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A Paper Delivered at the 10th European Social Science History Conference at the University of Vienna, 24 April 2014. Accompanying Paper Can Be Read at http://mhbeals.com/multimodal/
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M. H. BealsSheffield Hallam University
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Proliferation of Colonial and Provincial Presses
• Spread of Journeyman Printers
• Reduction of Stamp Duty
New Profit Models
• Entertaining Content and Advertisements to Attract Readers to Sell to Advertisers
Manual Dissemination of News
• Postal Exchange, Subscriptions, Correspondence
• No Telegraph until 1840s; Not Used for Miscellany
NETWORK NEWS, GEORGIAN STYLE
Rising Interest in Media History and the History of the
Provincial Press
Large-Scale Digitisation Project
Growing Number of Early Careerists
Advent of Crowdsourcing
WHY NOW?
Identifying
•Datelines (Source)•Sections (Topic / Source)•Attributions (Source)•In-Text References (Topic / Source)
Creating Meta-Data Networks•Institutional Sources•Individual Sources•Geographic Sources
TEXTUAL CLUES
INTER-TEXTUAL CLUES
Printed (No MRT) Digital (MRT)
Cataloging / Limited Networks
Creation of Metadata Regarding Article
Characteristics and Network Clues
Hunt for Specific Articles Based on Search Criteria to
Create Case-Study Networks
Transcriptions / Scissors-and-Paste
Networks
Create Detailed Transcriptions with
Relevant Typesetting Metadata
Correct OCR Data Manually or Through
Replacement Protocols
A MULTIMODAL APPROACH
</item> <id>001569</id> <newspaper_title>Glasgow Advertiser</newspaper_title> <newspaper_city>Glasgow</newspaper_city> <newspaper_province>Scotland</newspaper_province> <newspaper_country>United Kingdom</newspaper_country> <year>1794</year> <month>2</month> <day>7</day> <page_number>5</page_number> <section_name>London</section_name> <articletype>news</articletype> <keywords>Quakerism</keywords> <text>
<page> <column>
<paragraph> <line>The Quakers of America have addressed an</line> <line>humble Representation to the Legislative Body of</line> <line>that country, praying that exhibitions, Preludes,</line> <line>Interludes, yea, all <italics>lewds</italics> and stage-plays may be</line> <line>discountenanced, pointing out their pernicious ten-</line> <line>dency in corrupting the morals of the People.</line>
</paragraph> </column>
</page></text></item>
MACHINE READABLE TRANSCRIPTIONS
• Identifying Likely Matches• Off-the-Shelf Software (Turn-it-In / WCopyFind / Juxta)• Matching Phrases and Grammatical Structures
• Building Up Directionality Confidences• Raw Percentage of Matching Text• Chronological-Geographical Limitations• Truncation• Supplementary Text• Abbreviations• Mistakes
PROGRAMMING PLAGIARISM
SCOTTISH NEWS NETWORKS (TOPIC)
SCOTTISH NEWS NETWORKS (TEXTUAL)
SCOTTISH NEWS NETWORKS (INTER-TEXTUAL)
SCOTTISH NEWS NETWORKS (INTER-TEXTUAL)
High-Level Languages•Easy to Acquire Syntax•Variety of Free Editors and a Large Open-Source Community•(Relatively) Slow•Support from other Historians (http://programminghistorian.org/)
Low-Level Languages•(Relatively) Unnatural Syntax•Faster Processing•Free and Commercial Editors and Compilers
THE PROGRAMMING HISTORIAN©
M. H. BealsSheffield Hallam University
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