXInvnrIqIkaNlIv (100 cnAd) = A - jXInvnrIqIkaNvMdnIm(100 cnAd) = B A/B= K K:LmQnaEdtrILlgpMQnnBW LmQnkIdtFvrOvIQNKNAn dFWN LlOKNAngBbkaNlIv. yWIvQI K = 1/200 (tFvuIQN)`IeqvIm KNAn vMdnIm d

nCQN=200 gBbkaN lIv d/K=1/200 -----> K=200 A.

* jOHdWpMbKsEepMbgEnuUQbaQnGd ?_uUQsaNbaQn : g) g) g) g) “rIqIoINgIn”LlOrIqItFvjANzAddMQNgEnhlIe.pOKodGdoBQgInzAddMQNnEWnhlIegvQI LmQnHdWpMb.rIqIzAddMQNnaWe LmQnbXQKsEepMb,KvFWIsOKwIOlIvLlOvMdLlWv,gInzAddMQNrIqI aIdLmQnvMdsUNgvQI,dEQNnEWnvMdHdWpMblIv,tFvuIQN:yWIrIqIoINgInLlOrIqItFvjANoaWNtlId vMdnImzAddMQNgEn 100%.taWNjIQeKNAn 2 d LonoBQjOLmQn 1d KwDQaHdWsAnqWIjXInvnKoFQIgEn.yWIrIqIuUQlIvzAddMQNgEn 50% taWNKaFIKNAngBb 1,5 Lon 1 gBb jCQNHdWkaNjXInvnKoFQIoMmgEn.jIgnEWnjCQNKhEnvQIwnEgNInlIvuUQsOyInoUdlIvpOjXI iIJnWetaWNjIQe 2d (LonoBQjOjIQe 1,5 d =gEbwnEgNInvMdnIm pOjXIuUQlIvGcW 1,5 gBbKoFQInEWn) `IeqvImvQIKsEepMb 0,5d ....

k) k) k) k) KvFWIKyANjXInvnwnEgNInoBQpOjXIuUQLtQlOpOKod.uIgGhWsKmBwIbtaWNmBwnEgNInKoFQIoMmgEn(JdebXQKvFWIKyANkXW g) LlWv).yWIKaFITaux non commercial LlOgXeaWnrIqIzAddMQNgEn,zUWmBwnEgNInpOjXI

hlIegvQI,LmQnHdWpMbzUWmBwnEgNInnaWegvQI...nEWngXLmQnsOwIbgIntFvjANqDkXW ((((3),3) b) c) d) LlO e) oBQKvFWImI LlWv. * “svQnaEdtrIgInqWI” (Taux commercial)

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(5) “HgQnaWelIv jOsImIdKjIOKpDagHkQoBQKiEddvWeKhlEggWIoBQoEnsmEeoBQsVdHdWbX ?” “gInJahEN”, “qvImqVeJmW”,LmQnoIdLoWkaNjamzKdEdgInkaNoVg|smEe tFvuIQN:iAdLl(Hitler) KmDQaKaFIgXKvFWIlvQN~WIvQI :“jOHpgAnKkFWILlNuUQ mFdsgU vEnnEWn, JmNnEWn....” fImvEndFNgXvQI: “sOwIbsOwIbsOwIbsOwIbgInuUQgXIwUcI jOtIQvpBWnqDnbXQHdWgInuUQgXIwUcI jOtIQvpBWnqDnbXQHdWgInuUQgXIwUcI jOtIQvpBWnqDnbXQHdWgInuUQgXIwUcI jOtIQvpBWnqDnbXQHdW” Gn1979,LtQsOwIbgIntFvjAN,gXbXQLmQnjOHptImKjdtOnIaEnmDdmFnkaNwvgzKdEdgInuUQKlDWae|.....!!qDoBQKpEnmIGnpvEdsIdkaNmvnmOnVd... “mIQnKhlEg” (rideau de fer)oBQKiEddvWeKhlEgkBW MWN(KhlEg zKdEdgIn)gXsImIduUQHdWwMNLtQpOmIn70 pBKoFQInEWn.hlDvQI “gXILwN LbgLlN”(Mur de Berlin)gXuUQHdWwMNpOmIn #30 pBKoFQInEWn.sAQNoBQgIlOnInnEWnbXQLmQn“zKdEdgIn”,bXQLmQn“gXIlENLiNoXrOmInpIbpIm” LmQn “aAdsIrOwIb, KagrIc,aOoApOHt,pOcIoApOHt,qvImKpEnoEm,sAnoEm,mOnVdsOoEm,KhdzFn,LsNsvIQN,zFnpJed LlOaDQn|....” yWIvQIjamzKdEdgInKkFIqAdvQI:“aEngIlOnInbXQLmQnzKdEdgIn,LmQnpOcIoApOHt”, “K~DaqFneENmBqFn,K~DafWIeENmBfWI”wvgKkFIgXqFNbXQKpEn “jamzKdEdgIn” HdW.“To be

or not to be”that is the question (Shakespeare) .

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..........13/11/1994...........

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4) gInGcWKlWgFntIQN|: KyANvQIwvgKkFIjOGcWiUbgIn,vAoBgIn,mIdtOgIn,KlWhlQMmiaWeLpdwEnpOgIngXtImLtQsVdoIWegXLmQnuUQGnsaNKlWgFnaEntFWntXLlOwDWnyInqD: - GcWgXIlENiVnLiN KwDQapIbpIm(violence)

- GcWgIntFvOeFvO;(Mensonge)

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baton et de la carotte) wIsIxrEQN;(Stock und Zuckarrot Politik=wIsIKerOmEn); “Politics of stick and carrot”?(aIdLmQn)wIsIaENgAd..GnLtQwIsIsXIqEngXHdWmBqvImKvFWIqDgEnLnvnEWn? LtQuUQGnKlWgFnkaNwvgsOtIlBnAdnEWnsaNaEnLmQnbXQqFbyvWnKwDQajOtaWNKwBWmtDQmaEnnCQNaBgqD:“Déhumanisation,abruptissement et abétissement de la

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a) gInGcWgaNoEbLlOtXIrvd...pIbpImkbvnlVgiDWkDWn kaNpOcIcFn iENgIrB Gn 1956 ,kaNpOcIcFn KcEgJgsOJlvIgB Gn 1968,

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K`En,KsEeoENlUghlInpOcIcFncIvJcvMd(KgFQI) LlOcEwsFmbEdbXQtXQIgvQI 60 tDW JdlI(1990)LlO“rObab,zUWnXI”oBQtFnbBbbENqEbGhWiEbKaFInEWn,gXbXQmBGzjOiEbKaFIHdW...sOwIbheVWN|,KheDaN| mIiadpEdjVbEnnBW... c) vMdnImsFQNgaNoEbHp “pIbpIm pFnpFd Gn 1979 LtQtFvjANwOuIgqVWmqaNtladHp.gInKlDagtEWN 1992-94 sOLdNGhWKhEnLjWNbXQLmQnpOcIcFngXIwUcIsnEbsnUnvMdnImLlOtBnmDkaNwvgKkFI.pOcIcFnKlDagKaFI “zUWiEgcIdoBQLoWjAN”qDgVQm JnJrdFm sBhInV LlO gVQmaDQn|.... d) KhdgInpvEdsId “oMn-aEn-KmEn”GnpB 1989 uUQjBn,sOLdNGhWKhEngInGcWgXIlENiVnLiN,gXIlENgaNoEboBQoEnsmEe(GcWrFdtEN...)KwDQapIbpImkbvnpOcIoApOHtkaNnEgiMn, nEgsCgsI,pOcIcFnjBnHdWKiEdGhWwIbwFdkaN “zUWnXIkaNjBn” wvg “KmFIaAd”KnFQIwaNoBQsVdLlOJdddMQvoBQsVdGnKvoBsIgFntladmIiadpEdjVbEnnBW.gXrOnB “tBKbd”oBQGcWgXIlENiVnLiN(gaNoEb)pIbpIm lEdoAiEgcId,pOcIoApOHtkaNpOcIcFncIvtBKbd KiEdGhWgInnXIkaNjBnyDgJdddMQv LlOyDgtIWngEbqDnuUQGnoFQvoVgLhQNkaNJlg.... slVbLlWv,wvgzKdEdgIn KvFWIlvm,LlOwvgzKdEdgInkaNlEdoAsOtIlBnAd,bXQvQIGn rObabsENqFmnAeFmkaNJlg LlOgXuUQGngOJtspplIv gXqDgEn,yWIvQIwvgKkFIbXQJcgXIlENiVnLiN(gaNoEb,tXIrvd...)nIoBnCQNwvgKkFIgXbXQiEgsIaXInIdHdW.yWIpOsAdpOcIoApOHtGhWpOcIcFn,wvgKkFIgXyDglFWmlOlIeHpGnwAbtIdMv KcEQn: uUQGnKaBrFbtIKvEnaag,hlENjIgrObabpOtAiUb... e) KvFWIsOKwIOuUQ spplIv KiFI,gInGcWgXIlENiVnLiNjIgwvggXIaXInId,KpEnLnvGd ? wvgKiFIKvFWIvQI mBhlIeiUbhlIesBoBQsVd qD:

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Mort et le Boucheron” (weImEdjVrId LlO qFnhIfDn).eaWnqvImoVgeIgoXrOmIn taWNHdWHphIfDnuUQgINpQI LlWvLbgmIbIWnKiDanqCduIgtIeHpsIGhWLlWv;qFnhIfDnHdWnEQNiaWNGhWiXQIHiGhWweImEdjVrIdmIKaFIHp.sVdoIWe weImEdjVrIdmILlWv yImqFntEdfDn vQItaWN

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LnvGd ,HdWnAeImoBQyDgtaWNoBQsVdnEWn aIdLmQn “wvgqIdtOgan svmwvgqIdtOgan svmwvgqIdtOgan svmwvgqIdtOgan svmaXInIdrEyaXInIdrEyaXInIdrEyaXInIdrEy”(Les Brigards au pouvoir d’Etat) . - - - - e3) wvgKiFIHdWKvFWIuUQkIWNKoANgMQvgEbgIneIdLeQN,gIneIdaXInId,gInpIbpIm,gInpEdKkEQecCQNgEnLlOgEnGnvFNgIngXIaXInIdsUNsVd,LlOLtQlOkEWnkaNrObFbsOtIlBnAdLhQNJlg,uUQlIvgXbXQhlBgaagjIggFdKgnLlOwCdtAgEmdEQNgIQvHpHdW,bINtFvuIQNdEQNnBW: - wvgKiFIHdWKvFWIuUQKoANgMQvgEb “gInpEdKkEQegEn” rOvIQN “gVQmtIKvEnaag LlO gVQmtIKvEntFg”.gVQm sVwInVvFN-wUmB vFNvAjAd yDgpEdKkEQejIg gVQm Hgsan-~UiEg cCQNmBvMdnIm~UnhlENnEWn.sVwInVvFN gXqDgVQmtIKvEntFg KvFWIlvm LmQnmBqvImiUW,aAdoAwFn,yInOuUQGnsENqFmlIvLlOJlg.svQngVQmtIKvEnaag Hgsan-~UiEg.. LmQnkIdbEndIjVddBdEQNgIQv,oBQgInnXI,zUWnXI taWNgInGhWmBKwDQabEncI,KwDQapFgqaN.sVdoIWesVwInVvFN KpEnwMNLtQqEntIrObEdcDQ|;tladiad lUgcIe 3 qFn: zUWnCQNyDgqIdtOgEm,saNqFnyDgjEbgVmqVmkENJdebXQmBKhdmBzFnheEN,tFvKaNgXyDg aXImOwId (eaWnaVgGj tImhINsMNkaNpOcIcFnlIvKvFWI....)

bVgqFniEgcIdjIgkbvn l.p.l(lIvKpEnlIv)12/10/1945 aDQn|nEWnKvFWIlvm,gXLmQnyDgpEdKkEQe`Fd(bVgqFndEQNgIQvaagmILtQlOLkvNkaNoFQvpOKod).wvgKiFIaIdKaFItFvuIQNtFvjANmIKvFWI KcEQn: JcdJcdJcdJcdKwEdlOsB,sANqOJp sBJqdjVnlOmIlB,aVdtOmO jVnlOmIlB, jEnKwEdlOsB,sANqOJp sBJqdjVnlOmIlB,aVdtOmO jVnlOmIlB, jEnKwEdlOsB,sANqOJp sBJqdjVnlOmIlB,aVdtOmO jVnlOmIlB, jEnKwEdlOsB,sANqOJp sBJqdjVnlOmIlB,aVdtOmO jVnlOmIlB, jEnaVpOlOvEn,KwFWI wAmmOjEn, qXIKxDQan tVnOlFm,jOKlBn wvNjEnaVpOlOvEn,KwFWI wAmmOjEn, qXIKxDQan tVnOlFm,jOKlBn wvNjEnaVpOlOvEn,KwFWI wAmmOjEn, qXIKxDQan tVnOlFm,jOKlBn wvNjEnaVpOlOvEn,KwFWI wAmmOjEn, qXIKxDQan tVnOlFm,jOKlBn wvNjEn,LlOzUWaDQn|||aBg,cCQNzUWkMnbXQsImIdjOkMn`FdHdW(KwIObXQLmQnjVdpOsFN).bVgqFndEQNgIQv,mBcDQsMN,mBpOcIcFnLtQ 12/10/1945 mI vQILmQnqFniEgcIdoBQLoWjAN...LtQbXQsImIdmByInOuUQGnaFNgIngInnXIHdW KcEQnKpEngEmmOgInsUngINwEg(eaWniEgcIdLbb KwEdcOrIc,bXQiEgcIdLbbHgsan-~UiEg). - qOdBgInKmDaNoBQLtOtaWNKyANcBvAdkaNqFn.GnrOeOtXQsUWtIWnaOKmrAgI,HdWmBpOgFdgInpIbpImuUQwIeGnyEnLyvpOtAvEdcCQNpvEdsIddMvkaNlIv jOtaWNHdW uEWNuDnqDn KcEQn:gInpEdKkEQe LlOkWIyAWm bVnbVnbVnbVnwFmmOhIHcwFmmOhIHcwFmmOhIHcwFmmOhIHc,~CQNkaNzUWsIWNtEWN gaNHcjEggOwEdGnwIgGtWkaNlIv gaNHcjEggOwEdGnwIgGtWkaNlIv gaNHcjEggOwEdGnwIgGtWkaNlIv gaNHcjEggOwEdGnwIgGtWkaNlIv####1947-48; gaNpOgabaIvVdgUWcIdgaNoXIaAdkaNlIvaAdsrOgaNpOgabaIvVdgUWcIdgaNoXIaAdkaNlIvaAdsrOgaNpOgabaIvVdgUWcIdgaNoXIaAdkaNlIvaAdsrOgaNpOgabaIvVdgUWcIdgaNoXIaAdkaNlIvaAdsrO; LlOgXbXQLmQn gaNgaNgaNgaN rIcvFN rIcvFN rIcvFN rIcvFN sIWNtEWNGn 1949 uUQcXIK~Da LmQngaNoXIaAd.... * qOdB oIWv sENqXI gFmmOdXIsENqXI gFmmOdXIsENqXI gFmmOdXIsENqXI gFmmOdXI(wEnKag)yDgjEbLlOtIeuUQGnqVg(qDbVn wFmmOhIHcbVn wFmmOhIHcbVn wFmmOhIHcbVn wFmmOhIHc)eaWngIQvhIvQI“gInnXIkaNlIv”gEbgInnXIvMdnImKpEnlEdoALgW... * gInmXrOnOgEmLbbbXQjOLjWN kaN nIewFn wFmmI dvNmIlInIewFn wFmmI dvNmIlInIewFn wFmmI dvNmIlInIewFn wFmmI dvNmIlIzUWnXILlOgaNbEncIgInwIgGtWkaNlIv GncVmpB 1971-72 .

* gInqIdtOgEm kaNKjFWI aIrAeO sVwInVvFNaIrAeO sVwInVvFNaIrAeO sVwInVvFNaIrAeO sVwInVvFN uUQGjgINoBQtEWNkaNsUngINGnoIWepB 1967 (KdDan 12/1967).

hlENjIg 2/12/1975 mInBW,gXHdWpOdAdhlIe|kbvnoBQpIbpIm

tXQwIeGn,KpEntFWnuUQGnrOdEboaWNyAQn(LkvN) tFvuIQN: * bFvqXIbFvqXIbFvqXIbFvqXI (tIeuUQ yVdeFN)LlOwEgwvgvQImB “LzngInjOkIedAndankaNLkvN svEnnOKkd svEnnOKkd svEnnOKkd svEnnOKkd GhWHo” .sOwIbgInuUQLkvNqXImvQn,HceObUrBLlObaQnaDQn|,gXHdWmBsOwIbgInqDdEQNgIQvmInBW LlOHdWKiEdGhWsOmIcAgLlOwnEgNInsXIqEnKsEecBvAdeaWn(uUQGnqVg).svQnuUQLkvNhFvwEn(HceOvFNHceOvFNHceOvFNHceOvFN)gXKvFWIvQI “jOfDWnfUrObab sEgdBnI,gvWINlImqDn”LtQgXbXQHdWKyANiadKsEecBvAdeaWn............21/11/94...........

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B-) kbvnpOcIoApOHt LlOgInpFgpaWNsAdoAmOnVd LmQnsUNsVdkbvnpOcIoApOHt LlOgInpFgpaWNsAdoAmOnVd LmQnsUNsVdkbvnpOcIoApOHt LlOgInpFgpaWNsAdoAmOnVd LmQnsUNsVdkbvnpOcIoApOHt LlOgInpFgpaWNsAdoAmOnVd LmQnsUNsVdGneVgpEdjV bEn.GneVgpEdjV bEn.GneVgpEdjV bEn.GneVgpEdjV bEn. 1- gInfDWnfUrObabpOcIoApOHtuUQpOKod iIetBgInfDWnfUrObabpOcIoApOHtuUQpOKod iIetBgInfDWnfUrObabpOcIoApOHtuUQpOKod iIetBgInfDWnfUrObabpOcIoApOHtuUQpOKod iIetB(Haiti). zIQngInKlDag tEWNLbbKsrB hlIewEgGhWKlDagKaFI cEN aIrAdstBd(Jean Aristide)KpEnpOoInI oAbXdB pOKodiIetB Gn pB1991 ;LtQyDgJqQnlFWmdvWerObabzKdEdgInoOhInkaN nIewFn aIrVn.sOhIpOcIcIdHdWaOnVeIdGhW sOhIrEyaOKmrAgILlOsEmwEnoOmAd GcWgXIlEN

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cVmpBoIWekaNoFdsvEd 80 LlOtFWn 90 pOcIoApOHtLlOsAdoA

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qDqXIxrEQNvQI: “sAQNoBQpamLpNgXbXQsImIdoFnoInHdWgEbgInoFdsabkaNsENkIn” Gz|gXqFNjOiUWnXIgEnuUQLlWvvQI “rObFbsOtIlBnAd”hlDvQI “rObFbsENqFmnAeFmtFvjAN(Le socialisme réel)HdWpOKcBn~WI,hlDvQIHdWLkQNkEnoBQiIWeLiNoBQsVdtXQ rObFbnIeoCnLhQNJlg( “tIKvEntFg”)hlENjIgsFNqImJlg II mIiad #1990= 45 pBhlEN ,sENlvmkaNsaNaOwAmOhIaXInId(iabdIWn)LmQndDQnpOKodmOhIaXInIdaDQn|hlIe,LlOsaNaOwAmOhIaXInIdgXsmXQIsKmBgEnKvFWIlvm(GntFvjANzUWnCQNdDQnaEnnCQN,zUWaDQnwOdDQnaEnG`Q),hlDvQI cIvLcdsgU(Ceaucescu)mBgXIlENtXIrvd(LlOtXIrvdlEb)oBQsIWNKpEnwAKsdLlOpOgabaIvVdoBQsVdoEnsmEe;gXIlENdEQNgIQv,tIm~ENsDwAm,vQIdDQniadkaNsmEe sOtIlAn.nEWn,LmQnKvFWIKyANgXIlENLiNsENlvmkaNJcvMd(KgFQI),rObFbsENqFmnAeFmKaBrFbtIKvEnaagLlOJdesOKwIOgXIlENpIbpImkaNwvgKkFI(oOhIn,tXIrvd).sVdoIWewvgKkFIgXbXQsImIduUQHdW,eaWnmEnbXQKpEnoEm,xDngFdKgn,xDnqvImmVWNmIdprIynIkaNpOcIcFn...KoFQInEWn ?“gXILwNKwEd”LhQN“rObFbsOtIlBnAd”lFWm,LlOjOmBpOKodGdHptImlEdoAdEQNgIQv,jObXQlFWm!!!? KrDWaNmEmLmQnKrDWaNKvlILlOKrDWaNrOaMdtFvjANkaNgInlFWmlOKoFQInEWn ?rObFbnCQNtIe,mEnwOtIQNgEbqFnzUWnCQNtIeKwIOKiFIKhEngEbtIJld,KcEQn:mDWvInnBWlIveENmBcBvAduUQ,mImDWnBWlIvtIeLlWv,LmQnKhEnLjWN

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frontière).

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.......3/12/1994..........

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vQI: “aOKmrAgIsImIdGcWyInoEbKiDa gXIrIn kaNvMdnImHdW”“mBHf

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gouvernement du peuple,par le peuple et pour le peuple);LmQnpOtAbEd“sAdKpEnKjFWIKlDagKaFIrObabgInpFgqaN,gInKmDaN,KsygAd,sENqFm”kaNpOcIcFn;LmQn “gInKlDagtEWNLbbKsrBLlOmBhlIewEggInKmDaN;LmQn“gInLegaXInIdkaNrEyaagjIgwEggInLegaXInIdkaNrEyaagjIgwEggInLegaXInIdkaNrEyaagjIgwEggInLegaXInIdkaNrEyaagjIgwEg”;LmQn“gInLbQNgInLbQNgInLbQNgInLbQNLegbEndILegbEndILegbEndILegbEndI aXInId aagjIggEnaXInId aagjIggEnaXInId aagjIggEnaXInId aagjIggEn”(La séparation des pouvoirs) LlOaDQn|...bFdiMnkaNsENqFmnAeFm KaBrFbtIKvEnaag HdWcBWbagvQI, hlENjIgHccnOkaNgInpOtAiUb,zFnkaNgInKlDagtEWNLbbKsrBhlIewEgnEWn,wvgsOtIlBnAdHdWwMNLtQ 2-12% kaN zUWLonlvmkaNcId. sAQNnEWnsOLdNGhWKhEnvQI wvgKkFIpFgqaNpOKodmIKgDab 50 pB(1945-

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transformation de la quantité en qualité et vice-versa).LtQgXbXQmBzUWGdjOiUWHdWvQI“hEnKpEnKagcFn”GnkabKkdGd“jCQNsImIdiEbpOgEnJqNbFnGhWsadqaQNgEbJqNlIQN”.eaWnLnvnEWn,nEgpOtAiUbkaNJcvMd(KgFQI)KvFWIGn #1990 vQIjOtaWNGhWgEmmOsAdKagcFntXQwDWnyInKsygAdLhQNcIdnEWnpOmInLtQ 20-30%; nagnEWnLmQngEmmOsAdkaNrEy ? svQngInpOtAiUbuUQGnvMdnImLlOjBnwvgKiFIgXbXQiUWvQIkabKkdnEWnjOuUQLnvGd? LtQ,LnQnanLlWv, gIn“jXIKpEnjOtaWNyaehlENnjXIKpEnjOtaWNyaehlENnjXIKpEnjOtaWNyaehlENnjXIKpEnjOtaWNyaehlENnBW”,yWIbXQmBkabKkdqEgLnQ jOLmQngInLtgsOdVwVwIQe(jIg abstraite sans

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- GnKvlIjBnpOtAiUboINdIWnKsygAd GnpB 1978-79....jBnHdWpOgIdvQIpOtAbEdtImLnvqAdkaN KlnAn qDLnvqAd “Lnb” (NEP)

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Russie socialiste puissante” hlDvQI “ De capitalisme d’Etat sortira

l’Etat socialiste puissant”.

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