Computer for grade 10

f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dËKhf;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dËKh(Information (Information communication technologycommunication technology

10 10 fY%aKsh fY%aKsh

f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dËKfhaf;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dËKfha (ICT) (ICT) jeo.;alujeo.;alu o;a; iy f;dr;=re y`ÿkd .ekSuo;a; iy f;dr;=re y`ÿkd .ekSu mrs.Klfha w;S; l;djmrs.Klfha w;S; l;dj mrs.Kl j¾.SlrKhmrs.Kl j¾.SlrKh mß.Kl oDvdx.mß.Kl oDvdx. o;a; ikaksfõokh yd mrs.Kl cd,o;a; ikaksfõokh yd mrs.Kl cd,

Created by Indika & Udayanka-Amatiyagoda-Godakawela

fuys we;s iuyr mska;+r wka;¾cd,fhka yd NIE wdh;kfha Presentation

jevigyklska ,nd .kakd ,oS¡

f;dr;=re f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dËKhikaksfõok ;dËKh(Information (Information

communication technology-ICT)communication technology-ICT) hkq hkq l=ulao@l=ulao@o;a; mrs.Kl yryd ieliSu u.ska o;a; mrs.Kl yryd ieliSu u.ska

f;dr;=re"äcsg,a iy fjk;a wdldr f;dr;=re"äcsg,a iy fjk;a wdldr j,ska .nvd lsrSu yeisrùu" j,ska .nvd lsrSu yeisrùu"

l<uKdlrKh lsrSu" fnod yerSu l<uKdlrKh lsrSu" fnod yerSu hkdoS ldrahka lsrSu f;dr;=re hkdoS ldrahka lsrSu f;dr;=re

ikaksfõok ;dËKh f,i ikaksfõok ;dËKh f,i ye`oskaúh yel'ye`oskaúh yel'

mrs.Klhla hkq by; lghq;= jvd;a mrs.Klhla hkq by; lghq;= jvd;a fõ.fhka "M,odhSj iy ksjerosj l< fõ.fhka "M,odhSj iy ksjerosj l< yels nqoaêuh yelshdjla iys; yels nqoaêuh yelshdjla iys; WmlrKhls'WmlrKhls'

f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dËKfha (ICT)jeo.;alu

f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dËKfha f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dËKfha (ICT)(ICT)jeo.;alujeo.;alu

bf.kSï$b.ekaùï lghq;= jvd;a is;a.kakd bf.kSï$b.ekaùï lghq;= jvd;a is;a.kakd f,i bossrsm;a lsrSug f,i bossrsm;a lsrSug (MS powerpoint (MS powerpoint presentationpresentation wdosh wdosh ) )

mqoa.,hka w;r we;s ÿria: nj wvq lsrSug mqoa.,hka w;r we;s ÿria: nj wvq lsrSug (Eg-E-mails,phones ,Video conferencing etc)(Eg-E-mails,phones ,Video conferencing etc)

ikaksfõokhg n,mdk bf.kqï ÿ¾j,;d u`. ikaksfõokhg n,mdk bf.kqï ÿ¾j,;d u`. yerSugyerSug(eg-video,radio (eg-video,radio udOH Ndú;fhkaudOH Ndú;fhka))

m¾fhaIK lsrSug iy M,odhS f;r;=re fnod m¾fhaIK lsrSug iy M,odhS f;r;=re fnod .ekSug.ekSug(eg- internet (eg- internet Ndú;fhkaNdú;fhka))

/lshd f;dr;=re wdosh ,nd .ekSug/lshd f;dr;=re wdosh ,nd .ekSugICT ICT wdY%s; kj /lhd wjia:d Wod ùuwdY%s; kj /lhd wjia:d Wod ùuúfkdaod;aul wjia:d Wod ùuúfkdaod;aul wjia:d Wod ùu(eg-(eg-mrs.Kl lmrs.Kl l

%Svd%Svd,, .S; .S; ,video CD ),video CD )wOHdmk lghq;= j,g WmldrS ùu wOHdmk lghq;= j,g WmldrS ùu (eg- (eg- ÿria: ÿria:

wOHdmkhwOHdmkh,,fi!LHh lghq;= i`oydfi!LHh lghq;= i`oyd(CT scanners, MRI (CT scanners, MRI

scanners, ECG,EEG scanners, ECG,EEG hka;% yeisrùuhka;% yeisrùu ÿria: Y,H ÿria: Y,H l¾u lsrSu l¾u lsrSu

uQ,H lghq;= ld¾hËu ùuuQ,H lghq;= ld¾hËu ùu(ATM (ATM hka;%hka;%, , telebanking)telebanking)

MRI scannersMRI scanners

BackBack

ikaksfõok fËa;%h oshqKq ùu ikaksfõok fËa;%h oshqKq ùu (eg-(eg-ÿrl:k ÿrl:k ikaksfõokfha oS" rEmjdyskS jevigyka ikaksfõokfha oS" rEmjdyskS jevigyka ieliSfïoS mqj;a m;a uqøKfha oSieliSfïoS mqj;a m;a uqøKfha oS))

m%jdyk fËa;%h oshqKq ùu m%jdyk fËa;%h oshqKq ùu ((r: r: jdyk ,shdmosxÑ lsrSfï oS tu jdyk ,shdmosxÑ lsrSfï oS tu f;dr;=re .nvd lr ;eîugf;dr;=re .nvd lr ;eîug,, .=jka .uka md,kh .=jka .uka md,kh ,,.=jka álÜ m;a ksl=;a lsrSu wdosh.=jka álÜ m;a ksl=;a lsrSu wdosh))

boslsrSï fËa;%h oshqKq ùu boslsrSï fËa;%h oshqKq ùu (eg-(eg-jvd jvd fyd`o fmkqula iys; f.dvke.s,s ks¾udKh fyd`o fmkqula iys; f.dvke.s,s ks¾udKh lsrSug wvq úhoulska f.dvke.s,s j, jev lsrSug wvq úhoulska f.dvke.s,s j, jev wjika l< yels ùu k.r ks¾udKlrKh i`oydwjika l< yels ùu k.r ks¾udKlrKh i`oyd))

wdrËl fËa;%h oshqKq ùuwdrËl fËa;%h oshqKq ùu

ñihs, yeisrùuñihs, yeisrùu kHIaál n,d.dr yeisrùukHIaál n,d.dr yeisrùu nqoaê f;dr;=re tla/ia lsrSu yd nqoaê f;dr;=re tla/ia lsrSu yd

úYaf,aIKh lssrSuúYaf,aIKh lssrSu

EEG EEG mrSËKhmrSËKh BackBack

MRI Scanner MRI Scanner hka;%hka;%

CT ScannersCT Scanners

ECG mrSËKh

uQ,H uQ,H fËa;%h oshqKq ùufËa;%h oshqKq ùu

uQ,H uQ,H fËa;%h oshqKq ùufËa;%h oshqKq ùu

wdrËl fËa;%hwdrËl fËa;%h

wdrËl fËa;%hwdrËl fËa;%h

wOHdmk lghq;= j,g WmldrS ùu

m%jdyk fËa;%h m%jdyk fËa;%h oshqKq ùuoshqKq ùu

bxcsfkare bxcsfkare lghq;= i`oyd lghq;= i`oyd

bxcsfkare lghq;= i`oydbxcsfkare lghq;= i`oyd

úfkdaod;aul wjia:dúfkdaod;aul wjia:d

o;a; iy f;dr;=re y`ÿkd .ekSuo;a; iy f;dr;=re y`ÿkd .ekSu

wmg tosfkod cSú;fhaoS yuq jk uQ,sl wmg tosfkod cSú;fhaoS yuq jk uQ,sl w¾:hka ,nd fok lsisÿ wdldrhlg ilia w¾:hka ,nd fok lsisÿ wdldrhlg ilia fkdl< lreKq ixLHd rEm wl=re Ñ;% iy fkdl< lreKq ixLHd rEm wl=re Ñ;% iy ñkqï iuQyhla ir,j o;a; f,i ye`oskaúh yelñkqï iuQyhla ir,j o;a; f,i ye`oskaúh yel

Wod- mka;shl <uhskaf.a úIhlg Wod- mka;shl <uhskaf.a úIhlg wod, ,l=Kqwod, ,l=Kq

<uhs lsysm fofkl=f.a Wi fjka fjka <uhs lsysm fofkl=f.a Wi fjka fjka jYfhka .ekSu jYfhka .ekSu

f;dr;=re hkq fudkjdo@f;dr;=re hkq fudkjdo@ ,nkakdg lsishï w¾:hla ,nd fok mrsos l,nkakdg lsishï w¾:hla ,nd fok mrsos l

%udkql+,j ilia lrk ,o o;a; f;dr;=re f,i %udkql+,j ilia lrk ,o o;a; f;dr;=re f,i y`ÿkajhs‘y`ÿkajhs‘

o;a; j,ska ;SrK .; fkdyels w;r ta i`oyd o;a; o;a; j,ska ;SrK .; fkdyels w;r ta i`oyd o;a; ilia lr f;dr;=re njg m;a l< hq;=hilia lr f;dr;=re njg m;a l< hq;=h

Wod-mka;shl <uhskaf.a ,l=Kq j, tl;=jWod-mka;shl <uhskaf.a ,l=Kq j, tl;=j ,l=Kq j, idudkHh,l=Kq j, idudkHh ,l=Kq wkqj <uqkaf.a kï wdfrdayK fyda ,l=Kq wkqj <uqkaf.a kï wdfrdayK fyda

wjfrdayK ms<sfj,g ilia lsrSuwjfrdayK ms<sfj,g ilia lsrSu

f;dr;=re j, iqúfYaIs;df;dr;=re j, iqúfYaIs;d

wod,wod, ld¾hh i`oyd WÑ; úh hq;=hld¾hh i`oyd WÑ; úh hq;=h wod,wod, ld¾hh i`oyd m%udKj;a úh hq;=hld¾hh i`oyd m%udKj;a úh hq;=h ksjeros úh hq;=hksjeros úh hq;=h meyeos,sj f;areï .; yels úh hq;=hmeyeos,sj f;areï .; yels úh hq;=h úYajdi l< yels úh hq;=h úh hq;=húYajdi l< yels úh hq;=h úh hq;=h ksjeros mqoa.,hd fj; <`.d úh hq;=hksjeros mqoa.,hd fj; <`.d úh hq;=h kshñ; fõ,dj jk úgoS ilia ù ^iQodkï ù&kshñ; fõ,dj jk úgoS ilia ù ^iQodkï ù&;sìh hq;=h;sìh hq;=h kshñ; jákdlulska hqla; úh hq;=hkshñ; jákdlulska hqla; úh hq;=h

mrs.Klfha w;S; l;djmrs.Klfha w;S; l;dj(History of the Computer)(History of the Computer)

mrs.Klhg wä;d,u ù we;af;a wenlih fõmrs.Klhg wä;d,u ù we;af;a wenlih fõ 1617 oS iafldÜ,ka; cd;sl fcdaka 1617 oS iafldÜ,ka; cd;sl fcdaka

fkamsh¾ ,>q .Kl isoaOdka;h fkamsh¾ ,>q .Kl isoaOdka;h fidhd .kakd ,oS fidhd .kakd ,oS

ixLHd .=K lsrSu ,>q .Kl Ndú;fhka myiq tl;= ixLHd .=K lsrSu ,>q .Kl Ndú;fhka myiq tl;= lsrSulg mrsj¾;kh l< yellsrSulg mrsj¾;kh l< yel

fcdaka fkamsh¾ fï i`oyd we;a o< ;Sre fcdaka fkamsh¾ fï i`oyd we;a o< ;Sre Ndú;fhka Ndú;fhka Napier Bones Napier Bones kï WmlrKh ksmoùhkï WmlrKh ksmoùh

,>q .Kl ixl,amhu Ndú;fhka 1632 muK Tyq ,>q .Kl ixl,amhu Ndú;fhka 1632 muK Tyq úiska i¾mK rE, ksmoùhúiska i¾mK rE, ksmoùh

fcdaka fkamsh¾fcdaka fkamsh¾wenlih

Napier’s Bones

1642 1642 oS muK m%xY cd;sl .Ks;{fhl= jQ íf,aia meial,a oS muK m%xY cd;sl .Ks;{fhl= jQ íf,aia meial,a (Blaise Pascal) (Blaise Pascal) .Ks; lghq;= ;jÿrg;a myiqfjka lr .ekSug yels .Ks; lghq;= ;jÿrg;a myiqfjka lr .ekSug yels wdl,k hka;%h wdl,k hka;%h (Adding Machine) (Adding Machine) ksmoùh fuh ksmoùh fuh PascalinePascaline hka;%h f,i y`ÿkajk ,oShka;%h f,i y`ÿkajk ,oS

1674 1674 oS muK c¾udkq cd;sl .Ks;×fhl= jQ f.dâ*S%â oS muK c¾udkq cd;sl .Ks;×fhl= jQ f.dâ*S%â ú,afy,aï úiska íf,aia meial,a f.a hka;%h oshqKq lr tl;= ú,afy,aï úiska íf,aia meial,a f.a hka;%h oshqKq lr tl;= lsrSï wvq lsrSï o .=K lsrSï iy fnoSï o l< yels lsrSï wvq lsrSï o .=K lsrSï iy fnoSï o l< yels Step Step Recorner Recorner kï WmlrKh ksmoùhkï WmlrKh ksmoùh

1822 1822 oS bx.S%is cd;slfhl= jQ pd,aia nefíca oS bx.S%is cd;slfhl= jQ pd,aia nefíca (Charles (Charles Babbage)Babbage) m<uq hdka;s%l mrs.Klh i`oyd wjYH lrk m<uq hdka;s%l mrs.Klh i`oyd wjYH lrk wdlD;shla ks¾udKh lrk ,oS th wdlD;shla ks¾udKh lrk ,oS th Difference Engine Difference Engine kï úh kï úh

1833 1833 oS muK pd,aia nefíca úiska wek,sál,a hka;%h oS muK pd,aia nefíca úiska wek,sál,a hka;%h (Analytical Engine) (Analytical Engine) ksmoùh fuys úfYaI ,ËKh jkafka o;a; ksmoùh fuys úfYaI ,ËKh jkafka o;a; wdodkh ;ekam;a lsrSu ilia lsrSu yd m%;sodkh hk wdodkh ;ekam;a lsrSu ilia lsrSu yd m%;sodkh hk ld¾hkag wjYH Wmdx.hka we;=,;a ùuhs fï ksidu Tyq ld¾hkag wjYH Wmdx.hka we;=,;a ùuhs fï ksidu Tyq mrs.Klfha mshd f,i y`ÿkajhs fuhg uQ,sl wä;d,u mrs.Klfha mshd f,i y`ÿkajhs fuhg uQ,sl wä;d,u jegqfka m%xY cd;sl fcdaYma cel=jdâ úiska fros úùu jegqfka m%xY cd;sl fcdaYma cel=jdâ úiska fros úùu myiq lr .ekSug myiq lr .ekSug 1801 1801 oS muKoS muK ksmo jQ fros úhk hka;%h ksmo jQ fros úhk hka;%h (Mechanical Loom) (Mechanical Loom) hs tys isÿre l< ldâm;a u`.ska fros j, hs tys isÿre l< ldâm;a u`.ska fros j, úúO rgd ueúh yelsúhúúO rgd ueúh yelsúh

pd,aia nefíca f.a ñ;=rshl jQ wevd T.iagd f,dõf,aia úiska Tyqf.a fuu wek,sál,a hka;%h (Analytical Engine)

i`oyd wjYH lrk jevigyka ilia lsrSu i`oyd Wkkaÿ jQjdh fufia ilia lrkq ,enQ jevigyka miqj mrs.Kl jevigyka ilia lsrSug ork ,o m%:u W;aiyh f,i i,lk ,oS tksidu weh f,dalfha m%:u jevigyka Ys,amsksh f,i ^ l%u f,aLK Ys,amskssh $mrs.Kl l%u f,aÅldj First Computer Programmer& f,i y`ÿkajkq ,nhs

yuqod lghq;= i`oyd Ndú;d jQ ada mrs.Kl NdIdj wehg f.!rjhla f,i kï lrk ,oS

fcdaYma cel=jdâ f.a isÿre m;a ixl,amh Ndú;fhka 1890 oS wefurslkq ck ix.Kkh b;du;a id¾:lj wvq ld,hlska isÿ lsrSug y¾uka fydf,ars;a iu;a úh

Wo b;du;a ckm%sh mrs.Kl ksIamdok wdh;khla jk (IBM-(Interntional Business Machine ) wdh;kh ìys jQfha o y¾uka fydf,ars;a f.a uQ,sl;ajfhks

1937 1937 oS ydj¾â úYaj úoHd,fha fydaj¾â oS ydj¾â úYaj úoHd,fha fydaj¾â thslka úiska pd,aia nefíca f.athslka úiska pd,aia nefíca f.a ixl,am jeä ixl,am jeä oshqKq lrkakg fndfyda W;aiy oerSh tys moshqKq lrkakg fndfyda W;aiy oerSh tys m%;sM,hla f,i 1944 oS muK fydaj¾â thslka %;sM,hla f,i 1944 oS muK fydaj¾â thslka g yd ydj¾â ys g yd ydj¾â ys IBM IBM hk wdh;k j, fiajh l< hk wdh;k j, fiajh l< Tyqf.a ñ;=rkag Tyqf.a ñ;=rkag Automatic Sequence Controlled Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator Calculator kï WmlrKh ks¾udKh lsrSug yels kï WmlrKh ks¾udKh lsrSug yels úh fuh miqj ud¾la 1 úh fuh miqj ud¾la 1 (Mark 1) (Mark 1) f,i kï lrk ,oS f,i kï lrk ,oS fuhg myiqfjka tl;= lsrSï wvq lsrSï jeälsrSï fuhg myiqfjka tl;= lsrSï wvq lsrSï jeälsrSï iy fnoSï l< yels jQ w;r o;a; we;=¿ lsrSug iy fnoSï l< yels jQ w;r o;a; we;=¿ lsrSug h;=re ,shkhla o o;a; m%;sodkh i`oyd h;=re ,shkhla o o;a; m%;sodkh i`oyd isÿrem;a o Ndú;d lrkq ,eîhisÿrem;a o Ndú;d lrkq ,eîh

fuys ;=kaoyilg wêl úoHq;a hdka;%sl fuys ;=kaoyilg wêl úoHq;a hdka;%sl fldgia mej;s w;r nrska fgdka 5 la muK úhfldgia mej;s w;r nrska fgdka 5 la muK úh

ud¾la 1 hka;%h jir 15 lg jeä ld,hla mrs.Kl f,dj ;=< ud¾la 1 hka;%h jir 15 lg jeä ld,hla mrs.Kl f,dj ;=< Ndú; lrkq ,eîhNdú; lrkq ,eîh

1937 iy 1942 w;r ld,fha oS n,af.arshdkq cd;sl 1937 iy 1942 w;r ld,fha oS n,af.arshdkq cd;sl uydpd¾h fcdaka úkaikaÜ wgdkdfidõ úiska uydpd¾h fcdaka úkaikaÜ wgdkdfidõ úiska la,s*¾â fnrS f.a o iyh we;sj mrs.Klhla w¾O jYfhka la,s*¾â fnrS f.a o iyh we;sj mrs.Klhla w¾O jYfhka ksu lrk ,oS fuu mrs.Klh ksu lrk ,oS fuu mrs.Klh Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC mrs.Klhmrs.Klh) ) f,i kï lrkq ,eîhf,i kï lrkq ,eîh

fuh w¾O f,i ksu l< neúka ta i`oyd fmagkaÜ n,m;fuh w¾O f,i ksu l< neúka ta i`oyd fmagkaÜ n,m;%h ,nd .; fkdyels úh tksid %h ,nd .; fkdyels úh tksid ENIAC (ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) Integrator And Computer) mrs.Klh f,dj m%:u úoHq;a mrs.Klh f,dj m%:u úoHq;a ixLHdxl mrs.Klh f,i i,lk ,efíixLHdxl mrs.Klh f,i i,lk ,efí

1945 oS muK .Ks;×hl= jQ fcdaka fjdka 1945 oS muK .Ks;×hl= jQ fcdaka fjdka kshqudkaa úiska mrs.Kl i`oyd kj ixl,amhla y`ÿkajd kshqudkaa úiska mrs.Kl i`oyd kj ixl,amhla y`ÿkajd fok ,oS tys .eí jQ uQ,sl woyi jQfha mrs.Klfha fN!;sl fok ,oS tys .eí jQ uQ,sl woyi jQfha mrs.Klfha fN!;sl fjkialï fkdlr tys ;ekam;a lrk jevigyka wdY%fhka fjkialï fkdlr tys ;ekam;a lrk jevigyka wdY%fhka mrs.Klhla u`.ska úúOdldr jev lghq;= lr .; yelsh mrs.Klhla u`.ska úúOdldr jev lghq;= lr .; yelsh hkakhs wo Ndú;d lrkqfha fuu ixl,amhhshkakhs wo Ndú;d lrkqfha fuu ixl,amhhs

19461946 oS muK fmksis,afõkshd úYaj úoHd,fha oS muK fmksis,afõkshd úYaj úoHd,fha úoHqja bxcsfkare wxYh jq uQ¾ mdif,a § úoHqja bxcsfkare wxYh jq uQ¾ mdif,a § ^̂Moor school of Electrical Engineering of the university Moor school of Electrical Engineering of the university of pennsylvania ) of pennsylvania ) f,dj m%:u úoHq;a ixLHdxl f,dj m%:u úoHq;a ixLHdxl mß.Klh ^mß.Klh ^Electronic digital computer )Electronic digital computer )ìys úh¡ th ìys úh¡ th (ENIAC) (ENIAC) kñka y÷kajkq ,enQ w;r th ks¾udKh kñka y÷kajkq ,enQ w;r th ks¾udKh lsrSu i`oyd rsla;l k< lsrSu i`oyd rsla;l k< (Vacuum Tubes) (Vacuum Tubes) 18000 la 18000 la muK fhdod .kakd ,oS fuh muK fhdod .kakd ,oS fuh tla ;;amrhla ;=,oS .Ks; l¾u 5000 la muK bgq lr tla ;;amrhla ;=,oS .Ks; l¾u 5000 la muK bgq lr oSug yels jQ kuq;a m%udKfhka b;du;a úYd, oSug yels jQ kuq;a m%udKfhka b;du;a úYd, ùu fuys m%Odku ÿ¾j,;dj úh ùu fuys m%Odku ÿ¾j,;dj úh

wêl WIaK;ajh ksid ks;r ks;r oeù hk rsla;l k< wêl WIaK;ajh ksid ks;r ks;r oeù hk rsla;l k< udre lsrSug isÿ ùu úÿ,s n,h wêl f,i wjYH ùuudre lsrSug isÿ ùu úÿ,s n,h wêl f,i wjYH ùu

fuysfuys jQ ;j;a ÿ¾j,;djhlsjQ ;j;a ÿ¾j,;djhls rsla;l k< fhdod .;a mrs.Kl m<uq mrïmrdfõ rsla;l k< fhdod .;a mrs.Kl m<uq mrïmrdfõ

mrs.Kl fõmrs.Kl fõ

1950 1950 oS muKoS muK frñx.agka /kaâwdh;kh frñx.agka /kaâwdh;kh ksIamdokh lrkq ,enQ ksIamdokh lrkq ,enQ UNIVAC -1 (Universal UNIVAC -1 (Universal Automatic Calculator -1)Automatic Calculator -1)mrs.Klhg ;;amrhl ld,hla ;=, mrs.Klhg ;;amrhl ld,hla ;=, oS .Kkh lsrSï 10000 muK lsrSfï yelshdjla ;snqKsoS .Kkh lsrSï 10000 muK lsrSfï yelshdjla ;snqKs

1957 oS 1957 oS International Business Machine Corporation International Business Machine Corporation (IBM) (IBM) wdh;kh ks¾udKh lrkq ,enQ wdh;kh ks¾udKh lrkq ,enQ IBM 704 IBM 704 mrs.Klhg ;;amrhl ld,hla ;=, oS .Kkh lsrSï mrs.Klhg ;;amrhl ld,hla ;=, oS .Kkh lsrSï 100000 muK lsrSfï yelshdjla ;snqKs100000 muK lsrSfï yelshdjla ;snqKs

mrs.Klfhysmrs.Klfhys fojk mrïmrdj wdrïN jkafka gfojk mrïmrdj wdrïN jkafka g%dkaisiag¾%dkaisiag¾(Transistor) (Transistor) fidhd .ekSu;a iu`.sksfidhd .ekSu;a iu`.sks

g%dkaisiag¾g%dkaisiag¾ fidhd .ekSfï f.!rjh fn,a úoHd.drfha fidhd .ekSfï f.!rjh fn,a úoHd.drfha ú,shï fIdlaf,a ú,shï fIdlaf,a (William Shoockley) (William Shoockley) fcdaka ndãka fcdaka ndãka (John Bardeen )(John Bardeen )iy fjda,ag¾ n%dfÜ%ka iy fjda,ag¾ n%dfÜ%ka (Walter (Walter Brattain ) Brattain ) hk whg ysñ jk w;r fï i`oyd Tjqka hk whg ysñ jk w;r fï i`oyd Tjqka fjkqfjka j¾I 1956 oS fjkqfjka j¾I 1956 oS fN!;sl úoHdj i`oyd jQ fN!;sl úoHdj i`oyd jQ fkdfn,a ;Hd.h o msrskukq ,eîhfkdfn,a ;Hd.h o msrskukq ,eîh

g%dkaisiag¾ Ndú;d jQ fojk mrïmrdfõ mrs.Kl g%dkaisiag¾ Ndú;d jQ fojk mrïmrdfõ mrs.Kl j,g ;;amrhla ;=, oS .Ks; l¾u 200000-250000 ;a w;r j,g ;;amrhla ;=, oS .Ks; l¾u 200000-250000 ;a w;r m%udKhla bgq l< yels úhm%udKhla bgq l< yels úh

wvq úÿ,s n,hla wjYH ùu m%udKfhka l=vd ùu fuu wvq úÿ,s n,hla wjYH ùu m%udKfhka l=vd ùu fuu mrs.Kl j, jQ úfYaI ,ËKhka hmrs.Kl j, jQ úfYaI ,ËKhka h

;=kajk mrïmrdfõ mrs.Kl ks¾udKh lsrSu i`oyd ;=kajk mrïmrdfõ mrs.Kl ks¾udKh lsrSu i`oyd ifudaOdks;$wkql+,s; mrsm: ifudaOdks;$wkql+,s; mrsm: (Integrated Circuits –(IC) (Integrated Circuits –(IC) Ndú;d úhNdú;d úh

IC IC Ndú;h ksid mrs.Kl m%udKfhka ;j;a l=vd jQ w;r Ndú;h ksid mrs.Kl m%udKfhka ;j;a l=vd jQ w;r jeä ld¾hËu;djla o we;s úh uq,a ld,fha jQ jeä ld¾hËu;djla o we;s úh uq,a ld,fha jQ ifudaOdks;$wkql+,s; mrsm: j, g%dkaisiag¾ wvq ifudaOdks;$wkql+,s; mrsm: j, g%dkaisiag¾ wvq m%udKhla Ndú; jQ w;r tajd m%udKhla Ndú; jQ w;r tajd SSI (Small Scale SSI (Small Scale Integration) Integration) f,i ye`oskaúh tajd jvd;a oshqKq lrñka tla f,i ye`oskaúh tajd jvd;a oshqKq lrñka tla mrsm:hla ;=< jeä g%dkaisiag¾ m%udKhla mrsm:hla ;=< jeä g%dkaisiag¾ m%udKhla we;=,;a lrñka ms<sfj,ska we;=,;a lrñka ms<sfj,ska MSI (Medium Scale MSI (Medium Scale Integration)LSI (Large Scale Integration)VLSIIntegration)LSI (Large Scale Integration)VLSI

(Very Large Scale Integration) (Very Large Scale Integration) iy iy ULSI (Ultra Large Scale ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) Integration) ìys úhìys úh

;dlaIKsl ÈhqKqj;a iuÕ ìysjQ laIqø mßm: ;dlaIKsl ÈhqKqj;a iuÕ ìysjQ laIqø mßm: (Micro Chips)(Micro Chips)mrs.Klfha y;r jk mrïmrdj mrs.Klfha y;r jk mrïmrdj ksfhdackh lrhs fuu laIqø mrsm: uhsfl%dfmksfhdackh lrhs fuu laIqø mrsm: uhsfl%dfm%dfii¾ ^%dfii¾ ^Microprocessor )Microprocessor )f,iskao y`ÿkajkq ,efíf,iskao y`ÿkajkq ,efí

(Artificial Intelligent)

mrs.Kl j¾.SlrKhmrs.Kl j¾.SlrKhm%udKh ie,ls,a,g f.k mß.Kl j¾.Slrkh lsÍu m%udKh ie,ls,a,g f.k mß.Kl j¾.Slrkh lsÍu (size)(size)

m%udKh ie,ls,a,g f.km%udKh ie,ls,a,g f.k mß.Kl fkdfhl=;a wdldrhg mß.Kl fkdfhl=;a wdldrhg j¾.SlrKh l< yelsh¡fuys§ mß.Kl m%Odk wdldr ;=klg j¾.SlrKh l< yelsh¡fuys§ mß.Kl m%Odk wdldr ;=klg fnodfjka l< yelsh¡fnodfjka l< yelsh¡

uyd mß.Klh ^uyd mß.Klh ^mainframe Computers):mainframe Computers): fujeks mß.Kl m%udKfhkafujeks mß.Kl m%udKfhka b;du;a úYd, jk w;r wo b;du;a úYd, jk w;r wo

Ndú;fha fkdue;s ;rïh¡Ndú;fha fkdue;s ;rïh¡ uOH mß.Kl uOH mß.Kl (mini computers ):(mini computers ): uOHu m%udKfha mß.Kl fufia y÷kajd Èh yelsh¡uOHu m%udKfha mß.Kl fufia y÷kajd Èh yelsh¡ Ëqø mß.Klh^Ëqø mß.Klh^Micro computers):Micro computers): fuu mß.Kl m%udKfhka b;du;a l=vdh¡fuu mß.Kl m%udKfhka b;du;a l=vdh¡ flfia jqj o b;du;a fõ.fhka isÿjk ;dËKsl ÈhqKqj ksid flfia jqj o b;du;a fõ.fhka isÿjk ;dËKsl ÈhqKqj ksid

wojk úg mß.Kl fufia uyd uOH iy Ëqø f,i j¾. lsÍu wojk úg mß.Kl fufia uyd uOH iy Ëqø f,i j¾. lsÍu wmyiqù we;¡ fï ksid wo Ndú;fha mj;sk mß.Kl my; wmyiqù we;¡ fï ksid wo Ndú;fha mj;sk mß.Kl my; wdldrfhka j¾. lsÍu iy y÷kajd §u isÿ l< yelsh wdldrfhka j¾. lsÍu iy y÷kajd §u isÿ l< yelsh

fm!oa.,sl mrs.Klh fm!oa.,sl mrs.Klh (Personal Computers)(Personal Computers)

fïi mrs.Kl fïi mrs.Kl (Desktop Computers) (Desktop Computers) f,i o fïjd y`ÿkajhsf,i o fïjd y`ÿkajhs Wl=,a mrs.KlhWl=,a mrs.Klh (Laptop Computers)(Laptop Computers) fïjd myiqfjka tyd fuyd f.k hd yels w;r is`.s;s fïjd myiqfjka tyd fuyd f.k hd yels w;r is`.s;s

mrs.Kl mrs.Kl (Notebook computers) (Notebook computers) $iqjykSh $iqjykSh mrs.Klmrs.Kl(Portable computers) (Portable computers) f,i o y`ÿkajhsf,i o y`ÿkajhs

w;a, mrs.Kl w;a, mrs.Kl (Palmtop Computers)(Palmtop Computers) w,af,a ;nd f.k jev l< yels l=vd mrs.Kl fõw,af,a ;nd f.k jev l< yels l=vd mrs.Kl fõ

fïjd mqoa., iyhl mrs.Kl fïjd mqoa., iyhl mrs.Kl (PDA-Personal Digital (PDA-Personal Digital Assistant) Assistant) f,i o y`ÿkajhsf,i o y`ÿkajhs

jev ksfla;k mß.Klh jev ksfla;k mß.Klh (workstation Computers):(workstation Computers):jvd;a jeä yelshdjlska hqla;j ks¾udKh lrk ,o jvd;a jeä yelshdjlska hqla;j ks¾udKh lrk ,o Desktop PCDesktop PC

ye|skaùu i|yd ye|skaùu i|yd “workstations”“workstations”hk ku Ndú; lrhs¡fujeks hk ku Ndú; lrhs¡fujeks mß.Kl jvd;a ixlS¾K jQ ;%sudK Ñ;% ks¾udKh mß.Kl jvd;a ixlS¾K jQ ;%sudK Ñ;% ks¾udKh (3D (3D graphic designing )graphic designing )lghq;= i|yd nyq,ju Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡lghq;= i|yd nyq,ju Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

fiajdÞhl mß.KlfiajdÞhl mß.Kl//iemhqï fiajd iemhqï fiajd mß.Kl^mß.Kl^serverserver computers ):computers ):

fuu mß.Kl mß.Kl cd,hl§ wfkl=;a mß.Kl i|yd fiajd fuu mß.Kl mß.Kl cd,hl§ wfkl=;a mß.Kl i|yd fiajd iemhSu isÿ lrkq ,nhs¡jeä u;l Odß;djla iy " jeä iemhSu isÿ lrkq ,nhs¡jeä u;l Odß;djla iy " jeä o;a; ;ekam;a lsÍfï yelshdjla we;s iemhqï fiajd mß.Kl o;a; ;ekam;a lsÍfï yelshdjla we;s iemhqï fiajd mß.Kl j, l%shdldÍ fõ.h o idudkH mß.Klhlg jvd jeäh¡j, l%shdldÍ fõ.h o idudkH mß.Klhlg jvd jeäh¡

iqmsß mß.Klh ^iqmsß mß.Klh ^super computers):super computers): b;du;a úfYaIs; jQ ld¾hhka i|yd fuu mß.Kl b;du;a úfYaIs; jQ ld¾hhka i|yd fuu mß.Kl

fhdÞ.kq ,efí¡fhdÞ.kq ,efí¡ fndfyda wjia:d j,§ iqmsß mß.Kl lsysmhla iudka;rj o lfndfyda wjia:d j,§ iqmsß mß.Kl lsysmhla iudka;rj o l

%shd lrkq ksÍËKh l, yelsh¡%shd lrkq ksÍËKh l, yelsh¡

ld¾hld¾h(purpose)(purpose)ie,ls,a,g f.k mß.Kl ie,ls,a,g f.k mß.Kl j¾.SlrKhj¾.SlrKh

ld¾hh wkqj mß.Kl m%Odk wdldr follg fnÞ fjka ld¾hh wkqj mß.Kl m%Odk wdldr follg fnÞ fjka l, yelsh¡l, yelsh¡

idudkH lghq;= i|yd Ndú; lrk mß.KlidudkH lghq;= i|yd Ndú; lrk mß.Kl (general purpose computers(general purpose computers))

tÈfkÞ lghq;= i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nk mß.Kl fï tÈfkÞ lghq;= i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nk mß.Kl fï hg;g .efka¡hg;g .efka¡

úfYaIs; ld¾h i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk mß.KlúfYaIs; ld¾h i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk mß.Kl ^̂special perpose computers )special perpose computers )

úfYaIs; jQ úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK hqO úfYaIs; jQ úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK hqO fufyhqï f;,a ksê .fõYKh jeks iqúfYaIS fufyhqï f;,a ksê .fõYKh jeks iqúfYaIS ld¾hh i|yd fhdÞ .kakdld¾hh i|yd fhdÞ .kakd mß.Kl mß.Kl fõ fõ

ks¾udK ;dËKh ie,ls,a,g f.k mß.Kl ks¾udK ;dËKh ie,ls,a,g f.k mß.Kl j¾.SlrKhj¾.SlrKh

ixLHdxl $wxlsl mrs.KlixLHdxl $wxlsl mrs.Kl (Digital Computers) (Digital Computers)

oaúuh ixLHd ixl,amh Ndú;d lrñka ks¾udKh oaúuh ixLHd ixl,amh Ndú;d lrñka ks¾udKh lrkq ,enQ mrs.Kl fï .Khg .efka lrkq ,enQ mrs.Kl fï .Khg .efka

m%;siu mrs.Kl m%;siu mrs.Kl (Analog Computers)(Analog Computers)

m%;siu mrs.Kl l%shd;aul ùu i`oyd WIaK;ajh m%;siu mrs.Kl l%shd;aul ùu i`oyd WIaK;ajh f;rmqu mSvkh jeks fN!;sl o;a; Wmfhda.S f;rmqu mSvkh jeks fN!;sl o;a; Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka ks¾udKh lrkq ,enQ mrs.Kl fõlr .ksñka ks¾udKh lrkq ,enQ mrs.Kl fõ

ñY% fyda fouqyqï mrs.Kl ñY% fyda fouqyqï mrs.Kl (Hybrid (Hybrid Computers)Computers)

by; olajk ,o mrs.Kl j¾. 2ys u iïñY%Khla f,i fuu by; olajk ,o mrs.Kl j¾. 2ys u iïñY%Khla f,i fuu mrs.Kl ye`oskaúh yel mrs.Kl ye`oskaúh yel

mß.Klhla hkq l=ulaomß.Klhla hkq l=ulao??

mß.Klhla hkq o;a; f;dr;=re njg m;a lrk mß.Klhla hkq o;a; f;dr;=re njg m;a lrk úoHq;a WmlrKhlsúoHq;a WmlrKhls

mß.Kl oDvdx.

mß.Klfha iqúfYaIS;dmß.Klfha iqúfYaIS;d fõ.hfõ.h-tkï úYd, ld,hla .; jk ld¾hhla fyda .Kkh lsrSï mß.Kl -tkï úYd, ld,hla .; jk ld¾hhla fyda .Kkh lsrSï mß.Kl

wdY%fhka ;;amr .KkloS bgq l< yelshwdY%fhka ;;amr .KkloS bgq l< yelsh ksrjoH;djhksrjoH;djh- mß.Kl l%shdldrS;ajfha oS hï jeroSula isÿ - mß.Kl l%shdldrS;ajfha oS hï jeroSula isÿ

jqj fyd;a th isÿ jkafka ta i`oyd ,nd oS we;s Wmfoia j, jqj fyd;a th isÿ jkafka ta i`oyd ,nd oS we;s Wmfoia j, fodaI fya;=fjks tajdfha ksjeros nj ms<sn`o j.lSu fodaI fya;=fjks tajdfha ksjeros nj ms<sn`o j.lSu Wmfoia ilia lrkakkaf.a j.lSuls Wmfoia ilia lrkakkaf.a j.lSuls

ld¾hËu;djld¾hËu;dj-ñksidg oefkk taldldrS nj fjfyi wjOdkh .s,syS -ñksidg oefkk taldldrS nj fjfyi wjOdkh .s,syS hdu jeks foa mß.Klhg fkdoekSu fuhg m%Odk fya;=jhshdu jeks foa mß.Klhg fkdoekSu fuhg m%Odk fya;=jhs

nyqYe;NdjhnyqYe;Ndjh- tkï tla wdldrhl ld¾hhla wjika jQ ú.i Bg - tkï tla wdldrhl ld¾hhla wjika jQ ú.i Bg yd;amiskau fjkia ld¾hhl fhoSug yelshdjhsyd;amiskau fjkia ld¾hhl fhoSug yelshdjhs

u;l ;nd .ekSfï yelshdj- u;l ;nd .ekSfï yelshdj- tkï oDv ;eáh ;=< we;s u;l tkï oDv ;eáh ;=< we;s u;l Odrs;djg iudk u;l yelshdjla ;sîuhsOdrs;djg iudk u;l yelshdjla ;sîuhs

nqoaêu;a fkdùu-nqoaêu;a fkdùu- ñksidg fuka nqoaêh fufyhjd lrk ;SrK ñksidg fuka nqoaêh fufyhjd lrk ;SrK .ekSï mrs.Klhg l< fkdyelsh.ekSï mrs.Klhg l< fkdyelsh

ye`.Sï oekSï fkdue;s nj-ye`.Sï oekSï fkdue;s nj-;kslu md¿j ldkaish wosh ;kslu md¿j ldkaish wosh mrs.Klhg we;s fkdfõmrs.Klhg we;s fkdfõ

mrs.Klfha m%Odk fldgia yd Bg wod, ld¾hhkamrs.Klfha m%Odk fldgia yd Bg wod, ld¾hhka mrs.Klfha m%Odk ld¾hhkamrs.Klfha m%Odk ld¾hhka(Basic Functions of a (Basic Functions of a

Computer)Computer) wdodkh fyj;a o;a; yd Wmfoia we;=¿ lsrSu wdodkh fyj;a o;a; yd Wmfoia we;=¿ lsrSu (Input)(Input) ieliSu ieliSu (Process)- (Process)- tkïtkï o;a; f;dr;=re njg m;a lsrSuhso;a; f;dr;=re njg m;a lsrSuhs m%;sodkh fyj;a o;a; fyda f;dr;=re msg;g ,nd m%;sodkh fyj;a o;a; fyda f;dr;=re msg;g ,nd

oSSuoSSu(Output)(Output) wdphkh fyj;a o;a; fyda f;dr;=re ;ekam;a lsrSu wdphkh fyj;a o;a; fyda f;dr;=re ;ekam;a lsrSu (Store)(Store) md,khmd,kh(Control)(Control)

mrs.Klfha m%Odk fldgiamrs.Klfha m%Odk fldgia wdodk tallwdodk tall(Input Devices)(Input Devices) m%;sodk tallm%;sodk tall(Output Devices)(Output Devices) uOH ieliqï tallh uOH ieliqï tallh (Central Processing Unit)(Central Processing Unit) wdphk tall wdphk tall (Storage Devices) (Storage Devices)

wdodk tallwdodk tall(Input Devices)(Input Devices)

• m%;sodk tall (Output Devices)

wdphk tall wdphk tall (Storage Devices) (Storage Devices)

fj<`ofmdf,a we;s DVD j¾.

Back to Secondary memory

úúO wdphk tall j, rEm igykla

uOH ieliqï tallh uOH ieliqï tallh (Central Processing Unit)(Central Processing Unit)

fuh m%Odk fldgia 3 lska iukaú; fõfuh m%Odk fldgia 3 lska iukaú; fõ md,k tallhmd,k tallh(Control Unit)(Control Unit) wxl .Ks;uh yd ;d¾lsl tallhwxl .Ks;uh yd ;d¾lsl tallh(Arithmatic & Logic Unit)(Arithmatic & Logic Unit) u;lhu;lh(Memory)(Memory)

md,k tallhmd,k tallh(Control Unit)(Control Unit)

mrs.Klfha ish¿u md,k lghq;= tkï wjYH lrk wjia:d j,oS mrs.Klfha ish¿u md,k lghq;= tkï wjYH lrk wjia:d j,oS úúO wK lsrSï isÿ lsrSu u`.ska mrs.Klh md,kh lsrSu úúO wK lsrSï isÿ lsrSu u`.ska mrs.Klh md,kh lsrSu

fuu.ska isÿfõ fuu.ska isÿfõ wxl .Ks;uh yd ;d¾lsl tallh wxl .Ks;uh yd ;d¾lsl tallh (Arithmatic & (Arithmatic &

Logic Unit)Logic Unit) fuu.ska ish¿ wdldrfha jQ wxl .Ks;uh ld¾hhka fuu.ska ish¿ wdldrfha jQ wxl .Ks;uh ld¾hhka

iy ;d¾lsl lghq;= isÿ lrhsiy ;d¾lsl lghq;= isÿ lrhs

u;lhu;lh(Memory)(Memory) .Kkh lsrSï i`oyd fyda ilia lsrSu i`oyd uOH ieliqï tallh fj; .Kkh lsrSï i`oyd fyda ilia lsrSu i`oyd uOH ieliqï tallh fj;

heùug we;s o;a; fyda uOH ieliqï tallh fj;ska msg;g ,nd heùug we;s o;a; fyda uOH ieliqï tallh fj;ska msg;g ,nd fok f;dr;=re ;djld,slj ;nd .ekSug u;lh m%fhdackhg .kS fok f;dr;=re ;djld,slj ;nd .ekSug u;lh m%fhdackhg .kS processor processor tl ;=< tl ;=< L1 ,L2 L1 ,L2 f,i fldgia 2ls¡ f,i fldgia 2ls¡ processorprocessor j,ska msg; j,ska msg; u;lhu;lh wdldr 2ls wdldr 2ls

iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh (Random Access Memory-RAM)(Random Access Memory-RAM) mGk ud;% u;lhmGk ud;% u;lh(Read Only Memory-ROM)(Read Only Memory-ROM)

iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh (Random Access Memory-RAM)(Random Access Memory-RAM) fuh ;djld,sl u;lhls fuys we;s o;a; mrs.Klh keje;aùfï oS fuh ;djld,sl u;lhls fuys we;s o;a; mrs.Klh keje;aùfï oS

fyda úÿ,s n,h úikaê ùfï oS úkdY fõ fuys we;s o;a; fjkia fyda úÿ,s n,h úikaê ùfï oS úkdY fõ fuys we;s o;a; fjkia lsrSu uld oeóu o l< yel fuys fldgia 2lslsrSu uld oeóu o l< yel fuys fldgia 2ls

ia:s;sl iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh ia:s;sl iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh (Static Random Access Memory-(Static Random Access Memory-SRAM)SRAM)

.;sl iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh .;sl iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh (Dynamic Random Access Memory-(Dynamic Random Access Memory-DRAMDRAM

processor processor tl ;=< tl ;=< L1 ,L2L1 ,L2 u;lhka u;lhka iy m%Odk u;lhiy m%Odk u;lh(RAM)(RAM)

SIMM-(Single Inline Memory Module)

synchronous dynamic random access memory(SDRAM)

(DDR-Double Data Rate)

mGk ud;% u;lh mGk ud;% u;lh (Read Only Memory-ROM)(Read Only Memory-ROM) ia:djr u;lhla jk fuys we;s o;a; fjkia lsrSu fyda uld ia:djr u;lhla jk fuys we;s o;a; fjkia lsrSu fyda uld

oeóu myiqfjka l< fkdyels h mrs.Kl ksIamdok oeóu myiqfjka l< fkdyels h mrs.Kl ksIamdok wdh;kh úiska mrs.Klh wdh;kh úiska mrs.Klh on on lsrSfï oS thg iïnkaO lr lsrSfï oS thg iïnkaO lr we;s Wmdx. mrSËd lsrSug;a fufyhqï moaO;sh we;s Wmdx. mrSËd lsrSug;a fufyhqï moaO;sh RAM RAM tl u;g .ekSug;a wjYH f;dr;=re fuys we; ta tl u;g .ekSug;a wjYH f;dr;=re fuys we; ta i`oyd fuys we;s i`oyd fuys we;s BIOS-(Basic Input Output System)BIOS-(Basic Input Output System)kï kï jevigyk l%shd;aul fõ fuys wdldr 2lsjevigyk l%shd;aul fõ fuys wdldr 2ls

l%uf,aLkh l< yels mGk ud;% u;lhl%uf,aLkh l< yels mGk ud;% u;lh (Programmable Read Only Memory-PROM)(Programmable Read Only Memory-PROM) ((wfOdarla; lsrK Ndú;fhkawfOdarla; lsrK Ndú;fhka)) uld ouñka kej; kej; l uld ouñka kej; kej; l

%uf,aLkh l< yels mGk ud;% u;lh %uf,aLkh l< yels mGk ud;% u;lh (Erasable (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory-EPROM)Programmable Read Only Memory-EPROM)

úoHq;h Ndú;fhka uld ouñka kej; kej; l%uf,aLkh l< úoHq;h Ndú;fhka uld ouñka kej; kej; l%uf,aLkh l< yels mGk ud;% u;lh yels mGk ud;% u;lh (Electrically Erasable Programmable (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory-EEPROM)Read Only Memory-EEPROM)

mrs.Klfha fõ.hmrs.Klfha fõ.h tkï uOH ieliqï tallfha tkï uOH ieliqï tallfha (Processor) (Processor) fõ.hhs fuh >áld fõ.hhs fuh >áld

fõ.hfõ.h(Clock Speed) (Clock Speed) f,i o y`ÿkajhs fï i`oyd y¾Üia f,i o y`ÿkajhs fï i`oyd y¾Üia (Hertz- (Hertz- Hz)Hz)kï tallh Ndú;d lrhs ^;;amrhloS l< yels .Kkh lsrSï kï tallh Ndú;d lrhs ^;;amrhloS l< yels .Kkh lsrSï ixLHdj fuysoS fmkajhs ^Wod ixLHdj fuysoS fmkajhs ^Wod 2¡8 2¡8 GHz GHz -P4 Processor-P4 Processor&&

1000Hz = 1 KHz1000Hz = 1 KHz 1000KHz = 1MHz1000KHz = 1MHz 1000MHz = 1 GHz1000MHz = 1 GHz uOH ieliqï tall ksmoùfï mqfrda.dóka f,i uOH ieliqï tall ksmoùfï mqfrda.dóka f,i Intel Intel iy iy AMD-AMD-

(Advanced Macro Devices) (Advanced Macro Devices) hk wdh;k ye`oskaúh yelhk wdh;k ye`oskaúh yel

úúO úúO Processor Processor j¾.j¾.

mrs.Klfha ks¾ñ;shmrs.Klfha ks¾ñ;sh(Computer Architecture)(Computer Architecture)

md,k tallh

wdodk tall m%Odk u;lh

wxl .Ks;uh yd ;d¾lsl tallh oaú;Shsl u;lh

m%;sodk tall

Control signals

Data flow

Data & information ^wdodkh jQ o;a; ieliS m%;sodkh fõ&Data & information ^wdodkh jQ o;a; ieliS .nvd fõ&

mrs.Kl uõmqjrejmrs.Kl uõmqjrej uOH ieliqï tallh u;l tall jeks foa fukauuOH ieliqï tallh u;l tall jeks foa fukau mrs.Klfha mrs.Klfha

yelshdjka jeä oshqKq lr .ekSug iú lrkq ,nk wu;r yelshdjka jeä oshqKq lr .ekSug iú lrkq ,nk wu;r mrsm:hka fda iuyr ndysr fuj,ï fyda Wmdx. iú lsrSug mrsm:hka fda iuyr ndysr fuj,ï fyda Wmdx. iú lsrSug wjYH myiqlï imhkq ,nkafka fuh hs fuys wu;r wjYH myiqlï imhkq ,nkafka fuh hs fuys wu;r mrsm:hka iú lsrSug myiqlï imhkq ,nkafka m%idrK mrsm:hka iú lsrSug myiqlï imhkq ,nkafka m%idrK

újrhka újrhka (Expansion Slots)(Expansion Slots) u`.sksu`.sks..

Power supply cables

IDE Cables - Integrated Device, (or Drive), Electronics

IDE stands for Integrated Device, (or Drive), Electronics. EIDE is a later standard IDE stands for Integrated Device, (or Drive), Electronics. EIDE is a later standard of IDE. It stands for Enhanced Integrated Device, (or Drive), Electronics. EIDE is of IDE. It stands for Enhanced Integrated Device, (or Drive), Electronics. EIDE is three to four times faster than the older IDE standard. The picture above shows how three to four times faster than the older IDE standard. The picture above shows how to connect an IDE cable to two drives. Using jumpers that are normally located on to connect an IDE cable to two drives. Using jumpers that are normally located on the back of a drive, the top drive should be made the "the back of a drive, the top drive should be made the "mastermaster" and the bottom drive " and the bottom drive should be made the "should be made the "slaveslave." The master drive is the primary drive. It is normally ." The master drive is the primary drive. It is normally located at the end of a two connection IDE cable. The slave, or secondary drive, is located at the end of a two connection IDE cable. The slave, or secondary drive, is connected to the IDE cable between the master drive and the motherboard IDE connected to the IDE cable between the master drive and the motherboard IDE connection. Since data can not go to and from each drive at the same time, it is connection. Since data can not go to and from each drive at the same time, it is necessary to make one drive the master and the other drive the slave. IDE cables necessary to make one drive the master and the other drive the slave. IDE cables consist of either 40 individual wires or 80 individual wires. Ultra ATA/66 or later consist of either 40 individual wires or 80 individual wires. Ultra ATA/66 or later devices need the 80 wire cables to operate efficiently. Most of these wires are used devices need the 80 wire cables to operate efficiently. Most of these wires are used to transfer data between the motherboard and the drivesto transfer data between the motherboard and the drives

Hard drive jumpersHard drive jumpers

SATA hard drive cable

Hard drive power conectors

Expansion slots CMOS Battery

mrs.Klhl msgqmi msysgd we;s flfjksmrs.Klhl msgqmi msysgd we;s flfjks

úÿ,s /yeka iú jk ia:dkh(Power connector)

iudka;r .; Wmdx. iú jk ia:dkh (parallel port)

cd,lrK jhrh iú jk ia:dkh(Network port)

h;=re mqjrej iú jk ia:dkh(PS/2 Key board port)

ujqih iú jk ia:dkh(PS/2 Mouse port)

Yío Wmdx. iú jk ia:dkh(Sounds Ports)

USB Wmdx. iú jk ia:dkh(USB Ports)

fYa%Ks.; Wmdx. iú jk ia:dkh (9 pins/ 25 pins Serial port)

PS/2 USB converter ADSL fudvuhl wvx.= Ports

Serial port tll rEm igykla

fudksgrh iú lrk port tflys rEm igykla

Laptop mrs.Klhl Ports olajk rEm igykla

SRAM chipSRAM chip

Serial ports yd parrellel ports wvx.= mrsm:

PS/2 PS/2 wdldrfha flfjks wdldrfha flfjks (PS/2 Ports)(PS/2 Ports)

PS/2 wdldrfha h;=re mqjrej iy ujqih iú lsrSug fuu fuu flfjks Ndú; lrhs¡ fuys flfjks Ndú; lrhs¡ fuys h;=re mqjrej i|yd oï meye;s i|yd oï meye;s

flfjksh ujqihflfjksh ujqih i|yd fld< meye;s flfjksh o Ndú; i|yd fld< meye;s flfjksh o Ndú; flf¾¡fndfyda uõmqjre j, fuu flfjks wi,ska ixfla; o flf¾¡fndfyda uõmqjre j, fuu flfjks wi,ska ixfla; o fhdod we;'fhdod we;'

fY%aKs.; flfjks ^fY%aKs.; flfjks ^Serial ports)Serial ports)

fYaKs.; Wmdx. ^fYaKs.; Wmdx. ^Serial devices)Serial devices)mß.Klhg iïnkaO lsÍu i|mß.Klhg iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd fuu flfjks Ndú; lrhs¡ úfYaIfhau ndysßka iúlrk yd fuu flfjks Ndú; lrhs¡ úfYaIfhau ndysßka iúlrk fudvï WmlrKhfudvï WmlrKh(MODEM) (MODEM) iú lsÍu i|yd fuu flfjks Ndú; iú lsÍu i|yd fuu flfjks Ndú; flf¾¡fuh flf¾¡fuh Serial Serial wdldrfha wdldrfha Mouse Mouse iïnkaO lsÍugo iïnkaO lsÍugo fhdod .kS fuh fhdod .kS fuh 9 pins iy 25 pins jYfhka wdldr 2 lsjYfhka wdldr 2 ls

iudka;r flfjksh(parallel port)

uqøK hka;%h (Printer) iqmsrSlaIKh (Scanner) jeks iudka;r .; wdldrfhka iïnkaO jk WmlrK (Parallel Devices) iïnkaO lsÍug fuh fhdod .kS¡ idudkHfhka fuh uqøK hka;%h iú lrk flfjksh f,i o y`ÿkajhs¡ fuh ;=vq 25 lska iukaú; fõ¡

mrs.Kl ;sr flfjksh (Monitor Port)

fuys ;=vq 15 la fma<s 3 l wdldrhg msysgd we; úYaj fY%aKs.; nia flfjksh (USB-Universal Serial Bus)

j¾;udkfha ckm%shu flfjksh fuhhs fuu`.ska h;=re mqjrej (Key board) uQislh (Mouse) (Mouse) uqøK hka;%h (Printer)

ixLHdxl leurdixLHdxl leurd(Digital Cameras) (Digital Cameras) fudvï fudvï WmlrKhWmlrKh(MODEM)(MODEM)jeks wdodk m%;sodk Wmdx. jeks wdodk m%;sodk Wmdx. b;du;a myiqfjka iïnkaO l< yel¡b;du;a myiqfjka iïnkaO l< yel¡

USB USB flfjks j, úfYaI ,ËKflfjks j, úfYaI ,ËK

fndfyda fndfyda USB USB Wmdx. mrs.Klhg iú l, ú.iska l%shd Wmdx. mrs.Klhg iú l, ú.iska l%shd lrhs fuysoS Odjllrhs fuysoS Odjl//t,jqï t,jqï (Drivers) (Drivers) jevigyka ia:dmkhjevigyka ia:dmkh (Install)(Install) lsrSfï wjYH;djhla fkdue;¡fuh lsrSfï wjYH;djhla fkdue;¡fuh Plug and Play Plug and Play f,iska y`ÿkajhs¡f,iska y`ÿkajhs¡

fndfyda fndfyda USB USB Wmdx. i`oyd wjYH lrk úÿ,sh ,nd .ekSu Wmdx. i`oyd wjYH lrk úÿ,sh ,nd .ekSu isÿ lrkafka isÿ lrkafka USB port USB port tl yrydu ùu fuys ;j;a úfYaI;ajhlstl yrydu ùu fuys ;j;a úfYaI;ajhls

mrs.Klh jid oeóulska f;drj mrs.Klh jid oeóulska f;drj USB USB wdldrfhka Wmdx. iú wdldrfhka Wmdx. iú lsrSfï iy úikaê lsrSfï yelshdj fuys ;j;a úfYaI;ajhlslsrSfï iy úikaê lsrSfï yelshdj fuys ;j;a úfYaI;ajhls

fuu l%shdj,sh fuu l%shdj,sh Hot pluggable Hot pluggable ke;fyd;a ke;fyd;a Hot swappable Hot swappable f,if,i

y`ÿkajhs¡y`ÿkajhs¡

tlatla USB USB flfjkshla u`.ska úúOdldrfha jQ Wmdx.hka flfjkshla u`.ska úúOdldrfha jQ Wmdx.hka 127 lg jeä ixLHdjla iïnkaO lsrSfï yelshdj fuys 127 lg jeä ixLHdjla iïnkaO lsrSfï yelshdj fuys we;s ;j;a úfYaI;ajhlswe;s ;j;a úfYaI;ajhls

USB 2.0 USB 2.0 wdldrfha jQ flfjksj, oS ;;amrhg fu.dìÜia 480 wdldrfha jQ flfjksj, oS ;;amrhg fu.dìÜia 480 ll(480 Mbps)(480 Mbps) fõ.hlska o;a; iïfm%aIKh lsrSfï yelshdjlao fõ.hlska o;a; iïfm%aIKh lsrSfï yelshdjlao we;¡we;¡

Yío Wmdx. flfjksYío Wmdx. flfjks (Sounds Ports)(Sounds Ports)

fuhg iú lrkq ,nkafka Speakers, Microphones jeks Wmdx. hs iuyr mrs.Kl j, fuu Yío Wmdx.h fkdue;s w;r tjeks wjia:d j, oS thg wjYH mrsm: (Multimedia kit/circuit)fjku ñ,oS f.k mrs.Klhg iú l< hq;=h

fudvï flfjksh fudvï flfjksh (MODEM Port)(MODEM Port)

mrs.Klh wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO lsrSug;a mrs.Klfhka Fax heùug;a fuh Ndú; flf¾¡ mrs.Klh ;=< iïnkaO lrk fudvï hka;% wNHka;r fudvï (Internal MODEM) f,i o msg;ska iïnkaO lrk fudvï hka;% ndysr fudvï (External MODEM) f,i o y`ÿkajhs¡

fndfyda wjia:d j,oS fudvuhl ÿrl:k jhr iïnkaO lsrSug flfjks 2 la we;¡Line in f,i we;af;a ÿrl:k jhrh mrs.Klh yd iïnkaO lrk ia:dkh jk w;r Phone hkqfjka i`oyka jkafka ndysrska iú lrk ÿrl:k jhrh i`oyd jk iïnkaO;djhhs¡ fuu`.ska ÿrl:k weu;=ï ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj o we;¡(wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO fkdjk yd Fax fkdhjk wjia:d j, oS)

wdphkh fyj;a o;a; ;ekam;a lsrSu fyda .nvd wdphkh fyj;a o;a; ;ekam;a lsrSu fyda .nvd lsrSu lsrSu (Storage)(Storage)

fuh m%Odk fldgia 2 lg fnosh yelfuh m%Odk fldgia 2 lg fnosh yel m%d:ñl wdphk tall m%d:ñl wdphk tall (Primary Storage)(Primary Storage) oaú;shsl wdphk tall oaú;shsl wdphk tall (Secondary Storage)(Secondary Storage)

wdphkhwdphkh(Storage(Storage))

m%d:ñl wdphkh^ mm%d:ñl wdphkh^ m%d:ñl u;lh%d:ñl u;lh//m%Odk u;lhm%Odk u;lh) ) Primary Storage (Primary Primary Storage (Primary Memory/Main Memory) Memory/Main Memory) Wod( Wod( iiïNdù msúiqï u;lhiiïNdù msúiqï u;lh

oaú;shsl wdphkh oaú;shsl wdphkh ( ( iyhl iyhl u;lhu;lh)) Secondary Storage Secondary Storage (Auxiliary Memory) (Auxiliary Memory) Wod( oDv Wod( oDv ;eáh;eáh(Hard disk)(Hard disk)

m%d:ñl wdphk tall w¾O ikakdhl m%d:ñl wdphk tall w¾O ikakdhl (Semiconductors) (Semiconductors) Ndú; lrñka ksmojk w;r oaú;shsl wdphk tallNdú; lrñka ksmojk w;r oaú;shsl wdphk tall ksmoùug pqïNl ;dËKh ksmoùug pqïNl ;dËKh (Magnetic Technology) (Magnetic Technology) fyda mfyda m%ldY ;dËKh %ldY ;dËKh (Optical technology) (Optical technology) Ndú; lrhs¡Ndú; lrhs¡

m%d:ñl wdphkfha uQ,sl ld¾hh jkqfha uOH ieliqï m%d:ñl wdphkfha uQ,sl ld¾hh jkqfha uOH ieliqï tallhg wjYH lrk o;a; iemhSug ;djld,slj ;ekam;a tallhg wjYH lrk o;a; iemhSug ;djld,slj ;ekam;a lr ;nd .ekSuhs¡ oaú;shsl wdphkfha uQ,sl ld¾hh lr ;nd .ekSuhs¡ oaú;shsl wdphkfha uQ,sl ld¾hh jkqfha wkd.;hg wjYH lrk o;a; Wmfoia yd jkqfha wkd.;hg wjYH lrk o;a; Wmfoia yd f;dr;=re ;ekam;a lr ;nd .ekSuhs¡ f;dr;=re ;ekam;a lr ;nd .ekSuhs¡

mrs.Kl u;lh mrs.Kl u;lh (Computer memory)(Computer memory) fuh m%Odk fldgia 3 lg fnosh yelfuh m%Odk fldgia 3 lg fnosh yel

iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh (Random Access Memory)(Random Access Memory) mGk ud;% u;lh ^lshùug muKla we;s u;lh& mGk ud;% u;lh ^lshùug muKla we;s u;lh& (Read Only (Read Only

Memory)Memory) jdrl u;lh jdrl u;lh (Cache Memory)(Cache Memory)

iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh (Random Access Memory)(Random Access Memory) RAM RAM hk flá kñka y`ÿkajk fuys uQ,sl ld¾hh jkqfha uOH ieliqï hk flá kñka y`ÿkajk fuys uQ,sl ld¾hh jkqfha uOH ieliqï

tallhg wjYH lrk o;a; iemhSug o;a; ;djld,slj ;ekam;a tallhg wjYH lrk o;a; iemhSug o;a; ;djld,slj ;ekam;a

lr ;nd .ekSuhslr ;nd .ekSuhs¡ ¡ fuh kYH u;l ldKavhg wh;a fõ¡ fuh kYH u;l ldKavhg wh;a fõ¡

mrs.Klhl ld¾hËu;dj mrs.Klhl ld¾hËu;dj (Performance of a Computer) (Performance of a Computer) i`oyd fuu u;lh b;d i`oyd fuu u;lh b;d jeo.;a fõ¡ wjYH mrsos u;l tall jeo.;a fõ¡ wjYH mrsos u;l tall (RAM cards)(RAM cards) tla lrñka fuys tla lrñka fuys Odrs;dj jeä l< yelsh¡Odrs;dj jeä l< yelsh¡

mGk ud;% u;lh ^lshùug muKla we;s u;lh& mGk ud;% u;lh ^lshùug muKla we;s u;lh& (Read Only (Read Only Memory)Memory)

ROM ROM hk flá kñka y`ÿkajk fuys we;s o;a; iy f;dr;=re mrs.Klfha hk flá kñka y`ÿkajk fuys we;s o;a; iy f;dr;=re mrs.Klfha

úÿ,sh úikaê ùfukaa úkdYúÿ,sh úikaê ùfukaa úkdY fkdfõfkdfõ¡¡

mrs.Kl ksIamdok wdh;kh úiskamrs.Kl ksIamdok wdh;kh úiska wjYH lrk ish¿ úia;r wjYH lrk ish¿ úia;r ((mrs.Klhg mrs.Klhg

iïnkaO Wmdx. mrSËd lsrSug;aiïnkaO Wmdx. mrSËd lsrSug;a fufyhqï moaO;sh fufyhqï moaO;sh RAM RAM tl u;g tl u;g load load lsrSug;alsrSug;a) ) we;=¿ lr we;¡ kùk mrs.Kl j, we;=¿ lr we;¡ kùk mrs.Kl j, wjYH kï fuu u;lh hdj;ald,SkwjYH kï fuu u;lh hdj;ald,Sk(Up date/upgrade)(Up date/upgrade) l< yel l< yel

jdrl u;lh jdrl u;lh (Cache Memory(Cache Memory))

uOH ieliqï tallhg wjYH lrk o;a; .uka lrkafka iiïNdù uOH ieliqï tallhg wjYH lrk o;a; .uka lrkafka iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh yrydhs¡ kuq;a uOH ieliqï tallhg msúiqï u;lh yrydhs¡ kuq;a uOH ieliqï tallhg (Central (Central Processing Unit-CPU)Processing Unit-CPU) wjYH lrk ;rï fõ.fhka o;a; ,nd oSfï wjYH lrk ;rï fõ.fhka o;a; ,nd oSfï yelshdjla thg ke;¡ Bg fya;=j tu u;lfha fõ.h uOH ieliqï yelshdjla thg ke;¡ Bg fya;=j tu u;lfha fõ.h uOH ieliqï tallfha fõ.hg jvd wvq ùuh¡s fuu wvqmdvqj u`. yerSu tallfha fõ.hg jvd wvq ùuh¡s fuu wvqmdvqj u`. yerSu i`oyd i`oyd CacheCache u;lh Ndú;d lrkq ,efí¡ u;lh Ndú;d lrkq ,efí¡

fuys wdldr 2 la we;¡fuys wdldr 2 la we;¡ m%d:ñl jdrl u;lh m%d:ñl jdrl u;lh (Primary Cache memory-(level-1[L1])(Primary Cache memory-(level-1[L1])

fuh fuh CPU CPU tl ;=< u ks¾udKh lr we;s w;r tys Odrs;dj b;d tl ;=< u ks¾udKh lr we;s w;r tys Odrs;dj b;d l=vd w.hla .kS¡ uOH ieliqï tallhg o;a; yd Wmfoia l=vd w.hla .kS¡ uOH ieliqï tallhg o;a; yd Wmfoia wjYH jQ úg tajd mj;S oehs uq,skau fidhd n,kafka fuu wjYH jQ úg tajd mj;S oehs uq,skau fidhd n,kafka fuu u;lh ;=< hsu;lh ;=< hs

oaú;shsl jdrl u;lhoaú;shsl jdrl u;lh(Secondary Cache memory-(level-2[L2])(Secondary Cache memory-(level-2[L2])

fuh fuh CPU CPU tlg b;d wdikakfhka uõmqjrej u; iú lr we;tlg b;d wdikakfhka uõmqjrej u; iú lr we;¡ idfmaËj m%d:ñl jdrl u;lh g jvd Odrs;dj jeä h¡tfy;a ¡ idfmaËj m%d:ñl jdrl u;lh g jvd Odrs;dj jeä h¡tfy;a fõ.h Bg idfmaËj wvq h¡fõ.h Bg idfmaËj wvq h¡

mrs.Kl u;lfha .;s ,ËK wkqj u;lh my; wdldrhg mrs.Kl u;lfha .;s ,ËK wkqj u;lh my; wdldrhg fnosh yelfnosh yel

kYH u;lh kYH u;lh (Volatile memory)(Volatile memory)

fuys úfYaI ,ËKh jkafka tys ;ekam;a lr we;s o;a; iy fuys úfYaI ,ËKh jkafka tys ;ekam;a lr we;s o;a; iy f;dr;=re mrs.Klfha úÿ,sh úikaê ùu;a iu`. úkdY f;dr;=re mrs.Klfha úÿ,sh úikaê ùu;a iu`. úkdY fõ¡ WodyrK f,i iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh fmkajd osh yel¡ fõ¡ WodyrK f,i iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh fmkajd osh yel¡

kYH fkdjk u;lh kYH fkdjk u;lh (Non volatile memory)(Non volatile memory)

fuys ;ekam;a lr we;s o;a; iy f;dr;=re ia:djrh mj;sk fuys ;ekam;a lr we;s o;a; iy f;dr;=re ia:djrh mj;sk w;r úÿ,sh úikaê ùfuka tajdg lsisÿ n,mEula we;s w;r úÿ,sh úikaê ùfuka tajdg lsisÿ n,mEula we;s fkdfõ¡ WodyrK f,i mGk ud;% u;lh ^lshùug muKla fkdfõ¡ WodyrK f,i mGk ud;% u;lh ^lshùug muKla we;s u;lh& fmkajd osh yel¡we;s u;lh& fmkajd osh yel¡

oaú;shsl wdphk talloaú;shsl wdphk tall((iydhl u;lhiydhl u;lh) ) Secondary Storage Unit (Auxiliary Memory)Secondary Storage Unit (Auxiliary Memory)

o;a; ia:djrj ;ekam;a lsrSug fïjd Ndú; fõ¡WodyrK- o;a; ia:djrj ;ekam;a lsrSug fïjd Ndú; fõ¡WodyrK- kuH ;eáh kuH ;eáh (Floppy disk) (Floppy disk) "oDv ;eáh"oDv ;eáh(Hard disk) (Hard disk)

kuH ;eáh kuH ;eáh (Floppy disk)(Floppy disk)

fuys pqïnl ;dËKh fuys pqïnl ;dËKh (Magnetic technology) (Magnetic technology) Ndú;d lrñka Ndú;d lrñka o;a; lshùu iy ,sùu isÿ lrhs¡ wo jk úg Ndú;fhka bj;a o;a; lshùu iy ,sùu isÿ lrhs¡ wo jk úg Ndú;fhka bj;a fjñka mj;S¡ b;d wvq fõ.hlska o;a; lshùu iy ,sùu isÿ fjñka mj;S¡ b;d wvq fõ.hlska o;a; lshùu iy ,sùu isÿ lrhs¡ wfkl=;a wdphk tall iu`. Iei`oSfï oS Odrs;dj b;d lrhs¡ wfkl=;a wdphk tall iu`. Iei`oSfï oS Odrs;dj b;d wvq h¡ kuH ;eá w`.,a wvq h¡ kuH ;eá w`.,a 8 , 5.25 , 3.5 8 , 5.25 , 3.5 m%udK j,ska m%udK j,ska ksmo fõ¡ wo olakg we;af;a w`.,a 3¡5 ^3 1$2& ksmo fõ¡ wo olakg we;af;a w`.,a 3¡5 ^3 1$2& tajd muKs¡tajd muKs¡

fïjd tyd fuyd f.k hdu myiq jqj;a Odrs;dj b;d wvq fïjd tyd fuyd f.k hdu myiq jqj;a Odrs;dj b;d wvq ksid úYd, f.dkq f.k hdu wmyiq ùu wjdisodhl h¡ksid úYd, f.dkq f.k hdu wmyiq ùu wjdisodhl h¡

Zip Disk Zip Disk iy iy Jazz DiskJazz Disk fïjd o kuH ;eá yd iudk jk w;r ;ekam;a l< yels o;a; mfïjd o kuH ;eá yd iudk jk w;r ;ekam;a l< yels o;a; m

%udKh kuH ;eá fuka lsysm .=Khls¡ %udKh kuH ;eá fuka lsysm .=Khls¡ Zip Disk Zip Disk j, Odrs;dj j, Odrs;dj 100MB100MB^fu.d nhsÜ& isg ^fu.d nhsÜ& isg 700 MB 700 MB olajd oolajd o Jazz Disk Jazz Disk j, .s.d j, .s.d nhsg 1 lnhsg 1 l (1 GB) (1 GB) yd 2 l yd 2 l (2GB) (2GB) Odrs;dfjka hqla; fõ¡ Odrs;dfjka hqla; fõ¡

oDv ;eáh oDv ;eáh (Hard disk)(Hard disk) mrs.Klfha o;a; ;ekam;a lsrSug jeäfhkau Ndú; jkafka mrs.Klfha o;a; ;ekam;a lsrSug jeäfhkau Ndú; jkafka

fuhhs¡fuhhs¡ fïjdfha o;a; ;ekam;a lrkqfha pqïnl ;eá fïjdfha o;a; ;ekam;a lrkqfha pqïnl ;eá (Platters) (Platters) u; jk w;r u; jk w;r

fuys fujeks ;eá lsysmhla mej;sh yels w;r tajd ish,a, fuys fujeks ;eá lsysmhla mej;sh yels w;r tajd ish,a, tla oKavla tla oKavla (Spindle) (Spindle) u; iú lr we;¡ fuu ish¿ ;eá tljr tlu u; iú lr we;¡ fuu ish¿ ;eá tljr tlu fõ.hlska lrlefjk w;r ta yeu ;eáhla i`oydu fjk fjku lshùu fõ.hlska lrlefjk w;r ta yeu ;eáhla i`oydu fjk fjku lshùu yd ,sùu isÿ lrk YS¾Ihla yd ,sùu isÿ lrk YS¾Ihla (A read /Write head)(A read /Write head)

ne.ska iú lr ;sfí¡ fïjdfha fõ.h tys m%fõY ld,h ne.ska iú lr ;sfí¡ fïjdfha fõ.h tys m%fõY ld,h (Access (Access time) time) u`.ska ukskq ,nhs¡ fuu ld,h uekSu i`oyd u`.ska ukskq ,nhs¡ fuu ld,h uekSu i`oyd ñ,s ;;amr ñ,s ;;amr (milisecond) ((milisecond) (;;amrfhka 1000 ka fldgila;;amrfhka 1000 ka fldgila= = ñ,s ;;amr 1hs& Ndú;d lrhs¡ñ,s ;;amr 1hs& Ndú;d lrhs¡

ix.;$ ixhqla; ;eá ix.;$ ixhqla; ;eá (Compact disk-CD) (Compact disk-CD) iy ixLHdxl iy ixLHdxl nyqúO ;eá nyqúO ;eá (Digital Versatile Disk-DVD)(Digital Versatile Disk-DVD)

wo nyq,j Ndú; lrkqfha fïjdhs¡ uq,skau fïjd ksIamdokh wo nyq,j Ndú; lrkqfha fïjdhs¡ uq,skau fïjd ksIamdokh jQfha ix.S; iy Ñ;%mg lafIa;%h i`yd jqjo miqj mrs.Kl jQfha ix.S; iy Ñ;%mg lafIa;%h i`yd jqjo miqj mrs.Kl j, Ndú; úh¡ fmkqfuka fuu ixhqla; ;eá iy ixLHdxl j, Ndú; úh¡ fmkqfuka fuu ixhqla; ;eá iy ixLHdxl nyqúO ;eá iudk jqj o ixhqla; ;eáhl Odrs;dj nyqúO ;eá iudk jqj o ixhqla; ;eáhl Odrs;dj 650-900 650-900 MB MB olajd jk w;r olajd jk w;r DVD DVD tll Odrs;dj tll Odrs;dj 4.7GB - 17 GB 4.7GB - 17 GB olajd olajd fõfõ..

wdodk yd m%;sodk Wmdx. wdodk yd m%;sodk Wmdx. (Input and Output Devices)(Input and Output Devices) uQislhuQislh(Mouse)(Mouse) h;=re mqjrejh;=re mqjrej (Key board) (Key board) äcsg,a leurdj äcsg,a leurdj (Digital Camera) (Digital Camera) fjí leurdj fjí leurdj (Web camera)(Web camera) wka;¾cd,h yryd lrkq ,nk ixjdowka;¾cd,h yryd lrkq ,nk ixjdo(Chat session)(Chat session) j, oS fuh j, oS fuh

nyq,j Ndú;d fõ¡ nyq,j Ndú;d fõ¡ wdf,dal mEk ^wdf,dal mEk ^Light pen) Light pen) wdf,dal ixfõoS mrs.Kl wdodk tallhla jk fuh mrs.Kl wdf,dal ixfõoS mrs.Kl wdodk tallhla jk fuh mrs.Kl

wdY%s; ks¾udKlrKfhaoS wdY%s; ks¾udKlrKfhaoS (CAD-Computer Assisted (CAD-Computer Assisted Learning)Learning)

iyiy mrs.Kl wdY%s;mrs.Kl wdY%s; ksIamdok ksIamdok (CAM-Computer Aided (CAM-Computer Aided Manufactering )Manufactering ) l%shdj,sfhaoS nyq,j Ndú; fõ¡ l%shdj,sfhaoS nyq,j Ndú; fõ¡

mrsf,dalkh $ iqmrSlaikh mrsf,dalkh $ iqmrSlaikh (Scanner)(Scanner) uqøs; PdhdrEm Ñ;% uqøs; PdhdrEm Ñ;% (Pictures –Images) (Pictures –Images) fyda mdG fyda mdG (Texts) (Texts)

mrs.Kl .; lsrSfï oS fuh fhdod .kS mdG we;=¿ lsrSug mmrs.Kl .; lsrSfï oS fuh fhdod .kS mdG we;=¿ lsrSug m%ldY wkq ,ËK ixcdkk %ldY wkq ,ËK ixcdkk (OCR-Optical Character Recognition) (OCR-Optical Character Recognition) myiqlu fhdod .kS¡ myiqlu fhdod .kS¡

mrs.Kl ;srh mrs.Kl ;srh (Monitor) (Monitor) mrs.Kl ;srfha úfNaokh mrs.Kl ;srfha úfNaokh (Resolution) (Resolution) yd thska o¾Ykh l< yels yd thska o¾Ykh l< yels

j¾K .Kk j¾K .Kk (Number of colours) (Number of colours) mrs.Kl ;srhl .=Kd;aul nj uek mrs.Kl ;srhl .=Kd;aul nj uek ne,Su i`oyd Ndú; lrk o¾Ylhka h¡ne,Su i`oyd Ndú; lrk o¾Ylhka h¡

mrs.Kl ;srfha úfNaokh hkafkka tys jrl oS fjka fjkaj fhduq mrs.Kl ;srfha úfNaokh hkafkka tys jrl oS fjka fjkaj fhduq l< yels rEm wx. l< yels rEm wx. (Picture elements) (Picture elements) .Kk fldmuK oehs woyia .Kk fldmuK oehs woyia flf¾¡ fï iu`.u mrs.Kl ;srfhka ksl=;a jk úlsrKYS,S;djh o flf¾¡ fï iu`.u mrs.Kl ;srfhka ksl=;a jk úlsrKYS,S;djh o (Resolution) (Resolution) mrs.Kl ;srfha ;;ajh uekSu i`oyd ñkqï oKavla f,i mrs.Kl ;srfha ;;ajh uekSu i`oyd ñkqï oKavla f,i Ndú;d fõ¡Ndú;d fõ¡

mrs.Kl ;srhka uQ,sl wdldr 2 ls¡mrs.Kl ;srhka uQ,sl wdldr 2 ls¡ lef;dav lsrK k< lef;dav lsrK k< (Cathod Ray Tube)(Cathod Ray Tube)Ndú;fhka ks¾udKh lrk ,o Ndú;fhka ks¾udKh lrk ,o

mrs.Kl ;srmrs.Kl ;sr

øj iaMál øj iaMál (Liquid Cristle Display-LCD (Liquid Cristle Display-LCD ;dËKh Ndú; jk me;,s ;dËKh Ndú; jk me;,s mrs.Kl ;sr mrs.Kl ;sr (Flat Panel) (Flat Panel)

lef;dav lsrK k< ;sr j,g idfmaËj øj iaMál ;dËKh Ndú; jk lef;dav lsrK k< ;sr j,g idfmaËj øj iaMál ;dËKh Ndú; jk me;,s ;sr j, my; ,ËK oelsh yels h¡me;,s ;sr j, my; ,ËK oelsh yels h¡

wvq bv m%udKhla m%udKj;a ùu wvq bv m%udKhla m%udKj;a ùu (Less space)(Less space) b;d wvq úÿ,s n,hla wjYH ùub;d wvq úÿ,s n,hla wjYH ùu( Less power consumption)( Less power consumption) ;srfha fi,ùu wvq nj ;srfha fi,ùu wvq nj (Lack of flicker) (Lack of flicker) idfmaËj ñ, wêl nj idfmaËj ñ, wêl nj (Expensive)(Expensive) o¾Ykh ùu iSñ; mrdihl ùu o¾Ykh ùu iSñ; mrdihl ùu (Limited Viewing angle)(Limited Viewing angle) m%;spdr oelaùu i`oyd jeä ld,hla .ekSu¡m%;spdr oelaùu i`oyd jeä ld,hla .ekSu¡( Slower ( Slower

response time)response time)

uqøK hka;% uqøK hka;% (Printers)(Printers)

fuhska wm ,nd .kakd msgm;a oDv msgm;a f,ifuhska wm ,nd .kakd msgm;a oDv msgm;a f,i(Hard (Hard copies)copies) y`ÿkajhs¡ mrs.Kl ;srfhka ,nd fokqfha uDÿ y`ÿkajhs¡ mrs.Kl ;srfhka ,nd fokqfha uDÿ msgm;a msgm;a (soft copies) (soft copies) fõ¡ fõ¡

;dËKsl jYfhka uqøK hka;% fldgia 2 lg fjka l< yel¡;dËKsl jYfhka uqøK hka;% fldgia 2 lg fjka l< yel¡ >Ügkh u`.ska uqøKh isÿ lrk hka;%>Ügkh u`.ska uqøKh isÿ lrk hka;%(Impact printers)(Impact printers) fjk;a wdldrfha ;dËKsl l%u Ndú;fhka uqøKh isÿ lrk hka;% fjk;a wdldrfha ;dËKsl l%u Ndú;fhka uqøKh isÿ lrk hka;%

(Non Impact printers)(Non Impact printers) >Ügkh u`.ska uqøKh isÿ lrk hka;%>Ügkh u`.ska uqøKh isÿ lrk hka;%(Impact (Impact

printers)printers)

fuysoS uqfuysoS uqøøKh isÿKh isÿ lrkafka ;Ska; iys; rsnka lrkafka ;Ska; iys; rsnka (Inked (Inked ribbon) ribbon) mghlg hï wdldrgl ;Ügq lsrSula mghlg hï wdldrgl ;Ügq lsrSula (Hammering) (Hammering) u`.sks¡ fuu ;Ügq lsrSu ksid rsnka mgfhys we;s ;Ska; u`.sks¡ fuu ;Ügq lsrSu ksid rsnka mgfhys we;s ;Ska; lvodish u; jeoSfuka wjYH lrk wdldrfha wl=re i,l=Kq lvodish u; jeoSfuka wjYH lrk wdldrfha wl=re i,l=Kq yd rEm we`oSu isÿ fõ¡ yd rEm we`oSu isÿ fõ¡

fïjd lsysm wdldrhlska oelsh yel¡fïjd lsysm wdldrhlska oelsh yel¡

fâis frdao uqølh fâis frdao uqølh (Daisy Wheel Printer) (Daisy Wheel Printer) ;s;a kHdi uqølh ;s;a kHdi uqølh (Dot metrics printer)(Dot metrics printer) f¾Ld uqølh f¾Ld uqølh (Line printer)(Line printer)

fï jk úg fâis frdao uqøK hka;% Ndú;fhka bj;a ù we;s fï jk úg fâis frdao uqøK hka;% Ndú;fhka bj;a ù we;s

w;r fïjdfha Ndú;d jQ fâis frdaohla w;r fïjdfha Ndú;d jQ fâis frdaohla (Daisy wheel) (Daisy wheel) my; oela fõ¡my; oela fõ¡

fndfyda wdh;k j, uqøK lghq;= i`oyd ;s;a kHdi uqøK fndfyda wdh;k j, uqøK lghq;= i`oyd ;s;a kHdi uqøK hka;% hka;% (Dot metric printers) (Dot metric printers) Ndú;d lrhs¡ msgm;a i`oyd Ndú;d lrhs¡ msgm;a i`oyd wju msrsjehla jeh ùu;a wjYH lrk wdldrfhka ldnka wju msrsjehla jeh ùu;a wjYH lrk wdldrfhka ldnka lvodis Ndú;d lrñka tljr msgm;a lsysmhla ,nd .ekSug lvodis Ndú;d lrñka tljr msgm;a lsysmhla ,nd .ekSug yelsùu;a fus we;s jdis fõ¡yelsùu;a fus we;s jdis fõ¡

uqøKfha oS jeä Yíohla we;s ùu;a uqøK fõ.h wvq ùu;a uqøKfha oS jeä Yíohla we;s ùu;a uqøK fõ.h wvq ùu;a

fuys we;s wjdish fõ¡fuys we;s wjdish fõ¡

fjk;a wdldrfha ;dËKsl l%u Ndú;fhka fjk;a wdldrfha ;dËKsl l%u Ndú;fhka uqøKh isÿ lrk hka;% uqøKh isÿ lrk hka;% (Non Impact printers)(Non Impact printers)

;Ska; úÿï uqøK hka;% ;Ska; úÿï uqøK hka;% ( Ink jet for [bubble jet] Printers( Ink jet for [bubble jet] Printers f,ai¾ ;dËKh Ndú;d lrk uqøK hka;% f,ai¾ ;dËKh Ndú;d lrk uqøK hka;% (laser printers)(laser printers) ;dm ixfõoS uqøK hka;% ;dm ixfõoS uqøK hka;% (Thermal printers)(Thermal printers) W¾Odjmd;kh u`.ska idhï w;=rk uqøK hka;% W¾Odjmd;kh u`.ska idhï w;=rk uqøK hka;% (Dye (Dye

Sublimation Printers)Sublimation Printers) fuu fuu Nun impact Nun impact uqøK hka;% j, úfYaI ,ËKh jkafka Yíoh uqøK hka;% j, úfYaI ,ËKh jkafka Yíoh

wju ùuhs¡wju ùuhs¡

;Ska; úÿï hka;%h;Ska; úÿï hka;%h

fuu uqøK hka;%fuu uqøK hka;% j, øj wdldrfha ;Ska; j, øj wdldrfha ;Ska; (Liquid ink) (Liquid ink) n`ÿkl n`ÿkl (Cartridge) (Cartridge) nyd we;s w;r tys we;s isÿre j,ska nyd we;s w;r tys we;s isÿre j,ska ((fïjd fïjd Nozzle Nozzle kï fõkï fõ) ) wjYH wdldrhgwjYH wdldrhg lvodis u;g ;Ska; úoSu lvodis u;g ;Ska; úoSu (Spray) (Spray) u`.skau`.ska

uqøKh lrkq ,efí¡ j¾K uqøK msgm;a ,nd .ekSu i`oyd uqøKh lrkq ,efí¡ j¾K uqøK msgm;a ,nd .ekSu i`oyd fuu j¾.fha uqøK hka;% Ndú;d lrhs¡ j¾K uqøKh i`oyd fuu j¾.fha uqøK hka;% Ndú;d lrhs¡ j¾K uqøKh i`oyd Ndú;d jk j¾Khka fjk fjku n`ÿka j, wvx.= lr ;sfí¡ fï Ndú;d jk j¾Khka fjk fjku n`ÿka j, wvx.= lr ;sfí¡ fï i`oyd j¾K 4 la Ndú;d fõ¡ flfia jqj;a fuu j¾K uqøKh i`oyd j¾K 4 la Ndú;d fõ¡ flfia jqj;a fuu j¾K uqøKh i`oyd jeä msrsjehla jeh fõ¡ i`oyd jeä msrsjehla jeh fõ¡

f,ai¾ ;dËKh Ndú;d lrk uqøK hka;%f,ai¾ ;dËKh Ndú;d lrk uqøK hka;%

o;a; ikaksfõokh yd mrs.Kl cd,o;a; ikaksfõokh yd mrs.Kl cd,o;a; ikaksfõokh hkq l=ula o@o;a; ikaksfõokh hkq l=ula o@o;a; tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a ia:dkhlg iïfm%aIKh lsrSu hs¡o;a; tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a ia:dkhlg iïfm%aIKh lsrSu hs¡

o;a; ikaksfõokhg wjYH uQ,sl fldgiao;a; ikaksfõokhg wjYH uQ,sl fldgia o;a; m%Njh ^o;a; ksmojkakd fyda ia:dkh o;a; m%Njh ^o;a; ksmojkakd fyda ia:dkh (Sender (Sender

/Source)/Source) o;a;o;a; iïfm%aIK udOHh iïfm%aIK udOHh (Data Communication Medium )(Data Communication Medium ) o;a; .%dylhd ^o;a; ,nd .kakd& o;a; .%dylhd ^o;a; ,nd .kakd& (Receiver/Sink)(Receiver/Sink)

o;a; m%Njh (Sender (Sender /Source)/Source)

o;a; .%dylhd (Receiver/Sink)(Receiver/Sink)

Medium

udOHho;a;h

o;a; m%Njho;a; m%Njh

tkï o;a; ksmojkakd fyda ia:dkhhs¡tkï o;a; ksmojkakd fyda ia:dkhhs¡

Wod- Tn ñ;=frl=g ÿrl:k weu;=ula ,nd fokafka kï túg Wod- Tn ñ;=frl=g ÿrl:k weu;=ula ,nd fokafka kï túg o;a; m%Njh Tnhs¡o;a; m%Njh Tnhs¡

o;a;o;a; iïfm%aIK udOHhiïfm%aIK udOHh tkï o;a; m%Njfha isg .%dylhd fj; o;a; f.k hkq ,nk tkï o;a; m%Njfha isg .%dylhd fj; o;a; f.k hkq ,nk

udOHhhs¡ Wod- ÿrl:k j,oS tu úoHq;a ;rx. fyda ÿrl:k udOHhhs¡ Wod- ÿrl:k j,oS tu úoHq;a ;rx. fyda ÿrl:k jh¾ fõ¡jh¾ fõ¡

o;a; .%dylhd o;a; .%dylhd wjidk jYfhka o;a; ,nkakd fyda ,nd .kakd mqoa.,hd wjidk jYfhka o;a; ,nkakd fyda ,nd .kakd mqoa.,hd

fõ¡fõ¡ by; WodyrKfha o;a; .%dylhd Tfí ñ;=rd h¡by; WodyrKfha o;a; .%dylhd Tfí ñ;=rd h¡

o;a;o;a; iïfm%aIK udOHhkaiïfm%aIK udOHhka• kshuq udOH kshuq udOH (Guide Media)(Guide Media)• úlsrK udOHh úlsrK udOHh (Radiated Media)(Radiated Media)

kshuq udOH kshuq udOH (Guide Media)(Guide Media) fuys oS Ndú;dfuys oS Ndú;d lrkqfha fN!;sl udOHhka lrkqfha fN!;sl udOHhka (Physical (Physical

medium) medium) fõ¡jvd;a m%p,s; udOHhka my; oelafõ¡ fõ¡jvd;a m%p,s; udOHhka my; oelafõ¡

idudkH wdldrfhka jQ jhr iudjD;$weUreï lïì idudkH wdldrfhka jQ jhr iudjD;$weUreï lïì (Twisted (Twisted wire pair)wire pair)

iudË fhd;a (Co-axial Cable ) fïjdfha Ndú;d jkqfha ;U lïìhla jgd T;k ,o ;U oe,la iys;

jh¾ fõ

m%ldY ;ka;=m%ldY ;ka;= (Fiber optics) (Fiber optics)fïjd wo jk úg b;du;a ckms%h kshuq udOHhla ù ;sfí¡ fïjd wo jk úg b;du;a ckms%h kshuq udOHhla ù ;sfí¡

uqyqÿ m;=f,a we;s Fiber optics Fiber optics jh¾ j, rEm jh¾ j, rEm

igyklaigykla

úlsrK udOHh úlsrK udOHh (Radiated Media)(Radiated Media) fuysoS fN!;sl fkdjk my; wdldrfha jQ iïfm%aIK fuysoS fN!;sl fkdjk my; wdldrfha jQ iïfm%aIK

udOHhka Ndú;d lrhs¡udOHhka Ndú;d lrhs¡ .=jka úÿ,s ;rx. .=jka úÿ,s ;rx. (Radio transmission)(Radio transmission)

Radio, TV, Mobile phones Radio, TV, Mobile phones jeks WmlrK j, Ndú;d jkqfha jeks WmlrK j, Ndú;d jkqfha fuu ;rx.hs¡fuu ;rx.hs¡

wfOdarla; lsrK wfOdarla; lsrK (Infra red)(Infra red)

b;d wvqb;d wvq ixLHd; j,ska h;a wdf,dal ;rx. o o;a;ixLHd; j,ska h;a wdf,dal ;rx. o o;a; iïfmiïfm%aIKh %aIKh

i`oyd fhdod .kS¡/yeka rys; h;=re mqjre"ujqihka iy i`oyd fhdod .kS¡/yeka rys; h;=re mqjre"ujqihka iy uqøK hka;% fïjdg WodyrK fõ¡uqøK hka;% fïjdg WodyrK fõ¡

laIqø ;rx. laIqø ;rx. (Microwaves)(Microwaves)

jvd jeä ÿrla i`oyd o;a; iïfm%aIKh i`oyd fïjd Ndú;d jvd jeä ÿrla i`oyd o;a; iïfm%aIKh i`oyd fïjd Ndú;d lrhs¡fuysoS jeä ixLHd;hlska hq;= flá ;rx. Ndú;d fõ¡lrhs¡fuysoS jeä ixLHd;hlska hq;= flá ;rx. Ndú;d fõ¡

ikaksfõok pkaøsldikaksfõok pkaøsld(communication satellites)(communication satellites)

wyfia r`ojd we;s pkaøsld fï i`oyd fhdod .efka¡wyfia r`ojd we;s pkaøsld fï i`oyd fhdod .efka¡

o;a; iïfm%aIK wdldro;a; iïfm%aIK wdldr(Data transmission types)(Data transmission types)

fuys oS Ndú; jk l%u 2 lsfuys oS Ndú; jk l%u 2 ls fY%aKs.; fY%aKs.; o;a;o;a; iïfm%aIKhiïfm%aIKh(Serial data transmission)(Serial data transmission)

fuysoS o;a; tlla msgqmi tlla wdldrhg o;a; iïfmfuysoS o;a; tlla msgqmi tlla wdldrhg o;a; iïfm%aIKh flf¾¡ fuysoS tla jhrhla muKla %aIKh flf¾¡ fuysoS tla jhrhla muKla fhdod .efka¡fhdod .efka¡

iudka;r.; o;a;iudka;r.; o;a; iïfm%aIKh iïfm%aIKh (Parallel data transmission)(Parallel data transmission)

fuys oS tljr ìgqfuys oS tljr ìgq(bits)(bits) lsysmhla lsysmhla iïfm%aIKh flf¾¡ ta iïfm%aIKh flf¾¡ ta i`oyd jh¾ lsysmhla Ndú; fõ¡i`oyd jh¾ lsysmhla Ndú; fõ¡

1 Bit1 Bit1 Bit1 Bit

1 Bit

1 Bit

1 Bit

o;a; iïfm%aIK fõ.h o;a; iïfm%aIK fõ.h (Data transmission speed)(Data transmission speed) fuys oS ;;amrhla ;=< oS iïfm%aIKh lrkq ,nk ìgq mfuys oS ;;amrhla ;=< oS iïfm%aIKh lrkq ,nk ìgq m

%udKh ie,ls,a,g .ksñka fuh .Kkh flf¾¡%udKh ie,ls,a,g .ksñka fuh .Kkh flf¾¡(bits per second-(bits per second-bps)bps)

o;a; iïfm%aIKh uekSu i`oyd o;a; iïfm%aIKh uekSu i`oyd kbps (kilo bits per second) kbps (kilo bits per second) Mbps (mega bits per second) Gbps (giga bits per second)Mbps (mega bits per second) Gbps (giga bits per second) hk hk tall o Ndú;d lrhs¡ tall o Ndú;d lrhs¡

8 bit = 1 bite8 bit = 1 bite

1000 bite = 1Kb1000 bite = 1Kb

1000 Kb = 1Mb1000 Kb = 1Mb

1000 Mb = 1 Gb1000 Mb = 1 Gb

KB,MB,GB iy Kb,Mb,Gb w;r fjki

o;a; iïfm%aIK úê o;a; iïfm%aIK úê (Data transmission modes)(Data transmission modes) fuys m%Odk l%u 3 la oelsh yel¡fuys m%Odk l%u 3 la oelsh yel¡

tal m: tal m: (Simplex)(Simplex) w¾O oaúm: w¾O oaúm: (Half duplex)(Half duplex) mQ¾K oaúm: mQ¾K oaúm: (Duplex)(Duplex)

tal m: tal m: (Simplex)(Simplex)fuys oS o;a; .uka lrkqfha tla osYdjlg muKs¡wfkla fuys oS o;a; .uka lrkqfha tla osYdjlg muKs¡wfkla

osYdjg o;a; iïfm%aIKh ùu i`oyd lsisÿ wjldYhla osYdjg o;a; iïfm%aIKh ùu i`oyd lsisÿ wjldYhla fkdue;¡ o;a; iïfm%aIKh fkdue;¡ o;a; iïfm%aIKh

ieu úgu o;a; m%Njfha isg o;a; .%dyl foig muKla ieu úgu o;a; m%Njfha isg o;a; .%dyl foig muKla isÿfõ¡isÿfõ¡

Wod- rEmjdyskS ikaksfõokhWod- rEmjdyskS ikaksfõokh .=jka úÿ,s ikaksfõokh .=jka úÿ,s ikaksfõokh

o;a; m%Njh (Sender (Sender /Source)/Source)

o;a; .%dylhd (Receiver/Sink)(Receiver/Sink)

Medium

udOHh

o;a;h

w¾O oaúm: w¾O oaúm: (Half duplex)(Half duplex)

tla jrlg tla osYdjlg muKla o;a; iïfm%aIKh lsrSug tla jrlg tla osYdjlg muKla o;a; iïfm%aIKh lsrSug yels l%uhls fuysoS fo osYdjgu o;a; iïfm%aIKh l< yels l%uhls fuysoS fo osYdjgu o;a; iïfm%aIKh l< yels kuq;a tla osYdjlg o;a; iïfm%aIKh wjika jk f;la yels kuq;a tla osYdjlg o;a; iïfm%aIKh wjika jk f;la wfkla osYdjg o;a; iïfm%aIKh l< fkdyels hwfkla osYdjg o;a; iïfm%aIKh l< fkdyels h

Wod-fjdals-fgdals Wod-fjdals-fgdals (walkie-talkie)(walkie-talkie)

o;a; m%Njh fyda

o;a; .%dylhd (Sender /Source) (Sender /Source)

((Receiver/Sink)Receiver/Sink)

o;a; m%Njh fyda o;a; .

%dylhd (Sender (Sender /Source)/Source)Receiver/Sink)Receiver/Sink)

Medium

udOHh

o;a;h

o;a;h

mQ¾K oaúm: mQ¾K oaúm: (Duplex)(Duplex)

tlu wjia:dfõ oS foosYdjgu o;a; iïfm%aIKh isÿ l< tlu wjia:dfõ oS foosYdjgu o;a; iïfm%aIKh isÿ l< yels yels

o;a; iïfm%aIK l%uh mQ¾K oaúm: o;a; iïfm%aIK l%uh mQ¾K oaúm: (Duplex data (Duplex data transmission) transmission) l%uh fõ¡l%uh fõ¡ ÿrl:kh fï i`oyd fyd`ou ÿrl:kh fï i`oyd fyd`ou WodyrKhhs¡WodyrKhhs¡

o;a; m%Njh fyda

o;a; .%dylhd (Sender /Source) (Sender /Source)

((Receiver/Sink)Receiver/Sink)

o;a; m%Njh fyda o;a; .

%dylhd (Sender (Sender /Source)/Source)Receiver/Sink)Receiver/Sink)

Medium

udOHh

o;a;h

o;a;h

mrs.Kl cd, iy cd,lrKh mrs.Kl cd, iy cd,lrKh

mrs.Kl cd,hla hkq l=ulao@mrs.Kl cd,hla hkq l=ulao@ mrs.Kl 2 la fyda lsysmhla tlsfkl iïnkaO mrs.Kl 2 la fyda lsysmhla tlsfkl iïnkaO

lrñka ilia lrk mrs.Kl moaO;shla fõ¡lrñka ilia lrk mrs.Kl moaO;shla fõ¡ mrs.Kl cd,hla f.dvke.Su u`.ska mrs.Klhkays mrs.Kl cd,hla f.dvke.Su u`.ska mrs.Klhkays

we;s iïm;a fmdÿfõ Ndú;d l< yels fõ¡we;s iïm;a fmdÿfõ Ndú;d l< yels fõ¡ mrs.Kl cd,hla f.dvke.SfïoS tys mrs.Kliy mrs.Kl cd,hla f.dvke.SfïoS tys mrs.Kliy

wfkl=;a Wmdx. tlsfkl iïnkaO lsrSu i`oyd wfkl=;a Wmdx. tlsfkl iïnkaO lsrSu i`oyd úúOdldrfha ikaksfõok Wml%u yd Wmdx. úúOdldrfha ikaksfõok Wml%u yd Wmdx. Ndú;d lrkq ,efí¡Ndú;d lrkq ,efí¡

Wod- Wod- Hub, Switch Hub, Switch

fï ms<sn`o jeä úia;r bosrsfhaoS oelafõ¡fï ms<sn`o jeä úia;r bosrsfhaoS oelafõ¡

mrs.Kl cd, Ndú;fha jdismrs.Kl cd, Ndú;fha jdis(Advantages of computer networks)(Advantages of computer networks)

fõ.hfõ.h(Speed)(Speed) mrs.Kl cd,hloS mrs.Kl iy wfkl=;a Wmdx. mrs.Kl cd,hloS mrs.Kl iy wfkl=;a Wmdx.

tlsfkl yd fyd`oska iïnkaOj we;s ksid b;d tlsfkl yd fyd`oska iïnkaOj we;s ksid b;d myiqfjka iy fõ.fhka o;a; iy f;dr;=re tyd fuyd myiqfjka iy fõ.fhka o;a; iy f;dr;=re tyd fuyd lsrSfï yelshdjla we;¡lsrSfï yelshdjla we;¡

úhouúhou(Cost)(Cost) mrs.Kl uDÿldx. i`oyd jeh jk wêl úhou i,ld mrs.Kl uDÿldx. i`oyd jeh jk wêl úhou i,ld

ne,SfïoS mrs.Kl cd,hla f.dvke.Su ;=<ska ne,SfïoS mrs.Kl cd,hla f.dvke.Su ;=<ska mrs.Kl uDÿldx. i`oyd jeh jk wêl úhoï mmrs.Kl uDÿldx. i`oyd jeh jk wêl úhoï m%udKh myiqfjkau wvq lr .; yel¡ %udKh myiqfjkau wvq lr .; yel¡

Wod- mrs.Kl i`oyd fjk fjku mrs.Kl uDÿldx. Wod- mrs.Kl i`oyd fjk fjku mrs.Kl uDÿldx. ñ,g .; hq;= fkdùu ^ksoyia yd újD; uDÿldx. ñ,g .; hq;= fkdùu ^ksoyia yd újD; uDÿldx. (free and open source software FOSS)(free and open source software FOSS)Ndú;d Ndú;d lrkafka kï ta i`oyd lsisÿ uqo,la jeh fkdfõ¡&lrkafka kï ta i`oyd lsisÿ uqo,la jeh fkdfõ¡&

mrs.Kl cd, Ndú;fha jdismrs.Kl cd, Ndú;fha jdis..cont....cont..

wdrËdjwdrËdj(Security)(Security)

mrs.Kl cd, ;=< o;a; iy f;dr;=re wdrËd mrs.Kl cd, ;=< o;a; iy f;dr;=re wdrËd lsrSui`oyd lsrSui`oyd Passwords Passwords jeks úúO Wml%u jeks úúO Wml%u fhdod .kSfhdod .kS

iïm;a fmdÿfõ Ndú;d l< yels ùu¡ iïm;a fmdÿfõ Ndú;d l< yels ùu¡ (Sharing of (Sharing of resources)resources)

tkï ñ, wêl tkï ñ, wêl Printers, Modems, ScannersPrinters, Modems, Scanners jeks foa jeks foa fmdÿfõ Ndú; l< yels ùuhs¡fmdÿfõ Ndú; l< yels ùuhs¡

úoHq;a ;emE, úoHq;a ;emE, (E-mail/Electronic mail)(E-mail/Electronic mail)

mrs.Kl w;r b;du;a myiqfjka f;dr;=re mrs.Kl w;r b;du;a myiqfjka f;dr;=re yqjudre lsrSu i`oyd úoHq;a ;emE, Ndú;d l< yqjudre lsrSu i`oyd úoHq;a ;emE, Ndú;d l< yel¡yel¡

mrs.Kl cd, Ndú;fha wjdismrs.Kl cd, Ndú;fha wjdis(Disadvantages of computer networks)(Disadvantages of computer networks)

we;eï ^;re wdldrfha& mrs.Kl cd, j, m%Odk mrs.Klfha we;eï ^;re wdldrfha& mrs.Kl cd, j, m%Odk mrs.Klfha ì`ojeàu iïmQ¾K mrs.Kl cd,fhau l%shdldrs;ajh flfrys ì`ojeàu iïmQ¾K mrs.Kl cd,fhau l%shdldrs;ajh flfrys wys;lr f,i n,mdhs¡wys;lr f,i n,mdhs¡

cd, moaO;sfha we;s jk fodaI ksid o;a; yd f;dr;=re cd, moaO;sfha we;s jk fodaI ksid o;a; yd f;dr;=re úkdY ùu fyda wjq,a ùu Wod- ffjria úkdY ùu fyda wjq,a ùu Wod- ffjria (Virus)(Virus) we;=¿ ùu¡ we;=¿ ùu¡

ndysr mqoa.,hskag myiqfjka moaO;shg we;=¿ ù ndysr mqoa.,hskag myiqfjka moaO;shg we;=¿ ù o;a; yd f;dr;=re fidrd .; yelsùu¡ o;a; yd f;dr;=re fidrd .; yelsùu¡ Wod-nexl= .sKqï wxlWod-nexl= .sKqï wxl

we;eï úfgl moaO;sfha l%shdldrs;ajh my;a uÜgul we;eï úfgl moaO;sfha l%shdldrs;ajh my;a uÜgul mej;Su Wod-o;a; .uka lrk ud¾. j, we;s ÿ¾j,;d ksid mej;Su Wod-o;a; .uka lrk ud¾. j, we;s ÿ¾j,;d ksid o;a; yqjudre jk fõ.h wvqùu¡o;a; yqjudre jk fõ.h wvqùu¡

cd,h md,kh lsrSu myiq lghq;a;la fkdùu fï i`oyd úfYaI cd,h md,kh lsrSu myiq lghq;a;la fkdùu fï i`oyd úfYaI mrs.Kl uDÿldx. o úfYaI mqyqKqjla ,;a ks,OdrSka o mrs.Kl uDÿldx. o úfYaI mqyqKqjla ,;a ks,OdrSka o wjYH fõ¡wjYH fõ¡

cd, ia:, úoHdj cd, ia:, úoHdj (Network Topology)(Network Topology)

mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSfï oS tajd fN!;sl jYfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSfï oS tajd fN!;sl jYfhka iïnkaO lr we;s wdldrh fuu.ska fmkakqï lrhs¡iïnkaO lr we;s wdldrh fuu.ska fmkakqï lrhs¡

fuys uQ,sl wdldr lsysmhla my; oelafõ¡fuys uQ,sl wdldr lsysmhla my; oelafõ¡ ;re wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu ;re wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu (Star (Star

Topology)Topology) uqÿ wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu uqÿ wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu (Ring/Loop (Ring/Loop

Topology)Topology) nihl wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu nihl wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu (Bus (Bus

Topology)Topology) rela ^.il& wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu rela ^.il& wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu (Tree (Tree

Topology)Topology)

;re wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu;re wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu (Star Topology)(Star Topology)

fuys oS mrs.Kl iïnkaO jkafka my; wdldrhg h¡fuys oS mrs.Kl iïnkaO jkafka my; wdldrhg h¡

mrs.Kl tlsfkl yd iïnkaO lsrSu i`oyd mrs.Klhla fyda Hub fyda Switch tlla fhdod .kS¡ fuys we;s jdis jkafka fuu wdldrhg cd,h ia:dmkh lsrSu myiq ùu;a fodaI fiùu yd tajd ksrdlrKh;a idfmaËj myiq ùu;a h¡ mrs.Kl tlsfkl yd iïnkaO lsrSu i`oyd jeä jh¾ m%udKhla wjYH ùu;a uOHfha msysá WmlrKh l%shd úrys; ùu iïmQ¾K moaO;shgu n,mEu;aiïmQ¾K moaO;shgu n,mEu;a fuys we;s m%Odk;u wjdis fõ¡fuys we;s m%Odk;u wjdis fõ¡

uqÿ wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu uqÿ wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu (Ring/Loop Topology)(Ring/Loop Topology)

uqoaola$ j,,a,la wdldrhg mrs.Kl uqoaola$ j,,a,la wdldrhg mrs.Kl tlsfkl iïnkaO lsrSu u`.ska fuu tlsfkl iïnkaO lsrSu u`.ska fuu mrs.Kl cd,h ilia lrkq ,efí¡ mrs.Kl cd,h ilia lrkq ,efí¡ mrs.Kl mrs.Kl tlsfkl iïnkaO lsrSug wvq jh¾ mtlsfkl iïnkaO lsrSug wvq jh¾ m%udKhla wjYH ùu jdishla%udKhla wjYH ùu jdishla jqj;a jqj;a tla tla mrs.Klhl weK ysàu iïmQ¾K cd,hu mrs.Klhl weK ysàu iïmQ¾K cd,hu wvmK lsrSug fya;=ùuwvmK lsrSug fya;=ùu fuys we;s fuys we;s m%Odk;u wjdish fõ¡m%Odk;u wjdish fõ¡

nihl wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSunihl wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu (Bus Topology)(Bus Topology)

m%Odk jhrh flakaø lr f.k ish¨ u mrs.Kl yd wfkl=;a m%Odk jhrh flakaø lr f.k ish¨ u mrs.Kl yd wfkl=;a Wmdx. tu jhrhg iïnkaO lr fuu mrs.Kl cd,h ilia Wmdx. tu jhrhg iïnkaO lr fuu mrs.Kl cd,h ilia lrkq ,efí¡ lrkq ,efí¡ wvq jh¾ m%udKhla wjYH ùu;a b;d myiqfjka wvq jh¾ m%udKhla wjYH ùu;a b;d myiqfjka mrs.Kl yd wfkl=;a Wmdx. iú l< yelsùu;a fuys we;s mrs.Kl yd wfkl=;a Wmdx. iú l< yelsùu;a fuys we;s jdis fõ¡iïmQ¾K cd,hu m%Odk jhrh u; hemSu fuys jdis fõ¡iïmQ¾K cd,hu m%Odk jhrh u; hemSu fuys we;s m%Odk;u wjdishls¡ tfiau fuu m%Odk jhrh fl<jr we;s m%Odk;u wjdishls¡ tfiau fuu m%Odk jhrh fl<jr folskau jid oeóu o lrorldrS l%shdjla f,i oelaúh yel¡folskau jid oeóu o lrorldrS l%shdjla f,i oelaúh yel¡

rela ^.il& wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSurela ^.il& wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu (Tree Topology)(Tree Topology) .il w;= fnfok wdldrfhka ilia ù we;s .il w;= fnfok wdldrfhka ilia ù we;s

mrs.Kl cd, fukñka ye`oskafõ¡ fujeks mrs.Kl cd, fukñka ye`oskafõ¡ fujeks cd,hl oS tla tla w;a; fjk fjku md,kh cd,hl oS tla tla w;a; fjk fjku md,kh lsrSug yels ùu jdishls¡fuysoS cd,h ilia lsrSug yels ùu jdishls¡fuysoS cd,h ilia lsrSu yd md,kh u`ola ixlS¾K lsrSu yd md,kh u`ola ixlS¾K lghq;a;ls¡ tfukau fuu cd,fha w;= lghq;a;ls¡ tfukau fuu cd,fha w;= iïnkaO lsrSu i`oyd nihl wdldrfha cd, iïnkaO lsrSu i`oyd nihl wdldrfha cd, i`oyd Ndú; jQ m%Odk jhrhla iïnkaO i`oyd Ndú; jQ m%Odk jhrhla iïnkaO jk fyhska ta u; cd,fha l%shdldrS;ajh jk fyhska ta u; cd,fha l%shdldrS;ajh r`od mej;Su o .eg¨jls¡r`od mej;Su o .eg¨jls¡

Mesh Topology –Mesh Topology –fuu cd, j, my; wdldrhg flan,a fuu cd, j, my; wdldrhg flan,a iïnkaO lsrSu isÿfõ¡ iïnkaO lsrSu isÿfõ¡

;re wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu;re wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu (Star Topology)(Star Topology)

m%Odk mrs.Kl cd, wdldrm%Odk mrs.Kl cd, wdldr (Main types of Computer Networks)(Main types of Computer Networks)

fujeks wdldr 3 la oelsh yelsh¡fujeks wdldr 3 la oelsh yelsh¡ ia:dkSh m%foaY cd, ia:dkSh m%foaY cd, (Local Area Networks - (Local Area Networks -

LAN)LAN) mq¿,a m%foaY cd, mq¿,a m%foaY cd, (Wide Area Networks - (Wide Area Networks -

WAN)WAN) mqrjrmqrjr m%foaY cd, m%foaY cd, (Metropolitan Area Networks - (Metropolitan Area Networks -

MAN)MAN)

ia:dkSh m%foaY cd,ia:dkSh m%foaY cd, (Local Area Networks - LAN)(Local Area Networks - LAN)

tkï l=vd m%foaYhl me;sr mj;akd mrs.Kl cd, tkï l=vd m%foaYhl me;sr mj;akd mrs.Kl cd, hs¡ fndfyda wjia:d j, fuh f.dvke.s,a,lg iSud hs¡ fndfyda wjia:d j, fuh f.dvke.s,a,lg iSud fõ¡ ke;fyd;a b;du wdikakfha msysá ia:dk fõ¡ ke;fyd;a b;du wdikakfha msysá ia:dk lsysmhla iïnkaO lrñka cd,h f.dv k.hs¡ lsysmhla iïnkaO lrñka cd,h f.dv k.hs¡

Wod- mdi,la fyda úYaj úoHd,hla ;=< ilia lrk Wod- mdi,la fyda úYaj úoHd,hla ;=< ilia lrk mrs.Kl cd,hla¡mrs.Kl cd,hla¡

mq¿,a m%foaY cd, mq¿,a m%foaY cd, (Wide Area Networks - WAN)(Wide Area Networks - WAN)

tkï úYd, m%foaYhl me;sr mj;akd mrs.Kl cd, hs¡tkï úYd, m%foaYhl me;sr mj;akd mrs.Kl cd, hs¡

Fujeks cd,hlg N+f.da,Sh jYfhka lsisÿ iSudjla ke;¡Fujeks cd,hlg N+f.da,Sh jYfhka lsisÿ iSudjla ke;¡

fï i`oyd fyd`ou WodyrKh jkafka fï i`oyd fyd`ou WodyrKh jkafka wka;¾cd,hwka;¾cd,h(Internet)(Internet) hs¡ hs¡

mqrjrmqrjr m%foaY cd, m%foaY cd, (Metropolitan Area Networks - MAN)(Metropolitan Area Networks - MAN)

by;by; ia:dkSh m%foaY cd,hg jvd jeä m%foaYhl ia:dkSh m%foaY cd,hg jvd jeä m%foaYhl mj;akd kuq;a mq¿,a m%foaY cd,hg jvd wvq mj;akd kuq;a mq¿,a m%foaY cd,hg jvd wvq N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhl me;sr mj;akd mrs.Kl N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhl me;sr mj;akd mrs.Kl cd, fõ¡cd, fõ¡

Wod- hï rdcH wdh;khla mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk Wod- hï rdcH wdh;khla mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk mrs.Kl cd,hla¡ fuysoS m%dfoaYSh jYfhka mrs.Kl cd,hla¡ fuysoS m%dfoaYSh jYfhka msysgqjd we;s wod, wdh;k tlsfkl yd iïnkaO msysgqjd we;s wod, wdh;k tlsfkl yd iïnkaO fjñka l%shd;aul fõ¡ nexl= wdh;k ;u YdLd w;r fjñka l%shd;aul fõ¡ nexl= wdh;k ;u YdLd w;r mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk mrs.Kl cd, o fuhg WodyrK mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk mrs.Kl cd, o fuhg WodyrK f,i fmkajd osh yel¡ f,i fmkajd osh yel¡

mrs.Kl cd, j,oS wjYH jk Wmdx.mrs.Kl cd, j,oS wjYH jk Wmdx. fudvï WmlrKhfudvï WmlrKh (MODEM) (MODEM)

wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO ùug ÿrl:k iïnkaO;djh Ndú; wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO ùug ÿrl:k iïnkaO;djh Ndú; l< yel¡fuysoS ÿrl:k ud¾.h yryd tk m%;siu ix×d l< yel¡fuysoS ÿrl:k ud¾.h yryd tk m%;siu ix×d (Analog signals) (Analog signals) mrs.Klhg .e,fmk f,i ixLHdxl ix×d mrs.Klhg .e,fmk f,i ixLHdxl ix×d (Digital signals) (Digital signals) njg m;a lsrSug;a mrs.Klfhka tk njg m;a lsrSug;a mrs.Klfhka tk ixLHdxl ix×d m%;siu ix×d njg m;a lsrSu;a ixLHdxl ix×d m%;siu ix×d njg m;a lsrSu;a lrkq ,nkafka fuu lrkq ,nkafka fuu ModemModem

WmlrKh u`.sks¡WmlrKh u`.sks¡

ModModulationulation^wkql,kh& ^wkql,kh& DemDemodulation odulation ^wkkql,kh& hk ^wkkql,kh& hk jpk foflka jpk foflka Modem Modem hkjpkh iEoS we;¡hkjpkh iEoS we;¡

ndysrska iú l< yels fudvï yd wNHka;rfhka iú l< ndysrska iú l< yels fudvï yd wNHka;rfhka iú l< yels fudvï o oelsh yel¡yels fudvï o oelsh yel¡

ndysrska iú l< yels fudvï ndysrska iú l< yels fudvï (External Modems)(External Modems)

wNHka;rfhka iú l< yels fudvï wNHka;rfhka iú l< yels fudvï (Internal Modems) (Internal Modems)

cd,lrK kdNshcd,lrK kdNsh (Network Hub) (Network Hub)

mrs.Kl cd,hloS mrs.Kl lsysmhla tlsfkl iïnkaO mrs.Kl cd,hloS mrs.Kl lsysmhla tlsfkl iïnkaO lsrSu i`oyd fuh Ndú;d l< yel¡lsrSu i`oyd fuh Ndú;d l< yel¡

cd,lrK iaúphcd,lrK iaúph (Network Switch) (Network Switch)

mrs.Kl cd,hloS mrs.Kl w;r o;a; iy f;dr;=re mrs.Kl cd,hloS mrs.Kl w;r o;a; iy f;dr;=re úêu;aj yqjudre lsrSu i`oyd fuh Ndú;d úêu;aj yqjudre lsrSu i`oyd fuh Ndú;d lrhs¡fuh fnfyda ÿrg cd,lrK kdNshlrhs¡fuh fnfyda ÿrg cd,lrK kdNsh (Network (Network Hub) Hub) g iudk jk w;r fuys úfYaI;ajh jkafka o;a; g iudk jk w;r fuys úfYaI;ajh jkafka o;a; yd f;dr;=re úêu;aj yqjudre lsrSu hs¡yd f;dr;=re úêu;aj yqjudre lsrSu hs¡

cd,lrK w;=re uqyqK;a ldâm;cd,lrK w;=re uqyqK;a ldâm; (Network Interface card-NIC) (Network Interface card-NIC)

mrs.Kl cd,hloS wmf.a mrs.Klh cd,hg iïnkaO lsrSu mrs.Kl cd,hloS wmf.a mrs.Klh cd,hg iïnkaO lsrSu i`oyd wjYH mrsm: wvx.= ldâm; fukñka i`oyd wjYH mrsm: wvx.= ldâm; fukñka y`ÿkajhs¡iuyr mrs.Kl j, fuh mrs.Kl uõ mqjrej u; y`ÿkajhs¡iuyr mrs.Kl j, fuh mrs.Kl uõ mqjrej u; (On board / Built- in network interface card)(On board / Built- in network interface card)oelsh yel¡oelsh yel¡

fiajdodhl mrs.Kl fiajdodhl mrs.Kl (Server Computers)(Server Computers)

mrs.Kl cd,hl ish¨ lghq;= md,kh lrñka wjYH mrs.Kl cd,hl ish¨ lghq;= md,kh lrñka wjYH lrk fiajd imhk mrs.Kl fõ¡fïjd idudkH mrs.Kl lrk fiajd imhk mrs.Kl fõ¡fïjd idudkH mrs.Kl j,g jvd jeä msrsú;rhkaf.ka ^j,g jvd jeä msrsú;rhkaf.ka ^High configuration High configuration ))^fõ.hlska "u;l Odrs;djhlska& l%shd;aul fõ¡ ^fõ.hlska "u;l Odrs;djhlska& l%shd;aul fõ¡

fiajd,dNS mrs.Kl fiajd,dNS mrs.Kl (Client Computers)(Client Computers)

mrs.Kl cd,hloS fiajdjka ,nd .kakd mrs.Klhka mrs.Kl cd,hloS fiajdjka ,nd .kakd mrs.Klhka fukñka y`ÿkajhs¡ Wod- wka;¾cd,h Ndú;d fukñka y`ÿkajhs¡ Wod- wka;¾cd,h Ndú;d lrk wjia:djkays oS Tnf.a mrs.Klh fiajd,dNS lrk wjia:djkays oS Tnf.a mrs.Klh fiajd,dNS mrs.Klh jk w;r Tng fiajd imhk mrs.Klh mrs.Klh jk w;r Tng fiajd imhk mrs.Klh fiajdodhl mrs.Klh f,I l%shd lrhs¡ fiajdodhl mrs.Klh f,I l%shd lrhs¡

wka;¾cd,hwka;¾cd,h(Internet)(Internet) 1960 oYlfha w.Nd.fha oS weursldfõ wdrËl 1960 oYlfha w.Nd.fha oS weursldfõ wdrËl

wud;HxYh hgf;a ;snQ Wiia m¾fhaIK jHdmD;s wud;HxYh hgf;a ;snQ Wiia m¾fhaIK jHdmD;s tackaish u`.ska wdrïN l< wdmdfkÜ tackaish u`.ska wdrïN l< wdmdfkÜ (ARPANET) (ARPANET) mrs.Kl cd, jHdmD;sh wka;¾cd,fha wdrïNh mrs.Kl cd, jHdmD;sh wka;¾cd,fha wdrïNh iksgqyka lrhs¡ m%dfoaYsh jYfhka me;sr mj;akd iksgqyka lrhs¡ m%dfoaYsh jYfhka me;sr mj;akd úYaj úoHd," úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK isÿ lrk wdh;k iy úYaj úoHd," úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK isÿ lrk wdh;k iy mrs.Kl moaO;Ska tlsfkl myiqfjka iïnkaO lsrSu fuu mrs.Kl moaO;Ska tlsfkl myiqfjka iïnkaO lsrSu fuu wdmdfkÜ cd,fha uQ,slu wruqK úh¡ fuh j¾Okh wdmdfkÜ cd,fha uQ,slu wruqK úh¡ fuh j¾Okh ùfuka wo mj;sk mrs.Kl wiSñ; ixLHdjlska hq;a ùfuka wo mj;sk mrs.Kl wiSñ; ixLHdjlska hq;a wka;¾cd,h ìys ù we;¡wka;¾cd,h ìys ù we;¡

flfia jqjo wka;¾cd,hg whs;slrefjl= ke;s w;r ta flfia jqjo wka;¾cd,hg whs;slrefjl= ke;s w;r ta i`oyd md,lfhl= o olakg ke;¡kuq;a rdcH fkdjk i`oyd md,lfhl= o olakg ke;¡kuq;a rdcH fkdjk cd;Hka;r iajdëk wdh;k tl;= ù msysgqjdf.k we;s cd;Hka;r iajdëk wdh;k tl;= ù msysgqjdf.k we;s wka;¾cd, iudc úiska wka;¾cd,h i`oyd wjYH lrk wka;¾cd, iudc úiska wka;¾cd,h i`oyd wjYH lrk iïu; iy wdpdr O¾u ilia lr we;¡ iïu; iy wdpdr O¾u ilia lr we;¡

wka;¾cd, fiajdj ,nd .ekSu i`oyd wka;¾cd, wka;¾cd, fiajdj ,nd .ekSu i`oyd wka;¾cd, fiajd imhkafkl=fiajd imhkafkl=(Internet Service Provider-ISP)(Internet Service Provider-ISP) iu`. iïnkaO úh hq;= w;r tu fiajd imhkakd iu`. iïnkaO úh hq;= w;r tu fiajd imhkakd cd;Hka;r wka;¾cd, fiajdj yd iïnkaO fjñka cd;Hka;r wka;¾cd, fiajdj yd iïnkaO fjñka wm fj; fiajh ,nd fohs¡ wm fj; fiajh ,nd fohs¡

wka;¾cd, fiajd imhkakkag WodyrKwka;¾cd, fiajd imhkakkag WodyrK Sri lanka TelecomSri lanka Telecom

wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO ùug wjYH oEwka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO ùug wjYH oE mrs.Klhla mrs.Klhla (A computer)(A computer) ikaksfõok uDÿldx.hla ikaksfõok uDÿldx.hla (A communication software)(A communication software) Wod-Wod- Internet Explore Internet Explore

Google Chrome Google Chrome

Fire FoxFire Fox ÿrl:k iïnkaO;djhla ÿrl:k iïnkaO;djhla (A teephone connection)(A teephone connection)

fuysoS cx.u ÿrl:k cd, j, mj;sk fuysoS cx.u ÿrl:k cd, j, mj;sk 3G 3G myiqlu we;akï myiqlu we;akï fõ.j;a wka;¾cd, in`o;djla f.dv k`.d .; yel¡ fõ.j;a wka;¾cd, in`o;djla f.dv k`.d .; yel¡ Internet Internet Dongle Dongle o fï i`oyd Ndú; l< yel¡ o fï i`oyd Ndú; l< yel¡

fudvï hka;%hla fudvï hka;%hla (A MODEM)(A MODEM) wka;¾cd, fiajd imhk wdh;khla wka;¾cd, fiajd imhk wdh;khla (An Internet Service (An Internet Service

Provider)Provider)

wNHka;r cd, wNHka;r cd, (Intranet)(Intranet)

wka;¾cd,fha Ndú; lrkq ,nk ;dËKsl Wml%u wka;¾cd,fha Ndú; lrkq ,nk ;dËKsl Wml%u Ndú; lrñka hï wdh;khla úiska tu wdh;kfha Ndú; lrñka hï wdh;khla úiska tu wdh;kfha wNHka;r mqoa.,hskag muKla Ndú; l< yels wNHka;r mqoa.,hskag muKla Ndú; l< yels iy fnfyda wjia:d j,oS wod, wdh;khg muKla u iy fnfyda wjia:d j,oS wod, wdh;khg muKla u iSud jQ mrs.Kl cd,hls¡ iSud jQ mrs.Kl cd,hls¡