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Chapter 12Chapter 12The Mongol EmpireThe Mongol Empire
1200-15001200-1500
Pastoral Peoples – Nomadic Herders• clan based structure
with powerful tribes• high status and
freedoms for women• smaller populations
on the move in harsh environments
• basic economies but trade with larger civs.
The Mongolsnomadic tribes with no unity
Steppe (Grasslands)
The Gobi
Temujin(1162-1227)
Temujin’s 2 Goals1. Unite the Mongols
2. Conquer an Empire
Soldiers highly trained and organized skilled horsemen
A meritocracy that treated allies as “blood relatives”
Temujinunified the
Mongol tribes1206 named Chinggis
Khan(Universal Ruler)
"The greatest happiness is to vanquish your enemies, to
chase them before you, to rob them of their wealth, to see
those dear to them bathed in tears, to clasp to your bosom
their wives and daughters"
-Chinggis Khan(unconfirmed and disputed)
0.5 % of the male
population in the world, or roughly 16
million descendants living today
“All who surrender will be spared ;
whoever does not surrender but opposes with struggle and
dissension, shall be annihilated.”
Brutal in war - Tolerant in peace
Integrated conquered peoples into his military
Did not force their culture on others
Invaded China, Russia,
and Persia
Chinggis Khan’s Empire 1227
On his deathbed
Chinggis Khan passed
leadership to his son
Ogadai Khan
“With Heaven’s aid I have
conquered for you a huge empire. But my life was
too short to achieve the
conquest of the world. That task is left for you.”
Estimated 40,000,000 people killed as a result of Chinggis Khan’s conquests
11% of total world population
Decedents of Chinggis Khan continued expansion
Mongol Empires by 1294
Mass slaughter in
Persia-----------------------------------------------
Many later converted
to Islam and settled
1258 Mongol armies
destroyed Baghdad (Abbasid)
Pushed into Eastern Europe
The “Golden Horde” ruled Russia with a tribute system and did not assimilate
Kublai Khan1215-1294Chinggis Khan’s
Grandson
1279 defeated Chinese
Song Dynasty
Yuan Dynasty (Mongols) 1271-1365
Mongols did not adopt Chinese
customs and were seen as foreign rulers
Capital city Khanbaliq (Beijing)
Marco Polo
1254-1324
Venetian Explorer
Marco Polo’s Journey
1271-1295
1281 Kublai Khan’s failed
invasion of Japan
Mongol LegacyMongol Legacyspread tech., ideas, people, plants, diseasespread tech., ideas, people, plants, disease
Pax Mongolica “Mongolian Peace”Protected trade routes and kept order
Responsible for the spread of the plague
Remember, sometimes we must
look at what does not happen in history
Mongols did not go to Africa. Effects?
Mongol culture
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